Eating the Other. a Semiotic Approach to the Translation of the Culinary Code
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Survey of Semiotics Textbooks and Primers in the World
A hundred introductionsSign to semiotics, Systems Studies for a million 43(2/3), students 2015, 281–346 281 A hundred introductions to semiotics, for a million students: Survey of semiotics textbooks and primers in the world Kalevi Kull, Olga Bogdanova, Remo Gramigna, Ott Heinapuu, Eva Lepik, Kati Lindström, Riin Magnus, Rauno Thomas Moss, Maarja Ojamaa, Tanel Pern, Priit Põhjala, Katre Pärn, Kristi Raudmäe, Tiit Remm, Silvi Salupere, Ene-Reet Soovik, Renata Sõukand, Morten Tønnessen, Katre Väli Department of Semiotics University of Tartu Jakobi 2, 51014 Tartu, Estonia1 Kalevi Kull et al. Abstract. In order to estimate the current situation of teaching materials available in the fi eld of semiotics, we are providing a comparative overview and a worldwide bibliography of introductions and textbooks on general semiotics published within last 50 years, i.e. since the beginning of institutionalization of semiotics. In this category, we have found over 130 original books in 22 languages. Together with the translations of more than 20 of these titles, our bibliography includes publications in 32 languages. Comparing the authors, their theoretical backgrounds and the general frames of the discipline of semiotics in diff erent decades since the 1960s makes it possible to describe a number of predominant tendencies. In the extensive bibliography thus compiled we also include separate lists for existing lexicons and readers of semiotics as additional material not covered in the main discussion. Th e publication frequency of new titles is growing, with a certain depression having occurred in the 1980s. A leading role of French, Russian and Italian works is demonstrated. Keywords: history of semiotics, semiotics of education, literature on semiotics, teaching of semiotics 1 Correspondence should be sent to [email protected]. -
Article-755-623839.Pdf
دوﻣﺎﻫﻨﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ - ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ 9د ، ش 1 (ﭘﻴﺎﭘﻲ 43 )، ﻓﺮوردﻳﻦ و اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ 1397 ، ﺻﺺ 81 - 111 ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻃﻨﺰ در ﺑﺎب اول ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن ﺳﻌﺪي؛ روﻳﻜﺮد ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻗﻬﺮﻣﺎن ﺷﻴﺮي1 ، ﻧﺠﻤﻪ ﻧﻈﺮي2 ، ﻧﻮﺷﻴﻦ ﺑﻬﺮاﻣﻲ ﭘﻮر3* 1 . اﺳﺘﺎد ﮔﺮوه زﺑﺎن و ادﺑﻴﺎت ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺑﻮﻋﻠﻲ ﺳﻴﻨﺎ، ﻫﻤﺪان، اﻳﺮان 2 . اﺳﺘﺎدﻳﺎر ﮔﺮوه زﺑﺎن و ادﺑﻴﺎت ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺑﻮﻋﻠﻲ ﺳﻴﻨﺎ ، ﻫﻤﺪان، اﻳﺮان 3 . داﻧﺸﺠﻮي دﻛﺘﺮي زﺑﺎن و ادﺑﻴﺎت ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺑﻮﻋﻠﻲ ﺳﻴﻨﺎ ، ﻫﻤﺪان، اﻳﺮان درﻳﺎﻓﺖ: /4/24 96 ﭘﺬﻳﺮش: /8/6 96 96 ﭼﻜﻴﺪه ﻫﺪف اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﭘﻴﺎده ﺳﺎزي روش ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺮاي دﺳﺘ ﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ اﻟﮕﻮ ﻳﺎ اﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎي ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺑﺮ ﻓﺮاﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻳ ﻲ ﻛﻨﺸﻲ و ﺗﻨﺸﻲ و ﻧﺸﺎن دادنِ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن زﻳﺒﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻓﺮاﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﻣﺬﻛﻮر در ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎن ﻃﻨﺰ ﺑﺎب اول ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن ﺳﻌﺪي اﺳﺖ واز اﻳﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ، ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﻛﻮﺷﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎر ﻣﻲ آﻳﺪ. ﻣﻘﺼﻮد از ﻃﻨﺰ، ﺳﺨﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻳﺒﻪ آﻣﻴﺰِ اﻧﺘﻘﺎدي اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑ ﺎ ﻫﺪف اﺻﻼح اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ و ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن زﻳﺒﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ در ز ﺑﺎن ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮد و ﺑﺎ ﻫﺰل و ﻫﺠﻮ ﻓﺮق دارد. روش ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ در ﭘﻲ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎن ﺑﺮاي ﭘﻲ ﺑﺮدن ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ و درﻳﺎﻓﺖ آن اﺳﺖ. ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺷﻨﺎس ﺑﺎ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ اي ﻣﻌﻨﺎدار روﺑﻪ روﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﻓﺮﺿﻴﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻳﻲ و ﻧﻮع ارﺗﺒﺎط آن ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ را در ﻧﻈ ﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮد . ﺳﭙﺲ ، ﺑﻪ ﺟﺴﺖ وﺟﻮي ﺻﻮرت ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺿﻴﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺖ دارﻧﺪ، ﻣﻲ ﭘﺮدازد ﺗﺎ اﺛﺒﺎت آن ﻓﺮﺿﻴﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻴﺴﺮ ﺷﻮد. ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ اﻳﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮاﻳﻨﺪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻳﻲ در ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎن ﻃﻨﺰ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻛﻨﺸﻲ را ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ و ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﻗﺮاري ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ اﺑﻌﺎد ﻓﺸﺎره اي (ﻋﺎﻃﻔﻲ، دروﻧﻲ) و ﮔﺴﺘﺮه اي (ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ، ﺑﻴﺮوﻧﻲ) ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﻴﺎل را ﻣﻲ آﻓﺮﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻠﻖ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺪﻳﻊ را ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎزد. -
THE PHENOMENON of ABSURDITY in COMIC a Semiotic-Pragmatic Analysis of Tahilalats Comic
THE PHENOMENON OF ABSURDITY IN COMIC A Semiotic-Pragmatic Analysis of Tahilalats Comic Name: Muh. Zakky Al Masykuri Affiliation: Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia Abstract Code: ABS-ICOLLITE-20183 Introduction & Literature Review • Comics as a medium of communication to express attitudes, opinions or ideas. Comics have an extraordinary ability to adapt themselves used for various purposes (McCloud, 1993). • Tahilalats comic has the power to convey information in a popular manner, but it seems absurd to the readers. • Tahilalats comic have many signs which confused the readers, thus encouraging readers to think hard in finding the meaning conveyed. • The absurdity phenomenon portrayed in the Tahilalats comic is related to the philosophical concept of absurdity presented by Camus. • French absurde from Classical Latin absurdus, not to be heard of from ab-, intensive + surdus, dull, deaf, insensible [1]. • Absurd is the state or condition in which human beings exist in an irrational and meaningless universe and in which human life has no ultimate meaning [2]. • Absurd refers to the conflict between humans and their world (Camus, 1999). • Comics is sequential images, intended to convey information and/or to produce an aesthetic response in the viewer (McCloud, 1993). 1 YourDictionary. (n.d.). Absurd. In YourDictionary. Retrieved August 21, 2020, from https://www.yourdictionary.com/absurd 2 Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Absurd. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved August 21, 2020, from https://www.merriam- webster.com/dictionary/absurd • Everything in human life is seen as a sign and every sign has a meaning (Hoed, 2014). • Semiotics is defined as the study of objects, events, and all cultures as signs (Wahjuwibowo, 2020). -
A Semiotic Analysis of RTÉ Television News
Critical Social Thinking: Policy and Practice, Vol. 2, 2010 School of Applied Social Studies, University College Cork, Ireland Whose Frame Is It Anyway? A Semiotic Analysis of RTÉ Television News Mark Cullinane, BSocSc Abstract This article serves as an exploration of the extent, if at all, to which RTÉ Television News disproportionately embodies the attitudes, beliefs and assumptions of particular worldviews. Using a multiplicity of theoretical paradigms, the project sought to examine to what extent RTÉ News output could be considered ‘system-maintaining’ or ‘system-challenging’, and to detail the means by which the ‘preferred meaning’ of news- if one exists- is generated. Informed by the framework of framing/agenda- setting theory and semiotics, a combination of analyses were chosen and applied to uncover latent meanings embedded within news texts. A small selection of news texts concerning the nationalisation of Anglo Irish Bank in January 2009 comprised the data sample. The textual analyses revealed a strong preponderance of system- maintaining frames; frequent editorialising; an absence of competing discursive positions; and a heavily episodic orientation that focused on personalities and near- term sequences of events rather than broader systems-level analysis. Keywords: mass communications; semiotics; framing; television news. Critical Social Thinking: Policy and Practice, Vol. 2, 2010 Introduction 'Communication is too often taken for granted when it should be taken to pieces' (Fiske, in Hartley, 1982, p.xiii) The idea that the mass media possesses power over its audiences is not a new one, indeed, it has become a cliché. Identifying the precise nature of this power, however, is not an easy process. -
Addressing Complexities in Early Childhood Education and Care: the Relationships Among Paradigms, Policies, and Children’S Rights to Participate
Addressing Complexities in Early Childhood Education and Care: The Relationships among Paradigms, Policies, and Children’s Rights to Participate by Darya (Dasha) Shalima A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development Ontario Institute for Studies in Education University of Toronto © Copyright by Darya (Dasha) Shalima 2017 ADDRESSING COMPLEXITIES in EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION AND CARE: THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG PARADIGMS, POLICIES, AND CHILDREN’S RIGHTS TO PARTICIPATE Doctor of Philosophy Darya (Dasha) Shalima Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development University of Toronto 2017 Abstract This dissertation contributes to the field of Early Childhood Education and Care studies by providing the in-depth theoretical, document, and empirical analyses. The three types of analysis aim to build a case for the practical utilization of the critical paradigm. The critical paradigm is understood as a driving force for early childhood pedagogy which empowers educators, policy- makers, and academic scholars to apply a practical change in the field while acknowledging and sustaining the young children’s right to actively participate in matters related to their education and well-being. In this venue, the thesis provides (i) a thorough and productive analysis of the paradigmatic discussions presently available in the field of early childhood education; (ii) an argument for the practical application of the critical paradigm; (iii) an application of the paradigmatic debates to early childhood curricular and policy documents; (iv) and an empirical evidence from the field which has not been documented before and which gives insights to changes needed in policy directions and the preparation of pre-service early childhood educators. -
Exposing Exoticism – the Near and the Far in the Exhibition Context
Exposing exoticism – the near and the far in the exhibition context Elisa de Souza MARTINEZ University of Brasilia, Brazil National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, Brazil This article analyzes a set of situations drawn from the exhibition La Triennale 2012 – Intense Proximité, held at the Palais de Tokyo in Paris, from April 20 to August 26, 2012. In this exhibition, the curatorial discourse is seen as playing a mediating role, making the vision possible, i.e. providing the context of the scopic relations to be descibed. Its role is to make the vision possible, i.e. it provides the context of the scopic relations to be described. In this case, the enunciator-curator defines the conditions in which the displayed objects are seen, and in which the visitors see. Thus, the analysis of situations (Landowski 1996) that constitute visibility regimes defines the scopic relations. La Triennale highlights the ethnographic image, which is seen as an art object, while at the same time art objects are seen as ethnographic documents. Displayed in a contemporary art event, ethnographic images express ethnographic content, and therefore play an ambiguous role. In any case, the function assigned to the image, whether artistic or ethnographic, allows one to consider, at the fundamental level of analysis, a semantic category that unfolds into two opposite terms: fictional and documental. The objects chosen by the addresser-curator, Okwui Enwezor, confront the addressee- visitor with a broader problem than the distinction between artistic or ethnographic function. Considering that these functions manifest themselves simultaneously to variable degrees in each element of the exhibition-text, one finds that the same image can have a dual function, hindering its classification in a single field of epistemological relations. -
Roman Jakobson, Parallelism, and Structural Poetics
Chapter 2 Roman Jakobson, Parallelism, and Structural Poetics In the early to mid-twentieth century these very issues regarding the conver- gence of poetics, style, language, and discourse structure were being exten- sively explored by eastern European literary theorists.1 The discipline that eventually emerged from the movement became variously known as, “critical theory, semiotics, structuralism, literary linguistics, cultural studies,”2 and one could add “structural poetics.” The movement was also in many ways a pre- cursor to DA. Structural poetics pioneered the analysis of literature, namely poetry, as discursive linguistic communicative function, or to use their termi- nology, a “semiotic system.” Saussurean structural linguistics functioned as the theoretical bedrock for evaluating literary texts as discourse. It is to Saussure’s theory of language that we now turn. 2.1 Structuralism, Structural Semiotics, Linguistics, and Discursivity French linguist Ferdinand de Saussure innovatively conceptualised language (Fr. langue) as an integrated and organised system of signs (i.e., semiotic sys- tem) whose various parts, or constituents (i.e., signs or signifiers), are only properly understood as a part of the greater structural (i.e., semiotic) system. Saussure conceived of gross constituent units, or “constituents” for short, as ar- bitrary signifiers (signs) that point to something meaningful (signified). There is a distinction, then, between the signified (meaning) and the signifier (form). The sign, or signifier, is the form that that which is meaningful (i.e., signified) takes within the system of forms. Implicit to this concept of the signifier and the signified is the idea that signification is activated precisely through the sign’s place within the greater 1 This movement is most directly associated with various schools of literary linguistic theory including New Criticism, Russian Formalism (or simply “formalism”), the Prague School, Structuralism, and Czech Structuralism. -
[email protected]
Palacký University, Olomouc Roman O. Jakobson: A Work in Progress edited and with an introduction by Tomáš Kubíček and Andrew Lass Olomouc 2014 Recenzenti: prof. PhDr. Petr A. Bílek, CSc. prof. PhDr. Dagmar Mocná, CSc. Publikace vznikla v rámci projektu Inovace bohemistických studií v mezioborových kontextech. Tento projekt je spolufi nancován Evropským sociálním fondem a státním rozpočtem České republiky. Zpracování a vydání publikace bylo umožněno díky fi nanční podpoře udělené roku 2014 Ministerstvem školství, mládeže a tělovýchovy ČR v rámci Institucionálního rozvojového plánu, programu V. Excelence, Filozofi cké fakultě Univerzity Palackého v Olomouci: Zlepšení publikačních možností akademických pedagogů ve fi lologických a humanitních oborech. Neoprávněné užití tohoto díla je porušením autorských práv a může zakládat občanskoprávní, správněprávní, popř. trestněprávní odpovědnost. Editors © Tomáš Kubíček and Andrew Lass, 2014 © Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci, 2014 ISBN 978-80-244-4386-7 Neprodejná publikace Content Introduction .................................................................................................................5 Parallelism in prose ...................................................................................................11 Wolf Schmid Reopening the “Closing statement”: Jakobson’s factors and functions in our Google Galaxy .......................................25 Peter W. Nesselroth Elective Affi nities: Roman Jakobson, Claude Lévi-Strauss and his Antropologie Structurale ..............................................................................37 -
Roland Barthes in Camera Lucida, the Unfaithful Semiologist
Roland Barthes in Camera Lucida, the Unfaithful Semiologist 1 Leda Tenório da Motta 2 Rodrigo Fontanari Translated by Amanda Heeringa Abstract In Camera Lucida, Roland Barthes forms a critical reflection on photography. In this work, the semiotician, who denounces the myths of photography, becomes the poet of pungent images, becomes an invitation to the hard task of recognition for the unique richness which can be potentially eternalized in a photographic image. Here I sense another view towards the technical images, very different from the one which comes from the well-disposed tradition, with its rejection of the simulacra. In this sense, we play with the hypothesis that the theses in Camera Lucida would benefit if they had been conceived as a sui generis thought about the photographic sign. Keywords: Roland Barthes, photography, punctum, studium, aesthetics The lattermost work during the lifetime of Roland Barthes – critic and semiotician, one of the most important French philosophers during the twentieth century – Camera Lucida (1980) can be read as a “poem” or even a “poetic form of mourning”. Thus, it can be simply understood as something memorable (memorabilis). In other words, something worthy of being remembered. Using the subtitle “Note on 3 photography” – for “because it is a short book without any encyclopedical intentions” – Barthes indicates to the readers that in his pages they will find a theory (as theoría means “vision” in Greek) about photography elaborated by himself for thinking and reading this kind of technical image. In the very first lines of the text, the reader finds an introduction that recalls a romance. -
Cariani – 1 Review Article Life's Journey Through the Semiosphere* Peter Cariani As Its Title Suggests, Signs of Meaning In
Cariani – 1 Review article Life’s journey through the semiosphere* Peter Cariani As its title suggests, Signs of Meaning in the Universe by Jesper Hoffmeyer is a wide-ranging survey of the signs and meanings that are embedded in biological organisms. In its roughly 150 pages, Hoffmeyer covers most of the major aspects of the semiosphere that are given to us from biological evolution, proceeding from primitive sign-distinctions through biological codes, neural organizations, and umwelts to self-representation, language, and ethics. The scope of the book is cosmological, with the universal progression from simple to complex evoking echoes of Bergson’s Creative Evolution. In both works the major theme involves the formation of ever more autonomous material organizations that gradually lift matter from inert, time-bound reactivity to ever wider realms of spatio-temporal freedom and epistemic autonomy. Hoffmeyer’s presentation is necessarily dense in concepts, with a new concept making its appearance about every other page. The tone of the book is light-hearted, playful, witty, and disarming, and the illustrative examples that have been chosen are generally appropriate and insightful. While the fast pace and wide- ranging nature of the ideas is refreshing, as the reader is cheerfully shuttled from one semiotic arena to the next, it is difficult to stop to critically evaluate them. This review will attempt to critically reflect on the major ideas, and to consider some alternative formulations. Throughout the book, Hoffmeyer addresses two parallel sets of concerns that involve (in characteristically Danish fashion) questions of existence and questions of biosemiotics. The existential questions involve the meaning of life and the various problems we face in coming to terms with our place in the universe. -
Sushi Global«: Zwischen J-Branding Und Kulinarischem Nationalismus
»Sushi global«: Zwischen Jbranding und kulinarischem Nationalismus Sushi Gone Global: Between J-branding and Culinary Nationalism Dorothea Mladenova Based on a historical outline of how Sushi travelled from Japan via the U.S. to Europe with a special focus on Germany, it is argued that today there exist at least two forms of Sushi, the »original« and the »glocal«, both of which have their own history and legitimacy. By applying the globalization theories of Appadurai (2008), Ritzer (2008) and Ng (2001) it is shown how global Sushi emerged from Japanese Sushi while be- coming an independent item and hybridizing itself. Therefore, Sushi does not fit in the narrow framework of »national« or »ethnic« cuisine any more. The article states that by referring to global Sushi variations as »fake«, the Japanese agents who advocate a »clean-up« of the global sushi economy are ignoring that the two different types can- not be judged by the same standard, because they follow different rules and patterns of consumption and thereby serve different functions. 1. Einleitung Ist von »japanischem Essen« die Rede, so fällt zumeist auch sehr bald das Stichwort »Sushi«. Zwar spielt es in Japan selbst sowohl im häuslichen als auch im gastrono- mischen Bereich eine eher untergeordnete Rolle, da zum einen die Zubereitung von nigirizushi und makizushi als eine Meisterleistung angesehen wird, so dass man sich daheim nur an vereinfachte Varianten wie chirashizushi oder temakizushi1 1. Unter nigirizushi werden von der Hand geformte Reisquader mit einer Scheibe frischen Fischs verstanden. Mit makizushi ist in Algen gerolltes Sushi gemeint. Beim chirashizushi werden der 276 Gesellschaft traut, und zum anderen weil in der Gastronomie Sushi entweder als haute cuisine für besondere Anlässe oder als Familienspaß im Schnellrestaurant gilt, und auch dies erst seit der Rezession in den 1990er Jahren (Silva und Yamao 2006). -
Semiosphere As a Model of Human Cognition
494 Aleksei Semenenko Sign Systems Studies 44(4), 2016, 494–510 Homo polyglottus: Semiosphere as a model of human cognition Aleksei Semenenko Department of Slavic and Baltic Languages Stockholm University 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden e-mail: [email protected] Abstract. Th e semiosphere is arguably the most infl uential concept developed by Juri Lotman, which has been reinterpreted in a variety of ways. Th is paper returns to Lotman’s original “anthropocentric” understanding of semiosphere as a collective intellect/consciousness and revisits the main arguments of Lotman’s discussion of human vs. nonhuman semiosis in order to position it in the modern context of cognitive semiotics and the question of human uniqueness in particular. In contrast to the majority of works that focus on symbolic consciousness and multimodal communication as specifi cally human traits, Lotman accentuates polyglottism and dialogicity as the unique features of human culture. Formulated in this manner, the concept of semiosphere is used as a conceptual framework for the study of human cognition as well as human cognitive evolution. Keywords: semiosphere; cognition; polyglottism; dialogue; multimodality; Juri Lotman Th e concept of semiosphere is arguably the most infl uential concept developed by the semiotician and literary scholar Juri Lotman (1922–1993), a leader of the Tartu- Moscow School of Semiotics and a founder of semiotics of culture. In a way, it was the pinnacle of Lotman’s lifelong study of culture as an intrinsic component of human individual