Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies Series Editor: Oliver P. Richmond, Professor, School of International Relations, University of St. Andrews, UK Editorial Board: Roland Bleiker, University of Queensland, Australia; Henry F. Carey, Georgia State University, USA; Costas Constantinou, University of Keele, UK; A. J. R. Groom, University of Kent, UK; Vivienne Jabri, King’s College London, UK; Edward Newman, University of Birmingham, UK; Sorpong Peou, Sophia University, Japan; Caroline Kennedy-Pipe, University of Sheffield, UK; Professor Michael Pugh, University of Bradford, UK; Chandra Sriram, University of East London, UK; Ian Taylor, University of St. Andrews, UK; Alison Watson, University of St. Andrews, UK; R. B. J. Walker, University of Victoria, Canada; Andrew Williams, University of St. Andrews, UK. Titles include: Sofia Sebastián Aparicio POST-WAR STATEBUILDING AND CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM IN DIVIDED SOCIETIES Beyond Dayton in Bosnia Roland Bleiker AESTHETICS AND WORLD POLITICS Thushara Dibley PARTNERSHIPS, POWER AND PEACEBUILDING NGOs as Agents of Peace in Aceh and Timor-Leste Claire Duncanson FORCES FOR GOOD? Military Masculinities and Peacebuilding in Afghanistan and Iraq Kirsten Fisher TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE FOR CHILD SOLDIERS Accountability and Social Reconstruction in Post-Conflict Contexts Daria Isachenko THE MAKING OF INFORMAL STATES Statebuilding in Northern Cyprus and Transdniestria Stefanie Kappler LOCAL AGENCY AND PEACEBUILDING EU and International Engagement in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Cyprus and South Africa Roger Mac Ginty INTERNATIONAL PEACEBUILDING AND LOCAL RESISTANCE Hybrid Forms of Peace Sara McDowell and Maire Braniff COMMEMORATION AS CONFLICT Space, Memory and Identity in Peace Processes SM Farid Mirbagheri WAR AND PEACE IN ISLAM A Critique of Islamic/ist Political Discourses Audra L. Mitchell LOST IN TRANSFORMATION Violent Peace and Peaceful Conflict in Northern Ireland Frank Möller VISUAL PEACE Images, Spectatorship and the Politics of Violence Chavanne L. Peercy LOCAL LEADERSHIP IN DEMOCRATIC TRANSITION Michael Pugh LIBERAL INTERNATIONALISM The Interwar Movement for Peace in Britain Oliver P. Richmond and Audra Mitchell (editors) HYBRID FORMS OF PEACE From Everyday Agency to Post-Liberalism Amaia Sánchez-Cacicedo BUILDING STATES, BUILDING PEACE Global and Regional Involvement in Sri Lanka and Myanmar Emil Souleimanov UNDERSTANDING ETHNOPOLITICAL CONFLICT Karabakh, South Ossetia and Abkhazia Wars Reconsidered Lynn M. Tesser ETHNIC CLEANSING AND THE EUROPEAN UNION An Interdisciplinary Approach to Security, Memory, and Ethnography Mandy Turner and Omar Shweiki (editors) DECOLONISING PALESTINIAN POLITICAL ECONOMY De-development and Beyond Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies Series Standing Order ISBN 978–1–4039–9575–9 (hardback) & 978–1–4039–9576–6 (paperback) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a stand- ing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and one of the ISBNs quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England The Cultural Dimension of Peace Decentralization and Reconciliation in Indonesia Birgit Bräuchler © Birgit Bräuchler 2015 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted her right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2015 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-57475-9 ISBN 978-1-137-50435-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137504357 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bräuchler, Birgit. The cultural dimension of peace: decentralization and reconciliation in Indonesia / Birgit Bräuchler (Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany). pages cm. – (Rethinking peace and conflict studies) Summary: “The Cultural Dimension of Peace outlines an emerging cultural turn in Peace Studies. Taking an anthropological view of decentralization and peace processes in Indonesia as its central focus, it provides an informed understanding of the cultural dimension of reconciliation that is essential for the reintegration of societies that have undergone mass violence and long-lasting conflict. Bräuchler’s study warns of one-sided instrumentalization or harmonization theories, and promotes a critical stance towards the use of ‘culture’, ‘tradition’ and ‘the local’ in peacebuilding. Her focus is on intra-state violence between groups defined by ethnicity, religion or other sub-national (or transnational) collective identities. Based on multi-sited and multi-temporal ethnographic fieldwork, this book develops an approach that opens up spaces and sets a new standard for Peace and Conflict Studies and the anthropology of peace”— Provided by publisher. 1. Maluku (Indonesia)—Politics and government. 2. Maluku (Indonesia)—Ethnic relations. 3. Maluku (Indonesia)—Religion. 4. Peace-building—Social aspects— Indonesia—Maluku. 5. Reconciliation—Social aspects—Indonesia—Maluku. 6. Religion—Social aspects—Indonesia—Maluku. 7. Social conflict—Indonesia— Maluku. 8. Conflict management—Indonesia—Maluku. 9. Decentralization in government—Social aspects—Indonesia. 10. Indonesia—Politics and government— 1998– I. Title. DS646.67.B725 2015 959.8’5204—dc23 2015013975 To Tari-Tamea and Alex To all ‘family’ and friends in Maluku Contents List of Maps viii Acknowledgments ix List of Abbreviations x Glossary xiii A Brief Introduction xvii 1The Emerging Cultural Turn in Peace Research 1 2 Decentralization, Revitalization, and Reconciliation in Indonesia 39 3 Conflict and Peacebuilding in Maluku 69 4 Reconciliation and the Revival of Tradition 101 5 The Reinvention of Traditional Leadership 121 6 Indigenous People, Migrants, and Refugees: A Clash of Individual and Cultural Human Rights 147 7 Concluding Reflections: Toward a New Anthropology of Peace 179 Notes 209 Bibliography 217 Index 247 List of Maps 2.1 Moluccan Islands (North Maluku and Maluku Provinces) 60 3.1 West Seram, Ambon, and Lease (Haruku, Saparua, Nusalaut) 95 viii Acknowledgments This book and the research it is based on would not have been possi- ble without the help and the support of many people and institutions, including the Asia Research Institute in Singapore, the KITLV in Leiden, Pattimura University Ambon, the German Research Foundation (DFG), the ANU School of Culture, History and Language, the Fritz Thyssen Foundation, the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), and the Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology, Goethe-University Frankfurt. I am most thankful for the helpful comments on earlier ver- sions of this book’s chapters and related articles and papers by, among others, Franz and Keebet von Benda-Beckmann, Gordon Woodman, Karl-Heinz Kohl, Maribeth Erb, Kathryn Robinson, Jim Fox, Gerry van Klinken, Henk Schulte Nordholt, Sabine Mannitz, Ute Roeschenthaler, Susanne Rodemeier, Susanne Schröter, Verena Keck, and Hans Peter Hahn. I apologize for not being able to list all colleagues, family, and friends in Germany, the Netherlands, Singapore, Indonesia (Maluku), and Australia to whom I am deeply indebted for their support. I am most thankful to those colleagues and friends who have accompanied me over many years now and made my time in Maluku such a success- ful and enjoyable one: Kees, Yanes, Sam, Lusi, Janes, Merry, John L., John P., Jacky and Louisa, Eda, Ina, Rudi, Om Boy, Abidin, and Tony in Ambon and surroundings, as well as ‘family’ and friends in Kariu, Pelauw, Hulaliu, Honitetu, Kailolo, Sirisori and Ullath, among them Pak Uju and Ibu Tine, Pak Agus and Ibu Nel, Pak Adrian, Pak Ajim and Ibu Mia, Pak Butje, Pak Elep, Pak Tony and Ibu Tina, Merry, Pak John, Pak Munir, Andy, and their families. I would like to thank the won- derful team of Baileo/Humanum, one of the few lasting and successful NGOs in Maluku, the Interfaith Council (headed by Jacky Manuputty and Abidin Wakano), the Moluccan Refugee Coalition (headed by Pieter Pattiwaellapia), and YPPM (headed by Abdulgani Fabanyo). My thanks also go to the founders and members of the BakuBae peace movement, the