Equality Równoœæ HL,#/:C;')M%2C/;'(:;' !…6'(#$3)%0)€',L6'L/:)) '$)')G#8/)%0)€/L'()N6($#(#,L6'(#:8 rIG•OME-GrOI M93!$#'1-)#5!*3)-1-F!$%!.93!.3#*!v*8;.1;1-F8);14*w!#3%3#4!.$!)!41.8).1$-! 293#3!43C3#);!;)-F8)F34!)#3!843'&!71*1;)#;5/!;3F);!*8;.1;1-F8);14*!'3-$.34! .93!L93-$*3-$-!$%!;)2!3mL#3443'!1-!.2$!U=1;1-F8);14*W!$#!*$#3!;)-F8)FS 34&!N#)%.1-F!;)2!1-!)!-8*=3#!$%!;)-F8)F34!#3L#343-.4!$-;5!$-3!)4L3@.!$%!;3S F);!*8;.1;1-F8);14*&!M93!@#8@1);!3;3*3-.!$%!*8;.1;1-F8);!;)2!14!.93!3i8);1.5! =3.233-!;)-F8)F34!1-!291@9!;)2!9)4!=33-!3-)@.3'/!$#!.93!3i8);1.5!=3.233-! ;)-F8)F3!C3#41$-4!$%!)!;3F);!)@.&! J-! .914! L)L3#/! J! 21;;! j#4.! 3mL;)1-! 9$2! .93! )%$#3S*3-.1$-3'! ;1-F814.1@! 3i8);1.5! 14! 8-'3#4.$$'! [email protected]$-! Y! )-'! VW! )-'! .93-! '34@#1=3! .93! *3.9$'4! 3*L;$53'!.$!)@913C3!.914!3i8);[email protected]$-!c!)-'![W&!M93!)-);5414!14!=)43'! $-!.93!@$*L)#).1C3!4.8'5!$%!;3F14;).1C3!'#)%.1-F!.3@9-1i834!)LL;13'!1-!.93! +)-)'1)-!=1;1-F8);!;3F);!454.3*!)-'!1-!.93!*8;.1;1-F8);!;3F);!454.3*!$%!.93! \8#$L3)-!0-1$-!<!.93!.2$!43g1-F4!.9).!9)C3!F$-3!.$!F#3).!;3-F.94/!);=31.! 841-F!'1K3#3-.!)LL#$)@934/!1-!)-!3K$#.!.$!F8)#)-.33!3i8);1.5!=3.233-!;)-S F8)F3!C3#41$-4!$%!;)24!1-!3K3@.!$%!.9343!.2$!H8#14'[email protected]$-4&!M93!1-C34.1F).1$-! %$@8434!*)1-;5!$-!.93!'#)%.1-F!$%!\0!43@$-')#5!;)2!)-'!+)-)'1)-!%3'3#);! F$C3#-*3-.);!=1;;4&! 69 !"#$%&#'(#)*+,-"%)(%-)./%0#1)+2)3)45,%&"+6) 7829:28979)))*2?: The Critique of Law Krytyka Prawa 1 1rAIrJr-HI-!)HIM)N!HIrIA)OJ)€rIAEr1Gr-)!ŒEH€rG•) rI)OJJr-rH€€•)*r€rIAEH€)-HIHMH)) HIM)Gl!)NE€Gr€rIAEH€)!E•O<!HI)EIrOI M93!3i8);1.5!=3.233-!;)-F8)F3!C3#41$-4!$%!)!;3F);!)@.!14!3mL#3443'!1-!.93! L#1-@1L;3!$%!3i8);!)[email protected]/!291@9!14!)@@3L.3'!)-'!)LL;13'!1-!+)-)')! )-'!1-!.93!\8#$L3)-!0-1$-&!J-!$#'3#!.$!3mL;)1-!=3g3#!.93!F14.!$%!.914!L#1-S @1L;3/!.93!#3)4$-4!%$#!;3F);!*8;.1;1-F8);14*!1-!=$.9!454.3*4!49$8;'!=3!1-'1S @).3'!).!.93!$8.43.&! D3F);!*8;.1;1-F8);14*!4.3*4!%#$*!$•@1);!*8;.1;1-F8);14*!291@9!F1C34! )!4L3@1);!4.).84!.$!;)-F8)F34!B-$2-!=5!.93!*)1-!;1-F814.1@!F#$8L4!21.91-! )!.3##1.$#5&!J-!.93!@)43!$%!*8;.1;1-F8);!4.).34/!-).1$-);!;)-F8)F34!848);;5! =3@$*3!$•@1);Y/!293#3)4!1-!.93!@)43!$%!1-.3#-).1$-);!$#!48L#)-).1$-);!$#S F)-1,).1$-4/!.93!$•@1);!;)-F8)F34!$%!.931#!1-4.1.8.1$-4!)#3!848);;5!43;[email protected]'! )*$-F!$•@1);!;)-F8)F34!$%!.931#!*3*=3#!$#!L)#.5!4.).34&!(@@$#'1-F!.$!73@S .1$-!YdUYW!$%!.93!j+%+'$+%&jH+3#03&"[&†$*H#1&+%'&•300'"N1!<!)!L)#.!$%!.93!j"%z 1#$#/#$"%&eO#f&•‚ˆXV/&\-F;149!)-'!P#3-@9!)#3!.93!$•@1);!;)-F8)F34!$%!+)-)')&! J-!.93!\8#$L3)-!0-1$-/!.93!+$8-@1;!]3F8;).1$-!6$&!Y!$%!YX!(L#1;!YZXac!1-'1S @).34!.23-.5S.9#33!;)-F8)F34[!.9).!)#3!.93!$•@1);!;)-F8)F34!)-'!.93!2$#BS 1-F!;)-F8)F34!$%!.93!\0!1-4.1.8.1$-4!U(#.1@;3!YW&! J-! .93! \8#$L3)-! 0-1$-! )-'! 1-! +)-)')/! $•@1);! *8;.1;1-F8);14*! F1C34! @1.1,3-4!)@@344!.$!;)2!)-'!.$!1-4.1.8.1$-4!1-!;)-F8)F3U4W!.935!B-$2&!+$-S 43i83-.;5/!$•@1);!*8;.1;1-F8);14*!1-!=$.9!43g1-F4!);;$24!*)1-.)1-1-F!L3#S 4$-);!*$-$;1-F8);14*X&!P8#.93#*$#3/!.93!*8;.1;1-F8);14*!$%!\0!1-4.1.8.1$-4! 1 An exception to this rule can be illustrated by the language regime in Cameroon that is a multilingual country comprising some 248 indigenous lan- guages, one lingua franca (pidgin English) and two official languages (English and French). English and French – the two official languages – are not the national languages of Cameroon. The choice of the two languages as official was, on one hand, a continuation of colonial language policy, but on the other hand, it was an easier solution than the choice of an official language or languages from 248 national languages. The example of Cameroon illustrates very well the difference between official and national languages. For details on official bilingualism and language regime in Cameroon, see int. al. G. Echu, Official bilingualism and the policy of translation in Cameroon, in: M. Thelen, B. Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk (eds.), Translation and Meaning Part 5, Maastricht 2001, pp. 335–343. 2 Enacted as Schedule B to the Canada Act 1982 (U.K.) 1982, c. 11. 3 OJ 017, 06.10.1958; hereinafter the Council Regulation 1/1958. The Regulation 1/1958 was enacted on the basis of Article 290 of the EC Treaty. 4 They are (in alphabetical order): Bulgarian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Irish, Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Maltese, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Slovak, Slovene, Spanish, and Swedish. 5 Robert Phillipson considers multilingualism of the EU as a democratic right of the peoples of Europe and notes that “[t]he right in question [the right to multilingualism] seems to refer to the right of each European “people” to their own language (a right to monolingualism?), which converts in the EU into the right to be informed in the relevant official language”. According to me, the same can be stated in reference to the Canadian official bilingualism. 70 !"#$%&#'(#)*+,-"%)(%-)./%0#1)+2)3)45,%&"+6) 7829:28979)))*2;9 Equality Równoœæ #3¿[email protected]!.93!L$;1@134!$%!*$-$;1-F8);14*!3m3#@143'!1-!E3*=3#!7.).34&!E3*=3#! 7.).34!)g)@9!F#3).!1*L$#.)-@3!.$!.931#!-).1$-);!;)-F8)F34&!E8;.1;1-F8);14*/! 291@9!F8)#)-.334!3i8);1.5!=3.233-!.93!\0!E3*=3#!7.).34w!-).1$-);!;)-S F8)F34/!v14!)!C141=;3!)-'!)8'1=;3!*)-1%34.).1$-!$%!.93!0-1$-p4!#34L3@.!%$#! .93!3i8);1.5!)-'!)8.$-$*5!$%!.93!*3*=3#!-).1$-4w&!J-!+)-)')/!;)-F8)F3! 9)4!);4$!)!L$;1.1@);!)4L3@.!=3@)843!$%!1.4!#3;).1$-!.$!.93!.2$!*$4.!1-¿83-.1);! @8;.8#);!)-'!;1-F814.1@!F#$8L4!21.91-!.93!%3'3#).1$-&!l3-@3/!1-!.93!@)43!$%!.93! \8#$L3)-!0-1$-/!$•@1);!*8;.1;1-F8);14*!#3¿[email protected]!3i8);1.5!=3.233-!E3*S =3#!7.).34/!293#3)4!1-!+)-)')!=1;1-F8);14*!14!1'3-.1j3'!21.9!.93!3i8);1.5! =3.233-!(-F;$L9$-34!)-'!P#)-@$L9$-34&!l$23C3#/!.93!3i8);1.5!=3.233-! E3*=3#! 7.).34! $#! =3.233-! ;1-F814.1@! F#$8L4! @)-! =3! )@.8);;5! #3¿[email protected]'! 1-! )!;)-F8)F3!#3F1*3!$-;5!1%!3i8);1.5!=3.233-!$•@1);!;)-F8)F34!14!)448#3'& (4!#3F)#'4!;3F);!*8;.1;1-F);14*/!1.!14!1*L$#.)-.!%$#!;1-F814.1@!3i8);1.5! .9).!)[email protected],3-!14!)=;3!.$!8-'3#4.)-'!<!)-'/!@$-43i83-.;5/!9)4!)@@344!1-!.93! ;)-F8)F3!93!B-$24!.$!<!);;!;3F);!)@.4!.9).!)K3@.!91*&!M93#3%$#3/!;3F14;).1$-! 49$8;'!=3!%$#*8;).3'!1-!);;!$•@1);!;)-F8)F34&!M914!14!1*L$#.)-.!-$.!$-;5!1-! +)-)')!293#3!'$*34.1@!%3'3#);!;)2!=1-'4!'1#3@.;5!);;[email protected],3-4/!=8.!);4$!1-! .93!@)43!$%!\0!48L#)-).1$-);!;)2!291@9!<!);.9$8F9!3-)@.3'!=5!.93!1-4.1.8S .1$-4!$%!.93!\8#$L3)-!0-1$-!<!14!1-!4$*3!@)434!'1#3@.;5!)LL;1@)=;3!)-'!.)B34! '1#3@.!3K3@.!1-!E3*=3#!7.).34!21.9$8.!.93!-33'!%$#!=31-F!1-@$#L$#).3'!$#! 1*L;3*3-.3'!=5!-).1$-);!)8.9$#1.134& (4!%)#!)4!\0!43@$-')#5!;3F14;).1$-!14!@$-@3#-3'/!.93!)%$#3S*3-.1$-3'! +$8-@1;!]3F8;).1$-!YeYZXa!L#$C1'34!.9).!#3F8;).1$-4!)-'!$.93#!'$@8*3-.4! $%!F3-3#);!)LL;1@).1$-!49);;!=3!'#)%.3'!1-!);;!.93!$•@1);!;)-F8)F34!U(#.1@;3! [W&!J-!+)-)')!.93!#3i81#3*3-.!.$!*)B3/!3-)@./!L#1-.!)-'!L8=;149!);;!(@.4!$%! ")#;1)*3-.!1-!=$.9!$•@1);!;)-F8)F34!4.3*4!%#$*[email protected]$-!d!$%!.93!Q‰O$+,& K+%*/+*01&eO#f&•‚ˆˆ&d!E$#3$C3#/[email protected]$-!Ycc!$%!.93!j"%1#$#/#$"%&eO#f&•ˆŠZb! F#)-.4!.93!#1F9.!.$!843!\-F;149!)-'!P#3-@9!1-!L)#;1)*3-.)#5!'3=).34!)-'! #3i81#34!\-F;149!)-'!P#3-@9!=3!843'!1-!#3@$#'4!)-'!H$8#-);4!$%!.93!l$8434! $%!")#;1)*3-.!)-'!1-!L#1-.1-F!)-'!L8=;1491-F!(@.4&! M93!#3i81#3*3-.!.$!'#)%.!)-'!L8=;149!;3F14;).1$-!1-!);;!$•@1);!;)-F8)F34! 14!4.#3-F.93-3'!1-!+)-)')!)-'!.93!\0!=5!.93!34.)=;1493'!;3F);!@$-43i83-@34! .9).!@$*3!)=$8.!293-!$-3!$%!.93!$•@1);!;)-F8)F3!C3#41$-4!14!%$8-'!*144S 1-F&!J-!+)-)')/!)!@$8#.!@)-!#8;3!.9).!1%!)!;3F);!1-4.#8*3-.!14!'#)%.3'/!3-)@.3'! 6 An Act respecting the status and use of the official languages of Canada; [1985] c. 31 (4th Supp.); [1988] c. 38, assented to 28th July, 1988. 7 The Constitution Act, 1867 (30 & 31 Victoria, c. 3, U.K.). 71 !"#$%&#'(#)*+,-"%)(%-)./%0#1)+2)3)45,%&"+6) 7829:28979)))*2;7 The Critique of Law Krytyka Prawa )-'!L8=;1493'!$-;5!1-!$-3!$•@1);!;)-F8)F3!.93!3-.1#3!1-4.#8*3-.!14!1-C);1'! 8-.1;!.914!1-4.#8*3-.!14!#3S3-)@.3'!1-!=$.9!$•@1);!;)-F8)F34&a!J-!.93!\8#$S L3)-!0-1$-/!.93!@$-43i83-@3!$%!)!;)@B!$%!.93!C3#41$-!.9).!49$8;'!9)C3!=33-! '#)%.3'/!)8.93-.1@).3'!)-'!L8=;1493'!1-!)!-32!;)-F8)F3!2)4!'3.3#*1-3'! 1-!@)43!Ld"N+zK/ƒ&13"!C!j0,%‹&Œ0'$#0,1#4‹&Q,"N"/O!+SYdYe`d!$%!YY!N3@3*=3#! V``b&!M93!\8#$L3)-!+$8#.!$%!>84.1@3!'14@8443'!.93!;)@B!$%!)!L#$L3#!L8=;1@)S .1$-!$%!)!+$**8-1.5!#3F8;).1$-!1-!.93!k•@1);!>$8#-);!1-!.93!;)-F8)F3!$%! )!-32!E3*=3#!7.).3/!291@9!=3@)*3!)-!$•@1);!;)-F8)F3!$%!.93!\0&!!J-!.93! )%$#3S*3-.1$-3'!@)43/!.93!\+>!'3@1'3'f!v)!+$**8-1.5!#3F8;).1$-!291@9!14! -$.!L8=;1493'!1-!.93!;)-F8)F3!$%!)!E3*=3#!7.).3!14!8-3-%$#@3)=;3!)F)1-4.! 1-'1C1'8);4!1-!.9).!7.).3w!UL)#)F#)L9!b[UVWW&!l$23C3#/!.93!3-%$#@3)=1;1.5!$%! .93!)@.!'$34!-$.!*3)-!.9).!.93!)@.!14!1-C);1'!UL)#)F#)L9!b[UVWW& M$!48*!8L!'#)%.1-F!)-'!L8=;1491-F!;)24!1-!);;!$•@1);!;)-F8)F34!14!1-S 3C1.)=;3!%$#!;1-F814.1@!3i8);1.5&!l$23C3#/!1.!14!-$.!3-$8F9!.$!L8=;149!;3F);! )@.4!1-!.93!$•@1);!;)-F8)F34!*3#3;5!%$#!1-%$#*).1C3!L8#L$434&!J%!)-!)@.8);! ;1-F814.1@!3i8);1.5!14!.$!=3!F8)#)-.33'/!)[email protected],3-!*84.!=3!)=;3!.$!1-C$B3/! =3%$#3! )! @$8#./! )! ;3F);! L#$C141$-! 1-! .93! ;)-F8)F3! 93! B-$24&! E$#3$C3#/! @$8#.4!49$8;'!34.)=;149!.93!*3)-1-F!$%!)!;3F);!L#$C141$-!$-!.93!=)414!$%! );;!;)-F8)F3!C3#41$-4&!(;1B3!1-!8-1;1-F8);!;3F);!454.3*4/!$-;5!)8.93-.1@! .3m.4!$%!-$#*).1C3!)@.4!@)-!=3!1-C$B3'!=3%$#3!@$8#.4!)-'!=3!.)B3-!1-.$! @$-41'3#).1$-!%$#!H8'1@1);!1-.3#L#3.).1$-&!+$-43i83-.;5/!*8;.1;1-F8);!;)2! *84.!=3!-$.!$-;5!'#)%.3'!)-'!L8=;1493'!1-!);;!$•@1);!;)-F8)F34/!=8.!);4$! 3-)@.3'!)-'!)8.93-.1@).3'!1-!.9343!;)-F8)F34/!)-'!34L3@1);;5!);;!;)-F8)F3! C3#41$-4!$%!)!;3F);!)@.!*84.!=3!3i8);;5!)8.93-.1@&!M914!#3i81#3*3-.!14!3mS L#3443'! 1-! .93! L#1-@1L;3! $%! 3i8);! )[email protected]! 291@9! 14! )-);5,3'! 1-! .93! [email protected]$-& 2 !ŒEH€)HEGl!IGr-rG•)„)!ŒEH€rG•)Gl•OEAl)) €!AH€)•!AE€HGrOI1 P#$*!)!;3F);!4.)-'L$1-./!;1-F814.1@!3i8);1.5!14!F8)#)-.33'!1-!.93!L#1-@1L;3!$%! 3i8);!)[email protected]!.9).!14!.93!=)414!$%!\0!;3F);!*8;.1;1-F8);14*!)-'!+)-)'1)-! 8 See the ruling in the Reference Re Manitoba Language Rights, 1985, 1 S.C.R.