Abd Hammud, 228–9, 229N8, 230 Abuses of Power in Armed Forces

Cambridge University Press ˛ 978-0-521-19301-6 - Saddam Hussein’s Ba th Party: Inside an Authoritarian Regime Joseph Sassoon Index More information

Index

Abd Hammud, 228–9, 229n8, Arab student recruitment, 119–20, 230 120nn112–14, 121 abuses of power Arab unity, 9–10, 22–3, 66–7 in armed forces, 142–3 Arif, Abd al-Rahman by fidaiyyu Saddam, 150 exile of, 31–2 by SSO, 110–11, 111nn69–70 Nasserite coup, 28 active member (udhu amil), 46 policies generally, 30 affiliation (intisab), 45–6 rise to power, 28 Aflaq, Michel, 19–20, 26, 30–1 Arif, Abd al-Salam age policies, 53–4, 54t, 56 arrest, sentencing of, 20 al-Ali, Nadje, 255 consolidation of power by, 27–8 American invasion 2003, 40, 85, death of, 28 159–61, 187n100 economic policies, 27 Ammash, Huda Salih Mahdi, 36n11, Egypt, relations with, 27 256, 266n193 ousting of Bath Party by, 26 al-amn al-am (General Security) policies toward military, 26–7 intelligence gathering by, 115 political violence as policy, 32, monitoring of religious institutions 32n55 by, 261n166, 262–4 armed forces overview, 95–6 abuses of power in, 142–3 on recruitment, 72 Bath domination of, 7, 13 al-amn al-askari (Military Security), deserters in (See deserters) 97 education (Bathification) of, 133–5, Anglo–Iraqi Treaty of 1930, 18 134n20, 135nn21–22, 136n24, Anglo–Iraqi War, 18 137 Arab Bath Socialist Party.SeeBath historical role of, 23, 129–30 Party Iran–Iraq War, hanging of senior Arab Glory, 80n46, 85–6, 86n72 officers during, 141–2 Arabization of Kurdistan, 39–40, 83, marriage approvals in, 144–5 83n61, 84, 84n64 martyrdom (See martyrdom)

301

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press ˛ 978-0-521-19301-6 - Saddam Hussein’s Ba th Party: Inside an Authoritarian Regime Joseph Sassoon Index More information

302 Index

armed forces (cont.) cultural reforms (See cultural militias, 81, 145–6 (See also specific reforms) organizations) political indoctrination in, 9, 47, prisoners of war, 155–6 61–70 promotions in, 139–40 Bath Party Revolutionary Command Council age in, 53–4, 54t, 56 (RCC), 134, 228n6, 230, 230n9, centralization of power by, 35 231 collapse of, 280–4 rewards, punishments in, 139–41, coup d’etat´ 1968, 16, 31–2 141n50, 143 (See also rewards, daily life of member, 57–61 punishments system) discipline within, 42, 42n32, 45, 75, rotation of personnel, 142, 142n59 219, 219n114, 220, 225, surveillance, monitoring of, 143–5 225n141 arrests, evictions, 217–18, 217n106, durability of, 275–7, 278–9 219 emergence of, 19–20 al-Asad, Hafiz, 179–80 enemies, definitions of, 194–5, ashbal Saddam (Saddam’s Cubs), 181 195n10 Assyrians finances, 41–2 documentation of, 203–4 functions of, 4–5, 6, 7, 38–42 employment of, 102, 102n25, 103 gender in (See women’s roles) massacre of, 17–18 ideology, 9–11, 277–8 oath of allegiance by, 73 lessons learned, 1963, 24–5 Auspicious Birthday, the (al-milad membership (See membership, al-maymun), 184–5 recruitment) automobiles, 214, 214nn86–7 ousting of 1963, 26, 30 al-Ayyam al-tawila, 165n7 as personalist regime, 276 Aziz, Tariq, 171, 229n8, 230–1, Qasim, overthrow/execution of, 246n94 23–4 recruitment policy (See Badge of Bravery (nawt al-shajaa), membership, recruitment) 207, 207n63, 208 religious policies, 11, 36, 80, Badge of High Esteem (nawt 80n46, 259–68, 283 al-istihqaq al-ali), 208 Saddam Hussein on duties of, 42 Baghdad province structure of, 11–12, 34–6, history, 16 36nn10–11, 37f, 38, 70 literacy, political indoctrination in, terminology creation by, 3–4 64–5 tribal, family, kin association massacre of Jewish community in, reliance, 11 18 Bath Party branches.Seealsospecific meeting attendance in, 74 branches new recruit enrollment in, 50 affiliate hosting, 75 al-Bakr, Ahmad Hasan, 69–70, 95–6 competition among, 87–90 Baram, Amatzia, 3n5 conferences, meetings, 74–5, 79–80, al-Barazani, Masud, 40n20 87–8 Basra province history, 16 criticism of by leaders, 88–9 Bathification cultural activities, 76, 76n29, 77, 88 armed forces, 133–5, 134n20, (See also cultural reforms) 135nn21–2, 136n24, 137 economic affairs, northern, 84

Index 303

elections, 73–4, 80–1, 187–8, overview, 227–8, 235–6 251n124, 252n127 party committees, 232–3 finances, 85–7, 119–20 party control of, 233, 235 al-hamla al-imaniyya (the faith presidential diwan (See presidential campaign), 80, 80n46, 177–8, diwan) 265–6, 266n191, 268 raqaba shabiyya (popular initiatives, 90 surveillance), 232 Kurdistan, Arabization of, 39–40, Saddam Hussein’s moods in, 231, 83, 83n61, 84, 84n64 259–60n158 leaders, daily activities by, 89 system of orders, 229, 229n8, 230 membership, recruitment (See travel visas, 234, 234n31 membership, recruitment) militia enlistment, 81 Caliph al-Mansur, 177n56 al-muaisha (cohabitation), 121 cars, 214, 214nn86–7 organizational activities, 72–5 Ceaus¸escu, Nicolae, 179–80 overview, 13, 71, 71n1, 72, 94 censorship, 69 party unit daily life, 90–3, 93n102, Chaldeans, 102, 102n25, 103, 203–4 94 children, youth political, security activities, 81–5 Arab student recruitment, 119–20, (See also intelligence gathering) 120nn112–14, 121 public relations duties, 78–81 focus of Saddam Hussein’s referendums, national censuses, personality cult, 181, 181n73, 80–1 268–73 rumors, counter-rumors, 84, 225 university student recruitment, tribal policies, 78 78–9, 268–73 university student recruitment, Christians 78–9, 268–73 form entry for, 203–4 weapons training, 84–5, 256–8 as part of system, 11 Bath Regional Command, 4, 30, 32, requirements of, 73 98, 99 in Saddam Hussein’s inner circle, Bath Regional Command Collection 230–1 (BRCC), 2, 71–2, 98 surveillance of, 102–3, 203–4, 263 baya (pledge of allegiance), 175, Clemenceau, Georges, 7, 7n11 175n41 cohabitation (al-muaisha), 121 al-Bazzaz, Abd al-Rahman, 28 collaborators, 214.Seealsoinformers beggars, 194–5, 246 commands of the president (wasaya birthday celebrations (Saddam al-rais), 179 Hussein’s), 184–5, 187–9 Communist Party, 21, 23n23, 222–3 al-Bitar, Salah al-Din, 19–20 confessions, 199, 199nn29–31 Boutros Ghali, Boutros, 117 Conflict Records Research Center bureaucracy, decision making (CRRC), 1, 287 citizen complaints, 234–5 consultancy bureaus (makatib final decision making in, 234, istishariyya), 228 234n31, 281 co-optation makatib istishariyya (consultancy executions, public participation in, bureaus), 228 206 memos, 233–4, 234n30 medals, rewards in, 206–16 ministerial appointments in, 231 of unions, 249–53

304 Index

corruption, 245, 245nn91–2, 246, economy 246nn94–5 corruption, 245, 245nn91–2, 246, coup-prooﬁng, 23, 35–6, 129–30, 246nn94–5 138–9, 141 currency devaluation, 244–5 cultural reforms deterioration, post-1989, 241–2, Bath Party branches role in, 76, 281–2 76n29, 77, 88 exodus of educated middle class, events, 67 246–8 history, writing of, 62, 66–7 food scarcity, 243–4 libraries, 67–8, 68nn116–18, 69, foreign investment, imports, 240–1, 77, 133 240n65, 241n65 literacy, 64–5, 69 growth, 1970s, 238–9 museums, murals, 69–70 history of, 9, 27, 27n37, 29 national celebration days, 66, 77 informers in, 126–7 party publications, 67 Iran–Iraq War, 239–40, 241, political indoctrination in, 9, 47, 241n68 (See also Iran–Iraq War) 61–70 Kurd uprising effects, 242–3 women’s roles (See women’s roles) Kuwait invasion, 242 currency devaluation, 244–5 oil industry, 29, 238 phases of, 237–8 daily life privatization, 240 Bath Party unit, 90–3, 93n102, 94 product scarcity, 244 of party member, 57–61 professional organizations, 249–51, Shorsh unit, 90–3, 93n102, 94 251n124, 252n127, 253 al-Daud, Abd al-Rahman, 31–2 recovery, post-1996, 248–9 Dawa Party (hizb al-Dawa) Saddam Hussein’s involvement in, monitoring of, 40, 82, 116 238 regime perception of, 222–3 sanctions, 242–3, 243n76, 243n78, death verdicts, 199, 199nn29–31 248n110, 252 decision making.Seebureaucracy, smuggling, 244 decision making socialism ideology, 10–11, 29, Department for Organizational and 236–7 Political Affairs, 36 support for regime during sanctions, deserters 248 executions, regional command survival strategies, 246, 277 participation in, 206 unions, 249–52, 252n127, 253 forms for, 203–4 education.Seealsoliteracy informers on, 126 of armed forces, 133–5, 134n20, pursuit/arrest of, 40–1, 84–5, 152–5 135nn21–2, 136n24, 137 rewards, punishments system, madrasat al-idad al-hizbi (Party 152–4, 220, 225, 225n140 Preparatory School), 63–6 Directorate of Republican Guard parapsychology, 108–9 Security, 99, 99n19, 101 political indoctrination, 9, 47, Directorate of Security Affairs, 97n11, 61–70 99, 99n17 RCC role in, 230n9 al-Duri, Izzat Ibrahim, 98, 139, 171, reforms, 66–7, 267–70, 267n198, 208, 230–1, 266 270n210, 273

Index 305

in SSO, 107–8, 108n53, 109 fidaiyyu Saddam (fedayeen Saddam), of women, 253–4, 256 81, 149–50, 177–8 Egypt, Egyptians fertility programs, 205, 254–5 as economic model, 27, 27n37 First Gulf War, 4, 138–9, 147, 267–8, history of, 9–10, 20 277 importation of workers from, 239 food scarcity, 243–4 overthrow of monarchy in, 19 foreign investment, imports, 240–1, reentry, banning, 120n114 240n65, 241n65 Saddam Hussein on, 280 forms socialism model, 236–7 for civil servants, 205 as source of friction, 25, 26–7, college applications, 204, 204n51, 117 205 student recruitment, 119–20, for criminals, 203–4 120n112, 121 for deserters, 203–4 support of Iraqi revolution by, fertility programs, 205 20–1, 282 land entitlements, 205 tandhim Misr, 120 overview, 201, 202n37 elections party membership, 201–2 Bath Party branches role in, 73–4, personal files (See personal files) 80–1, 187–8, 251n124, rewards, punishments system, 206 252n127 (See also rewards, punishments military bureaus role in, 132 system) referendums, national censuses, School Register, 205–6 80–1 freedom ideology, 10, 26 employee monitoring, control, 103–4, “Friends of the President” card, 208, 104nn32–7, 105 209–11 entitlements, 214–15, 215nn91–2, 215n93.Seealsorewards, general culture (al-thaqafa al-amma), punishments system 66–7 evictions, arrests, 217–18, 217n106, General Military Intelligence 219 (al-istikhbarat al-askariyya al-amma), 96 Fahd (Yusuf Salman Yusuf), 117, General Security.Seeal-amn al-am 117n98 (General Security) Faisal I, 17 faith campaign (al-hamla al-Habbubi, Ahmad, 196–7n17 al-imaniyya), 80, 80n46, 177–8, al-Hamdani, Raad, 136–7, 138n39, 265–6, 266n191, 268 141, 143, 145, 150, 173 family members.Seealsotribal al-hamla al-imaniyya (the faith policies campaign), 80, 80n46, 177–8, as informers, 127–8, 143–4 265–6, 266n191, 268 punishment of, 218–19 Han Fei Tzu, 199–200, 200n33 Farouk-Sluglett, Marion, 253 al-haras al-jamhuri al-khass (Special fear, cultivation of, 196–7, 196n17, Republican Guard), 138, 151–2 197n17, 197–8n23.Seealso al-haras al-qawmi (National Guard), informers; intelligence gathering; 23–4, 57–61 personal files; violence Hashim, Jawad, 199, 228

306 Index

al-Hasib, Khayr al-Din, 27n37 manipulation of information by Havel, Vaclav,´ 116, 221, 235, 275 subordinates, 8, 136–7, 200–1 hizb al-Dawa. See Dawa Party (hizb on martyrdom, 157–8 al-Dawa) meetings with ordinary people by, honor crimes, 221 177n59, 178, 178nn60–1 Human Rights Watch (HRW), 3 as military leader, 137–8, 138n39, al-Husri, Sati, 17–18 139 Hussein (Imam), 80n46 on ministerial appointments, 231 Hussein, Kamil al-Majid, 97, 166, oil industry control, 29 229, 229n8, 230, 278–9, 280 orders of as law, 172–3 Hussein, Qusay Saddam paranoia, lack of trust by, 165–6, policies, 97–8 276–7 protection of al-Hamdani by, 143 on party finances, 41 as SSO director, 97 personal history of, 163 SSO protection of, 103 on personal hygiene, 172 as successor, 11, 192 personality cult of (See personality Hussein, Saddam cult, Saddam Hussein) ability to manipulate people, 163–4, policies toward women (See 166–7, 167n14, 169, 278–9 women’s roles) assassination attempts on, 95–6, political strategies generally, 7–8, 165, 165n10, 166, 222 26–7, 143–4, 199–200, 219–20, as author, 170 276–7 on Bathist membership, 45–6 Qasim assassination role, 21 belief in coercive power, 6–7, recruitment in Bath Party, 19 163–5, 193–4 relationship with Hussein Kamil, birthday celebrations, 184–5, 187–9 166 commands of the president (wasaya respect for power, 6–7, 163–5 al-rais), 179 reversals of policies by, 10–11, control of information by, 173–4, 40–1, 169 178, 178n61, 227–8 roles of, 227–8, 279 coup-proofing by, 23, 35–6, security procedures, motivations 129–30, 138–9, 141 for, 21 daily activities of, 171–2, 171n28, on self-criticism, party critique, 64 172n28 self-perception, 174, 191, 279–80 on democracy, 73–4 slogans of, 77 discipline policies, 42, 42n32, 45 support of the arts by, 68–9 on duties of Bathist members, 42 support of the sciences by, 78, as final decision maker, 7 185–6 humiliation of ministers by, 171–2, tolerance of dissention by, 171 171n28, 172n28 tribal policies, 40, 40n23, 41 importance of legacy to, 174 Hussein, Uday Saddam incarceration of, 30 abuse of women by, 111 interrogation of, 124, 124n135 assassination attempts on, 165, on Jewish people, 116–17 165n10, 166 legacy, 284 as fidaiyyu Saddam head, 150 as listener, 170 as Iraqi Olympic Committee head, on literacy, 69, 253–4 79

Index 307

Iraqi student enlistment by, 55, 79 potential, applications of, 115 relationship with Hussein Kamil, sources generally, 113–14, 166 114nn81–2 SSO protection of, 103 spying, conspiracies within Iraq, as Union of Saddamists supervisor, 117–18 211 spying, conspiracies outside Iraq, 112n73, 121, 121n120, 122 IIS (Iraqi Intelligence Service), 96–7 travel visas, 118–19 al-Ilah, Abd, 18 intima (membership), 45–6.Seealso Imam Hussein, 80n46 membership, recruitment imams, 261–2 intisab (affiliation), 45–6 informers Iran, 11 backgrounds, motivations of, Iranian nationality (tabaiyya 122–3, 123n127–9, 123n131, Iraniyya), 43–4, 283 124, 124n135 Iran–Iraq War deserters, 126 Bath Party role in generally, 4 economic information, 126–7, economic results of, 239–40, 241, 127n148 241n68 family members, 127–8, 143–4 hanging of senior officers during, impact of on society, 128 141–2 letter writing, 124, 124n135, Iraqi army desertion in, 152 127n148, 225 Saddam Hussein as military leader overview, 13, 40–1, 122 in, 138, 138n39 payment for, 125, 125n137, 214, Security Council Decision no. 598, 244 76, 76n29, 77 political information, 125–6 Iraq protection of, 124–5, 125n137 admission to League of Nations, public opinion, rumors, 127, 143–4, 17n4 225 Anglo–Iraqi War, 18 intellectual guidance (tawjih fikri), 62 as British mandate, 16–17 intelligence gathering civilian rule in, 28 Arab student recruitment, 119–20, Communist Party, 21, 23n23, 120nn112–14, 121 222–3 budgets for, 119–20 coup d’etat´ 1941, 18 cooperation in, 113 history of as unique, 5–6, 276–7 economic, religious, education interwar period, 17–18 information, 116 Mosul Revolt, 20–1 foreigners, Iraqis abroad, 116–17, national celebration days in, 66 272–3 overthrow of monarchy in, 19, 20 letter writing, 124, 124n135, Palestine war 1948, 18–19 127n148, 225 rebuilding of, post-1991, 277 marriage to foreigners, 118–19 revolution of 1958, 20, 22–3 opposition movements, 113–14, as totalitarian regime, 5 115 Iraqi Intelligence Service (IIS), 96–7 overview, 4–5, 39, 97, 112, Iraqi National Oil Company, 29 112n73, 113 Iraqi Student Union, 272–3 personal files in (See personal files) Iraq Petroleum Company, 29, 171–2

308 Index

Islamic Revolution, the (al-thawra jihaz al-mukhabarat al-Iraqiyya (Iraqi al-islamiyya), 116n91 Intelligence Service [IIS]), 96–7 Israel, 11, 19, 28, 117, 247, 283 jihaz hunain (former intelligence and al-istikhbarat al-askariyya al-amma security arm), 96, 96n7, 97 (General Military Intelligence), 96 jil Saddam (Saddam’s generation), 9, ittihad al-Saddamiyyin (Union of 181 Saddamists), 211 jokes, rumors, 225, 225–6n144

jaysh al-quds (Jerusalem Army), al-Kaylani, Rashid Ali, 18 147–9, 258 Kazzar, Nadhim, 95–6 al-jaysh al-shabi (the Popular Army), Khomeini and Khomeinism, 10–11, 81, 146–7, 147n77, 258 177–8 Jewish community, 18, 116–17 Kim Il-sung, 179–80 jidariyyat (murals), 69–70, 184, 189 Kurdish Democratic Party (KDP) jihaz al-amn al-khass (Special Security arrest of agents of, 39 Organization [SSO]) leaders of, 40n20 abuse of power by, 110–11, monitoring of, 82, 115, 123n129, 111nn69–70 125–6 authority of, 109, 109n59, Kurdistan, Arabization of, 39–40, 83, 109–10n61 83n61, 84, 84n64 background checks, 103 Kurds Bath Party role in generally, 4 arrest, eviction of, 217–18n106 clan, family, kinship relations in, collaborators, compensation of, 105–6, 106t, 107 214 Directorate of Republican Guard recruitment in Bath Party, 73 Security, 99, 99n19, 101 suppression of by Arif, 26–7 Directorate of Security Affairs, Kurd uprising (1991) 97n11, 99, 99n17 Bath Party role in, 4, 83 employee monitoring, control, economic effects of, 242–3 103–4, 104nn32–7, 105 Saddam Hussein on, 166 loyalty monitoring, 99–101 special squads in, 146–7, 147n77, monitoring, challenges in, 102, 216–17 102nn24–5, 103 SSO surveillance of, 105 overview, 13, 97 Kuwait invasion, 138–9, 145, 242 parapsychology training, 108–9 power as motivation in, 109 Labor Law no. 71 of 1987, 250 presidential protection function, land entitlements 99n19, 101, 101–2n20 forms, 205 rewards system in, 107 (See also as reward, 107, 211–12, rewards, punishments system) 212nn77–8, 213, 213nn79–80 Special Security Institute, 107–9 Law of Assault (qanun al-tahajjum), structure, 99–100, 100f, 101 178, 198, 198n26 surveillance, monitoring of armed letter writing, 124, 124n135, forces by, 143–5 127n148, 225 surveillance, monitoring of imams libraries, 67–8, 68nn116–18, 69, 77, by, 261–2 133 training, education, 107–8, 108n53, literacy.Seealsoeducation 109 in Baghdad province, 64–5

Index 309

cultural reforms, 64–5, 69 membership (intima), recruitment in military bureaus, 133 age in, 53–4, 54t, 56 Saddam Hussein on, 69, 253–4 versus belief, affiliation, 45–6 Louis XIV, 181, 181n73 cells, 73, 73n10 fees, 41, 85–6 madrasat al-idad al-hizbi (Party gender in, 56 Preparatory School), 63–6 hierarchy, 46f, 46 al-mafariz al-khassa (special squads), individual motivations for, 53 146–7, 147n77, 216–17 Iranian nationality, 43–4 al-Majid, Ali Hasan, 97, 155, 171, new recruit enrollment, 50, 72 230–1 overview, 45–53, 278 majlis al-amn al-qawmi (National policy, 8–9, 53, 73 Security Council), 98 political indoctrination, 9, 47, al-makatib al-askariyya (military 61–70, 74–5 bureaus) promotion, 47 elections, 132 statistics, 50–2, 52t, 53 literacy, 133 al-milad al-maymun (the Auspicious overview, 130–2, 132t, 133 Birthday), 184–5 penetration model, 131 military bureaus.Seeal-makatib Political Guidance, the, 131 al-askariyya (military bureaus) makatib istishariyya (consultancy Military Security (al-amn al-askari), bureaus), 228 97 Makiya, Kanan, 2–3, 96–7, 199n29 militias.Seealsospecific organizations maktab al-tandhim (bureau structure), overview, 81, 145–6 36–7, 37f, 38 women in, 148–9, 258, maktab amanat sir al-qutr (Party 258nn151–2 Secretariat) Ministry of Culture and Information, Iranian nationality, 43–4 62 marriage approval by, 43–4, 104, Mosul province, 16, 75 104n37, 144–5 Mosul Revolt, 20–1 role of generally, 11–12, 35 Mother of All Battles Insignia (sharat structure of, 35–6 umm al-maarik), 208 Mao Tse Tung, 170 al-muaisha (cohabitation), 121 marriage muayyid (sympathizer), 46, 63, 76–7 approvals of, 43–4, 104, 104n37, al-Mukhtarat (Saddam Hussein), 144–5 137–8 without consent, punishment for, munadhammat al-munadhilin 145 (Organization for Party early marriage of women, 254–5 Veterans), 55–6, 232–3 to foreigners, 118–19 munadhammat al-sabirin martyrdom (Organization for Party Imam Hussein, 80n46 Pensioners), 55–6 party branch involvement in, 78 murals (jidariyyat), 69–70, 184, 189 rewards, punishments system, Muslim Brotherhood, 260–1 157–9 state support of, 157–9, 213 naming of places, 181–2, 182n78 Medal of the Land of the Two Rivers al-nashat al-watani (the national (wisam al-rafidain), 208 activity), 46, 73

310 Index

nasir (supporter), 46, 63, 76–7, 208 Party Secretariat.Seemaktab amanat al-Nasri, Abd Hamid Mahmud sir al-qutr (Party Secretariat) al-Khattab (Abd Hammud), Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK), 228–9, 229n8, 230 40n20, 115, 123n128, 125–6 national activity, the (al-nashat personal ﬁles al-watani), 46, 73 contents of, 47, 57–61, 74, 202–3, national celebration days 211 overview, 66, 77 forms for, 202–3 Saddam Hussein’s birthday, 184–5, intelligence gathering via, 113–14 187–9 party meeting attendance, 74 National Guard (al-haras al-qawmi), of SSO employees, afﬁliates, 23–4 102n24, 103–5 National Security Council (majlis personality cult, Saddam Hussein al-amn al-qawmi), 98 Bath Party role in, 186–7, nawt al-istihqaq al-ali (Badge of High 187n100, 192 Esteem), 208 building of, 175–86 nawt al-shajaa (Badge of Bravery), children, youth focus of, 181, 207, 207n63, 208 181n73, 268–73 al-Nayif, Abd al-Razzaq, 31–2 context of, 162–3, 190–1 (See also Nordlinger, Eric, 131 under Hussein, Saddam) North Iraq Dataset (NIDS), 1, 1n1, 2, enforcement of, 45 71–2, 98 media use by, 175–6 naming of places, 181–2, 182n78 oath reiteration (tardid al-qasm), orders of Saddam Hussein as law, 47 172–3 Oil-for-Food Programme, 245, overview, 4–5, 13, 162 245nn91–2, 246 political indoctrination in, 69–70, oil industry, 29, 238 77 Old Man and the Sea, The political leadership’s role in building (Hemingway), 174, 174n38 of, 171 orders of Saddam Hussein as law, prizes, medals, 185–6 172–3 qanun al-tahajjum (Law of Assault), orders system, 229, 229n8, 230 178, 198, 198n26 Organization for Party Pensioners religion’s role in, 177, 177n56, (munadhammat al-sabirin), 177nn58–9, 178 55–6 Saddam Hussein as sacred, 178, Organization for Party Veterans 264 (munadhammat al-munadhilin), Saddam Hussein’s birthday 55–6, 232–3 celebrations, 184–5, 187–9 Saddam Hussein’s writings in, Palestine war 1948, 18–19 176–7 Party Insignia (sharat al-hizb), Stalin’s popularity versus, 6 207 sycophancy in, 180–1 Party Preparatory School (madrasat titles given to Saddam Hussein, al-idad al-hizbi), 63–6 179–80 party responsibility (al-takafful visual images, 182–4, 189 al-hizbi), 79–80, 86 Piro, George, 124n135, 174

Index 311

political indoctrination raqaba shabiyya (popular Bath Party role in, 186–7, surveillance), 232 187n100, 192 recruitment in party.Seemembership, of children, youth, 181, 181n73 recruitment in cultural reforms, 9, 47, 61–70 Regional Command (al-qiyada in membership, recruitment, 9, 47, al-qutriyya), 36–7, 37f, 38 61–70, 74–5 religious policies, 11, 36, 80, 80n46, Popular Army (al-jaysh al-shabi), 81, 259–68, 283 146–7, 147n77, 258 relocation, 83, 83n61, 84, 84n64 popular surveillance (raqaba rent entitlements, 107, 211–12, shabiyya), 232 212nn77–8, 213, 213nn79–80 presidential diwan Republican Guard censorship by, 69 creation of, 26–7, 151–2 role of generally, 4–5, 228, 228n6, Directorate of Republican Guard 229, 234 Security, 99, 99n19, 101 unions, role in, 251 Special Republican Guard (al-haras prisoners of war, 155–6 al-jamhuri al-khass), 138, product scarcity, 244 151–2 professional organizations, 249–51, transfers, 138 251n124, 252n127, 253 Republic of Fear (Makiya), 2–3 punishment of family members, research sources 218–19 Bath Regional Command punishments.Seerewards, Collection (BRCC), 2, 71–2, 98 punishments system comparison of, 2–3, 3n5 Conﬂict Records Research Center Qadduri, Fakhri, 238, 238n52 (CRRC), 1, 287 al-Qala al-hasina (Saddam Hussein), documents, sale of, 14 170n22 interviews, 14–15 qanun al-tahajjum (Law of Assault), North Iraq Dataset (NIDS), 1, 1n1, 178, 198, 198n26 2, 71–2, 98 Qasim, Abd al-Karim overview, 1 assassination attempt on, 21, 165n7 report ﬁling, 3 oil industry control, 29 resistance overthrow, execution of, 23–4 desertion (See deserters) policies generally, 21–2 overview, 221–6 political violence as policy, 32, punishment for (See rewards, 32n55 punishments system) rise to power, 20 Revolutionary Command Council Tripp on, 22–3 (RCC), 134, 228n6, 230, 230n9, al-qiyada al-qutriyya (Regional 231 Command), 36–7, 37f, 38 rewards, punishments system Quartet, 171, 230–1, 278 academic admissions, 213–14 Quran, 36, 265, 265n190, 266n191, in armed forces, 139–41, 141n50, 267 143 arrests, evictions, 217–18, Ramadan, Taha Yasin al-Jazrawi, 217n106, 219 113–14, 146, 171, 230–1 cars, 214, 214nn86–7

312 Index

rewards, punishments system (cont.) rumors, jokes, 225, 225–6n144 certificates, 208–9 charity, 79–80 Saddam Hussein’s birthday desertion, 152–4, 220, 225, celebrations, 184–5, 187–9 225n140 Saddam Institute for the Study of the documentation of, 211 Quran, 36, 265–6, 266n191, forms, 206 267 “Friends of the President” card, al-Sadr, Muhammad Baqir, 263n179 208, 209–11 al-Sahhaf, Muhammad Said, 219–20 jobs, bonuses, pensions, 213, 220 sanctions, 242–3, 243nn76–8, land, rent entitlements, 107, 248n110, 252 211–12, 212nn77–8, 213, School Register, 205–6 213nn79–80 Section of Military Intelligence maintenance of repression by, 8 (shubat al-istikhbarat marriage without consent, 145 al-askariyya), 97 martyrdom, 157–9 security agencies.Seealsospecific medals, rewards, 206–16, 221 agencies meeting attendance, 74 intelligence gathering by (See nawt al-istihqaq al-ali (Badge of intelligence gathering) High Esteem), 208 overview, 95–8, 128 nawt al-shajaa (Badge of Bravery), Security Council Decision no. 598, 76, 207, 207n63, 208 76n29, 77 other political affiliations, 73 Selim, Naziha, 69 overview, 14, 216–17 September 11, 2001, attacks, 282–3 prioritization in, 215–16, shahadat al-jinsiyya (certificate of 216nn95–6 nationality), 114, 114n82 punishment of family members, sharat al-hizb (Party Insignia), 207 218–19 sharat umm al-maarik (Mother of All relocation, 83, 83n61, 84, 84n64 Battles Insignia), 208 rumors, jokes, 225–6, 225n144 Shii sense of entitlement in, 214–15, activists, 223–4, 224n135 215nn91–3 as merchants historically, 18–19 sharat al-hizb (Party Insignia), 207 repression of, 259–60, 263n179, sharat umm al-maarik (Mother of 283 All Battles Insignia), 208 suppression of by Arif, 26–7 smuggling, 244 uprising, 4 transgressions list, 219, 219n114, Shorsh unit daily life, 90–3, 93n102, 220 94 wisam al-rafidain (Medal of the show trials, 199, 199nn29–31 Land of the Two Rivers), 208 shubat al-istikhbarat al-askariyya riddat tishrin (the apostasy of (Section of Military Intelligence), November 1963), 203, 203n44 97 Rijal wa madina (Saddam Hussein), Sidqi, Bakr, 17–18 77, 116, 163–4, 193 Silone, Ignazio, 128 al-Rikabi, Fuad, 19 Smolensk archives, 71n1 rules for civilian employees, in smuggling, 244 presidential palaces, 102 socialism ideology, 10–11, 29, 236–7

Index 313

Special Republican Guard (al-haras daily activities of, 89 al-jamhuri al-khass), 138, 151–2 Egyptian, 120 Special Security Institute, 107–9 election role of, 80–1 Special Security Organization (SSO). maktab al-tandhim (bureau See jihaz al-amn al-khass structures), 36–7, 37f, 38 special squads (al-mafariz al-khassa), promotion of literacy by, 64–5 146–7, 147n77, 216–17 role of, in Law of Assault, 198 spying, conspiracies structure of, 36–7, 37f, 38 within Iraq, 117–18 surveillance role of, 119–21 outside Iraq, 112n73, 121, tardid al-qasm (oath reiteration), 47 121n120, 122 tawjih ﬁkri (intellectual guidance), 62 Syria, 121, 121n120, 122 al-thaqafa al-amma (general culture), SSO.Seejihaz al-amn al-khass 66–7 Stalin, Joseph, and Stalinism, 6, al-thawra al-islamiyya (the Islamic 179–80, 193–4 Revolution), 116n91 Structure of Bath Party, 11–12, 34–6, travel visas, 118–19, 234, 234n31 36n10, 36n11, 37f, 38, 70 tribal policies.Seealsofamily Suez War of 1956, 19 members Suﬁs, 263 Bath Party branches, 78 Suleimaniyya clan, family, kinship relations in al-amn, on recruitment in, 72 SSO, 105–6, 106t, 107 Shorsh unit daily life, 90–3, of Saddam Hussein, 40, 40n23, 41 93n102, 94 tribal, family, kin association Sunnis reliance, 11 question of on forms, 203–4, 283 Tripp, Charles, 22–3 Shiichasm,2–3, 259–60, 283 Tulfah, Adnan Khairallah, 68, in Special Republican Guard, 151 68n118 supporter (nasir), 46, 63, 76–7, 208 sympathizer (muayyid), 46, 63, 76–7 udhu amil (active member), 46 Syria unions, 249–52, 252n127, 253 Iraqi rift with historically, 26, 30–1 United States, 11, 23n23, 252, 282–3 Iraqi rift with in policy changes, university students 9–10 Arab student recruitment, 119–20, Iraqi spying on, 121, 121n120, 122 120nn112–14, 121 ministerial bureaucracy in, 230 recruitment of, 78–9, 268–73 professional organizations in, 251 system of orders, 229, 229n8, 230 vehicles, 214, 214nn86–7 violence tabaiyya Iraniyya (Iranian executions, 199n29, 206, 224 nationality), 43–4, 283 fear, cultivation of, 196–7, 196n17, al-takafful al-hizbi (party 197n17, 197–8n23 responsibility), 79–80, 86 as policy, 32, 32n55, 195–6, 224, al-takya, 263, 263n178 281 al-Talabani, Jalal, 40n20 punishment of family members, al-Tamim province, 83, 83n61, 84, 218–19 84n64 show trials, confessions, death tandhimat (structures) verdicts, 199, 199nn29–31

314 Index

Wahhabism, 11, 11n20, 223–4, reforms of, 10–11 224n136, 261, 261n166, segregated party branches for, 256, 282–3 257t wasaya al-rais (commands of the weapons training, 256–8 president), 179 weapons training, 84–5, 256–8 Yahya, Tahir, 27 Weber, Max, 276 yawm al-nakhwa (Day of Military wisam al-raﬁdain (Medal of the Land Training), 147–8, 148n81 of the Two Rivers), 208 yawm al-raya (Day of the Banner), 66 women’s roles yawm al-shahid (Day of the Martyr), in Bath Party generally, 8–9, 56, 158–9 253–7, 257t, 259, 271 yawm al-zahf al-kabir (Day of the Big command responsibilities, 36n11, March), 66 256 Yusuf Salman Yusuf (Fahd), 117, early marriage of, 254–5 117n98 education, 253–4, 256 employment, 255–6 Zabiba wa al-Malik (Saddam militia training, 148–9, 258, Hussein), 187, 187n100 258nn151–2 al-Zubair bin al-Awam branch, 67–8, recruitment of, 72–3 68n116