© 1980 by Roman Jakobson CONTENTS Michigan Studies in the Humanities VI Horace H. Rackham School ofGraduate Studies Preface Introduction (by Ladislav Matejka) vii Board ofEditors A Glance at the Development of Semiotics Richard Bailey (English), Judith Becker (Music), Arthur Burks (Philosophy), Oscar Blide! (Italian), Vern Carroll (Anthropology), A Few Remarks on Peirce, Herbert Eagle (Film), Emery George (German), Floyd Gray (French), Pathfinder in the Science of Language 31 D. Kirkpatrick (History of Art), Ladislav Matejka (SlaVic), Walter Mignolo (Spanish), Eric Rabkin (American Studies), G. Rosenwald Glosses on the Medieval Insight (psychology), lngo Seidler (German), Gernot Windfuhr (Near into the Science of Language 39 Eastern Studies). The Twentieth Century in European and American Linguistics: Movements and Continuity 61 Irwin R. Titunik,Associate Editor Ladislav Matejka, Managing Editor Metalanguage as a Linguistic Problem 81 On Aphasic Disorders from a Linguistic Angle 93 library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data On the Linguistic Approach to the Problem of Consciousness and the Unconscious 113 Jakobson, Roman, 1896- The framework of language. (Michigan studies in the humanities; no. 1) Includes bibliography. 1. Linguistics-Collected works. I. Title. II. Series. P27J338 410 80-13842 ISBN 0-936534-00-1 PREFACE INTRODUCTION With this volume ,Michigan Studies in the Humanities inaugurates The ever expanding bibliography of Roman Jakobson's contribu­ a series of books designed to promote cooperation among the various tions to the humanities recently prompted an editor of one of the branches of the humanities by presenting perspectives on traditional numerous Festschrifts in Jakobson's honor to dub him a "polyhistor," 1 problems of interpretation and evaluation. Though written by scholars implying thereby that polyhistors did not altogether die out with the firmly grounded in their special fields, these works will attempt to Goethes, von Humboldts and other late representatives of the Renais­ reach a wider audience by acknowledging problems confronted by the sance ideal of Universal Man. In Jakobson 's case, however, selection of many branches of humanistic endeavor. At a time when scholars seem the signans 'polyhistor' is adequate only if its broad semantic load, i.e. to speak to a narrower and narrower audience, it becomes essential that its signatum, is constrained by the fact that Jakobson has always re­ the common framework of humanistic investigation must be reasserted. mained faithful to his adopted coat of arms, Linguista sum: linguistici We believe that the specialization and fragmentation of our field can be nihil a me alienum puto. transcended and, without the trivializing effects of popularization, a Indeed, in all Jakobson's forays into other fields, the linguistic sense of shared purpose can invigorate separate investigations and view has prevailed to such an extent that he has sometimes been ac­ create a context for a unified understanding of human creativity and cused of promoting a linguistic imperialism. At any rate, linguistics imagination. clearly dominates his shifting network of relations, whether he discusses Michigan Studies in the Humanities is directed by an editorial the molecular endowment of every homo sapiens, teleology in cyber­ board representing a broad spectrum of scholars in the humanities and netics, homologies of the genetic code, aphasic impairments, H6lderlin's social sciences; initial funding for the publications is provided by the madness, or three hypostases of the human essence in the likeness of Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies at the University of the Trinity. Michigan. We hope, however, that the series will become selfsupporting While insisting on dialogue with other fields and combatting the in the near future. parochial tendencies of certain linguistic schools, Jakobson has always warned against the danger of surrendering the autonomy of linguistics and dissolving it in other fields, whether they be sociology, psychology, anthropology, neurology, logic or algebra. Since his early scholarly career, he has encouraged an interdisciplinary teamwork which would presuppose that each discipline must understand the language of other disciplines and, in turn, be understood by them. It was in this sense 1. C. H. van Schooneveld, ''By Way of Introduction: Roman Jakobson's Tenets and Their Potential," Roman Jakobson: Echoes ofhis Scholarship, ed. by D. Armstrong and C. H. van Schooneveld (Lisse, 1978). vi vii viii INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION ix that he understood the term "structuralism," which he coined but 1930 by the Russian linguist D. Bubrix and more recently by the abandoned when it turned into a fad causing a rapid swelling of the French structuralist Andre Martinet and others in their attempts to ex­ signatum and a truly pathological.case of assymetric dualism of a verbal plain the privileged human ability of articulation as an operation of sign. And it is in the same sense that he uses the term "semiotic(s)." two subsequent steps: the articulation of sound matter (articulatio For Jakobson semiotics is a framework for an interdisciplinary prima) and of words into sentences (articulatio secunda). teamwork of specialists and certainly not an eclectic academic fashion The results of numerous efforts to train individual anthropoids to which would not hesitate to use the concept of sign for hazy metaphors use visual substitutes for human language strike Jakobson as "magnifi­ about exciting vistas to be opened by anew, all-embracing and all­ cent proofs of a deep chasm between human linguistic operations and encompassing unified science. He approaches the general study of signs the semiotic primitivism of apes."s He regards the differences as far as a linguist concerned not only with the similarities but also with the more illuminating than the similarities and strongly advises that human profound differences among various sign systems. In his view, the basic, language be kept apart from animal communication and that we avoid the primary and the most important semiotic system is verbal language : imposing anthropomorphic concepts on the general study of signs. This "language," he emphatically asserts, "really is the foundation of cul­ is one of the main themes of Jakobson's concise study "A Glance at the ture; in relation to language, 9ther systems of symbols are concomitant Development of Semiotics.,,6 Jakobson insists here that the semiotic or derivative."2 research which touches upon the question of language should avoid the The primacy of the verbal language and particularly the pervasive imprudent application of the special characteristics of verbal language role of articulated sound is newly restated as a summa summarum in to other semiotic systems. And at the same time, he warns against at­ The Sound Shape of Language (1979), where Roman Jakobson, to­ tempts to exclude from semiotics "the study of systems of signs which gether with his co-author Unda Waugh, highlights the connection be­ have little resemblance to language and to follow up this ostracizing tween the articulated sound of verbal communication and the phe­ activity to the point of revealing a presumably 'non-semiotic' layer in nomena of thought, emphatically rejecting all attempts to assume language itself." "wordless or even signless, asemiotic thinking."3 And it is in the name Although Jakobson in his writing has frequently given credit to of a qualitative hierarchy of various sign systems that Jakobson voices Ferdinand de Saussure for his cursory remarks about the general science serious misgivings about the attempt of 'zoosemiotics' to downgrade the of signs, it is Charles Sanders Peirce who, in Jakobson's view, made the fundamental distinction between the verbal communication of man most substantial and lasting contribution to modern semiotics by his and the sign communication of bees, birds, apes and other species. In effort to illuminate diverse principles in the classification of signs and his view, "the transition from 'zoosemiotics' to human language is a to challenge the simplified emphasis on arbitrariness in the concept of huge qualitative leap, in contradiction to the outdated behaviourist sign. Jakobson's paper, "A Few Remarks on Peirce," included in the creed that the language of animals differs from men's language in degree present volume, was originally delivered as a lecture at Johns Hopkins but not in kind."4 Verbal language for Jakobson is 'species-specified,' University in Baltimore where Peirce spent five years of his life as a and, as such, separated from all the various animal signs by a set of es­ teacher, a rather exceptional period in his struggle for recognition by sential properties such as the imaginative and creative power of lan­ the American academic community. In Jakobson's view, Peirce's most guage, its ability to handle abstractions and fictions, and to deal with felicitous contribution to general linguistics and semiotics is his defini­ things and events remote in space and/or time. In this connection, tion of meaning as 'the translation of a sign into another systems of Jakobson recalls the notion of double articulation' which, as a theory, sign.' "How many fruitless discussions about mentalism and anti­ originated in the Middle Ages, if not earlier, but was reformulated in mentalism would be avoided," Jakobson avers, "if one approached the notion of meaning in terms of translation, which no mentalists and no 2. Roman Jakobson, "Results of a Joint Conference