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MALAYSIERA MALAY, MALAYO, MALAI Language Family

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MALAYSIERA MALAY, MALAYO, MALAI Language Family MALAYSIERA MALAY, MALAYO, MALAI Language family: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sundic, Malayic, Malayan, Local Malay. Language codes: ISO 639-1 ms ISO 639-2 may (B), msa (T). ISO 639-3 zlm – inclusive codes: Individual codes: zsm – Malaysian ind – Indonesian lrt – Larantuka Malay ? kxd – Brunei ? meo – Kedah Malay ? zmi – Negeri Sembilan Malay ? dup – Duano ? jak – Jakun ? orn – Orang Kanaq ? ors – Orang Seletar ? tmw – Temuan Glottolog: indo1326 (partial match). Beste izen batzuk (autoglotonimoa: Bahasa melayu :(مﻻي و ب هاس baba alt malay, baba [BAL]. bahasa malay alt malay [MLI]. bahasa malaysia alt malay [MLI]. bahasa malayu alt malay [MLI]. chinese malay alt malay, baba [BAL]. chinese malay alt malay, baba [BAL]. malay [MLI] hizk. Malaysia (Penintsularra); baita AEB (Amerikar Estatu Batuak), AEB (Arabiar Estatu Batuak), Brunei, Indonesia (Sumatra), Myanmar, Singapur, Tailandia ere. malay, baba [BAL] hizk. Singapur; baita Malaysia (Penintsularrean) ere. malay, jambi [JAX] hizk. Indonesia (Sumatra). malay, kedah [MEO] hizk. Tailandia. malay, pattani [MFA] hizk. Tailandia. malayu alt malay [MLI]. melaju alt malay [MLI]. melayu alt malay [MLI]. melayu alt malay [MLI]. standard malay alt malay [MLI]. straits malay alt malay, baba [BAL]. thai islam alt malay, pattani [MFA]. BRUNEI malay (standard malay) [MLI] Austronesian, Malayo- Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sundic, Malayic, Malayan, Local Malay. Domeinu formaletan bakarrik erabilia, hala nola erlijioan, gobernuan; hizkuntza ofiziala; eskolan irakatsia 3. graduan hasita; klasean azkeneko urtean erabilia; egunkariak, irrati emankizunak, TB. Ikus sarrera nagusia Malaysian. INDONESIA (Sumatra) malay (melayu, malayu, melaju, bahasa melayu, bahasa malayu, standard malay) [MLI] 10.000.000 hiztun (1981, Wurm and Hattori) barne eginik 2.000.000 Riaukoak, 40.000 Bangkakoak, 170.000 Belitungekoak; halaber mintzatua Kalimantan, Java, Maluku, Sulawesi eta Irian Jayan ere. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sundic, Malayic, Malayan, Local Malay. Dialektoak: riau (riouw-lingga, johor), jakarta, sambas, deli, melayu pasar (bazaar malay, pasir), borneo (sintang), kota-waringin, sukadana, makakau, irianese, makassarese, manadonese (menadonese), labu (lebu, labu basap), ritok (siantan, pontianak), balikapan, sampit, bakumpai, west borneo coast malay, belide, lengkayap, aji, daya, mulak, bangka, belitung, larantuka (ende malay), basa kupang (kupang), peranakan. Dialektotzat zerrendatutako batzuk agian ez dira ulergarriak malaysiera estandar eta indonesierarekin; kupang malaya eta larantuka malaya Nusa Tenggaran oso antzekoak dira bat bestearekin; % 80z goitik indonesieraren antzekoa (J. Echols). Ikus sarrera nagusia Malaysia Penintsularrean. malay, jambi [JAX] 800.000 (1989). Hego Sumatra. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo- Polynesian, Sundic, Malayic, Malayan, Local Malay. MALAYSIA (Penintsularra) malay (bahasa malaysia, bahasa malayu, malayu, melaju, melayu, standard malay) [MLI] 7.181.000 hiztun edo populazioaren % 47 (1986), barne eginik 248.757 Sarawaken (1980ko errolda), 2.000.000 Kelantan eta Trengganun, eta 1.000.000 Malaysiako beste alde batzuetan; 10.000.000 Malaysian barne eginik 2. hizkuntza dutenak (1977, SIL); herrialde guztietako populazio osoa 18.000.000 edo gehiago. Malaysia Penintsularreko distritu guztiak, Sabah, eta Sarawak; halaber mintzatua AEB (Amerikar Estatu Batuak), AEB (Arabiar Estatu Batuak), Brunei, Indonesia (Sumatra), Myanmar, Singapur, Tailandian ere. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo- Polynesian, Sundic, Malayic, Malayan, Local Malay. Dialektoak: trengganu, kelantan, kedah, perak (southern malay), sarawak malay, bazaar malay (low malay, pasar malay, pasir malay, trade malay). ‘Bazaar malaya’ erabiltzen da dialekto ez estandar erregional asko aipatzean; % 80tik gora indonesieraren antzekoak; elebitasuna ingeles, txinera eta tamilerarekin; hizkuntza nazionala; gramatika, SVO; latindar eta arabiar (jawi) idazkerak. malay, baba (straits malay, chinese malay) [BAL] 5.000 hiztun Malakan edo txinatar populazioaren % 3 (1979, Tan Chee Beng). Melaka Tengah, Malacca Straits, Malaysia Penintsularra; kreolera, malaysieran oinarritua; eskualde aldakiak Malacca eta Singapur artean; partzialki ulergarria standard malayarekin; peranakan indonesianaren ezberdina; elebitasun handia standard malayaz; elebakarrak 70 urtez gorakoak bakarrik; XV. m.an hasita behe malaysieratik abiatuz garatu zen hokkien chinesearen mailegu ugarirekin; Lim (1981) eta Holm-ek (1989) malaysieran oinarritutako kreolera bezala tratatu zuten. Ikus sarrera nagusia Singapurren. SINGAPUR malay (bahasa malay, melayu) [MLI] 396.000 hiztun (1985, ustez), populazioaren %15,5. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sundic, Malayic, Malayan, Local Malay. Batzuek mandarina eta hokiena darabiltzate 2. hizkuntzatzat eta %70ek ingelesa darabil; malayaz mintzatzen diren talde etnikoak: malaya 339.000, %85; javatarra 21.000, %5; indiarrak 14.000, %3,5; bawean madurese 14.000, %3,5; arabiarrak 2.500, %6; bugiak 500, %1; etxean ingelesa darabil %7k; hizkuntza nazionala. Ikus sarrera nagusia Malaysia Penintsularrean. malay, baba (chinese malay, baba, straits malay) [BAL] 10.000 edo gehiago hiztun (1986, A. Pakir); uste da baba talde etnikokoak 250.000-400.000 direla; bi herrialdeetako populazio osoa 15.000. Nagusiki Katong Distrituan ekialdeko kostan eta Geylang eta Jao Chiat-eko auzo distrituetan; halaber mintzatua Malaysia Penintsularrean; kreolera, malayan oinarritua; XV. m.an hasita behe malaysieratik abiatuz garatu zen hokkien chinesearen mailegu ugarirekin; eskualde aldakiak Malacca eta Singapur artean; partzialki ulergarria malaysiera estandarrarekin; normalki uste da Malaysiako baba herria ‘dotoreagoa’ dela eta Singapurkoa “zakarragoa”; gehienak malaysiera estandarra ikasi du eta eskolan ingelesa; Lim (1981) eta Holm-ek (1989) malaysieran oinarritutako kreolera bezala tratatu dute; peranakan indonesianaren ezberdina; txinatar auzoetan hazi diren batzuek ezagutzen dute hokkiena, teochewa eta cantonera; haurrek gaur mandarina ikasten dute eskolan malaysiera estandarra baino areago; baba nagusiki etxean erabiltzen da eta beste babekin; elebakarrak 70 urtez gorakoak bakarrik. TAILANDIA malay, (bahasa malay, melayu) [MLI] Hainbat herri Ranongen, hego Tailandian. Austronesian, Malayo- Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sundic, Malayic, Malayan, Local Malay. Ikus sarrera nagusia Malaysia Penintsularrean. malay, kedah [MEO] Herri gutxi batzuk Satun inguruan. Isolatua. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sundic, Malayic, Malayan, Local Malay. Itxuraz pattani malay edo malaysiera estandarraren ezberdina; elebitasuna central thaiaz; eskualdean jende gehiagok mintzatzen du thaia pattania baino; kanpotar harreman gehienak thai populazioaren zentroekin ematen dira Songkhla, Phattalung eta Haad Yai-n; Perlis eta Kedah-eko mendebaldar malaya kostaldeko estatuekin; kulturalki malay. malay, pattani (thai islam) [MFA] 3.100.000 hiztun barne eginik 2.600.000 hego Tailandiakoak, 500.000 Bangkok eta eskualde gehiagokoak (1998). Songkhla (Singgora) Probintziako Chana (Chenok) eremua iparraldean, hegoaldera zeharkatuz Pattani, Narathiwat, Yala, Saiburi, Tak Bai. Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sundic, Malayic, Malayan, Local Malay. Kedah malay eta malaysiera estandarraren ezberdina; elebitasuna central thaiarekin. Hizkuntza / lengua: malaysiera / malay / malayo / malai. Hiztunak / hablantes (2002): 190.000.000 guztira. 38.842.000 hiztunek dute ama-hizkuntza. Herrialdea / país: Indonesia, Malaysia, Tailandia, Singapur eta Brunei. oOo HISTORIA. Indonesiar taldeko hizkuntza, ezagunena eta zabalduena. Bere izena Malayu erresuma zaharrari zor dio eta Djambin (Sumatra) aurkitzen da. 470 milioi pertsonak mintzatzen dute gutxi gorabehera malaysiar-polinesiar hizkuntzaren bat. Indonesiar- malaysiera, hizkuntza hedatuena, nazioarteko hizkuntza handienetakoa da. Malaysiarrek talde etnikoa osatzen dute eta gaur nagusiki Malaka penintsula eta Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, Madura, Bali, Sumbawa eta Flores) okupatzen dituzte. Malaysiera bere era garbienean Riou Johore artxipelagoan mintzatzen dute. 80 milioi pertsonaren ama-hizkuntza da.VII m.ko dokumentuak ziurtatzen dute malaysiar elementuen presentzia. Era jarraian idatzitako testu literarioak herrialdearen islamizazio sakonaren ondoren agertu ziren, XVI m.aren inguruan. Minangkabauerak eta malaysierak dituzten antz handiengatik, batzuen ustetan minangkabauera malaysiaren dialektotzat jotzen dute eta beste batzuek hizkuntzatzat daukate. HIZKUNTZA. Ezaugarri nagusiak. Fonetika. A) Sistema fonologikoa normalean oso pobrea da soinu kontsonantikoetan. B) Sistema bokaliko ohikoena a, e, i, o, u da eta luzeak zein laburrak izan daitezke. Morfosintaxia. A) Polinesiar hizkuntzen arteko elkar ulertzea zailtasunez betea dago, kontsonanteak oso erraz mutatzen direlako. B) Eskema orokorra da hasieran hitz auto-semantikoak hartu eta hauei balio morfologikoa duten aurrizkiak edo atzizkiak eranstea. C) Artikulu ezberdinak erabiltzen dituzte singularra, duala eta plurala adierazteko. D) Jabekuntza alienagarria eta alienaezina bereizi egiten dituzte. E) Hizkuntzaren egituran nominatibo-akusatiboa nahiz ergatiboak aurki daitezke. Batzuetan biak erabiltzen dira. F) Gu inklusiboa eta beste bat esklusiboa bereizten dituzte, euskarak bezalaxe. G) Aditz jokaera oso xumea du. H) Perpausaren ohiko ordena aditza + subjektua + osagarriak dira. I) Hona hemen
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  • ISO 639-3 Code Split Request Template
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