Duality of Patterning: Absolute Universal Or Statistical Tendency?

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Duality of Patterning: Absolute Universal Or Statistical Tendency? DOI 10.1515/langcog-2012-0016 Language and Cognition 2012; 4(4): 275 – 296 1 Juliette Blevins 2 3 Duality of patterning: Absolute universal or 4 statistical tendency? 5 6 Abstract: As more of the world’s languages are described and compared, more 7 absolute universals have joined the class of statistical tendencies. However, few 8 have questioned the universality of the duality of patterning. Following Hockett, 9 most linguists assume that in all human languages, discrete meaningless parts 10 combine to form meaningful units that, themselves, recombine. However, an 11 alternative interpretation, explored in this article, is that duality, like other 12 proposed linguistic universals, is a statistical tendency reflecting a complex set 13 of factors, and most centrally, the need for some minimal number of basic units 14 that can recombine to yield a potentially infinite set of form-meaning correspon- 15 dences. If this is the essence of duality, then we expect: languages where duality 16 is not a central component of grammar; languages where most, but not all, utter- 17 ances are decomposable into meaningless phonological units; and different types 18 of phonological building blocks in different languages. These expectations ap- 19 pear to be confirmed by natural language data. 20 21 Keywords: duality of patterning, language universals, statistical tendencies, pho- 22 nology, Charles F. Hockett 23 24 25 Juliette Blevins: Linguistics Program, CUNY Graduate Center, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, 26 NY 10016, USA. E-mail: [email protected] 27 28 29 30 31 1 Linguistic universals as statistical tendencies 32 33 Absolute universals are properties that all languages share. As more of the world’s 34 languages are described and compared, more absolute universals have joined the 35 class of statistical tendencies, holding true of most languages, but not all. For 36 example, in the realm of spoken language phonology, it was once thought that all 37 languages make use of a coronal stop phoneme /t/, with this following from the 38 unmarked status of coronal consonants cross-linguistically, and more generally 39 that all phonological systems have coronal phonemes (Hyman 2008). However, 40 Northwest Mekeo, a Western Oceanic language of Papua New Guinea has the (CS4) WDG (155×230mm) DGMetaScience J-2663 LANGCOG 4:4 pp. 275–296 2663_4-4_03 (p. 275) PMU:(idp) 21/9/2012 26 September 2012 9:37 AM 276 J. Blevins simple consonant inventory /p k β g m ŋ/, and not only lacks /t/, but appears to 1 1 have no coronal phonemes at all (Blevins 2009). The existence of a language like 2 2 Northwest Mekeo is good evidence that the contrastive use of coronal place of 3 3 articulation in spoken languages is a strong statistical tendency whose source 4 4 is not an innate design feature of language, but a range of independently con- 5 5 vergent extra-grammatical factors including speech articulation, perception, 6 6 aerodynamics, and language contact. 7 7 Absolute universals are also compromised when a particular language 8 8 adheres to a universal most of the time, but not always. Language-internal statis- 9 9 tical tendencies of this kind (referred to as “matters of degree” by Ladd 2012), 10 10 challenge classical phonological theory, where universals of contrast, phonotac- 11 11 tics, and alternations are stated categorically (Ernestus 2011). Consider, for 12 12 example, 20th century analyses of Yawelmani Yokuts vowel alternations which 13 13 incorporate closed syllable-shortening to enforce a constraint against CVVC syl- 14 14 lables (Kuroda 1967; Kenstowicz and Kisseberth 1979; Kenstowicz 1994; McCarthy 15 15 1999). The great majority of CVVC syllables surface as simple CVC, but a small 16 16 number do not (Blevins 2004). If closed syllable-shortening is attributed to the 17 17 dominance of a universal preference for CVC vs. CVVC syllables in the grammar of 18 18 Yawelmani, how does one explain the fact that a small number of CVVC syllables 19 19 surface? While Sapir (1921: 39) observed early on that “all grammars leak”, it 20 20 seems we must all accept that all universals seep: within the grammar, most forms 21 21 adhere to them, but at the periphery where function may dominate form, they are 22 22 diluted and violable. 23 23 More general design features of human language (Hockett 1960) have also 24 24 come under renewed scrutiny as more and better language descriptions become 25 25 available. Recursion, once thought to be a universal feature of natural language 26 26 syntax, has been reported to be absent in some languages (Everett 2005; Sakel 27 27 and Stapert 2010). However, few have questioned the universality of the duality 28 28 of patterning. Following Hockett, most linguists assume that in all human lan- 29 29 guages, discrete meaningless parts combine to form meaningful units which, 30 30 themselves, recombine: “The meaningful elements in any language – “words” 31 31 in everyday parlance, “morphemes” to the linguist – constitute an enormous 32 32 stock. Yet they are represented by small arrangements of a relatively very small 33 33 stock of distinguishable sounds which are themselves wholly meaningless” 34 34 (Hockett 1960: 6; See Ladd 2012, for a comparison with Martinet’s view of “double 35 35 articulation”). 36 36 Hockett’s reference to duality as “a human design feature” suggests not only 37 37 that small meaningless elements can recombine to form larger meaningful units, 38 38 but that they must do so. Indeed, we find 21st-century textbooks stating that “The 39 39 sounds of a language are intrinsically meaningless: their only purpose is to form 40 40 (CS4) WDG (155×230mm) DGMetaScience J-2663 LANGCOG 4:4 pp. 276–296 2663_4-4_03 (p. 276) (CS4) WDG (155×230mm) DGMetaScience J-2663 LANGCOG 4:4 pp. 277–296 2663_4-4_03 (p. 277) PMU:(idp) 21/9/2012 26 September 2012 9:37 AM PMU:(idp) 21/9/2012 26 September 2012 9:37 AM Absolute universal or statistical tendency? 277 1 1 the building blocks of which words are made” (Hayes 2009: 19). However, an al- 2 2 ternative interpretation is that duality, like other proposed linguistic universals, 3 3 is a statistical tendency reflecting a complex sets of factors, and most centrally, 4 4 the need for some minimal number of basic units that can recombine to yield a 5 5 potentially infinite set of form-meaning correspondences. If this is the essence of 6 6 duality, then our expectations regarding universality will be quite different from 7 7 the rigid interpretation of Hayes and others. 8 8 First, we expect that though rare, there may actually be a natural human lan- 9 9 guage where duality is violated, or not a central component of grammar. Though 10 10 duality of patterning is evident in all widely established sign languages (Stokoe 11 11 1960; Sandler 1989; Sandler and Lillo-Martin 2006), there may be some excep- 12 12 tions. A case of this kind is suggested by research on a relatively young sign 13 13 language, Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language. In their on-going description of 14 14 Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language grammar, Sandler et al. (2011) propose that 15 15 this natural human language lacks duality of patterning, despite its apparent 16 16 well-developed prosody, relatively large lexicon, productive word-formation pro- 17 17 cesses, stable SOV constituent order, and normal usage in everyday life. If this 18 18 is true, then, as with use of the coronal stop phoneme /t/ in spoken languages, 19 19 duality of patterning may be a strong statistical tendency whose source is not an 20 20 innate design feature of language, but related more directly to functional issues 21 21 such as means of productive word-formation processes, limits on memory, and/or 22 22 limits on word-specific articulatory routines. 23 23 Second, we expect to find languages where most, but not all, utterances 24 24 are decomposable into meaningless features, segments and other phonological 25 25 flotsam and jetsam. Since universals seep, there may be edges of the language 26 26 that are external to this seepage. In these far corners we may see holistic non- 27 27 compositional utterances on the one hand, or meaningful bits and pieces on the 28 28 other. In the sections that follow, I suggest several places where spoken languag- 29 29 es show grammar-internal violations of duality: in sub-systems of sound symbol- 30 30 ism where single features are systematically meaningful, and in what I call ‘holis- 31 31 tic morphemes’ where, at the level of sound, utterances resist decomposition. 32 32 However, before discussing these, it is worth noting that, while Al-Sayyid Bedouin 33 33 Sign Language may show an extreme case where duality of patterning is nearly 34 34 absent, other sign languages may have central iconic ‘channels’ which also lack 35 35 duality. For example, in Nepali Sign Language, duality is clear in some signing, 36 36 but not in other, and not consistently (Graif 2011). In discourse, it is common for 37 37 signers to go back and forth between iconic and arbitrary signing, and lexical 38 38 and iconic (non-decomposable, holistic) signs are interchangeable. The socio- 39 39 linguistic context lends some understanding to the situation. As Graif (2011: 10) 40 40 describes: (CS4) WDG (155×230mm) DGMetaScience J-2663 LANGCOG 4:4 pp. 276–296 2663_4-4_03 (p. 276) (CS4) WDG (155×230mm) DGMetaScience J-2663 LANGCOG 4:4 pp. 277–296 2663_4-4_03 (p. 277) PMU:(idp) 21/9/2012 26 September 2012 9:37 AM PMU:(idp) 21/9/2012 26 September 2012 9:37 AM 278 J.
Recommended publications
  • Copyright by Susan Smythe Kung 2007
    Copyright by Susan Smythe Kung 2007 The Dissertation Committee for Susan Smythe Kung Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: A Descriptive Grammar of Huehuetla Tepehua Committee: Nora C. England, Supervisor Carlota S. Smith Megan Crowhurst Anthony C. Woodbury Paulette Levy James K. Watters A Descriptive Grammar of Huehuetla Tepehua by Susan Smythe Kung, B.A.; M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin May 2007 Dedication For the Tepehua people of Huehuetla, Hidalgo, Mexico, and especially for Nicolás. If it were not for their friendship and help, I never would have begun this dissertation. If it were not for their encouragement of me, as well as their commitment to my project, I never would have finished it. Acknowledgements My first and largest debt of gratitude goes to all of the speakers of Huehuetla Tepehua who contributed in some way to this grammar. Without them, this volume would not exist. I want to thank the Vigueras family, in particular, for taking me into their home and making me a part of their family: don Nicolás, his wife doña Fidela, their children Nico, Tonio, Mari, Carmelo, Martín, Lupe, and Laurencio, and their daughter-in-law Isela. Not only do I have a home here in the U.S., but I also have a home in Huehuetla with them. There was also the extended family, who lived in the same courtyard area and who also took me in and gave me free access to their homes and their lives: don Nicolás’ mother doña Angela, his two brothers don Laurencio and don Miguel, their wives doña Fidela and doña Juana, and all of their children.
    [Show full text]
  • Laryngealization in Upper Necaxa Totonac Rebekka Puderbaugh
    Laryngealization in Upper Necaxa Totonac by Rebekka Puderbaugh A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Linguistics University of Alberta Examining committee: Dr. Anja Arnhold, Supervisor Dr. David Beck, Supervisor Dr. Benjamin V. Tucker, Examiner Dr. Stephanie Archer, Examiner Dr. Ryan Shosted, External examiner Dr. John Nychka, Pro Dean © Rebekka Puderbaugh, 2019 Abstract This dissertation examines laryngealization contrasts in vowels and fricatives in Upper Necaxa Totonac. In vowels the contrast is presumed to be realized as a form of non- modal phonation, while fricatives are supposed to differ according to their production mechanism. The goal of this dissertation is to provide evidence that will help to deter- mine whether the phonetic characteristics of these sounds align with the impressionistic descriptions of their phonological categories. Laryngealization categories were first examined via a corpus analysis in Chapter 3. The analysis revealed a highly frequent co-occurrence of laryngealized vowels and following glottal stops. No relationship was found between vowel laryngealization and ejective fricatives. In Chapter 4 an analysis of the difference in amplitude between the first and second harmonics (H1-H2) in laryngealized and non-laryngealized vowels showed that H1-H2 values were not influenced by vowel laryngealization categories, but were influenced the presence of a glottal stop following the vowel. This finding suggests that the laryngealization contrast neutralizes in vowels before glottal stops. In order to consider the potentially glottalic nature of ejective fricatives in UNT, Chapter 5 compared durations of phonetic events that occur during fricative production, including oral closure and frication.
    [Show full text]
  • The Framework of Language
    © 1980 by Roman Jakobson CONTENTS Michigan Studies in the Humanities VI Horace H. Rackham School ofGraduate Studies Preface Introduction (by Ladislav Matejka) vii Board ofEditors A Glance at the Development of Semiotics Richard Bailey (English), Judith Becker (Music), Arthur Burks (Philosophy), Oscar Blide! (Italian), Vern Carroll (Anthropology), A Few Remarks on Peirce, Herbert Eagle (Film), Emery George (German), Floyd Gray (French), Pathfinder in the Science of Language 31 D. Kirkpatrick (History of Art), Ladislav Matejka (SlaVic), Walter Mignolo (Spanish), Eric Rabkin (American Studies), G. Rosenwald Glosses on the Medieval Insight (psychology), lngo Seidler (German), Gernot Windfuhr (Near into the Science of Language 39 Eastern Studies). The Twentieth Century in European and American Linguistics: Movements and Continuity 61 Irwin R. Titunik,Associate Editor Ladislav Matejka, Managing Editor Metalanguage as a Linguistic Problem 81 On Aphasic Disorders from a Linguistic Angle 93 library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data On the Linguistic Approach to the Problem of Consciousness and the Unconscious 113 Jakobson, Roman, 1896- The framework of language. (Michigan studies in the humanities; no. 1) Includes bibliography. 1. Linguistics-Collected works. I. Title. II. Series. P27J338 410 80-13842 ISBN 0-936534-00-1 PREFACE INTRODUCTION With this volume ,Michigan Studies in the Humanities inaugurates The ever expanding bibliography of Roman Jakobson's contribu­ a series of books designed to promote cooperation among the various tions to the humanities recently prompted an editor of one of the branches of the humanities by presenting perspectives on traditional numerous Festschrifts in Jakobson's honor to dub him a "polyhistor," 1 problems of interpretation and evaluation.
    [Show full text]
  • Phonetic and Phonological Distinctions in Sign Languages
    Crasborn, van der Hulst & van der Kooij: Introduction article 1 Phonetic and phonological distinctions in sign languages Onno Crasborn Harry van der Hulst Els van de Kooij Holland Institute of Generative Linguistics (HIL) Intersign Introduction Chapter (draft), January 28, 2000 1. Introduction In designing a phonological model we do not, as in the case of spoken language, have the advantage of being able to rely on a long tradition of proposals for feature sets and higher constructs. If linguistics is a young (and, some would say, immature) discipline, than sign linguistics has just been born. It essentially started in 1960 with the publication of Stokoe (1960), anticipated by earlier work that recognized the linguistic, communicative status of signing (for example Tervoort 1953). As might be expected from explorative proposals for feature sets, there has been a strong focus on the great richness of phonetic diversity of signs, and much less on phonological distinctiveness. As a consequence, most proposals for feature sets involve rather large sets of features, minutely encoding many phonetic details, and giving the impression that the feature structure of signed languages is much richer than that of spoken languages. Having said this, we do not wish to underestimate the enormous advances that have been made in the short period of 40 years by a relatively small group of linguists. In the early seventies we find foundational work in Klima and Bellugi (1973), reflecting the research of a group of influential researchers. In addition, several very detailed dissertations on the phonology of American Sign Language (ASL) appeared around that time, and throughout the eighties (for example Friedman 1976, Mandel 1981, Battison 1978, Sandler 1989; for overviews see Wilbur 1987).
    [Show full text]
  • Wit and Humor in ASL Keila Tooley Eastern Illinois University This Research Is a Product of the Graduate Program in English at Eastern Illinois University
    Eastern Illinois University The Keep Masters Theses Student Theses & Publications 1986 Wit and Humor in ASL Keila Tooley Eastern Illinois University This research is a product of the graduate program in English at Eastern Illinois University. Find out more about the program. Recommended Citation Tooley, Keila, "Wit and Humor in ASL" (1986). Masters Theses. 2678. https://thekeep.eiu.edu/theses/2678 This is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Theses & Publications at The Keep. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of The Keep. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THESIS REPRODUCTION CERTIFICATE TO: Graduate Degree Candidates who have written formal theses. SUBJECT: Permission to reproduce theses. The University Library is receiving a number of requests from other institutions asking permission to reproduce dissertations for inclusion in their library holdings. Although no copyright laws are involved, we feel that professional courtesy demands that permission be obtained from the author before we allow theses to be copied. Please sign one of the following statements: Booth Library of Eastern Illinois University has my permission to lend my thesis to a reputable college or university for the purpose of copying it for inclusion in that institution's library or research holdings. Date Author I respectfully request Booth Library of Eastern Illinois University not allow my thesis be reproduced because �--�� Date m WIT AND HUMOR IN ASL (TITLE) BY Keila Tooley THESIS
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 1: What Is Language?
    Chapter 1: What is language? Chapter 1 What is language? This book is an introduction to the study of human language across the planet. It is concerned with the immense variety among the languages of the world, as well as the common traits that cut across the differences. The book presents a number of analytic tools for comparing and contrasting different languages, and for seeing any one particular language in a larger linguistic perspective. The book attempts to avoid eurocentrism, the excessive focus on European languages often found in introductions to linguistics. Although, for ease of presentation, examples are often drawn from English, a large variety of languages from all continents are drawn into the discussion whenever this helps to broaden our perspective. This global focus is reflected in the choice of topics. Apart from a chapter introducing the four traditional branches of linguistics (semantics, syntax, morphology and phonology), this book is primarily interested in the following seemingly simple questions: 1. How and why do languages resemble each other? 2. How and why do languages differ from each other? These questions are dealt with, from different angles, in the chapters on language universals, linguistic typology, language families and language contact. The chapter on language variation moves the focus from inter-language to intra-language comparison. Finally, the chapter on writing discusses similarities and differences in the ways in which various cultures have used a visual medium to represent and augment the auditory signals of speech. The book is primarily concerned with natural languages that function as full- fledged mother tongues for larger or smaller groups of people.
    [Show full text]
  • Language Universals EXFAC03-AAS V12
    1. Language universals EXFAC03-AAS v12 Introduction: The lecturer ,filfil, istihoti, պղպեղ ,ﻓﻠﻔﻞ ,peper, piper, ቁንዶ ብርብሪ, kundo berbere bghbegh, jaluk, бибәр, biber, piperra, перац, perats, golmarich, p’ilp’il, pebr, пипер, pipar, nayukon, pεpε, pebre, 胡椒, hú-jiāo, pwav, papar, pepř, EXFAC03-AAS v12 peber, peper, ẹkhiẹn, pepper, pipor, pipro, pipar, pippuri, poivre, shitor, pementa, kamulali, პილპილი, pilpili, pfeffer, pheffur, pheffar, πιπέρι, pilpel, िमच,र् mirch, kua txob, hwj ,פלפל ,pipéri, mari, pipa, màsóoróo, pepa Language txob, bors, ose, merica, lada, pilipili, piobar, pepe, 胡椒, koshoo, mrica, ಣಸು, menasu, mòsóró, Бұрыш, burış, bogij, mrech, nduru, ndũrũ, пе̄рэц , pierec, муруч, muruch, 후추, huchu, phik noi, pipari, pipirai, 1: Language universals бибер, biber, dipoàvatra, lada, mulagu, bżar, kutuŋ, поваарь, povaair, ,ﻓﻠﻔﻞ ,pepee, pherefere, gola maricha, hudʒau, nthänts'i, (kali) marich philphili, pieprz, pimenta, pebre, peure, kaxlan q’een, pepšo, перец, perets, marica, pë́pë, бибер, biber, dipwav, miris, peprovník, poper, pjepjeŕ, pepere, pimienta, pepre, pilipili, peppar, paminta, மிளகு, milagu, řfəřfəř, savyamu, พรกไทย,ิ phrík thai, fowarilbu, pepa, viriviri, perehere, ,mirch, eribo, phiriphiri, hạt tiêu ,ﮐﺎﻟﯽ ﻣﺮچ ,meko, pimenta, перець, perets ,fefer, ata, uphepha ,פעפער ,Steve Pepper <[email protected]> pupur, ponhontaj, ipepile, bieres, pimientam 2 > Institutt for kulturstudier og orientalske språk (IKOS) Steve Pepper Introduction: Course contents The lectures Kort om emnet 1. Universals Amharic (amh) Î ቁንዶ ብርብሪ (kundo berbere) (filfil) ﻓﻠﻔﻞ Emnet består av to deler: 2. Typology Arabic (ara) Î ● Språk: Innføring i lingvistisk analyse basert på eksempler fra språk i Asia (pilpel) פלפל Hebrew (heb) Î og Afrika. 3. Language families ● Kultur: ... 4. Language contact Hindi (hin) Î िमचर् (mirch) Etter avlagt og bestått eksamen skal du: Î こしょう (koshoo) ● kunne anvende lingvistisk analyse på 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Fasold R., Connor-Linton J
    0521847680pre_pi-xvi.qxd 1/11/06 3:32 PM Page i sushil Quark11:Desktop Folder: An Introduction to Language and Linguistics This accessible new textbook is the only introduction to linguistics in which each chapter is written by an expert who teaches courses on that topic, ensuring balanced and uniformly excellent coverage of the full range of modern linguistics. Assuming no prior knowledge, the text offers a clear introduction to the traditional topics of structural linguistics (theories of sound, form, meaning, and language change), and in addition provides full coverage of contextual linguistics, including separate chapters on discourse, dialect variation, language and culture, and the politics of language. There are also up-to-date separate chapters on language and the brain, computational linguistics, writing, child language acquisition, and second language learning. The breadth of the textbook makes it ideal for introductory courses on language and linguistics offered by departments of English, sociology, anthropology, and communications, as well as by linguistics departments. RALPH FASOLD is Professor Emeritus and past Chair of the Department of Linguistics at Georgetown University. He is the author of four books and editor or coeditor of six others. Among them are the textbooks The Sociolinguistics of Society (1984) and The Sociolinguistics of Language (1990). JEFF CONNOR-LINTON is an Associate Professor in the Department of Linguistics at Georgetown University, where he has been Head of the Applied Linguistics Program and Department
    [Show full text]
  • Reconstructing Lost Phonemes in Huehuetla Tepehua Using “Affectionate Speech”1
    Reconstructing Lost Phonemes in Huehuetla Tepehua Using “Affectionate Speech”1 Susan Smythe The University of Texas at Austin 1. Introduction Huehuetla Tepehua2 (hereafter, HT) is an endangered, underdocumented, indigenous language spoken by fewer than 1,000 people in the town of Huehuetla in the Mexican state of Hidalgo, northeast of Mexico City. It is one of the three languages that make up the Tepehua branch of the Totonacan language family. While conducting linguistic fieldwork on HT, I encountered a particular speech style called “affectionate speech.” HT speakers translate affectionate speech into Spanish as the diminutive, and it is used when the speaker feels great affection for or is much older than the addressee. Affectionate speech is more than an interesting social phenomenon; it has proven to be a potential tool in reconstructing two lost phonemes in HT. Originally, the phonemic inventory of HT included a glottal stop, a plain voiceless uvular stop, and a glottalized voiceless uvular stop (Arana, 1953; Bower, 1948; Herzog, 1974; Herzog, n.d.; Kryder, 1987; Watters, 1988). However, the glottalized uvular stop merged with the plain uvular stop, and now the plain uvular stop is in the process of merging with the glottal stop (Smythe, 2002). These mergers are shown below in (1). 1 This material is based on fieldwork supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0078453, the Fulbright-García Robles program, the Pan American Round Tables of Texas, and the Project for the Documentation of the Languages of the MesoAmerica. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed in this material are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the supporting organizations.
    [Show full text]
  • Phrase-Final Glottals in Tlachichilco Tepehua James K
    Phrase-final glottals in Tlachichilco Tepehua James K. Watters Annual Meeting of the Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas, Baltimore, Maryland, January 2010 1 Introduction The Totonac-Tepehua language family, as its name suggests, consists of two branches of languages and dialects: Totonac and Tepehua. Throughout the language family one of the phonological features of special interest in both phonology as well as morphosyntax is the form and funciton of laryngealization, manifest as laryngealized vowels, ejectives, and glottal stops. This paper will present alternative understandings of the glottal stop that occurs at the end of phonological phrases in the Tlachichilco variant of Tepehua, argue for one of two possible analyses, and discuss some of the wider implications. In Tlachichilco Tepehua, all words that end with a glottal stop in phrase-final position are preceded by a perceptually short, stressed vowel ((1a), (2a), and (3a)). When not found in phrase-final position, the vowel is long and the glottal stop is absent ((1b), (2b), and (3b)). (1) a. kimakaʔ "my hand" b. kimakaak’an “our hand” (2) a. maaqamaay haaka yuu čaanaʔ “s/he likes bananas that are ripe” b. maaqamaay čaanaa haaka “s/he likes ripe bananas” (3) a. kaminaʔ "s/he will come" b. kaminaača “s/he will come (then/already)” There are two possible analyses. The first, followed by Herzog (1974) and Smythe Kung (2007) for Huehuetla Tepehua and by MacKay and Trechsel (forthcoming) for Pisaflores Tepehua, is to include the phrase-final glottal stop as part of the lexical representation, and posit a rule that deletes the glottal stop when occurring phrase-medially, with concomitant lengthening of the vowel.
    [Show full text]
  • The Gradual Emergence of Phonological Form in a New Language
    Nat Lang Linguist Theory (2011) 29:503–543 DOI 10.1007/s11049-011-9128-2 The gradual emergence of phonological form in a new language Wendy Sandler · Mark Aronoff · Irit Meir · Carol Padden Received: 24 March 2009 / Accepted: 2 December 2009 / Published online: 23 April 2011 © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 Abstract The division of linguistic structure into a meaningless (phonological) level and a meaningful level of morphemes and words is considered a basic design fea- ture of human language. Although established sign languages, like spoken languages, have been shown to be characterized by this bifurcation, no information has been available about the way in which such structure arises. We report here on a newly emerging sign language, Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language, which functions as a full language but in which a phonological level of structure has not yet emerged. Early indications of formal regularities provide clues to the way in which phonologi- cal structure may develop over time. Keywords Phonology · Duality of patterning · Sign language In the middle of the last century, André Martinet and Charles Hockett discovered a notable feature of human language that Martinet (1960) called double articulation W. Sandler () Department of English Language and Literature, University of Haifa, 31905 Haifa, Israel e-mail: [email protected] M. Aronoff Department of Linguistics, SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-4376, USA e-mail: [email protected] I. Meir Department of Hebrew Language, Department of Communication Disorders, University of Haifa, 31905 Haifa, Israel e-mail: [email protected] C. Padden Department of Communication, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0503, USA e-mail: [email protected] 504 W.
    [Show full text]
  • Dilbilim Terimleri Sözlüğü
    Açıklamalı) DİLBİLİM TERİMLERİ SÖZLÜĞÜ Prof. Dr. Berke Vardaı Prof. Dr. Berke Vardar (1934-1989), dilbilim, göstergebilim, edebiyatbilim, çeviribilim, eleştiri, eğitim ve Atatürkçülük üzerine birçok özgün araştırma yaptığı gibi, çevirileriyle Türkçeye birçok yapıtı kazandırdı. Meydan Larousse ve Büyük Larousse Sözlük ve Ansiklopedisi’nin hazırlanmasında katkıda bulundu. İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Roman Dilleri ve Edebiyatları Bölümünü bitirerek, aynı bölümde asistan olarak bilimsel araş­ tırmalarını sürdürdü ve profesör oldu. 1972 yılında Lütfü Güçer, Şara Sayın, Akşit Göktürk ve Özcan Başkanla birlikte İstanbul Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Yüksek Okulu’nu kurdu, burada müdürlük ve bölüm başkanlığı yaptı. I.Ü. Atatürk İlkeleri ve İnkılap Tarihi Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü (1989) ve Türk Dil Kurumunda yönetim kurulu üyeliği yaptı. 1978 yılında başarılı çalışmalarından dolayı Fransız Hükümeti, Palmes Academiques nişanının uchevalier” ve 1988 yılındaysa “officier” payelerinin yanı sıra, 1985 yılında Ordre National de Merite nişanının “chevalier" payelerini verdi. Etüde lexicologique d’un champ notionnel. Le champ notionnel de la liberte en France de 1627 â 1642 (doktora te­ zi); Structure fondamehtale du vocabulaire social et politique en France, de 1815 a 1830 (doçentlik tezi); Fransız Edebiyatı, 3 cilt, 1965, 1967,1972, (yeni baskısı Multilingual 1998); Dilbilim Sorunları, 1968; Semantik Akımlar, 1969 (ye­ ni baskısı Multilingual, 2001); üne Introductıon â la phonologie, 1975; Dil Devrimi Üstüne, 1977; Dilbilimin Te- . mel Kavram ve İlkeleri, 1982 (yeni baskısı Multilingual, 1998); XX. yy Dilbilimi, Kuramcılarından Seçmeler, 1983 (yeni bâs- kısı Multilingual, 1998); Aydınlanma Çağı Fransız Yazını, (yeni baskısı Fransız Edebiyatı, Multilingual, 1998) 1985; Dil­ bilim Yazıları, 2001; Dilbilimden Yaşama: Yapısalcılık, 2001 gibi özgün yapıtlarının yanı sıra yayımladığı çevirileri Dillerin Yapısı ve Gelişmesi, A. Meillet - M.
    [Show full text]