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D'une Ouverture De La Voyelle /Ɛ/ En Finale Absolue En Français Québécois

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D'une Ouverture De La Voyelle /Ɛ/ En Finale Absolue En Français Québécois D’une ouverture de la voyelle /ɛ/ en finale absolue en français québécois : analyse acoustique et perceptive Mémoire Josiane Riverin-Coutlée Maîtrise en linguistique de l’Université Laval offerte en extension à l’Université du Québec à Chicoutimi Maître ès arts (M.A.) Département des arts et lettres Université du Québec à Chicoutimi Chicoutimi, Canada Faculté des lettres et des sciences humaines Université Laval Québec, Canada © Josiane Riverin-Coutlée, 2014 Résumé Cette contribution est consacrée à l’ouverture du /ɛ/ en finale absolue, un phénomène phonétique réputé être en déclin en français québécois et caractéristique de locuteurs âgés, peu scolarisés, issus de milieux populaires et s’exprimant en situation de communication informelle. Une analyse acoustique de 480 voyelles /ɛ/ issues de la parole formelle de 40 jeunes étudiants universitaires originaires des centres urbains de Saguenay et de Québec révèle toutefois que le phénomène est encore bien vivant en français québécois et qu’il est plus fréquent chez les locuteurs de Saguenay, une tendance validée auditivement par accord inter-juges. Les résultats d’un test de discrimination et d’identification mené auprès de 26 étudiants universitaires originaires de ces deux mêmes villes indiquent que les auditeurs naïfs de Saguenay semblent moins sensibles à la variation et moins enclins à juger de l’origine géographique d’un locuteur à partir de sa prononciation de la voyelle /ɛ/ en fin de mot. iii Abstract This contribution focuses on the lowering of the /ɛ/ vowel in absolute word-final position in Quebec French. This phonetic phenomenon is said to be on the decline and mainly produced by older, less educated speakers from lower social classes, and in informal situations. We extracted 480 /ɛ/ from a highly formal oral corpus produced by 40 young undergraduate students, all from Saguenay and Quebec City. A detailed acoustical analysis of these tokens reveals that this phenomenon is still very much alive among young speakers and more frequent in Saguenay than in Quebec City. An inter-judge agreement indicates that this phenomenon is also perceived. Moreover, discrimination and identification tasks conducted with 26 undergraduate students, also from Saguenay and Quebec City, show that Saguenay naïve listeners seem to be less sensitive to variation and less likely to evaluate a speaker’s origin based on his/her pronunciation of word-final /ɛ/ than those from Quebec City. v Table des matières Résumé ............................................................................................................................................... iii Abstract ............................................................................................................................................... v Table des matières ............................................................................................................................. vii Liste des tableaux ............................................................................................................................... ix Liste des figures ................................................................................................................................. xi Remerciements ................................................................................................................................. xiii Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapitre 1 : Problématique.................................................................................................................. 5 1.1. Un phénomène phonétique à l’étude ........................................................................................ 5 1.2. État de la question .................................................................................................................... 6 1.2.1. Profil social des locuteurs ................................................................................................. 6 1.2.2. Situation de communication, modalité de production et style de discours ....................... 7 1.2.3. Répartition géographique .................................................................................................. 9 1.2.3.1. Au Québec ................................................................................................................ 10 1.2.3.2. Ailleurs dans la francophonie nord-américaine........................................................ 12 1.2.4. Perception sociale............................................................................................................ 15 1.2.5. Fréquence d’usage ........................................................................................................... 16 1.3. Synthèse et objectifs généraux ............................................................................................... 18 Chapitre 2 : Cadre expérimental ....................................................................................................... 21 2.1. Acoustique ............................................................................................................................. 21 2.1.1. Des indices acoustiques supplémentaires ........................................................................ 22 2.1.1.1. Les formants supérieurs : F3 et F4 ............................................................................ 22 2.1.1.2. La fréquence fondamentale ...................................................................................... 23 2.1.1.3. La durée .................................................................................................................... 24 2.1.1.4. Synthèse ................................................................................................................... 25 2.1.2. L’hypothèse du VISC ...................................................................................................... 25 2.1.2.1. Prémices ................................................................................................................... 26 2.1.2.2. VISC : modélisations et applications ....................................................................... 28 2.1.2.3. Synthèse ................................................................................................................... 34 2.2. Perception ............................................................................................................................... 35 2.2.1. Discrimination ................................................................................................................. 35 2.2.2. Identification ................................................................................................................... 38 2.2.3. Synthèse .......................................................................................................................... 42 2.3. Objectifs spécifiques .............................................................................................................. 43 Chapitre 3 : Méthodologie ................................................................................................................ 45 3.1. Acoustique ............................................................................................................................. 45 3.1.1. Échantillon et corpus ....................................................................................................... 45 3.1.2. Analyse acoustique.......................................................................................................... 48 3.1.3. Analyse auditive .............................................................................................................. 50 3.1.4. Analyse statistique .......................................................................................................... 52 3.2. Perception ............................................................................................................................... 54 3.2.1. Échantillon et sous-corpus .............................................................................................. 54 vii 3.2.2. Tâche de discrimination .................................................................................................. 56 3.2.3. Tâche d’identification ...................................................................................................... 58 3.2.4. Phase d’entraînement ...................................................................................................... 59 3.2.5. Analyse statistique ........................................................................................................... 60 Chapitre 4 : Résultats ........................................................................................................................ 65 4.1. Analyse acoustique ................................................................................................................. 65 4.1.1. Examen des indices acoustiques sélectionnés ................................................................. 65 4.1.1.1. F1, F2, F3 : descriptions et illustrations ..................................................................... 65 4.1.1.2. F1, F2, F3 : analyses statistiques ................................................................................ 69 4.1.1.3. F4, f0 et durée : descriptions, illustrations et analyses statistiques ............................ 70 4.1.1.4. Synthèse...................................................................................................................
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