Structural Linguistics Citation for Published Version: Joseph, JE 2015, Structural Linguistics
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The Pleistocene Settlement of the Rim of the Indian Ocean
The Pleistocene settlement of the rim of the Indian Ocean Paper presented at the 18TH CONGRESS OF THE INDO-PACIFIC PREHISTORY ASSOCIATION and subsequently revised UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES, MANILA, 20th TO 26th MARCH 2006 Roger Blench Mallam Dendo 8, Guest Road Cambridge CB1 2AL United Kingdom Voice/ Fax. 0044-(0)1223-560687 Mobile worldwide (00-44)-(0)7967-696804 E-mail [email protected] http://www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm This printout: Cambridge, May 15, 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................................1 2. AUSTRALS AND BOREALS?...................................................................................................................................2 3. COGNACY, TYPOLOGY AND DEEP STRUCTURAL SIMILARITY................................................................3 4. THE ETHNOGRAPHIC SITUATION......................................................................................................................5 4.1 General.................................................................................................................................................. 5 4.2 Mikea [=Vazimba] ............................................................................................................................... 6 4.3 Wanniya-laeto (Vedda)........................................................................................................................ 6 4.4 Andamanese......................................................................................................................................... -
Repor T Resumes
REPOR TRESUMES ED 020 167 TE DOD 444 LINGUISTICS AND WRITTEN COMPOSITION. BY- ALLEN, HAROLD B. NATIONAL COUNCIL OF TEACHERS OF ENG.,CHAMPAIGN,ILL PUB DATE 63 EDRS PRICE MF-$0.25 HC-$0.60 13P. it DESCRIPTORS- *APPLIED LINGUISTICS, *COMPOSITION (LITERARY), *LINGUISTICS, *RHETORIC, SENTENCE STRUCTURE, COMPOSITION SKILLS (LITERARY), PARAGRAPH COMPOSITION, PUNCTUATION, STRUCTURAL GRAMMARI.TRANSFORMATION GENERATIVE GRAMMAR, TRADITIONAL GRAMMAR, WRITING SKILLS, SENTENCES, THE DESCRIPTIVE SCIENCE OF LINGUISTICS AND THE SKILL OF WRITTEN COMPOSITION MEET IN THE "SENTENCE," AND THE INFORMATION WHICH LINGUISTICS PROVIDES ON SENTENCE STRUCTURE' CAN AID THE TEACHER OF COMPOSITION. ALTHOUGH TRADITIONAL GRAMMAR DOES.NOT IMPROVE A STUDENT'S WRITING, CONSTITUENT GRAMMAR AND TRANSFORMATIONAL GRAMMAR, BY PRESENTING METHODS OF ANALYZING AND ORGANIZING SENTENCES, ENABLE THESTUDENT TO FAMILIARIZE HIMSELF WITH THE BASIC FORMS AND ELEMENTSOF THE SENTENCE. THROUGH PRACTICE, A STUDENT'S "REPLACEMENT POTENTIAL" (THE RANGE OF POSSIBILITIES HE HAS AVAILABLEFOR A GIVEN SLOT IN A SENTENCE) IS INCREASED, AND HE LEARNSTHE MANIPULATION AND GROUPING OF SENTENCE PARTS. AS HISOBJECTIVE APPRECIATION OF SENTENCE STRUCTURE AND ITSVARIATIONS GROWS, HE ACQUIRES A CONCEPT OF CONSTRUCTION WHICH CAN BEAPPLIED TO GROUPS OF SENTENCES AS WELL AS GROUPS OF WORDS, AND CONSEQUENTLY IS BETTER ABLE TO WRITE UNIFIED PARAGRAPHS AND PAPERS. THUS, ALTHOUGH LINGUISTICS PROPER IS NOT CAPABLE OF .DEALING WITH UNITS OF COMPOSITION LARGER THAN THE SENTENCE, THE APPROACHES DEVELOPED BY LINGUISTS FOR STUDYING SENTENCES CAN AID THE STUDENT OF COMPOSITION TO IMPROVE HIS WRITING SKILLS. (THIS ARTICLE APPEARED IN "LANGUAGE, LINGUISTICS, AND SCHOOL PROGRAMS, PROCEEDINGS OF THE SPRING INSTITUTES,1963." CHAMPAIGN, ILL., NCTE, 1963.) (LH) LANGUAGE, LINGUESTICS, AND SCHOOL PROGRAMS r-4 CD Proceedings of the Spring Institutes, 1963 C\J of the 1.0 National Council of Teachers of English Bernard J. -
On the Irrelevance of Transformational Grammar to Second Language Pedagogy
ON THE IRRELEVANCE OF TRANSFORMATIONAL GRAMMAR TO SECOND LANGUAGE PEDAGOGY John T. Lamendella The University of Michigan Many scholars view transformational grammar as an attempt to represent the structure of linguistic knowledge in the mind and seek to apply transformational descriptions of languages to the de- velopment of second language teaching materials. It will be claimed in this paper that it is a mistake to look to transformational gram- mar or any other theory of linguistic description to provide the theoretical basis for either second language pedagogy or a theory of language acquisition. One may well wish to describe the ab- stract or logical structure of a language by constructing a trans- formational grammar which generates the set of sentences identi- fied with that language. However, this attempt should not be con- fused with an attempt to understand the cognitive structures and processes involved in knowing or using a language. It is a cogni- tive theory of language within the field of psycholinguistics rather than a theory of linguistic description which should underlie lan- guage teaching materials. A great deal of effort has been expended in the attempt to demonstrate the potential contributions of the field of descriptive linguistics to the teaching of second languages and, since the theory of transformational grammar has become the dominant theory in the field of linguistics, it is not surprising that applied linguists have sought to apply transformational grammar to gain new in- sights into the teaching of second languages. It will be claimed in this paper that it is a mistake to look to transformational grammar or any other theory of linguistic description to provide the theoretical basis for either second language pedagogy or a theory of language acquisition. -
Archaeolinguistics As a Way to Overcome the Impasse in Comparative Linguistics Wolodymyr H
Archaeolinguistics As A Way To Overcome The Impasse In Comparative Linguistics Wolodymyr H. Kozyrski1, *, Alexander V. Malovichko2 1The International Physical Encyclopedia Bureau, Mathematical Modeling Laboratory at The Bogolubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kiev, Ukraine 2Physics Laboratory, The Lyceum at The National Technical University “KPI”, Kiev, Ukraine [email protected] ABSTRACT The paper exposes some essential points of our one and a half decade research results within new approach to study prehistoric stages of human language development mainly in times of ergaster-erectus domination and reflects our reaction to the protracted conceptual crisis in the comparative linguistics. As a result of fundamentally incorrectly stated goals, most of the researchers artificially limited themselves both by the defined scope of the problems to solve and by the methods used. Becoming tightly tied knot of up to now unsolved intrinsic contradictions, today comparative linguistics needs radical change. We have developed a synthetic approach that has proved its effectiveness. Our model is well aligned with prehistoric data of auxiliary historical disciplines and even IBM Genographic project. The results offer further opportunities for interesting studies. Indexing terms/Keywords : Archaeolinguistics, Comparativistics, Ergaster-Erectus, Language Families, Vocabulary Enrichment Subject Classification : Comparative Linguistics Language : English Date of Submission : 2017-12-23 Date of Acceptance : 2018-01-06 Date of Publication : 2018-02-28 ISSN : 2348-3024 Volume : 09 Issue : 01 Journal : Journal Of Advances In Linguistics Publisher : CIRWORLD Website : https://cirworld.com This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. 1313 1 INTRODUCTION Exclusively complicated and probably completely inexplicable phenomenon, human language origin still excites thought and imagination of today researchers. -
Structuralism 1. the Nature of Meaning Or Understanding
Structuralism 1. The nature of meaning or understanding. A. The role of structure as the system of relationships Something can only be understood (i.e., a meaning can be constructed) within a certain system of relationships (or structure). For example, a word which is a linguistic sign (something that stands for something else) can only be understood within a certain conventional system of signs, which is language, and not by itself (cf. the word / sound and “shark” in English and Arabic). A particular relationship within a شرق combination society (e.g., between a male offspring and his maternal uncle) can only be understood in the context of the whole system of kinship (e.g., matrilineal or patrilineal). Structuralism holds that, according to the human way of understanding things, particular elements have no absolute meaning or value: their meaning or value is relative to other elements. Everything makes sense only in relation to something else. An element cannot be perceived by itself. In order to understand a particular element we need to study the whole system of relationships or structure (this approach is also exactly the same as Malinowski’s: one cannot understand particular elements of culture out of the context of that culture). A particular element can only be studied as part of a greater structure. In fact, the only thing that can be studied is not particular elements or objects but relationships within a system. Our human world, so to speak, is made up of relationships, which make up permanent structures of the human mind. B. The role of oppositions / pairs of binary oppositions Structuralism holds that understanding can only happen if clearly defined or “significant” (= essential) differences are present which are called oppositions (or binary oppositions since they come in pairs). -
Linguistic Determinism and Mutability: the Sapir-Whorf "Hypothesis" and Intercultural Communication
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 403 761 FL 024 384 AUTHOR van Troyer, Gene TITLE Linguistic Determinism and Mutability: The Sapir-Whorf "Hypothesis" and Intercultural Communication. PUB DATE Dec 94 NOTE 18p. PUB TYPE Reports Evaluative/Feasibility (142) Journal Articles (080) JOURNAL CIT JALT Journal; v16 n2 p163-78 Dec 1994 EDRS PRICE MFO1 /PCO1 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Foreign Countries; *Intercultural Communication; *Language Research; *Linguistic Theory; Research Methodology; Scientific Methodology IDENTIFIERS *Sapir (Edward); Whorf (Benjamin Lee); *Whorfian Hypothesis ABSTRACT The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, long considered a factor in intercultural communication, is discussed. Empirical studies that have tended to validate the hypothesis are reviewed, and the hypothesis is then considered from the standpoint of empirical and scientific research requirements. It is shown that the hypothesis has never been formally defined for testing, and therefore does not exist as a scientifically testable thesis. As a result, all studies that have attempted to interpret empirical data accorded to the hypothesis are either flawed or invalid because they have tested something other than the hypothesis. It is concluded that the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis exists only as a notion, and has no meaningful relation to intercultural communication. Includes an abstract in Japanese. Contains 22 references. (Author/MSE) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION AND CENTER (ERIC) DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL This document has been reproduced as HAS BE N GRANTEDBY ceived from the person or organization originating it. Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. -
Edward Sapir J 1884-1939
EDWARD SAPIR J 1884-1939 1 Hew shall we approach Sapir in an lecture? There is really no need nowadays for an introduction to this important anthropological linguist. The student has all the materials readily to hand, or so it would seem. There is first of all his original famous work, entitled Language, in 1921 (refer red to by his memorialists quite frequently as his only real book, as opposed to papers and monographs). Then there is that compend iouswork of riety, the Selected Writings, collected by David G. Mandelbaum (1949). 2 Its 617 pages largely fill the gap between his 'real book' and his life's output - even this volume does not contain the exhaustively complete works. Then there is the centenary volume, Eaward Sapir: AppraisaZs of his Life and Work~ edited by Konrad Koerner of the University of Ottawa and published (1984). This latter is what in English Depart- ments would be called the 'Critical Heritage'. It contains nine obituaries and memorials, dated 1939-52, reviews, mostly early, of language (1921) and of the monograph Time Perspective in Aboriginal American Culture (1916), several reviews of the Selected Writings (1949), and finally various re-reappraisals dated 1956-198 O. One begins to. expect the centennial volume to be in the centennial volume by some version of the Russellian paradox! We may add to all of this a small paperback of selections from the Selected Writings (Mandelbaum 1956), the early memorial volume edited by Spier and others in 1941, and many more. There is, 1 Delivered in the series General Linguistics for the of Linguistics, Oxford University, May 1987. -
Beke.Vp:Corelventura
„Bohemistyka” 2011, nr 3, ISSN 1642–9893 MártonBEKE interesting investigation to see how various theories and scholars have Budapeš influenced each other, sometimes ignoring political borders and cul- tural boundaries and sometimes very much affected by them, in- cluding geopolitical and historical factors, such as, for example, WorldWarII. MigratingScholars Although I mentioned above East and West, in this present paper andIdeasThePragueSchoolandScandinavia1 I intend to concentrate upon the Nordic countries. As we are going to see, the role of the Scandinavian countries was not irrelevant at all in thehistoryofstructuralismanditsimpactuponEuropeandthe US. The Prague Linguistic Circle was founded more than eighty years The first part of my paper is going to focus on the interwar period ago and it has created a system – structuralism – that is still amongst and the years of World War II, while the subject of the second part will the most influential theories in the fields of linguistics, literary theory besomereflectionsofCzechstructuralismin Scandinavia afterwar. and aesthetics. However, this very first sentence already raises several The Prague School has its roots in linguistics, its first representa- questions. Firstly, what is it that we call structuralism? Most of today’s tives and members were primarily linguists, like the above mentioned Western-European or American scholars or students would probably Vilém Mathesius, the first president of the Prague Linguistic Circle, or think of Claude Lévi-Strauss, Roland Barthes, Michel Foucault or Roman Jakobson, Nikolai Trubetzkoy, Josef Vachek and others. maybe Roman Jakobson. It is very likely that only a few of them However, some members of the Circle were also literary theorists and would think of the group of scholars – mostly linguists – that came to- aesthetes like Jan Mukaøovský and René Wellek. -
1 African Language Classification Beyond Greenberg
1 "Areal linguistics in Africa before a new approach to its genealogical language classification" Lecture 1, LLACAN, Paris, 9/3/2019 2 + his earliest classification was received positively - Westermann (1952: 256): 1 African language classification beyond Greenberg Greenberg is the first linguist who has attempted to give a classification of the whole range of Tom Güldemann African languages. He has not contented himself with a general survey, as all his predecessors, Humboldt University Berlin and Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History Jena including myself, have done, but has gone into considerable detail; in each single case he gives his proofs in word-lists, in tabulated formative elements, and also on sketch maps; he does not 1.1 Before and after Greenberg (1963) quote all his sources, which would have been practically impossible; nor is it essential, since they are known to the expert. He confirms many findings of those who have worked before 1.1.1 African language classification before Greenberg him, he corrects a number of errors; although many of these had been refuted by others, it had seldom been done with such clarity and definiteness as here. It is quite possible that some of + relying heavily on non-linguistic criteria, couched in colonial European attitudes to Africa his statements and classifications may prove to be not sufficiently clarified, or that he has (notably "Hamitic theory") overlooked a language which cannot be shown to be related to any other in Africa; he will be + highly synthetic: 3-5 genealogically intended super-groups criticized, and some of his classifications may be rejected; but all this does not detract from the value of his study, for which all of us have to thank him. -
Grammar: a Historical Survey
IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 10, Issue 6 (May. - Jun. 2013), PP 60-62 e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845. www.Iosrjournals.Org Grammar: A Historical Survey Dr Pandey Om Prakash Associate Professor, Dept of English, Gaya College, Gaya (Under Magadha University, Bodh Gaya India) The term grammar has been derived from the Greek word ‘grammatica or grammatika techne’ which means ‘the art of writing’. The Greeks considered grammar to be a branch of philosophy concerned with the art of writing. In the middle ages grammar came to be regarded as a set of rules, usually in the form of text book, dictating correct usage. So in the widest and the traditional sense, grammar came to mean a set of normative and prescriptive rules in order to set up a standard of ‘correct usage’. The earliest reference of any grammar is to be found in 600 B.C.. Panini, in 600 B.C., was a Sanskrit grammarian from Pushkalvati, Gandhara, in modern day Charsadda District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Panini is known for his formulation of 3959 rules of Sanskrit morphology, syntax, semantics in the grammar known as Ashtadhyayi meaning eight chapters. After Panin observations on Language are found in the records we have of pre-Socratic philosophers, the fifth century rhetoricians, Plato and Aristotle. The sources of knowledge of the pre-Socratic and the early theoraticians are fragmentary. It would be wise therefore to begin with Plato. The earliest extinct document in Greek on the subject of language is Cratylus, one of Plato’s dialogues. -
Indo-European Linguistics: an Introduction Indo-European Linguistics an Introduction
This page intentionally left blank Indo-European Linguistics The Indo-European language family comprises several hun- dred languages and dialects, including most of those spoken in Europe, and south, south-west and central Asia. Spoken by an estimated 3 billion people, it has the largest number of native speakers in the world today. This textbook provides an accessible introduction to the study of the Indo-European proto-language. It clearly sets out the methods for relating the languages to one another, presents an engaging discussion of the current debates and controversies concerning their clas- sification, and offers sample problems and suggestions for how to solve them. Complete with a comprehensive glossary, almost 100 tables in which language data and examples are clearly laid out, suggestions for further reading, discussion points and a range of exercises, this text will be an essential toolkit for all those studying historical linguistics, language typology and the Indo-European proto-language for the first time. james clackson is Senior Lecturer in the Faculty of Classics, University of Cambridge, and is Fellow and Direc- tor of Studies, Jesus College, University of Cambridge. His previous books include The Linguistic Relationship between Armenian and Greek (1994) and Indo-European Word For- mation (co-edited with Birgit Anette Olson, 2004). CAMBRIDGE TEXTBOOKS IN LINGUISTICS General editors: p. austin, j. bresnan, b. comrie, s. crain, w. dressler, c. ewen, r. lass, d. lightfoot, k. rice, i. roberts, s. romaine, n. v. smith Indo-European Linguistics An Introduction In this series: j. allwood, l.-g. anderson and o.¨ dahl Logic in Linguistics d. -
Mexico Trubetzkoy Talk Slides
80 Años de los Grundzüge der Phonologie. N. S. Trubetzkoy. Presentación de la Nueva traducción y versión crítica Martes 15 de octubre de 2019 Contribu)ons of N. S. Trubetzkoy to Phonological Theory B. Elan Dresher University of Toronto 1 1. Intoducton 2 Trubetzkoy’s Grundzüge der Phonologie N. S. Trubetzkoy’s Grundzüge der Phonologie (1939) was the greatest work in phonology ever published when it appeared, and it remains very important to this day. 3 Trubetzkoy’s Principios de fonología In time for its 80th anniversary we now have a wonderful new critical edition and translation into Spanish by Esther Herrera Zendeyas and Michael Herbert Knapp. 4 Introduc)on I will try to show why this book is so fundamental to the ield of phonology, and to linguistic theory more generally. At one level, we can look at the book as the first systematic and comprehensive presentation of a structuralist approach to phonology. At another level, it is a sourcebook of phonological ideas and analyses that can be mined productively, even by those working in other theoretical frameworks. One of the things that make this book great is the sheer number of ideas and analyses of many different phonological systems. 5 Introduc)on Many of the ideas Trubetzkoy introduced or expanded on in the Grundzüge have entered the phonological mainstream, though not always in the form that he intended. Also, because the book was published posthumously and the author never had a chance to check the proofs or make revisions, not everything in it is perfectly clear or consistent.