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A FLYING-SPOT SCANNER for TELEVISING 35 Mm FILM

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A FLYING-SPOT SCANNER for TELEVISING 35 Mm FILM '. 1956/57, No. 7 193 A FLYING-SPOT SCANNER FOR TELEVISING 35 mm FILM by F. H. J. van der POEL. 621;397.611.2: 778.53 Flying-spot scanners ere. particularly suited for the televising of flat, transparent pictures. In a previous' article in this Review a flying-spot scanner for televising stationary objects.was described. A similar scanner has now been developed for the transmission of 35 mm cinefilm, and the present ortiele discusses the problems involved in scanning a succession. of images. , Introduction The transmission of films has become a feature of For the televising of films, frequent use is made of every television programme., The equipment used flying-spot scanners. The interlacing, particularly, for this purpose is required to derive' an electrical gives rise to a number of problems. In the following signal, suitable for television, from standard film description of a flying-spot scanner for 35 mm film made for cinematographic projection. Such films, . developed, in Philips Research Laboratories, the are recorded at 24, frames per sec; the European solution of these problems will be discussed. Before television standards, however, require 25 pictures this we shall first touch brieflyon a system of per sec. Since there is no simple method of obtaining televising films with the aid of a normal television 25 television pictures per sec. from 24 film frames camera. per sec, the obvious expedient is to match the film speed to the speed required for television. Increasing Televising of fil~s using a television camera tube the film speed from 24 to 2,5 frames per sec has no objectionable effect either on the picture or on the A familiar method of televising films is that in sound. In this respect Europe is better off than the which a normal storage-type camera tube (icono- United States and other countries where the mains scope, image iconoscope) is used in conjunction with frequency is 60 cIs, and where the number of televi- a slightly modified conventional cinema projector. , sion pictures per second is accordingly fixed at 30; The film is fed intermittently through the projector the film speed cannot be raised so high without in the'normal way, but at a rate of 25 frames per making movements appear too fast and music and second. Each film frame is projected on to the light- speech too high-pitched. In their case, therefore, sensitive layer in the camera tube during the brief the solution is more complicated. flyback periods Till and Tb2 (fig. l,b). The potential Every television picture is formed from a raster consisting of a certain number of horizontally scanned lines. According to the Gerber standard 1) Q which is used for example, in the Netherlands, the _t 751 number is 625. Moreover, the scanning lines are interlaced, which means that the odd lines 1, 3, 5, 7121 : . 11 etc. are traced first, and then the even lines 2, 4, 1I I I I I 11 I I 11 6, The vertical deflection ofthe light-spot which mi IzlI mi traces a television raster is shown in fig. 1a as a 11 I I' I I i I I I 11 -t function of time. Each complete picture period T of 11 I I 11 I I, I I I I 11 40 milliseconds (1/25 sec) m~y be broken down into I II?i'?iZ'Zl I I I I !aiiWa I I four intervals: the raster flyback times Tbl and Tb2 88533 -t are each 1.5 msec, Ieaving 18.5 msec each for the Fig. La) Vertical deflection, as a function of time t, of the spot actual scanning periods TSl and Ts2' Strictly speak- tracing a television raster. T = picture period (40 msec). The ing, this means that the number of lines per odd "odd" ànd "even" lines of the raster are scanned 'during the ' intervals Ts! and Tsa respectively (each 18.5 msec). During the. or even raster is not exactly 625/2, but; only flyback intervals Tbl and Tba (each 1.5 msec), when the spot, returns from the end point of one raster te.the starting point X (18.5/40) 625. of the next, the spot is suppressed. b) Times during which the film frames are projected when' 1) See, e.g. W. Werner, The different television standards televising a film with a normal television camera tube. These considered from the point of view of receiver design, Philips times fall within the ~ntervals Tbl and Tba' tech. Rev. 16, 195-200, 1954/55. c) The film is moved forward one frame during the Tsa intervals. 194 PHILlPS TECHNICAL REVIEW VOLUME 18 pattern thus.produced 011 the target of the camera traces an identical raster on the film. The light pass- tube is then scanned during the intervals TS1 and TS2 ing through the latter is concentrated on a photo- by an electron beam 2). During scanning the proj ected electric cell by means of a condenser lens, so that a light beam is intercepted by a shutter. In this way photo-current is generated which at every moment is use is made of the camera tube's "memory", in proportional to the transparency of the film at the which the potenrialpattem remains for a while after point defined by the spot.' The current passes the exposure has ended. - . through a resistor, the voltage across which - after The advantage of this system, in that it allows amplification represents the required' picture a normal studio television camera to be combined signal. with a conventional cinema projector, is offset by die The film movement fact that storage-type camera tubes give rise to .signals . even' when not illuminated 3). During A fundamental difference between the method of illumination these spurious signals are superimposed televising films with a Hying-spot scanner and the on the desired signal. Spurious signals are not method employing a television camera tube is that troublesome if there is sufficient intensity of illumi-' in the former it is the film image itself which is nation, but this is by no means always the case in scanned, whereas in the latter it is the potential the televising of films. pattern formed in the camera tube. This means With the development of camera tubes of the That, with a flying-spot scanner, the film image must vidicon type, in which the drawback of spurious be available for scanning during both 'intervals signals has. been largely overcome, the system TS1 and TS2; it is not possible to usé the interval employing camera tubes has recently' been gaining TS2 for moving the film one frame farther, as is done ground 4), particularly since the equipment needed in the camera tube method (fig. le). A process is cheaper, At the pres~nt time; howeverç.in Europe might be imagined in which the film is transported at least, flying-spot scanners are in general use and during the flyback interval Tb2 and kept stationary generate a television signalof very good quality. for the rest of the picture period. In that case, how- ever, a film frame would have to be moved forward Principle of the Hying-spot scanner in 1.5 millisec, which would entail considerable As described in a previous article 5), a flying-spot mechanical difficulties. (In cinema projection it scanner generates a well-defined and reproducible takes about 10 milliseconds to move a film one frame television signal from a flat, transparent object. The forward.) It has not yet proved possible to construct .principle 'is briefly as follows. a 35 mm projector capable of such rapid film trans- A point source of light of. constant intensity, port; even for 16 mm film, where the accelerations formed on the screen of a specially designed cathode are so much smaller, the problem has not yet been ray tube (the scanning tube) is projected by an satisfactorily solved. optical system on to the transparent object - the However, it is not a prerequisite that the film film. (In the following we shall denote the point of should remain stationary during scanning. What is light on the scanning tube as the source and its essential is that there should be a certain definite projection on the film as the spot.) The source is relative movement between the film and the spot, made to trace on the scanning tube a raster of the which can equally well be effected partly by the film required number of lin~s, so that its image, the spot, and. partly by the spot. In the 'flying-spot scanner to be discussed the film is transported at a constant 2) See P. Schagen, H. Bruining and J. C.Francken, The image iconoscope, a camera' 'tube for television, Philips tech. speed, corresponding to 25 frames per second. We -. Rev. 13, 119-133, 1951/52. and J. C.Francken and H. Brui- shall' assume that the film velocity v is directed ning, New developments în the image iconoscope, Philips tech. Rev. 14, 327-335, 1952/53. vertically downwards. The spot is made to move such 3) See page 123 of the article by Schagen, Bruining and' that. during each scanning period it has a velocity . Francken referred to under 2). 4) H. N. Kozanowski, Vidicon film-reproduction cameras, component t(} directed vertically upwards. Film and J.S.M.P.T.E. 62, 153-162, 1954; R. G. Neuhauser, Vidicon spot then have a relative vertical velocity of w. for film pick-up, J.S.M.P.T.E. 62, 142-152, 1954; W. L. v + Hurford and J. Marian, Monochrome vidicon film camera, In a scanning period Ts (= TS1 = Ts2) the spot R.C.A.
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