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Leggere Il Novecento 1 2 Collana Cataloghi n. 1 4 La Bancarella Editrice Via Generale Tellini, 19 - 57025 Piombino (LI) www.bancarellaweb.it ® www.bancarellaweb.eu e-mail: [email protected] tel. 0565/31384 Collana Cataloghi n. 1 ottobre 2008 isbn 88-89971-25-8 ean 978-88-89971-25-3 Copia in pdf per consultazione in rete, donata alla biblioteca di Follonica dalla casa editrice, ne è vietata la ri- produzione a stampa e la copia in pdf senza I lpermesso dell'editrice La Bancarella. 5 Introduzione C’è sempre un’idea alla base di un progetto da realizzare, c’è sempre una motivazione che ha contribuito alla formazione dell’idea, c’è sempre una passione a sostenere l’idea e una consapevolezza dell’importanza della realizzazione del progetto che segue l’idea. Un percorso questo che rispecchia esattamente ciò che ha dato vita a questa pubblicazione e alla mostra cui essa è strettamente collegata. Passione iniziale, condivisa dai bibliotecari e dagli storici curatori del progetto, motivati dalla “voglia” di far conoscere a tutti, nella sua più ampia identità, la Biblioteca comunale della Ghisa di Follonica, che è una, ma di anime ne ha due: è una Biblioteca pubblica, moderna ed amichevole, frequentatissima e amata, ma è anche una Biblioteca storica particolare, per la preziosità, la varietà, l’unicità delle decine di mi- gliaia di documenti per lo più legati alla storia del ‘900, conservati nelle Sale al primo piano, nelle sale Pe- riodici, nell’Emeroteca, visibili al pubblico solo attraverso i cataloghi. E dalla passione l’idea: scegliere e mettere in mostra anche solo cento documenti, uno per ogni anno di storia del secolo scorso, quali testimonianze d’epoca di eventi storici emblematici, per tentare di delineare un percorso storico lungo quanto questo ultimo “secolo breve”, come lo ha definito Hobsbawn, che lo rac- chiude tra il 1914 e il 1989. Infine il progetto da realizzare: la scelta di un periodo “allargato” rispetto a quello di Hobsbawn, ovvero dal 1900 al 2000, per percorrere cent’anni di storia, anzi cento e uno, visto che la discussione su quale anno chiuda od apra un secolo non si è ancora conclusa. Quindi, l’individuazione di una serie di eventi storici per ciascun anno, la scelta di un unico evento per ogni anno, quello più significativo, più curioso, più divertente e la ricerca del documento più rappresentativo, quello forse introvabile, raro, che di quel fatto, di quell’anno fosse testimonianza qualificata. La realizzazione del progetto si è svolta tutta nelle sale, negli armadi, sugli scaffali della Biblioteca “spe- ciale”, ricercando nei fondi storici, politici, composti di decine di migliaia di volumi, nelle carte degli archi- vi del ‘900 che occupano le pareti di tre sale, nelle Sale Periodici, nell’Emeroteca (collocata in un grande edificio esterno alla sede centrale), nelle oltre 5.000 testate tra quotidiani e seriali. La consapevolezza dell’importanza di questa ricerca finalizzata a dare dimostrazione, attraverso un minimo campione di documenti, della complessità di questo patrimonio ancora in buona parte da conoscere e valo- rizzare, ha consentito la realizzazione del progetto. Una parte dei documenti che compongono questo patrimonio, prevalentemente acquisito dalla lungimi- rante direzione della Biblioteca negli anni 70-90, così come dalla stessa selezionati tra i più significativi e rari, si possono ricercare nel catalogo cartaceo composto fino a tutto il 1996. Con l’avvio delle procedure informatiche, dal 1997, sono stati catalogati e quindi resi visibili agli utenti anche attraverso Internet, i principali fondi storico-politici, oltre 2.000 testate di riviste e quotidiani (con priorità per le collezioni più consistenti o complete), sono stati riordinati e ne è stato pubblicato l’inventario, Archivi sindacali (Camera del lavoro di Grosseto), atti di procedimenti giudiziari legati alla storia locale (Disastro della Miniera di Ribolla) e alla storia politica nazionale (Processi politici degli anni ’50 e ’60 del- l’Archivio di Solidarietà Democratica), si sono stesi elenchi di consistenza di archivi politici, pubblici e pri- vati. È stato un lavoro impegnativo che ha dato vita ad una mostra unica e a questa pubblicazione che è testi- monianza di quella passione da cui tutto ha avuto inizio. Un lavoro che non avrebbe potuto completarsi senza l’aiuto di Massimo Babboni, Mauro Chelini, Enrico Serafini, Leonardo Baiocchi, Vanessa Manazzale, Claudia Mori e Roberto Sabatelli, ai quali va un grazie di cuore. Consapevoli che la mostra e la pubblicazione si sarebbero potute comporre in mille modi diversi, perché infinite le combinazioni di eventi da scegliere e numerosissimi i documenti ad ogni evento legati, ci auguriamo di aver aggiunto un piccolo contributo che possa far conoscere ed apprezzare l’altra anima più nascosta e ancora in gran parte da scoprire, della Biblioteca follonichese, spesso considerata “solo” per la sua anima più visibile, di biblioteca comunale vivace e stuzzicante. Miria Magnolfi 6 7 bersaglio. Umberto cadde in avanti, contro le ginocchia del ge- nerale Avogadro di Quinto. «Siete ferito, Maestà ?» gridò il generale. «Non credo sia niente» ebbe ancora la forza di ri- spondere Umberto. Ma subito dopo perdeva i sensi , e di lì a qualche minuto spirava Arrigo Petacco, L’anarchico che venne dall’Ameri- ca, Milano, Mondadori 1974. Suonaron le nove ed io scesi a precipizio la scali- nata, secondo il solito, ma non appena ebbi passato il ponte alle Grazie mi accorsi che ci doveva essere qualche grossa novità. Capannelli fitti stavano, im- moti e muti, dinnanzi ai giornalai; molti passanti ave- vano in mano un giornale che avidamente leggevano; ciuffi di gente parlottavano su tutti i crocicchi e sulle porte delle botteghe. In via de’ Benci apparivano già, a qualche finestra di palazzo, bandiere abbrunate a mezz’asta. Mi feci largo tra coloro che sostavano, impalati e intontiti, dinanzi a un giornalaio e vidi che il manifesto non conteneva che poche parole, stam- 1900 pate in caratteri grossi e neri, tra due liste a lutto: il re Assassinio di Umberto I Umberto era stato ucciso il giorno prima, a Monza, da un anarchico. ITALIA - Il re Umberto I viene assassinato a Monza Giovanni Papini, Passato remoto, Firenze, L’Arco 1948. la sera del 29 luglio 1900 dall’anarchico Gaetano Bresci. 29 LUGLIO 1900 UN FATTO. Carrara, Gruppi anarchici riuniti, 1981. Collocazione: OBC.III.2.22–Dai Fondi ANARCHICI News that Crispi government in Italy had sup- pressed the Fasci in Sicily, and that bloody classhes in Milan had killed hundreds of workers, enraged the anarchists of Paterson (New Jersey). In a spirit of vengeance, Bresci returned in Italy to fire the shot that killed King Umberto I. That the assassin had come from America caused great consternation in Italy. (…) Many poor textile workers who had re- turned from America were picked up and imprisoned as suspected anarchist killers. Paterson, New Jersey, was depicted in the “Corriere della Sera” as “il grande focolare dell’anarchia italiana”. 1901 Jerre Mangione and Ben Morreale, La Storia. Fiove Cen- Prima trasmissione radio transoceanica di turies of the Italian American Experience, New York, Harper Collins 1992. Guglielmo Marconi Erano le 22,35 quando la vettura si mosse. Pochi ITALIA - Il 12 dicembre 1901 Guglielmo Marconi ri- secondi più tardi, mentre il re ancora si sporgeva a ceve in Canada la prima trasmissione radio interocea- rispondere ai saluti della folla, echeggiavano tre (o, nica. secondo alcuni, quattro) colpi di rivoltella. Bresci, Guglielmo Marconi - Omaggio degli scienziati d’Italia estratta l’arma dalla tasca interna della giacca e im- nel I° Anniversario della morte 20 LUGLIO 1937-XV pugnandola a braccio teso, aveva fatto fuoco da ap- 20 LUGLIO 1938-XVI. Roma, SIPS Società Italiana per pena tre metri di distanza, centrando tre volte il suo il Progresso delle Scienze, 1938. 28 Anno 99° dalla 1^ riunione degli scienziati Italiani lantic, a distance of one thousand eight hundred Collocazione: MOS.I.C.VII.59–Dal Fondo Oreste MOSCA miles, thought by others to be insurmountable (…). The electro-magnetic waves sent from Poldhu reached the others side of the Atlantic, serenely ignoring the terrestrial curvature which according to some incredu- lous people should have been an insurmountable obstacle. Maria Cristina Marconi, Marconi My Beloved, Dante Uni- versity Press 1999, pp. 46- 48. Marconi in rete www.fgm.it (Fondazione Guglielmo Marconi, Villa Grif- fone, 40037 Pontecchio Marconi, Bologna). www.associazionemarconi.com (Club Marconi, Bologna fondato nel 1972) . www.radiomarconi.com (Comitato Guglielmo Marconi International, registrazione voce di Marconi). www.marconifilatelico.it (Circolo Filatelico Marconi, CP 33, Pontecchio Marconi, Bologna). www.marconiusa.org (The Guglielmo Marconi Founda- tion, 18 North Amherst Road, Bedford, NH 03110). Il 14 maggio 1897 venne stabilita la comunicazio- ne via radio attraverso il canale di Bristol (13 km. di distanza); il 18 luglio 1897 venne stabilito un contat- to radio tra la nave S.Martino e l’arsenale di S.Barto- lomeo (Spezia) alla distanza di 18 km., il 27 maggio 1898 comunicazione tra Inghilterra e Francia attra- verso la Manica (33 km.). Il 10 dicembre 1901 il pri- mo messaggio via radio partì da Poldhu (Inghilterra) e venne ricevuto all’isola di Terranova (America del Nord). Domenico E.Ravalico, Radio Elementi, Milano, Hoepli 1991, p.XXIV. Guglielmo had spent many months there (Poldhu) in 1900 and 1901 while he was building the radio- transmitting station of Poldhu right behind the hotel on the cliffs by the seashore. He often speak me about that exciting time (…). In 1901 he also built a very large radio station on Cape Cod in Massachus- sets (South Wellfleet) (…) There was nothing 1902 between it and the station at Poldhu but the Atlantic Fine della Guerra anglo – boera. Ocean (…). That day, 12 th December 1901, Guglielmo sat listening it at Newfouland radio-station.
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