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1 An exception to this rule can be illustrated by the language regime in Cameroon that is a multilingual country comprising some 248 indigenous lan- guages, one lingua franca (pidgin English) and two official languages (English and French). English and French – the two official languages – are not the national languages of Cameroon. The choice of the two languages as official was, on one hand, a continuation of colonial language policy, but on the other hand, it was an easier solution than the choice of an official language or languages from 248 national languages. The example of Cameroon illustrates very well the difference between official and national languages. For details on official bilingualism and language regime in Cameroon, see int. al. G. Echu, Official bilingualism and the policy of translation in Cameroon, in: M. Thelen, B. Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk (eds.), Translation and Meaning Part 5, Maastricht 2001, pp. 335–343. 2 Enacted as Schedule B to the Canada Act 1982 (U.K.) 1982, c. 11. 3 OJ 017, 06.10.1958; hereinafter the Council Regulation 1/1958. The Regulation 1/1958 was enacted on the basis of Article 290 of the EC Treaty. 4 They are (in alphabetical order): Bulgarian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Irish, Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Maltese, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Slovak, Slovene, Spanish, and Swedish. 5 Robert Phillipson considers multilingualism of the EU as a democratic right of the peoples of Europe and notes that “[t]he right in question [the right to multilingualism] seems to refer to the right of each European “people” to their own language (a right to monolingualism?), which converts in the EU into the right to be informed in the relevant official language”. According to me, the same can be stated in reference to the Canadian official bilingualism.

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6 An Act respecting the status and use of the official languages of Canada; [1985] c. 31 (4th Supp.); [1988] c. 38, assented to 28th July, 1988. 7 The Constitution Act, 1867 (30 & 31 Victoria, c. 3, U.K.).

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8 See the ruling in the Reference Re Manitoba Language Rights, 1985, 1 S.C.R. 721 where the Supreme Court of Canada stated that legislation enacted, published and printed only in one language is, and always have been, invalid.

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9 On the theory of original texts, see S. Šarčević, New Approach to Legal Translation, The Hague 2000, p. 20, 64. 10 As explained above, the paper concentrates on the secondary legislation of the EU. However, it should be mentioned that in the case of primary law, there are specific provisions in each treaty directly express the principle of equal authenticity. For instance, Article 7 of the Treaty of Lisbon amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty establishing the European Community (O.J. 17.12.2007, C 306/135) provides that the Treaty has been drawn up in a single original in all official languages and that the texts in each of these languages are equally authentic. 11 In EC legislation, however, the authenticity of each language version is sometimes directly addressed. For instance, the Rules of Procedure of the European Commission provide the definition of “authentic languages” for the purposes of these Rules. According to Article 17 (5) of the Rules, “«authentic languages» means all the official languages of the Communities, (...), in the case of instruments of general application, and the language or languages of those to whom they are addressed, in other cases” (OJ L 347/87 of 30.12.2005). 12 F. Dessemontet, T. Asnay Introduction to Swiss Law, 2nd edition, The Hague–Boston–London 1995, pp. 11. 13 As far as the opinions of Advocates General are considered, see, for instance, the opinion of Advocate General Alber delivered on 16 May 2002 in Case C-257/00 Nani Givane and Others v. Secretary of State for the Home Department [2003] ECR I-345, esp. par. 29; or the opinion of Advocate General Stix-Hackl delivered on 10 May 2005 in Case C-247/04 Transport Maatschappij Traffic BV v. Staatssecretaris van Economische Zaken [2005] ECR I-09089 , esp. par. 17; the opinion of Advocate General Leger delivered on 13 November 2003 in Case C-371/02 Bjornekulla Fruktindustrier AB v. Procordia Food AB [2004] ECR I-5791. 14 See the following judgments of the ECJ: judgement of 6 October 1982 in Case 283/81 Srl CILFIT [1982] ECR 3415, par. 18; judgment of 24 October 1996 in Case C-72/95 Aannemersbedrijf P.K. Kraaijeveld BV e.a. v. Gedeputeerde Staten van Zuid-Holland [1996] ECR I-05403, par. 25 and 28; judgment of 17 July 1997 in Case C-219/95 P Ferriere Nord SpA v. Commission of the European Communities [1997] ECR I-04411, par. 12; judgment of 17 December 1998 in case C-236/97 Skatteministeriet v. Aktieselskabet Forsikrinsselskabet Codan [1998] ECR I-08679, par. 25; see as well the judgments of the CFI: judgment of 6 April 1995 in case T-143/89 Ferriere Nord SpA v. Commission of the European Communities [1995] ECR II-00917, par. 31; judgment of 6 October 2005 in joined cases T-22/02 and T-23/02 Sumitomo Chemical Co. Ltd and Sumika Fine Chemicals Co. Ltd v. Commission, [2005] ECR II-04065, par. 42.

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15 C.P.R. v. Robinson (1891), 19 S.C.R. 292. 16 P.-A. Côté, Bilingual Interpretation of Enactments in Canada: Principles v. Practice, “Brooklyn Journal of International Law” 2004, Vol. 29, No. 3, p. 1067. 17 R. Sullivan, Sullivan and Driedger on the Construction of Statutes, 4th edition, Butterworth’s Markham, Ont. 2002, p. 74–75; Cf. Medovarski v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship & Immigration; [2004] FCA 85) where the Federal Court of Appeal, in Section 79 refers to the statement of Sullivan. 18 Cf. Section 79 of the judgment of the Federal Court of Appeal in Medovarski v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship & Immigration; [2004] FCA 85) where it has been stated that “(...) since both versions of the legislation are equally authoritative, we are faced with two versions of the same law (...)”. 19 P.-A. Côté, Bilingual Interpretation... , pp. 1067–1068. 20 See paragraph 18 of the judgment in case Flota Cubana de Pesca (Cuban Fishing Fleet) v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship & Immigration) ([1998] 2 F.C. 303, 2 F.C. 303, [1997] F.C.J. No. 1713), where the Federal Court of Appeal stated that: “[t]his principle [principle of equal authenticity] implies that neither version of a bilingual statute is paramount, and one language is not to be given priority over the other”. See also paragraph 79 of Medovarski v. Canada [2004] FCA 85. The Court referred to Sullivan in both rulings (respectively R. Sullivan, Driedger on the Construction of Statutes, 3rd edition, Toronto 1994, p. 218 and R. Sullivan, Sullivan and Driedger on the Construction of Statutes, 4th edition, Butterworth’s Markham, Ont. 2002, pp. 74–75).

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21 Côté (1999: 412) refers to that rule as la recherche du sens commun. The expression “shared meaning” can refer to a literal shared meaning or to a notional shared meaning. 22 P.-A. Côté, Bilingual Interpretation... , p. 1070–1071; ; R. Sullivan, Sullivan and Driedger..., p. 80. For instance, see Slaight Communications Inc. v. Davidson, [1989] 1 S.C.R. 1038 (S.C.C.), p. 1071; Dean v. Beothuk Data Systems Ltd. [1998] 1 F.C. 433, par. 29; Medovarski v. Canada [2004] FCA 85, par. 77. 23 Cf. R. v. Cie immobilière BCN [1979] 1 S.C.R. 865; Doré c. Verdun (Municipalité) [1997] 2 S.C.R. 862 (S.C.C.). 24 Flota Cubana de Pesca v. Canada ([1998] 2 F.C. 303, 2 F.C. 303, [1997] F.C.J. No. 1713). 25 See: R. Sullivan, Sullivan and Driedger..., p. 80. 26 P.-A. Côté, The Interpretation of Legislation in Canada, 3rd ed., Carswell 2000, p. 328. 27 See, inter alia, Case 100/84 Commission of the European Communities v. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland [1985] ECR 1169, paragraph 17; Case C-372/88 Milk Marketing Board of England and Wales v. Cricket St Thomas Estate [1990] ECR I-1345, paragraph 19; Case C-437/97 EKW and Wein & Co. [2000] ECR I-0000, paragraph 42; Case C-384/98 D. v. W [2000] ECR I-6795, paragraph 16; Case C-449/93 Rockfon A/S v. Specialarbejderforbundet i Danmark [1995] ECR I-4291, paragraph 28. 28 Case 30/77 Regina v. Bouchereau [1977] ECR 1999, paragraph 14. 29 Schreiber v. Canada (Attorney General) [2002] SCC 62. Cf. also R. c. Lamy [2002] SCC 25; R. v. Mac [2002] SCC 24; R. v. Proulx [2000] 4 W.W.R. 21, 2000 SCC 5.

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30 This clash between presumptions of the equal authenticity principle and the practice of legal multilingualism is described as fictions of equal authenticity (E. Wagner, Translation of Multilingual Instruments in the European Union, in: S. Šarčević (ed.), Legal Translation. Preparation for Accession to the European Union, Rijeka 2001, p. 67) or as paradoxes of legal multilingualism (A. Doczekalska, Drafting and interpretation of EU law – paradoxes of legal multilingualism, in: G. Grewendorf, M. Rathert Formal Linguistics and Law, Berlin, New York (Mouton de Gruyter) 2009, pp. 339–370). 31 For more details, see S. Lortie, R.C. Bergeron, Legislative Drafting and Language in Canada, Statute Law Review 2007, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 83–118.

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32 The following EU drafting guidelines and manuals can be indicated: Commission Manual on Legislative Drafting, the Council’s Manual of precedents for acts established within the Council of the European Union , the English Style Guide - A handbook for authors and translators in the European Commission adopted by the European Commission Directorate-General for Translation, the Interinstitutional style guide - Vade-mecum for editors adopted by the Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, the Joint Practical Guide of the European Parliament, the Council and the Commission for persons involved in the drafting of legislation within the Community institutions adopted in 2000 by the European Parliament, the Council and the Commission. 33 The following Canadian drafting guidelines and manuals can be indicated: the Guide fédéral de jurilinguistique législative française prepared by the Groupe de jurilinguistique française, Legistics (manual on drafting an English version), the Legislation Deskbook (Manuel de légistique,) the Guide to the Making of Federal Acts and Regulations (Lois et règlements, l’essentiel), Legislative Drafting Conventions, Drafting Notes, Legislation Deskbook and Federal Regulations Manual. 34 For Canada, see, e.g., the Drafting Conventions of the Uniform Law Conference of Canada and Legistics; for the EU, see, e.g., the Joint Practical Guide and the

77

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Fight the Fog Campaign of the Translation Service of the European Commission. 35 For Canada, see, e.g., Drafting Conventions of the Uniform Law Conference of Canada; for the EU, see, e.g., a Commission Manual on Legislative Drafting and the Manual of precedents for acts established within the Council of the European Union. 36 For Canada, see, e.g., Rule 36 of the Drafting Conventions of the Uniform Law Conference of Canada; for the EU, see, e.g., guideline 5 of the Joint Practical Guide.

78

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37 Canada is described as a bijural country because of the coexistence of two legal traditions, i.e., common law and civil law, within its legal system 38 Since the co-drafting method is mainly applied when federal governmental bills are drawn up, the paper focuses only on these bills. 39 A. Covacs The French Jurilinguistics Group of the Department of Justice, Canadian Paliamentary Review 1983, Vol. 6, No. 1, available at!http://www.parl. gc.ca/infoparl/english/ index.htm (21.12.2004, last consulted in January 2006).

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!"#$%&#'(#)*+,-"%)(%-)./%0#1)+2)3)45,%&"+6) 7829:28979)))*2;: The Critique of Law Krytyka Prawa

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40 S. Lortie, R.C. Bergeron, Legislative Drafting and Language in Canada, Statute Law Review 2007, Vol. 28, No. 2, p. 106; A. Labelle, La corédaction des lois fédérales au Canada. Vingt ans après: quelques réflexions, in: Proceedings, Conference on Legal Translation, History, Theory/ies and Practice, Geneva and Bern 2000.

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41 S. Bindman, Legal Drafting: More than words on a page, Justice Canada, Vol. 1, No. 3, available at: http://www.justice.gc.ca/en/dept/pub/jc/vol1/no3/ legal.html (20.10.2005).

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!"#$%&#'(#)*+,-"%)(%-)./%0#1)+2)3)45,%&"+6) 7829:28979)))*2<7 The Critique of Law Krytyka Prawa

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42 See Article 294 of the TFEU (Consolidated versions of the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (2008/C 115/01). Before the Lisbon Treaty entered into force, this procedure was called a co-decision. 43 G.G. Clariana, The Quality of European and National Legislation. Comments, in: A.E. Kellermann, G.C. Azzi, R. Deighton-Smith and S.H. Jacobs (eds.), Improving the Quality of Legislation in Europe, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1998, p. 61. 44 OJ L 44 of 15 February 2005.

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45 The Parliament can decide that it is not necessary to distribute amendments in all the official languages. However, if at least thirty-seven Members of the Parliament object, the Parliament cannot make such decision (Rule 150 (6) of the EP Rules of Procedure). 46 I. Frame, Linguistic oddities in European Union Legislation: don’t shoot the translator, Clarity. Journal of the international association promoting plain legal language 2005, No. 53, p. 22. 47 The official languages of the European Union are also official languages in Member States and are used for drafting national legal acts. Although the EU law is applied, in some cases even directly, in Member States, EU legal system is autonomous and has its own legal terminology. Terms used in EU legislation have their own specific meaning that differs from the meaning of legal terminology used in Member States. Hence, in order to avoid confusions, when EU law is drafted, legal terms too closely linked to national legal systems should be avoided. 48 J.F. Morgan, Multilingual legal drafting in the EEC and the work of Jurist/Linguists, Multilingua: Journal of Cross-Cultural and Interlanguage Communica- tion 1982, Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 109.

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49 See: T. Gallas, Evaluation in EC Legislation, “Statute Law Revue” 2001, Vol. 22, p. 89; T. Gallas, T. and M. Guggeis, La traduction juridique dans l’expérience des juristes-linguistes du Conseil de l’Union européenne, in: J.-C. Gémar, N. Kasirer (eds.) Jurilinguistique: entre langues et droits – Jurilinguistics: Between Law and Language, Montréal 2005, p. 499; M. Guggeis, Multilingual Legislation and the Legal-linguistic Revision in the Council of the European Union, in B. Pozzo, V. Jacometti (eds.), Multilingualism and the Harmonisation of European Law, Kluwer Law International, 2006, pp. 113–117. 50 J.-C. Piris, The Legal Orders of the European Community and of the Member States: Peculiarities and Influences in Drafting, the English version of the paper submitted for the Conference “The Sir William Dale Memorial Lecture”, London, 8 November 2004, p. 10; J.-C. Piris, Union européenne: comment rédiger une legislation de qualité dans 20 languages et pour 25 États members?, the French version of the paper submitted for the Conference The Sir William Dale Memo- rial Lecture, London, 8 November 2004, p. 8; M. Guggeis, Multilingual Legislation and the Legal-linguistic Revision in the Council of the European Union, in: B. Pozzo, V. Jacometti (eds.), Multilingualism and the Harmonisation of European Law, Kluwer Law International, 2006, p. 115. 51 J.-C. Piris, The Legal Orders of the European Community and of the Member States: Peculiarities and Influences in Drafting, the English version of the paper submitted for the Conference The Sir William Dale Memorial Lecture, London, 8 November 2004, p. 9. 52 J.F. Morgan, Multilingual legal drafting in the EEC and the work of Jurist/Linguists, Multilingua: Journal of Cross-Cultural and Interlanguage Communica- tion 1982, Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 114. 53 J.-C. Piris, The Legal Orders of the European Community and of the Member States: Peculiarities and Influences in Drafting, the English version of the paper submitted for the Conference The Sir William Dale Memorial Lecture, London, 8 November 2004, p. 9. 54 T. Gallas, Evaluation in EC Legislation, Statute Law Revue 2001, Vol. 22, p. 90; T. Gallas, Understanding EC Law as “Diplomatic Law” and its Language, in: B. Pozzo, V. Jacometti (eds.), Multilingualism and the Harmonisation of European Law, Kluwer Law International, 2006, p. 114. Compare French equivalent “texte de base” (J.-C. Piris, The Legal Orders of the European Community and of the Member States: Peculiarities and Influences in Drafting, the English version of the paper submitted for the Conference The Sir William Dale Memorial Lecture, London, 8 November 2004, p. 7; T. Gallas, T. and M. Guggeis, La traduction juridique dans l’expérience des juristes-linguistes du Conseil de l’Union européenne, in : J.-C. Gémar, N. Kasirer (eds.), Jurilinguistique: entre langues et droits – Jurilinguistics: Between Law and Language, Montréal 2005, p. 499. 55 T. Gallas, T. and M. Guggeis, La traduction juridique dans l’expérience des juristes-linguistes du Conseil de l’Union européenne, in : J.-C. Gémar, N. Kasirer (eds.), Jurilinguistique: entre langues et droits – Jurilinguistics: Between Law and Language ; Montréal 2005, p. 499 ; J.-C. Piris, The Legal Orders of the European Community and of the Member States: Peculiarities and Influences in Drafting, the English version of the paper submitted for the Conference The Sir William Dale Memorial Lecture, London, 8 November 2004, pp. 10–11; J.-C. Piris, Union européenne: comment rédiger

84

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une legislation de qualité dans 20 languages et pour 25 États members?, the French version of the paper submitted for the Conference The Sir William Dale Memorial Lecture, London, 8 November 2004, p. 8.

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56 M. Guggeis, Multilingual Legislation and the Legal-linguistic Revision in the Council of the European Union, in B. Pozzo, V. Jacometti (eds.), Multilingualism and the Harmonisation of European Law, Kluwer Law International, 2006, p. 115 .

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