The Vacuum Tube a “Hollow State” Device
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INF 3190 Wireless Communications
Department of Informatics Networks and Distributed Systems (ND) group INF 3190 Wireless Communications Özgü Alay [email protected] Simula Research Laboratory Outline • Brief history of wireless • What is wireless communication? • Bottom-down approach – Physical layer : how can we transmit signals in air? – Link layer : multiple access – Wireless impact higher layers? • Wireless Systems – Mobile Broadband Networks – Wifi – Sensor Networks, Adhoc Networks 2 Wireless History • James C Maxwell ( 1831- 1879) laying the theoretical foundation for EM fields with his famous equations • Heinrich Hertz (1857- 1894 ) was the first to demonstrate the wave character of electrical transmission through space (1886). (Note Today the unit Hz reminds us of this discovery). • Radio invented in the 1880s by Marconi • The 1st radio broadcast took place in 1906 when Reginald A Fessenden transmitted voice and music for Christmas. • The invention of electronic vacuum tube in 1906 by Lee De Forest (1873-1961) & Robert Von Lieben (1878 – 1913) helped to reduce the size of sender and receiver . 3 Wireless History cont… • In 1915 , the first wireless voice transmission was set up between New York and San Francisco • The 1st commercial radio station started in 1920 – Note Sender & Receiver still needed huge antennas due to high transmission power. • In 1926, the first telephone in a train was available on the Berlin – Hamburg line • 1928 was the year of many field trials for TV broadcasting. John L Baird ( 1888 – 1946 ) transmitted TV across Atlantic and demonstrated color TV 4 Wireless History cont … • Invention of FM in 1933 by Edwin H Armstrong [ 1890 - 1954 ] . • 1946, Public Mobile in 25 US cities, high power transmitter on large tower. -
The Development of the Vacuum Tube Creators
The Knowledge Bank at The Ohio State University Ohio State Engineer Title: The Development of the Vacuum Tube Creators: Jeffrey, Richard B. Issue Date: May-1928 Publisher: Ohio State University, College of Engineering Citation: Ohio State Engineer, vol. 11, no. 7 (May, 1928), 9-10. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/1811/34260 Appears in Collections: Ohio State Engineer: Volume 11, no. 7 (May, 1928) THE OHIO STATE ENGINEER The Development of the Vacuum Tube By RICHARD B. JEFFREY, '31 The history of the vacuum tube began with the discovery of the Edison Effect. This, like a great many other important discoveries, was an acci- dent. Edison, while experimenting with his in- candescent lamps, had placed more than one fila- output ment in the same bulb, and he noticed that if one of the filaments was held positive with respect to the other a current would flow through the bulb. He also found that this positive element, or, as it is now called, plate, did not have to be hot to sustain this current flow. This phenomenon li—- H was known for some time as a curiosity, but noth- 1 +90 to \35 ing more. Then Fleming, an English experiment- +4-5 er, noticed that if an alternating current were The screen-qrid tube (tetrode). applied to this plate the current would flow only plicated system by making use of the rectifying when the plate was positive. In other words, the properties of a crystal, notably galena. When tube acted as a rectifier, allowing the current to signals were received in this way it was the signal flow in only one direction. -
1999-2017 INDEX This Index Covers Tube Collector Through August 2017, the TCA "Data Cache" DVD- ROM Set, and the TCA Special Publications: No
1999-2017 INDEX This index covers Tube Collector through August 2017, the TCA "Data Cache" DVD- ROM set, and the TCA Special Publications: No. 1 Manhattan College Vacuum Tube Museum - List of Displays .........................1999 No. 2 Triodes in Radar: The Early VHF Era ...............................................................2000 No. 3 Auction Results ....................................................................................................2001 No. 4 A Tribute to George Clark, with audio CD ........................................................2002 No. 5 J. B. Johnson and the 224A CRT.........................................................................2003 No. 6 McCandless and the Audion, with audio CD......................................................2003 No. 7 AWA Tube Collector Group Fact Sheet, Vols. 1-6 ...........................................2004 No. 8 Vacuum Tubes in Telephone Work.....................................................................2004 No. 9 Origins of the Vacuum Tube, with audio CD.....................................................2005 No. 10 Early Tube Development at GE...........................................................................2005 No. 11 Thermionic Miscellany.........................................................................................2006 No. 12 RCA Master Tube Sales Plan, 1950....................................................................2006 No. 13 GE Tungar Bulb Data Manual................................................................. -
7: Society III
A History Of Knowledge What The Victorian Age Knew Chapter 7: Society III Piero Scaruffi (2004) www.scaruffi.com Edited and revised by Chris Hastings (2013) Abolitions • Abolition of slavery in the USA (1861) • Abolition of serfdom in Russia (1861) 2 Democracy • USA: 1865 • France: 1875 • Britain: 1918 • But not for women 3 Puritanism • 1865: The “Salvation Army” • 1873: Anthony Comstock founds the Society for the Suppression of Vice • 1874: The Woman's Christian Temperance Union is founded 4 The Invention Of Childhood • Kate Greenaway (Britain): “Under the Window: Pictures & Rhymes for Children” (1879) 5 Customs • One is a gentleman/lady not by birth but by good manners • The dandy (modeled after Bryan “Beau” Brummell of the 1800s) 6 Private Life Board games of the 1880s 7 Private Life • Moving panoramas: Before cinema and before virtual reality • Robert Baker’s proto-panorama of Edinburgh (1791) • John Banvard: Moving panorama of 1848 • Albert Smith’s panorama of the Mont Blanc, showed more than 2000 times (1852-58) • Moses Gompertz and the Poole brothers’ Myriorama (1890s) Banvard’s panorama 8 Transportation • 1825: Britain inaugurates the first railway in the world • 1840s: Boom of railways in Britain • 1869: The Union and Central Pacific railroads create the first transcontinental railroad • 1885: Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach invent the motorcycle • 1886: Karl Benz builds a gasoline-powered car • 1890: The first electrical subway (London) • 1900: Ferdinand von Zeppelin builds the first rigid dirigible • 1903: Wilbur and Orville -
Lee De Forest Claimet\He Got the Idea for His Triode ''Audion" From
Lee de Forest claimet\he got the idea for his triode h ''audion" from wntching a gas flame bum. John Ambrose Flen#ng thought that story ·~just so much hot air. lreJess telegraphy held excit m WIng promise at the beginning of the twentieth century. Peo ~With Imagination could seethe po.. tentlal thot 'the rematkoble new technology offered forworlct1Nk:le com munfcotion. However, no one could hove predicted the impact that the soon-to-be-developed "osdllotlon volve" ond "oudlon" Wireless-telegra phy detector& wauid have on elec tronics technology. Backpouncl. Shortly before 1900, · Guglielmo Morconl had formed his own company to develop wireless telegraphy technology. He demon strated that wireless set-ups on ships eot~ld~messageswlth nearby stations on other ships or on land. t The Marconi Company hOd also j transmitted messages across the EhQ Jish Channel. By the end of 1901. Mar coni extended the range of his equipmenttospantheAtlan1tcOcean. It was obvlgus. 1hot ~raph ~MeS with subrhatlrie cables and ihelr lnber ent flmltations woUld soon disappear, Ships· at sea would no longer be iso la1ed. No locatlon on Eorth would. be too remote to send and receive mes sages. Clear1y; the opportunity existed tor enormous tiOOnciql gain once Jelio ble equlprrient was avoltable. To that end, 1Uned electrical circuits were developed to reduce the band width of the signals produced by ,the spark transrnlf'tirs. The resonont clfcults were also used in a receiver to select one signal from omong several trans missions. Slm~deslgn principles for resonont ontennas were also being explored and applied, However, the senstflvlty and reUabltlty of the devices used to ctetectthe Wireless signals were still hln cterlng the development of commer () cial wireless-telegraph nefWorks. -
The Great War and Wireless Communications
Chapter 1 The Great War and Wireless Communications 1.1 LAND - BOUND COMMUNICATIONS 1.1.1 The Battle of Tannenberg and the Electron Tube The guns of August 1914 thundered along a western front from Belgium through northeastern France to the Jura mountains and along an eastern front from East Prussia through Russian Poland and Austro - Hungarian Galicia. (See Figure 1.1 .) When war broke out at the beginning of that month, German leaders followed a strategy formulated by Alfred von Schlieffen nine years earlier in directing most of the available manpower and materiel against their enemies in the West, while fi ght- ing a holding action against the Russians. Fearful of a two - front war, they hoped to force France to sue for peace before the massive Russian armies could be brought effectively to bear on the much smaller German armies in East Prussia and Silesia. In the West, the Germans moved steadily through Belgium, entering Li è ge on 7 August and Brussels on 20 August, and at the same time sharply repulsed the French offensive in Alsace - Lorraine. But news from the Eastern Front was, from the German point of view, quite disturbing. Russia ’ s huge First and Second Armies, numbering some 200,000 men each, had mobilized and reached the front much faster than expected. On 17 August the Russians took the offensive, and on 20 August the Germans suffered a defeat at Gumbinnen. Soon a third of East Prussia was in Russian hands. There wasCOPYRIGHTED widespread fear and some panic MATERIALbehind German lines, and refugees streamed westward toward Berlin. -
Valve Types and Char
‘Technical Shorts’ by Gerry O’Hara, VE7GUH/G8GUH ‘Technical Shorts’ is a series of (fairly) short articles prepared for the Eddystone User Group (EUG) website, each focussing on a technical issue of relevance in repairing, restoring or using Eddystone valve radios. However, much of the content is also applicable to non-Eddystone valve receivers. The articles are the author’s personal opinion, based on his experience and are meant to be of interest or help to the novice or hobbyist – they are not meant to be a definitive or exhaustive treatise on the topic under discussion…. References are provided for those wishing to explore the subjects discussed in more depth. The author encourages feedback and discussion on any topic covered through the EUG forum. Valve Types and Characteristics Introduction The Technical Short on ‘Valve Lore’ deals with using valves in receivers in general terms – their evolution through the years, types and general application in Eddystone receivers, as well as tips on sourcing valves and testing them. The Technical Shorts on ‘Eddystone Circuit Elements’ and ‘Receiver Front-Ends’ take a closer look at how valves are selected and used in particular circuits within Eddystone valve receivers. In preparing these articles, it occurred to me that an insight into some of the basics underlying the selection of a particular valve for an application in a receiver would be useful. In order to do this, some consideration of valve ‘fundamentals’ is necessary and how these influence their application and use in receivers. So here I deal mainly with the basics of valve construction and design and then their electrical parameters and important operating characteristics. -
1999-2018 INDEX This Index Covers Tube Collector Through August 2018, the TCA "Data Cache" DVD- ROM Set, and the Following TCA Special Publications: No
1999-2018 INDEX This index covers Tube Collector through August 2018, the TCA "Data Cache" DVD- ROM set, and the following TCA Special Publications: No. 1 Manhattan College Vacuum Tube Museum - List of Displays .........................1999 No. 2 Triodes in Radar: The Early VHF Era ...............................................................2000 No. 3 Auction Results ....................................................................................................2001 No. 4 A Tribute to George Clark, with audio CD ........................................................2002 No. 5 J. B. Johnson and the 224A CRT.........................................................................2003 No. 6 McCandless and the Audion, with audio CD......................................................2003 No. 7 AWA Tube Collector Group Fact Sheet, Vols. 1-6 ...........................................2004 No. 8 Vacuum Tubes in Telephone Work.....................................................................2004 No. 9 Origins of the Vacuum Tube, with audio CD.....................................................2005 No. 10 Early Tube Development at GE...........................................................................2005 No. 11 Thermionic Miscellany.........................................................................................2006 No. 12 RCA Master Tube Sales Plan, 1950....................................................................2006 No. 13 GE Tungar Bulb Data Manual................................................................. -
Vacuum -Tube Theory
CHAPTER THREE Vacuum -Tube Theory HE science of radio is based upon one and heptode respectively for tubes having two. of the most versatile developments of the three, four, five, six, and seven elements. twentieth century-the electron tube, or as it is more commonly named, the vacuum tube. MECHANICS OF THE It is the utilization of the unique characteris- tics of the vacuum tube in various circuit ar- VACUUM TUBE rangements which makes possible modern radio The original Edison discovery was that a communication; for that matter, long distance heated filament would give off electrons to a wire communication also owes its efficiency to cold plate in the same evacuated chamber. It the versatility of the vacuum tube. was later discovered that if the plate were This chapter is divided into two main sec- charged positively with respect to the filament, tions. The first is devoted to the basic theory a much larger proportion of the emitted elec- of the vacuum tube and to a discussion of the trons would be attracted to the plate. But, if various types of tubes which have been de- the plate were charged negatively with respect veloped up to the present time. The second to the filament, the electron flow would stop. part discusses the application of the vacuum This valve action meant that the vacuum tube tube to the various circuit arrangements which could be used as a rectifier since it would pass have been developed to utilize its character- current only in one direction. It is this rectify- istics. ing action of the diode which is used almost Brief History of the Vacuum Tube. -
Birth of the Valve.Indd 68 25/01/2019 08:21 Attention to the Problem of Developing an Eff Cient Receiving Detector
Feature by Dr Bruce Taylor HB9ANY ● E-mail: [email protected] Birth of the Thermionic Valve n the archives of Marconi’s Dr Bruce Taylor HB9ANY relates how chance, ingenuity Wireless Telegraph Company and confl ict created the technology that dominated radio for November 1904, there is a handwritten letter that communication for half a century. concludes: “I have not mentioned Ithis to anyone yet, as it may become useful”. The letter is signed by the English scientist John Ambrose Fleming and it describes how he had found a method of detecting oscillatory electrical currents in an antenna using a thermionic valve. “It may become useful” was perhaps the understatement of the century! While the saga of the thermionic valve had a large cast, the two principal roles were initially played by Fleming and the American experimenter Lee de Forest. The characters of these two men could hardly have been more different. De Forest was an enterprising inventor but a f amboyant showman unashamedly motivated by a desire for fame, fortune and a luxurious life style. He was lucky in his discoveries, but not in his private life or his somewhat unethical business practices, and he died in 1961 without achieving the f nancial success of which he dreamed. Fleming, on the other hand, was the careful archetypal physicist, methodical in his investigations and A 1915 advertisement by Elmer Cunningham explains that, unlike the de Forest Audion, his AudioTron motivated to earn the esteem and can be bought alone. recognition of his peers for advancing scientif c knowledge. He achieved his aim, he patented the device as a means for The Fleming Diode and was knighted in 1929, but he wasn’t controlling mains voltage but made no In 1899, Fleming had been appointed interested in vigorously exploiting his mention of its rectifying properties, for he scientif c advisor to Marconi and became discoveries and left Marconi and others was promoting DC rather than AC power responsible for the design of part of the to prof t from their commercialisation. -
Radio Eavesdropping of the B.B.C
SEPTEMBER 1954 VOL. 60 No. 9 .1 to t h o i í t y and 1 so << t p e tt d en f E have now had ample time to study the new there is still another body that comes into the Television Act, which became law just after our last picture : the P.M.G.'s decisions on technical policy issue appeared. The Government's plan for an for both the I.T.A. and B.B.C. will be affected by " additional " television service, though somewhat the recommendations of the Television Advisory involved, is not on the face of it, difficult to under- Committee. stand, though we must admit to doubts as to how Fortunately, there is a good deal of flexibility in some of the details will work out in practice. the Act, and plenty of room for second thoughts. To us, the most interesting section of the Act is The word "may" occurs much more often than that in which the Postmaster -General is given what " shall " and the P.M.G. can make new regulations at appears to be very wide powers over the technical short notice. Throughout all the debates, the activities of the Independent Television Authority. Government has wisely kept to the principle of In this matter, at least, there appears to be little leaving a loophole for subsequent changes. independence and no authority! Of course, it is a It is wrong to shoot the pianist who is doing his fact that in Great Britain the P.M.G.'s power over best, and still worse to shoot him before he has played every form of radio activity is sweeping; he may a single note. -
Valves Revisited
Valves Revisited by Bengt Grahn, SM0YZI (Low Resolution Sample) RSGB © Radio Society of Great Britain Published by the Radio Society of Great Britain, 3 Abbey Court, Fraser Road, Priory Business Park, Bedford, MK44 3WH. First published 2011 © Radio Society of Great Britain 2011. All rights reserved. No part of this publica- tion may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written agreement of the Radio Society of Great Britain. ISBN 9781 9050 8670 9 Publisher’s note The opinions expressed in this book are those of the author and not necessarily those of the RSGB. While the information presented is believed to be correct, the author, publisher and their agents cannot accept responsibility for consequences arising from any inaccuracies or omissions. Cover design: Kim Meyern Typography, editing and design: Mike Dennison, G3XDV of Emdee Publishing Production: Mark Allgar,RSGB M1MPA ©Printed in Great Britain by Nuffield Press Ltd of Abingdon Contents 1 Evolution of the Valve . 1 2 How does a Valve Work? . 7 3 Characteristics of Valves . 25 4 Connecting Stages Together . 41 5 Tuned Circuits . 53 6 Amplifiers . 69 7 Modulation . 95 8 Receivers . 103 9 The Superhet in Detail . 113 10 Designing a Receiver . .141 11 Hi-fi Amplifiers . .147 12 Construction with Valves . .175 13 The Power Supply . .RSGB . .181 14 Oscillators . .193 15 A Signal Generator . .205 16 Measurements . .223 17 Fault Finding© . .239 18 Transmitters . .249 19 Further Information on the Web . .257 Appendix: European Valve Designations .