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80 Years of Computer History Lorrin R 80 Years of Computer History Lorrin R. Garson Lifetime Learning Institute of Northern Virginia Summer 2019 Lecture 1 of 3 August 22, 2019 © 2019 Lorrin R. Garson Course Outline • Why 80 years? • Events presented chronologically • Prominent contributing individuals • A little rudimentary math • Relevant contemporaneous historical events • Often “the first” is difficult to determine • Conflicting dates are sometimes reported • My apologies for the inevitable errors! 2 Before Computers — There Were Computers active hypertext link 3 Before Computers — There Were Computers 4 Harvard’s Computers (~1919) Williamina Fleming 5 Before Computers — There Were Computers 6 Human Computers at NASA 1950s & 60s 7 8 What is a Computer? (As We Know It Today) An electronic_________ device for ____storing and ______processing data,___ typically in binary______ form, according to instructions______ given to it in a variable program _________ 9 Types of Computers • PCs • Workstations • Tablets • Servers • Smartphones • Mainframes • Hand-held • Supercomputers Calculators • Internet of Things • Minicomputers (IoT) 10 PCs • Used by individuals • $200 to $3,000 • Used for: – E-mail – “Surfing” the Web – Office automation (Word, PowerPoint, Excel, etc.) – Photo/video editing – Gaming 11 Minicomputers • Midrange machines PC < Mini < Mainframe • Multiuser • $20,000 to $100,000 • Attached to other devices – CAT scanners – X-ray refractormeters – Mass spectrometers • Replaced by workstations 12 Workstations • "Super" PCs • $5,000 to $20,000 • Individual users • Networked • Used for: – CAD/CAM applications – Video editing – Music production – Data analysis 13 Servers • Provide storage and services for other networked computers • $400 to $4,000 • Types: – Application servers – Database servers – Printer servers – DNS servers 14 Mainframes* • Large enterprise computers • $75,000 to millions • High availability & redundancy • Businesses • Hot swapping of components – Banking • Backward compatible software – Insurance – Health care • Thousands simultaneous users – Inventory control • High transaction throughput – E-commerce • Large storage capacity • Governments – Military – IRS * “Big Iron” – Social Security 15 Supercomputers • Extreme numeric performance • $100 to $250 million • 1000s CPUs IBM’s “Intrepid” • Many/most use Linux 165,000 CPUs • Used for: – Weather forecasting – Molecular modeling – Weapons design – Quantum mechanics – Petroleum exploration 16 Software • A collection of instructions that tell a computer what to do • Types – System, including operating systems – Applications (apps), aka programs – Utilities • Approximately 500-2,000 active programming languages 17 18 Software (cont.) • In the BASIC language (1964) 10 PRINT “Hello World!" source code The result? Hello World! 19 Software • In the “C” language (1972) /* A “C “program to print Hello World! */ #include <stdio.h> int main() { printf (“Hello World!\n”); return 0; } The result? Hello World! 20 Software (cont.) • In the C++ language (1979) #include <iostream> int main ( ) { std::cout << “Hello World”; } The result? Hello World 21 Software (cont.) • In the Java language (1995) public class Hello { public static void main (String [ ] args) { System.out.println (“Hello World”); } } The result? Hello World 22 Software (cont.) • In the FORTRAN language (1957) PROGRAM HELLOWORLD 10 FORMAT (1X, 11HHELLO WORLD) WRITE (6,10) END The result? Hello World 23 Software (cont.) • In the COBOL language (1959) IDENTIFICATION DIVISION. PROGRAM-ID. Hello. ENVIRONMENT DIVISION. DATA DIVISION. PROCEDURE DIVISION. Display ‘Hello World!’. STOP RUN. The result? Hello World! 24 Software (cont.) • IBM 360/370/390 BAL (Basic Assembler Language, 1964) // EXEC ASSEMBLY START MAIN BALR 2,0 USING *,2 OPEN PRINT MVC BUF,HW PUT PRINT CLOSE PRINT EOJ HW DC CL132 'HELLO WORLD’ BUF DS CL132 PRINT DTFPR IOAREA1=BUF, DEVADDR=SYSLST,BLKSIZE=132, * DEVICE=3203,CONTROL=YES,PRINTOV=YES END MAIN /* // EXEC LNKEDT // EXEC /* The result? Hello World /& 25 Let’s Talk Numbers An important aside…26 Math phobes? Woof! Hang loose… 27 Babylonian Numbers 28 “Modern Babylonian Numbers” • Time – 60 seconds/minute – 60 minutes/hour • Mathematics – 360° in a circle – trigonometric functions • Geography/Navigation – 38° 52’ 38” N 77° 17’ 20” W 29 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9… What about ten? What about zero? 30 Basic Modern Arithmetic Symbols: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 Nine hundred and ninety-nine 999 nine hundreds PLUS nine tens PLUS nine “things” 31 Basic Modern Arithmetic (cont.) Symbols: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 One hundred and one 10110 One hundred PLUS zero tens PLUS 1 “thing” 102 101 “things” one (100s) zero (10s) 1 count of things …101000……104 103 102 101 “09 things” 32 Binary Numbers 33 Basic Computer Arithmetic Symbols: 0 and 1 (binary) Equal to five in decimal (4 + 0 + 1 = 5) 1012 a “1” Zero twos One four …27 26 25 24 23 22 21 0 or 1 Decimal 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 0 or 1 111111112 = 128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1 = 25510 Base 60: …604 603 602 601 1 60 4 3 2 1 Base 12: …12 12 12 12 1 12 34 American Standard Code for Information Interchange ASCII character “9” = 00111001 Number 9 = 00001001 35 Foundations of the Modern Computer 18th-19th Century 36 Alois Senefelder (1771-1834) 37 Alois Senefelder • Actor, playwright, engineer, inventor • Invented stone printing (Steindruck) 1796 – to print his plays • Lithography (from the French) • 1818—published “A Complete Course of Lithography” – currently available on Amazon.com (free) 38 Archive of lithographic stones in München 39 Joseph Marie Jacquard (1752-1834) Science Museum London Tapestry woven on Jacquard loom 40 The Jacquard Loom • Invented in 1804 • Punched cards activate hooks and rods on a loom to create intricate patterns • Revolutionized weaving – greatly reduced labor costs – reduced price of intricate cloth – caused considerable civil unrest due to job loss 41 Jacquard loom Museum of Science and Industry Manchester, England 42 43 Charles Babbage (1791-1871) 44 “I wish to God these calculations had been executed by steam” Charles Babbage 45 The Difference Engine—1821 • Created values for: – logarithms – trigonometric functions, etc. – using the method of finite differences in evaluating polynomials • Sample polynomial: f(x) = 2x4 – 5x3 + 2x2 + 17 • Could compute 31-digit values for polynomials with terms up to X7 • 1827—published accurate table of logarithms for 1 to 108,000 46 Replica Babbage’s Difference Engine #1 Smithsonian National Museum Of American History 47 The Analytical Engine—1837 • A mechanical general purpose computer • Fully programmable • Components: – The mill (CPU) – The store 1,000 50-digit numbers (RAM/HDD) – The reader—punch cards (input/output devices) • Steam driven • Never built 48 “The Mill” Analytical Engine The Computer History Museum Mountainview, California 49 Charles Babbage (1791-1871) 50 Babbage’s Other Accomplishments • Mathematician • Reformed the British post office • Pioneer in field of actuarial science • Discovered weather of past years could be ascertained from tree rings • Invented the cow catcher 51 Ada, Countess of Lovelace From ”The Innovators” by Walter Isaacson, Simon & Shuster, 2014 52 Ada Lovelace • Daughter of the poet Lord Byron • A gifted mathematician • Life-long friend of Charles Babbage • 1980—the DoD named a computer language “Ada” in her honor 53 Luigi Federico Menabrea* (1809-96) * Became Prime Minister of Italy in 1867 54 Congress of Italian Scientists* • Charles Babbage gave presentation on his Analytical Engine • Menabrea took notes and published “Sketch of the Analytical Engine Invented by Charles Babbage” (1842) • Ada Lovelace translated the article and appended “Notes by the Translator” • “Notes by the Translator” becomes famous * In Turin, Italy, August 1840 55 56 “Notes by the Translator” • Ada described an algorithm (program) to compute Bernoulli numbers • Suggested the Analytical Engine could be used for things other than numbers – musical notes – symbols such as letters 57 George Boole (1815-64) 58 “Cool Boole” 59 Boolean Algebra (1854) • A branch of algebra that involves true and false values – T or 1 for true – F or 0 for for false 60 Boolean Algebra (cont.) • The AND operator (symbolically: ∧) also known as logical conjunction requires both p and q to be True for the result to be True 1 = T or true 0 = F for false 61 Boolean Algebra (cont.) • The OR operator (symbolically: ∨) requires only one value to be True for the result to be True 1 = T or true 0 = F for false 62 Enough! Math Phobe 63 Herman Hollerith (1860-1929) 64 Herman Hollerith • Degree in “Engineering of Mines” from Columbia University in 1879 • Ph.D. from Columbia in 1882 • Professor of mechanical engineering at MIT • U.S. Census Bureau statistician • Invented a electromechanical punched card sorter and tabulator 65 Hollerith’s Tabulator and Sorter 66 Hollerith’s Pantograph Punch December 31, 1919 67 Hollerith’s Punch Card First Mass Storage Device (Most of the 1890 records destroyed by a fire at the Commerce Department in 1921) 68 Counting the U.S. Population • 1880 U.S. census took eight years to tabulate • 1890 census took one year • First major use of electrical circuits to process information 69 Tabulating Machine Company • Formed by Hollerith in 1896 • With two additional companies evolved into the Computing-Tabulating- Recording Company (C-T-R) in 1911 • Evolved into International Business Machines (IBM) Corporation in 1924 70 Foundations of the Modern Computer 20th Century 71 Telephone 72 Telephone (cont) Miss Crook or Miss Mickey
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