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Landscape Online Cemeteries As (Un)Wanted Heritage of Previous Landscape Online – transdisciplinary journal bridging science, policy and practice Supported by the International Association for Landscape Ecology and its community openLandscape access peer Online reviewed RESEARCH PAPER Page 1 Landscape Online | Volume 86 | 2020 | Pages 1-26 | DOI 10.3097/LO.202086 Submitted: 01 July 2020 | Accepted in revised version: 10 November 2020| Published: 20 November 2020 Cemeteries as (un)wanted heritage of previous communities. An example of changes in the management of cemeteries and their social perception in Gdańsk, Poland Abstract Krystian Puzdrakiewicz1* 1) University of Gdańsk, Institute of Cemeteries, despite the sacred values attributed to them, proving their Geography, Regional Development inviolability and durability, undergo functional transformations in the Division, Gdańsk, Poland dynamic structure of developing cities. This article focuses on the city of *Corresponding author: Krystian Gdańsk, which historically changed its statehood several times. Almost Puzdrakiewicz, University of a full exchange of population from German to Polish took place after Gdańsk, Institute of Geography, World War II. The main aim of the article is to compare the post-1945 Regional Development Division, J. Bażyńskiego street no. 4; 80-309 attitudes of the new Gdańsk community and the authorities towards Gdańsk, Poland; E-mail: krystian. cemeteries being a legacy of their predecessors. During World War II [email protected] and the three subsequent decades most of the unwanted (unrelated to the Polish community) necropolises were closed down and removed. 25 of the 101 inventoried cemeteries have survived until modern times. It has been shown that there are clear differences in the management of cemeteries after 1945, from the removing them in the communist times to the commemorating and revitalizing them during the maturing democracy. This is associated with the current social views, where the majority of residents object to changing the function of the sites of the former cemeteries and only allow converting them into greenery with commemoration of the history of the place. Keywords: cemeteries; former cemetery areas; land use transformation; social perception; Gdańsk; Poland Open Access Article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Landscape Online – www.Landscape-Online.org Puzdrakiewicz Landscape Online 86 (2020) - Page 2 1 Introduction (Długozima & Rej, 2014; Wingren, 2013). Vast green areas within a cemetery space increase their social acceptance. It is also a way of implementing the idea of sustainable development in the process of urban 1.1 Justification background and goals of the planning. Moreover, physical and geographical con- study ditions of an area declared for the burial purposes Existence of burial places is necessary for proper are of great importance in the context of their safe functioning of urban areas even if only for sanitary and sustainable usage (Al-Akl et al., 2018; Tudor et reasons (Ashton, 2019; Neckel et al., 2017). Becom- al., 2013; Uslu et al., 2009). The same applies to the ing a burial site, an area gains intangible values con- areas of former cemeteries, which play an environ- nected with the sacrum. Closing or even removing mental and social role in the urban structure (Uslu, a cemetery does not deprive it of this asset, which 2010). Access to cemeteries is granted to people with may affect the way such land transformations are various expectations and requirements, which trig- perceived. Przybylska (2014) provided a detailed lit- gers problems in defining the rules of public use of erature review proving that cemeteries are key ele- these areas (Woodthorpe, 2011). Adapting the ways ments when analysing the essence of sacred space of developing necropolises to the modern standards (sacrum). Lewicka (2017) states that necropolises as well as making it possible to introduce new burial have a symbolic and significant meaning for the practices shall meet current needs of societies. Cem- whole community whose relatives are buried in a eteries will become open spaces, which contradicts particular place, regardless of the community’s re- the deeply rooted influence of the Roman-Catholic ligiousness. For this reason, transformations in the Church in Central Europe (Folíková Palánová & Ju- use of areas that are ascribed religious, cultural or račka, 2018). In the nearby Scandinavian countries, identity values are a vital research subject. cemeteries are assigned recreational functions and they are places for every-day activities e.g. jogging, It is increasingly common for developing cities to hiking, walking dogs, etc. (Grabalov, 2018; Nordh & face the problem of lack of free space for new infra- Evensen, 2018). In Poland, it is rare for people to visit structural projects and the necessity to reconcile in- cemeteries for purposes other than visiting graves of terests of different stakeholders. Therefore, city au- their loved ones. thorities often turn to cemeteries, as necessary yet problematic spaces. In the public discourse, there During the process of urban development, a city not are different views on the future of cemeteries locat- only sprawls, but some internal functional-spatial ed in densely built-up urban areas. One of the issues changes also take place. Sometimes, the changes is whether it is morally appropriate to dedicate large may be drastic, like in the event of a war. They may spaces to the dead when the living struggle for prop- be of cultural, social or political nature. In the case of er living conditions (Allam, 2019). Competition for Gdańsk, after the end of World War II, there was an urban space between the living and the dead, called exchange of the population from German to Polish, spatial competition, makes it difficult to designate whose consequences can be identified, among oth- new areas as burial sites (Neckel et al., 2017; Kong, ers, in the social and physical changes in the urban 2012). Cemeteries are usually perceived as cumber- fabric. The development of local identity in places some and unwanted neighbourhood. However, they with broken historical continuity is difficult and can play a fundamental urban function, which is a classic take many forms. This can also be influenced by the example of the NIMBY (not-in-my-back-yard) syn- existing political system. In the post-war years, Po- drome (Davies & Bennett, 2016; Tudor et al., 2013). land was ruled under the communist system, and Being perceived so divergently – as sacred places or since 1989, there has been democracy with self-gov- places for public use, they are exceptional venues in ernment exercising real power. The main objective the functional-spatial structure of cities. Public per- of the article is to compare the post-1945 attitudes ception may affect the quality of transformed spac- of the new Gdańsk community and the authorities es and it is currently becoming a significant factor representing it towards cemeteries being a legacy when designing landscape of modern cemeteries of their predecessors. These attitudes are primari- Landscape Online – supported by the International Association for Landscape Ecology and its community Puzdrakiewicz Landscape Online 86 (2020) - Page 3 ly understood as a set of actions that embody the 19th century, it has been used as a synonym for the dominant views of society and/or authorities. Five word “cemetery” (Janicki, 2014; Tisler & Turzyński, specific objectives have been formulated for this 2012; Urbain, 2011). main objective: Polish law does not directly define the term “ceme- 1. Classification of Gdańsk cemeteries throughout tery”. However, the Act of 31 January 1959 on Cem- the city’s existence; eteries and Burial of the Deceased (Journal of Laws 2. Identification and reconstruction of the processes Dz.U. from 2019, No. 1473, item 1473) specifies that and the causes of establishing and removing cem- it must be a fenced area, meeting sanitary standards, eteries throughout the city’s history; established or enlarged with the respect to the local 3. Identification and classification of the current ac- spatial development plan. However, actual state of tual use of post-cemetery sites; a particular estate does not have to reflect its legal 4. Identification of the current spatial policy on cem- status or values assigned to it by society. Tenen- eteries; baum-Kulig (2015) describes interpretation difficul- 5. Assessment of the social perception of removing ties when analysing the Act on Cemeteries and Burial and functional transformation of the former and of the Deceased, especially the following undefined the present cemeteries among the contemporary terms: a cemetery, a cemetery area, a post-ceme- population of Gdańsk. tery area. She also claims such situation largely af- fects court decisions. In the literature, a cemetery 1.2 Basic concepts is usually broadly defined with no references to any The term “cemetery” is generally perceived as sim- specific law system. For instance, Rugg (2000, p. 264) ple and common. Usually, it refers to an area where defines cemeteries as “specifically demarcated sites human remains are buried in single and mass graves of burial, with internal layout that is sufficiently well or in a columbarium. An English word “cemetery”, ordered to allow families to claim and exercise con- French “cimetière” or Polish “cmentarz” all
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