DOCSLIB.ORG

Ree City ΠDanzig

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ree City Œ Danzig 1 114SUS OF 1IÀ 310H S, C.3i5-.\cil> .1 , Gommunicated to the Council Genova, -»ugust 1st, 1927, V " FREE CITY Œ DANZIG. OH (F DANZIG COURTS IN ACTIONS BROUGHT BY RAIOTAY OFFICIALS AGAINST THE POLISH RAILWAY ADI il HI STRATI CH. Hote I37/ the Secretary-General. The Secretary-General has the honour to comnunicate xT J* to the Council fo considerati on, copy of the following . ocumen arded to him by the High v c .c : y . ,-r ; vV ; orrnni 3 si oner of the" of Hâtions at Danzig, and which - ' . ,5> 3 to the juîu'sd^ ti on of Danzig courts in actions brought It Administration by Danzig railway )U ea nto the Polish Railway Service: I . Decision hy the High C omnri s s oner ted April 8th, 1927; II. Appeal by the Danzig 12 th , 1927; I I I . Reply bÿ the P olish Government, Danzig a p p e a l, f ded by the s i oner on Ju ly 1 '..1927. IV. Observations Senate regarding the Polish Reply, by the High C oinmicsi oner on July 27th. The Polish Government's reply (111 ) includes as an annex the German text of the Danzig-Polish Agreement concerning O fficials (BeamtenabKomnen) of October 22nd, 1921. An English translation by the Secretariat is attached. - 2 - The High C ommiBsi oner has fu rth er communicated to the Secretary-General the following documents, which are in the archives of the S ecretariat and are a t the disposal of the members of the Council: 1. Advisory opinion "by Dr. Walter SchftcKing, Professor of Law; 2. Advisory opinion by Sr. Erich Eauffmann, Professor of Law; 3. Copy of the decision of the Danzig Supreme Court (Obergericht) dated June 29th, 1927, in the case brought by Plander, a railway employee against the Polish Railway Administration; 4. Provisional Danzig-Polish Agreement concerning Officials, dated July 20th, 1921; 5 . Prussian 3>aw of May 24th, 1861, regarding the extension of the jurisdiction of courts in questions relating to the rémunération of o f f ic ia ls . The documents referred to in 1, 2 and 3 are communicated at the request of the Danzig Senate. - 1 - I. SSCI SIGN R30ARDIITG ŒE JURISDICTION Œ DANZIG COUR23 IN ACTIONS BROUGHT BY KAIB/AY Off VICIAIS AGAINST TH3 RAIL'.:AY ADMINISTRATION. translation. On January 11th, 1926, the Polish representative forwarded to the High Commissioner a note in which i t was stated that the Polish Government would n o t, in future, taKe tiognizance of actions brought by railway officials which were based on the provisions of the Agreement of October 22nd, 1921. I t would not enforce any judgment given in such actions by the Danzig Courts. In a note dated May 27 th, 1926 , the Senate explained to me its point of view, requesting me to obtain, by mediation, the withdrawal of the Polish statement, Prolonged conferences, for the purpose of reaching a solution tooK place with the representatives of the two parties. The Danzig Senate then asKed me to give a decision in this matter with reference to the e.ztent of the c ompetcnoe and jurisdiction of the Danzig Courts. The Senate wrote to me on January 12 th, 1927, observing that there had been no withdrawal of the statement; it therefore requested me to give the following decision: (a) That railway employees who had passed from the service of the Free City into Polish service, were entitled to bring actions in respect of pecuniary claims, even if these claims were based on the Danzig-Polish Agreement of October 22nd, 1921 (Agreement concerning - 2 - o f f ic ia ls , "BeamtenabKommen") or on the declaration mc.de under A rticle I of this agreement, which was accepted by the Polish Railways Administration; (b) that Danzig Courts were entitled to hear the actions referred to in (a); (c) that, consequently, the Polish Railways Administration was bound to accept the jurisdiction of the Danzig Courts in disputes such as those mentioned in (a), and to enforce the judgments given by those Courts. In a letter dated February Gth, 1927, based on his note of January 11th, 192G , and on a memorandum which he had submitted to me during the negotiations of June 30th, 1.926, the Polish Representative maintained the views to which I have referred . The Parties submitted reply and rejoinder on February 28th and March 23rd, 1927, respectively. My de ci si on is as foilows; 1) The general argument upheld by Poland that the Danzig Courts are not legally entitled to taKe cognizance of actions in respect of pecuniary claims brought by railway servants who have passed from the Danzig service into Polish service, is unfounded. In general, Danzig members of the railway staff are entitled to bring actions against the Administration in the Courts of the Free City. The right of o ffic ia ls and employees in the service of a State adm inistration tc sue in the civ il courts for pecuniary claims on the strength of their contracts is not a right re cognised eo i^so. The law of several countries does - 3 - not recoGni.se such ju risdiction and lays down that claims ox officials against the State do not come within the scope of c iv il law. These claims therefore, failing any special provisions, do not come within the jurisdiction of the civil courts= In the case of these railway servants, however, the rule that the parties concerned may hr in 3 actions in the civil courts has been specially recognised. It has been recognised in the Agreement of October 22nd, 1921, in A rticle 6 of which i t is laid down that o ffic ia ls who have been Kept on in the service of the Polish railways shall retain any acquired rights the existence of which can be proved. It is laid down, moreover, in the Constitution of the Free City (Article 92) that officials may have access to the civil courts for the purpose of vindicating their pecuniary r ig h ts . In Prussian law the same rule is admitted under a n law concerning the extension of access to the civil courts'', dated May 24th, 1861. Poland is therefore obliged to recognise, in these actions, the jurisdiction of the civil courts. In th is instance the civ il courts are the Danzig courts. This is a consequence of a decision given by the x High Commissioner, General HaKing, on Septemoer 5th, 1921 (No. 12c) which is binding on both Parties and lays down that: A*Note by the Secretary-General. See C.328,H»S35.1921.1 . and Official Journal November 1921.p*974/78, - 4 - "Everything connected vjith the Polish Eailvays Administration tvithin the: territory of the Free City is subject to the civil and criminal Courts of Danzig. The Polish Railv/ay Administration has no sovereign rights within the te rrito ry of the Free City and therefore can establish no 0 ourts of Law within its territory,T. This decision means that in all matters coming within the jurisdiction of civil courts, these Courts shall be the Danzig Courts. In view of the other points to be examined, one observation must be added: General Eating did not contemplate and could not have contemplated the introduction of jurisdiction in cases in which otherwise there would have been none. He merely recognised the sole ju ris­ diction of the Courts of the Free City in matters in which civil jurisdiction generally applies. Pecuniary clair.s by railway employees at Danzig, based on their contracts, are subject to this rule l the jurisdiction of the Danzig civil Courts is proved in principle and should be recognised by the Polish ijtate. Any claim for payment based on contracts, particularly claims for wages, pensions, half-pay and other grants under the contract, may form the subject of an action in the Danzig civ il courts (unless there be some special jurisdiction recognised by law, as might be the case in questions connected with social insurance). Such actions, brought personally and without intermediary by the parties concerned, are in the nature of civil actions. - 5 - 2 . The Senate also requests mo to decido whether the position is the same in cases in which the claims for payment are "based on the agreement of October 22nd 1921 ( B e an t e nab K on: ne n ) or on the declarations made in conformity with Article 1 of this agreement. The reply to this must be that such cases cannot arise* At law an official cannot ^ found a claim for payment solely on the Agreement or the above-mentioned dec la ra ti ons. In order to bring a personal and direct civil action against the Adm inistration, the employee must be able to plead some provision in his contract. It Is through the contract given by the Administration that the latter assumes responsibility towards the employee. The conditions of the contract can alone establish the legal relations between the official and the Administration. I need not here consider that laws. service regula­ tion, etc., contain the provisions of this "contract", that is to say the series of provisions which establish the legal relationship between the railway administration and its employees. It has been suggested to me that they may be contained in the Polish law of October 19th 1923 concerning the remuneration of officials (Besoldung der Staatsbeamten) and the regulations for its application as well as other similar rules. On the basis of a l l those provisions an employee may asK the Courts to give a judgment„ But the provisions of the Agreement of October 22nd, 1921, are not provisions on which a civil, personal and direct action can be brought by the person concerned.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • C.193.1935.VII. Conrniunicated to the Council
    LEAGUE OF NATIONS C.193.1935.VII. Conrniunicated to the Council. Geneva, May 15th, 193J FRLE CITY 0? DANZIG Situation of -lews in Danzig. The Secretary-General has the honour to communi­ cate to the Council a letter from the High Commission­ er of the League of Nations in Danzig, dated May 11th, 1935, transmitting a petition addressed to the League of i étions from the "Verein ,iUdischsr Akademiker1’ and the "Vereinigung selbstHndiger jUdischer Danziger Gewerbetreibender und Handv/erker in der Freien Stadt Danzig ', dated April 9th, 1335, as well as the obser­ vations of the Senate of May 11th, 1935. Danzig, May 11th, 1935. To the Secretary-General. Sir, I have the honour to enclose herewith a copy of the petition dated April 8 th, 1935, from the "Verein der jUdischer Akademiker" and "Vereinigung selbst&ndiger jUdischer Danziger Gewerbetreibender und Hendwerker in der Freien Stadt Danzig ', as -.veil as the Senate’s answer which I received to-day. In requesting that the matter should be considered by the Council at its approaching meeting I beg to refer to the letter, dated June 10th, 1925, approved by the Council and. subsequently addressed to the High Commissioner, relative to the procedure to be followed regarding petitions which re­ late to the danger of infringement of the Constitution of Danzig, placed under the guarantee of the League of Nations. I have the honour, etc., (Signed) Sean LESTER, High Commissioner. (Translation furnished by the petitioners). PETITION from "Verein der jUdischen Akademiker" and "Vereinigung selbstëndiger jUdischer Danziger Gewerbetreibender und Handwerker in der Freien Stadt Danzig”.
    [Show full text]
  • Issue 3 the AFA's Art and Research Album Numer 3 Katalog Artystyczno
    2 The AFA’s Art and Research Album 3 Katalog Artystyczno-Badawczy ASP Big City Lokalność Locality issue 3 dużego miasta numer 3 4 The AFA’s Art and Research Album 5 Katalog Artystyczno-Badawczy ASP Big City Lokalność Locality issue 3 dużego miasta numer 3 6 O projekcie 7 124 Rzeźba na Przeróbce 212 Ścieżka dydaktyczna z GIWK About the Project Sculpture in Przeróbka Didactic Path with GIWK Robert Kaja Jacek Zdybel 2 O projekcie Anna Waligórska Przemysław Garczyński About the Project 138 Nabrzeże Szyprów na Przeróbce. Iwona Dzierżko-Bukal Koncepcje mebli siedziskowych 246 Ołowianka Szyprów Wharf in Przeróbka. Rafał Setlak 18 Gdańskie przestrzenie lokalne Concepts of Seating Furniture. The Local Spaces of Gdansk Arkadiusz Staniszewski 256 Wyporność Anna Fikus-Wójcik Displacement Agnieszka Rózga-Micewicz Wybieramy lokalność Robert Kaja Choosing Locality Hydromisja 32 266 Koncepcje projektowe modułowych Hydromission 156 Budowanie poczucia bezpieczeństwa ogrodzeń dla GIWK-u Agnieszka Klugmann w przestrzeni miejskiej za pomocą zmysłów Design concepts for modular fencing for GIWK Building the Sense of Security in Urban Space Arkadiusz Staniszewski Przerabiamy Przeróbkę with the Use of the Senses Reworking Przeróbka Joanna Jurga 284 Plac Inwalidów Wojennych w Oliwie War Veterans Square in Oliwa 38 Przerabiamy Przeróbkę 174 Zmysły w mieście – warsztaty Rafał Setlak Reworking Przeróbka Senses in the City – workshops Bogumiła Jóźwicka Bogumiła Jóźwicka 298 Miejska zieleń w kontekście dzielnicy Oliwa Marek Jóźwicki Joanna Jurga Urban Greenery in the Context of Oliwa District Wzornictwo dla Przeróbki Andrzej Pniewski 78 186 Z jednej kreski Design for Przeróbka From a Single Line 318 Wybieramy lokalność Marek Adamczewski Marta Branicka Bogumiła Jóźwicka Choosing Locality Iwona Dzierżko-Bukal Wyimaginowana funkcja Marcin Kasprowicz 104 Gdańskie przestrzenie lokalne.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Buildings and Urban Planning in Gdańsk/Danzig from 1933–1945
    kunsttexte.de/ostblick 3/2019 - 1 Ja!oda ?a5@ska-Kaczko &ublic .uildin!s and Brban &lannin! in "da#sk/$anzi! fro% 193321913 Few studies have discussed the Nazi influence on ar- formation of a Nazi-do%inated Denate that carried chitecture and urban lanning in "dańsk/Danzig.1 Nu- out orders fro% .erlin. /he Free Cit' of $anzi! was %erous &olish and "erman ublications on the city’s formall' under the 7ea!ue of Nations and unable to history, %onu%ent reservation, or *oint ublications run an inde endent forei!n olic') which was on architecture under Nazi rule offer only !eneral re- entrusted to the Fe ublic of &oland. However) its %arks on local architects and invest%ents carried out newl' elected !overn%ent had revisionist tendencies after 1933. +ajor contributions on the to ic include, a and i% le%ented a Jback ho%e to the FeichK %ono!ra h b' Katja .ernhardt on architects fro% the a!enda <0ei% ins Feich=. 4ith utter disre!ard for the /echnische 0ochschule $anzig fro% 1904–1945,2 rule of law) the new authorities banned o osition .irte &usback’s account of the restoration of historic and free ress) sought to alter the constitution) houses in the cit' fro% 1933–1939,3 a reliminary %ar!inalized the Volksta!) and curtailed the liberties stud' b' 4iesław "ruszkowski on unrealized urban of &olish and 8ewish citizens) the ulti%ate !oal bein! lanning rojects fro% the time of 4orld 4ar 66)1 their social and econo%ic exclusion. 6n so doin!) the which was later develo ed b' &iotr Lorens,3 an ex- Free Cit' of $anzi! sou!ht to beco%e one with the tensive reliminary stud' and %ono!ra h b' 8an Feich.
    [Show full text]
  • Baltic Eugenics on the Boundary of Two Worlds: Identity, Freedom, and Moral Imagination in the Baltics 35
    Baltic Eugenics On the Boundary of Two Worlds: Identity, Freedom, and Moral Imagination in the Baltics 35 Founding and Executive Editor Leonidas Donskis, Member of the European Parliament, and previously Professor and Dean of Vytautas Magnus University School of Political Science and Diplomacy in Kaunas, Lithuania. Editorial and Advisory Board Timo Airaksinen, University of Helsinki, Finland Egidijus Aleksandravicius, Lithuanian Emigration Institute, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania Aukse Balcytiene, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania Stefano Bianchini, University of Bologna, Forlì Campus, Italy Endre Bojtar, Institute of Literary Studies, Budapest, Hungary Ineta Dabasinskiene, Vytautas Magnus University, Lithuania Pietro U. Dini, University of Pisa, Italy Robert Ginsberg, Pennsylvania State University, USA Martyn Housden, University of Bradford, UK Andres Kasekamp, University of Tartu, Estonia Andreas Lawaty, Nordost-Institute, Lüneburg, Germany Olli Loukola, University of Helsinki, Finland Bernard Marchadier, Institut d’études slaves, Paris, France Silviu Miloiu, Valahia University, Targoviste, Romania Valdis Muktupavels, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia Hannu Niemi, University of Helsinki, Finland Irina Novikova, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia Yves Plasseraud, Paris, France Rein Raud, Tallinn University, Estonia Alfred Erich Senn, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA, and Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania André Skogström-Filler, University Paris VIII-Saint-Denis, France David Smith, University of Glasgow, UK Saulius Suziedelis, Millersville University, USA Joachim Tauber, Nordost-Institut, Lüneburg, Germany Tomas Venclova, Yale University, USA Tonu Viik, Tallinn University, Estonia Baltic Eugenics Bio-Politics, Race and Nation in Interwar Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania 1918-1940 Edited by Björn M. Felder & Paul J. Weindling Amsterdam - New York, NY 2013 Cover photo : Jēkabs Prīmanis measuring skulls (from Jēkabs Prīmanis (1937), Ievads antropoloģijas metodikā.
    [Show full text]
  • Powers and Duties Attributed League of Nations International Treaties
    LEAGUE OF NATIONS POWERS AND DUTIES ATTRIBUTED TO THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS BY INTERNATIONAL TREATIES Geneva, 1944. [Communicated to the Council Official No.: C. 3. M. 3. 1944. V and the Members of the League] Geneva, July 1944. LEAGUE OF NATIONS POWERS AND DUTIES ATTRIBUTED TO THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS BY INTERNATIONAL TREATIES Printed in Canada by the I n l a n d P r e ss L im it e d , Montreal, Quebec 9/44—3,000 Series of League of Nations Publications V. LEGAL 1944. V .1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introdu ction..................................................................................................................... 5 I. —Secretarial or M inisterial functions.................................................... 11 IX, —F unctions forming part of the operation of the international treaty, convention or other instrument............................................. 11 1. Appointment of arbitrators................................................................................ 11 2. Settlement of the terms of submission to arbitration................................... 13 3. Advisory opinions, conciliation.......................................................................... 13 4. International bureaux placed under the League’s direction...................... 14 5. Assistance to conciliation commissions........................................................... 15 6. Conventions dealing with the traffic in narcotic drugs............................... 15 7. Convention concerning economic statistics.................................................
    [Show full text]
  • C.144. Èls2.1922 = 1 4/19577/17175
    1 SOCIETE DES E A T I O II S C.144. ÈLS2.1922 = 1 ■.iiTiuniquQ au Ccr.s j j l it aux Membres de 1? Scciétc- 4/19577/17175 4/19295/17175 Geneve, le 27 Mars, 1922. 4/17506/17175 4/18228/17175 4/17175/17175 4/17937/17175 VILLE LIBRE LE DAKTZIG. SITU A-TIGE JURIDIQUE DES BIEFS D’ETAT POLONAIS 4.INSI QUE LES FONCTIONNAIRES ET DES F AVISES POLONAIS A D/ÆTZIG. 1. Décision du_.Hsut Commissaire en date du 6 décembre, 1921 2. Appel du Gouvernement polonais. 3. Documents divers relatifs a cette question. L E A. G- U E F T FREE CITY OF DATZIG. LEGAL STATUS OF POLISH GOVERNNENT PROPERTY, OFFICIALS AND SHIPS. 1. Decision cf the High Commissioner dr ted December 6th, 1921. 2. Appeal cf the Polish Government. 3. Other relevant documents, SCCUSES m , S NAüJIŒîS TILLS LIBRE DZ H-KIZIG C; i t tk. t ion ut i ô. i qra _do e ions dTEta t. f one t i oni -±. ires et navires du Gouverner ai t polonais à DantalGa Note du Secretaire'- p-e n c r a i - Le Secrétaire Général a l 'honneur de soumettre ci-joint à 1:examen du Conseil et de communiquer ar-x Letibrcs de le Société dos îlations } à titre d!lnf ornât ion, copie des do eu monts suivants relatif E à la. que et ion de lu situ atio n juridique dos "biens d 1 Sta- fonotionnaires et navires du Gouverne:.ont polonais à Dentsir: "Pf ■ O ’:'; Lüote en date du 30 août 1921 du Connie Su ire Général polonais r.
    [Show full text]
  • Poland's Postal Service in Danzig
    50 Years Ago in Stamps: Poland’s Postal Service in Danzig by Edward Nowak, Sr. (From STAMPS Magazine, Feb. 21, 1959, with images added) According to reg- istered philatelic facts, the Polish postal service at Gdansk (Danzig) was inaugurated in 1654 by John Casimir, King of Poland. The mail service, from its inception, waged constant battle with postal services of Prussia, due to the insistence of that coun- try on maintaining service through Poland, especially Danzig 1921, registered cover to U.S. with 1920 2 between the two Prussias. mark on 35pf, Sc. 27, and 1920 20pf, Sc. 66 The second partition of Poland in 1793, and the resultant Prussian absorption of Gdansk, was the cause of liquidation of After special agreements arrived at between representatives Poland’s postal service in that region of Europe. The last Polish of Poland and authorities of the Free City of Gdansk, a second postmaster to serve was A. Stanislawski. post office was opened (April 14, 1923) in the Main R. R. Sta- On the strength of the Versailles Treaty (January 10, 1920) tion in Gdansk. This post office (#2) was assigned to maintain Poland again began to organize its own postal department in contacts with the post office in “Port of Gdansk” and to supervise the newly created “Free City of Danzig” and the Polish cor- the inter-Polish postal service, mail trucks, and correspondence ridor to the sea. on trains arriving at Gdansk. Pursuant to laws arrived at during the Convention of Paris Neither post office number (November 9, 1920), Poland not only was given a free hand in one nor two was open to the establishing a postal service in the “Free City of Gdansk” and public.
    [Show full text]
  • Zwei Tage Freiheit, in Danzig
    Zwei Tage Freiheit, also ein Wochenende in Danzig Herausgeber: Büro des Präsidenten für Förderung der Stadt Danzig / Danziger Touristikorganisation E-Mail: [email protected] / [email protected] www.facebook.com/MiastoGdansk Text: Ewa Kowalska (www.ibedeker.pl) Wir bedanken für die Zurverfügungstellung von Fotos bei: Centrum Hewelianum [Zentrum Hewelianum], Muzeum Bursztynu [Bernsteinmu- seum], Muzeum Historyczne Miasta Gdańsk [Historisches Museum der Stadt Danzig], Muzeum Narodowe [National Museum], Latarnia Morska w Nowym Porcie [Leuchtturm in Nowy Port], Europejskie Centrum Solidarności [Europäisches Solidaritätszentrum] Inhalt Weg zur Freiheit 4 Magie des Bernsteins 8 Schätze der Kunst und Architektur 10 Stadt am Wasser 16 Danzig für junge Menschen 19 Danziger Küche 21 Alternative Angebote 22 reklamy Ein Wochenende in Danzig Danzig - vor Jahrhunderten eine riesige Speisekammer Europas und ein Reiseziel von Handelsleuten, die von berühmten Getrei- despeichern, voller verschiedener Waren, angezogen wurden. Heute - ein wichtiger Punkt auf der touristischen Karte der Welt. Es sind die faszinierende Geschichte der Stadt, die majestätische Architektur, das Meer, der Strand und der Bernstein und vor allem der Geist der Freiheit, die eine große Anziehungskraft ausüben. Genau hier, in Danzig, wurde die Bewegung geboren, die unter der Führung des charismatischen Lech Wałęsa zum Fall des Kommunismus in Europa führte. Durch Kraft, die in der Danziger Werft zu spüren ist, wird die Stadt an der Mottlau in der ganzen Welt mit dem höchsten Gut, der Freiheit, in Verbindung gebracht. Um dies zu spüren, reicht ein kurzer Ausflug am Wochenende, ein Blick auf die drei Kreuze, die über den Solidarność-Platz ragen, es reicht, den Gradberg zu besteigen und aus der Ferne die gebeugten Silhouetten der Werftkräne – der Augenzeugen großer Veränderungen - zu bewundern oder den Turm der Marienkirche zu besuchen und von dort das weite Panorama der Stadt zu genießen.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rise of Europe in the High Middle Ages: Reactions to Urban Economic Modernity 1050 - 1300
    The Rise of Europe in The High Middle Ages: Reactions to Urban Economic Modernity 1050 - 1300 Dan Yamins History Club June 2013 Sunday, October 12, 14 Today: Strands that are common throughout Europe. Next time: Two Case Studies: Hanseatic League (Northern Europe) The Italian Maritime Republics (Southern Europe) Sunday, October 12, 14 Interrelated Themes During an “Age of Great Progress” Demographic: rise of cities and general population increase Socio-economic: Rise of the middle class, burghers and capitalism Commercial: intra-European land trade and European maritime powers Legal: Development of rights charters and challenge to feudal system Labor & production: Rise of guilds and craft specialization. The time during which Europe “took off” -- switching places with Asia / Middle East in terms of social dynamism. Development of Western modernity Sunday, October 12, 14 General population increase AREA 500 650 1000 1340 1450 For context: Greece/Balkans 5 3 5 6 4.5 Italy 4 2.5 5 10 7.3 Population levels of Europe during the Middle Ages can be Spain/Portugal 4 3.5 7 9 7 roughly categorized: Total - South 13 9 17 25 19 • 150–400 (Late Antiquity): population decline France/Low countries 5 3 6 19 12 • 400–1000 (Early Middle Ages): stable at a low level. British Isles 0.5 0.5 2 5 3 • 1000–1250 (High Middle Ages): population boom and Germany/Scandinavia 3.5 2 4 11.5 7.3 expansion. Total - West/Central 9 5.5 12 35.5 22.5 • 1250–1350 (Late Middle Ages): stable at a high level. Slavia. 5 3 • 1350–1420 (Late Middle Ages): steep decline (Black death) ---Russia 6 8 6 ---Poland/Lithuania 2 3 2 • 1420–1470 (Late Middle Ages): stable at a low level.
    [Show full text]
  • Cosmopolitanism of Nodal Cities in Paweł Huelle's Castorp
    Butler University Digital Commons @ Butler University Scholarship and Professional Work - LAS College of Liberal Arts & Sciences Summer 2012 Between Theory and Reality: Cosmopolitanism of Nodal Cities in Paweł Huelle’s Castorp Ania Spyra Butler University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.butler.edu/facsch_papers Part of the Comparative Literature Commons, Literature in English, Anglophone outside British Isles and North America Commons, and the Race, Ethnicity and Post-Colonial Studies Commons Recommended Citation Spyra, Ania. “Between Theory and Reality: Cosmopolitanism of Nodal Cities in Paweł Huelle’s Castorp.” Comparative Literature. 63. 4. 2012. 286-299. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Liberal Arts & Sciences at Digital Commons @ Butler University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Scholarship and Professional Work - LAS by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Butler University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ANIA SPYRA Between Theory and Reality: Cosmopolitanism of Nodal Cities in Pawel Huelle’s Castorp FIVE YEARS BEFORE the publication of his novel Castorp, the Gdansk writer Pawel Huelle published a short piece of the same title in the essay collection Inne historie (1999), the title of which-translated as either "other stories" or "other histories"-consciously plays with the difficulty of writing a history of Gdansk, a theme to which almost all of the short pieces in this collection somehow return. The essay tells the story of a literary correspondence between a Lvov pastor and the writer Thomas Mann, in which Mann voices regret over some unelaborated ideas and abandoned storylines in The Magic Mountain.
    [Show full text]
  • System of Common Courts in the Free City of Danzig (1920-1939 Part I
    ORIGINAL ARTICLE System of common courts in the Free City of Danzig (1920-1939 Part I. Ustrój sądów powszechnych w Wersalskim Wolnym Mieście Gdańsku (1920–1939) część I. Article history: Received: 25.09.2016 Accepted: 27.011.2016 Published: 30.12.2016 prof. dr hab. Tadeusz Maciejewski Abstract: This article presents partial results of wider research conducted on the his- Professor Tadeusz Maciejew- ski (born Aug 28th, 1952)is the tory of the general judiciary in the Free City of Danzig. They contributed to author of around 200 publicatons, the deepening of knowledge in the examined subject matter. The legal bases incuding several monographs for the functioning of the judiciary in FC of Danzig were determined, and the and textbooks. He is an expert on the history of law and the knowledge about the structure of the judiciary, the position of judges, and the state system, head of the Chair of competences of various courts (The Supreme Court, the National Court with Legal History at the University of Gdańsk, and recipient of numer- its departments, clerical court, the Court of Lay Assessors, Court of assizes ous awards and distinctions. and juvenile courts) was broadened. During the transitional period after the entry into force of the Treaty of Versailles in the field of administration, judiciary and police, the former German apparatus was still existing. This status persisted even after the adoption of the Free City of Danzig Constitution on June 14, 1922. Later, however, the justice system of the Free City of Danzig from 1920-1939 referred directly to the German model, originating from the Second Reich and the Weimar Republic, taking into ac- count the relevant changes.
    [Show full text]
  • LEAGUE of NATIONS. Qoanunicated “To C*4-7S*1933*I# '— ~ Geneva, August 14Th, 1933, FREE CITY of DANZIG. SITUATION in DANZIG
    LEAGUE OF NATIONS. qoanunicated “to C*4-7S*1933*I# Thé"Cou^cïT^ '— ~ Geneva, August 14th, 1933, FREE CITY OF DANZIG. SITUATION IN DANZIG. Note by the Secretary-General. Further to document C«331.1933.I end with reference to document C.463.1933.I, the Secretary-General has the honour, at the request of the High Commissioner of the League of Nations in Danzig, to communicate to the Council for information a letter, with annex, which the High Commissioner addressed to him on July 25th, 1933. Translation. THE HIGH COMMISSIONER, ------ LEAGUE OF NATIONS, THE FREE CITY OF DANZIG. Danzig, July 25th, 1933. To the Secretary-General of the League of Nations, Geneva. Sir, With reference to my letter of July 6th, communicating to you the text of the judgment given on June 23rd, 1933, by the Danzig Landgericht (Court of second instance) in the case of the trade unions, I have the honour to transmit to you herewith, wit.1 the request that it be communicated to the members of the Council, a supplementary petition which was lodged with me on July 25th, 1933, by one of the secretaries of the trade unions which were signatories of the petition of May 13th, 1933 (see Document C.331.1933.1.)• I will duly forward to you any observations which the Senate sends to me on this subject. I have the honour to be, etc. (Signed) Helmer R03TING, High Commissioner. - 2 - SUPPLEMENT TO THE PETITION SUBMITTED TO THE HIG-H COMMISSIONER OH VAY 15 th, 1935, I. Before the detachment of Danzig from the German Reich the "free” trade union movement in Danzig naturally formed part of the German trade union movement as a vttole.
    [Show full text]