A History of End-To-End Encryption and the Death of PGP
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Course 5 Lesson 2
This material is based on work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0802551 Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author (s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation C5L3S1 With the advent of the Internet, social networking, and open communication, a vast amount of information is readily available on the Internet for anyone to access. Despite this trend, computer users need to ensure private or personal communications remain confidential and are viewed only by the intended party. Private information such as a social security numbers, school transcripts, medical histories, tax records, banking, and legal documents should be secure when transmitted online or stored locally. One way to keep data confidential is to encrypt it. Militaries,U the governments, industries, and any organization having a desire to maintain privacy have used encryption techniques to secure information. Encryption helps to boost confidence in the security of online commerce and is necessary for secure transactions. In this lesson, you will review encryption and examine several tools used to encrypt data. You will also learn to encrypt and decrypt data. Anyone who desires to administer computer networks and work with private data must have some familiarity with basic encryption protocols and techniques. C5L3S2 You should know what will be expected of you when you complete this lesson. These expectations are presented as objectives. Objectives are short statements of expectations that tell you what you must be able to do, perform, learn, or adjust after reviewing the lesson. -
Chapter 12 Pretty Good Privacy (PGP)
Chapter 12 Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) With the explosively growing reliance on electronic mail for every conceivable pur- pose, there grows a demand for authentication and confidentiality services. Two schemes stand out as approaches that enjoy widespread use: Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) and Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension (S/MIME). The latter is a security en- hancement to the MIME Internet e-mail format standard, based on technology from RSA Data Security. Although both PGP and S/MIME are on an IETF standards track, it appears likely that S/MIME will emerge as the industry standard for commercial and organisational use, while PGP will remain the choice for personal e-mail security for many users. In this course we will only be looking at PGP. S/MIME is discussed in detail in the recommended text. 12.1 Background PGP is a remarkable phenomenon. Largely the effort of a single person, Phil Zimmer- mann, PGP provides a confidentiality and authentication service that can be used for electronic mail and file storage applications. In essence what Zimmermann has done is the following: 1. Selected the best cryptographic mechanisms (algorithms) as building blocks. 2. Integrated these algorithms into a general purpose application that is independent of operating system and processor and that is based on a small set of easy to use commands. 3. Made the package and its source code freely available via the Internet, bulletin boards, and commercial networks such as America On Line (AOL). 4. Entered into an agreement with a company (Viacrypt, now Network Associates) to provide a fully compatible low cost commercial version of PGP. -
Privacy Resources 2018
Privacy Resources 2018 By Marcus P. Zillman, M.S., A.M.H.A. Executive Director – Virtual Private Library [email protected] Privacy Resources 2018 is a comprehensive listing of privacy resources currently available on the Internet. These include associations, indexes, search engines as well as individual websites and sources that supply the latest technology and information about privacy and how it relates to you and the Internet. The below list of sources is taken from my Subject Tracer™ Information Blog titled Privacy Resources and is constantly updated with Subject Tracer™ bots from the following URL: http://www.PrivacyResources.info/ These resources and sources will help you to discover the many pathways available to you through the Internet to find the latest privacy sources and sites. Figure 1: Privacy Resources 2018 Subject Tracer™ Information Blog 1 [Updated: April 1, 2018] Privacy Resources 2018 White Paper Link Compilation http://www.PrivacyResources.info/ [email protected] Voice: 800-858-1462 © 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 Marcus P. Zillman, M.S., A.M.H.A. Privacy Resources 2018: 10 Best Security and Privacy Apps for Smartphones and Tablets http://drippler.com/drip/10-best-security-privacy-apps-smartphones-tablets 10 Minute Mail http://10minutemail.com/10MinuteMail/index.html 10 Privacy Gadgets To Help You Keep a Secret http://www.popsci.com/keep-your-secrets-a-secret 10 Reasons to Use a VPN for Private Web Browsing http://netforbeginners.about.com/od/readerpicks/tp/Reasons-to-Use-a-VPN-Service.htm -
Biting Into Forbidden Fruit
Biting into the forbidden fruit Lessons from trusting Javascript crypto Krzysztof Kotowicz, OWASP Appsec EU, June 2014 About me • Web security researcher • HTML5 • UI redressing • browser extensions • crypto • I was a Penetration Tester @ Cure53 • Information Security Engineer @ Google Disclaimer: “My opinions are mine. Not Google’s”. Disclaimer: All the vulns are fixed or have been publicly disclosed in the past. Introduction JS crypto history • Javascript Cryptography Considered Harmful http://matasano.com/articles/javascript- cryptography/ • Final post on Javascript crypto http://rdist.root.org/2010/11/29/final-post-on- javascript-crypto/ JS crypto history • Implicit trust in the server to deliver the code • SSL/TLS is needed anyway • Any XSS can circumvent the code • Poor library quality • Poor crypto support • No secure keystore • JS crypto is doomed to fail Doomed to fail? Multiple crypto primitives libraries, symmetric & asymmetric encryption, TLS implementation, a few OpenPGP implementations, and a lot of user applications built upon them. Plus custom crypto protocols. https://crypto.cat/ https://www.mailvelope.com/ http://openpgpjs.org/ JS crypto is a fact • Understand it • Look at the code • Find the vulnerabilities • Analyze them • Understand the limitations and workarounds • Answer the question: can it be safe? JS crypto vulns in the wild • Language issues • Caused by a flaw of the language • Web platform issues • Cased by the web • Other standard bugs • out of scope for this presentation Language issues Language issues matter -
Can We Trust Cryptographic Software? Cryptographic Flaws in GNU Privacy Guard V1.2.3
Can We Trust Cryptographic Software? Cryptographic Flaws in GNU Privacy Guard v1.2.3 Phong Q. Nguyen CNRS/Ecole´ normale sup´erieure D´epartement d’informatique 45 rue d’Ulm, 75230 Paris Cedex 05, France. [email protected] http://www.di.ens.fr/˜pnguyen Abstract. More and more software use cryptography. But how can one know if what is implemented is good cryptography? For proprietary soft- ware, one cannot say much unless one proceeds to reverse-engineering, and history tends to show that bad cryptography is much more frequent than good cryptography there. Open source software thus sounds like a good solution, but the fact that a source code can be read does not imply that it is actually read, especially by cryptography experts. In this paper, we illustrate this point by examining the case of a basic In- ternet application of cryptography: secure email. We analyze parts of thesourcecodeofthelatestversionofGNUPrivacyGuard(GnuPGor GPG), a free open source alternative to the famous PGP software, com- pliant with the OpenPGP standard, and included in most GNU/Linux distributions such as Debian, MandrakeSoft, Red Hat and SuSE. We ob- serve several cryptographic flaws in GPG v1.2.3. The most serious flaw has been present in GPG for almost four years: we show that as soon as one (GPG-generated) ElGamal signature of an arbitrary message is released, one can recover the signer’s private key in less than a second on a PC. As a consequence, ElGamal signatures and the so-called ElGamal sign+encrypt keys have recently been removed from GPG. -
Cisco SCA BB Protocol Reference Guide
Cisco Service Control Application for Broadband Protocol Reference Guide Protocol Pack #60 August 02, 2018 Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com Cisco has more than 200 offices worldwide. Addresses, phone numbers, and fax numbers are listed on the Cisco website at www.cisco.com/go/offices. THE SPECIFICATIONS AND INFORMATION REGARDING THE PRODUCTS IN THIS MANUAL ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. ALL STATEMENTS, INFORMATION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS IN THIS MANUAL ARE BELIEVED TO BE ACCURATE BUT ARE PRESENTED WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. USERS MUST TAKE FULL RESPONSIBILITY FOR THEIR APPLICATION OF ANY PRODUCTS. THE SOFTWARE LICENSE AND LIMITED WARRANTY FOR THE ACCOMPANYING PRODUCT ARE SET FORTH IN THE INFORMATION PACKET THAT SHIPPED WITH THE PRODUCT AND ARE INCORPORATED HEREIN BY THIS REFERENCE. IF YOU ARE UNABLE TO LOCATE THE SOFTWARE LICENSE OR LIMITED WARRANTY, CONTACT YOUR CISCO REPRESENTATIVE FOR A COPY. The Cisco implementation of TCP header compression is an adaptation of a program developed by the University of California, Berkeley (UCB) as part of UCB’s public domain version of the UNIX operating system. All rights reserved. Copyright © 1981, Regents of the University of California. NOTWITHSTANDING ANY OTHER WARRANTY HEREIN, ALL DOCUMENT FILES AND SOFTWARE OF THESE SUPPLIERS ARE PROVIDED “AS IS” WITH ALL FAULTS. CISCO AND THE ABOVE-NAMED SUPPLIERS DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THOSE OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT OR ARISING FROM A COURSE OF DEALING, USAGE, OR TRADE PRACTICE. IN NO EVENT SHALL CISCO OR ITS SUPPLIERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT, SPECIAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, LOST PROFITS OR LOSS OR DAMAGE TO DATA ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THIS MANUAL, EVEN IF CISCO OR ITS SUPPLIERS HAVE BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. -
Multi-Device for Signal
Multi-Device for Signal S´ebastienCampion3, Julien Devigne1, C´elineDuguey1;2, and Pierre-Alain Fouque2 1 DGA Maˆıtrisede l’information, Bruz, France [email protected] 2 Irisa, Rennes, France, [email protected], [email protected] Abstract. Nowadays, we spend our life juggling with many devices such as smartphones, tablets or laptops, and we expect to easily and efficiently switch between them without losing time or security. However, most ap- plications have been designed for single device usage. This is the case for secure instant messaging (SIM) services based on the Signal proto- col, that implements the Double Ratchet key exchange algorithm. While some adaptations, like the Sesame protocol released by the developers of Signal, have been proposed to fix this usability issue, they have not been designed as specific multi-device solutions and no security model has been formally defined either. In addition, even though the group key exchange problematic appears related to the multi-device case, group solutions are too generic and do not take into account some properties of the multi-device setting. Indeed, the fact that all devices belong to a single user can be exploited to build more efficient solutions. In this paper, we propose a Multi-Device Instant Messaging protocol based on Signal, ensuring all the security properties of the original Signal. Keywords: cryptography, secure instant messaging, ratchet, multi-device 1 Introduction 1.1 Context Over the last years, secure instant messaging has become a key application ac- cessible on smartphones. In parallel, more and more people started using several devices - a smartphone, a tablet or a laptop - to communicate. -
Battle of the Clipper Chip - the New York Times
Battle of the Clipper Chip - The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/12/magazine/battle-of-the-clipp... https://nyti.ms/298zenN Battle of the Clipper Chip By Steven Levy June 12, 1994 See the article in its original context from June 12, 1994, Section 6, Page 46 Buy Reprints VIEW ON TIMESMACHINE TimesMachine is an exclusive benefit for home delivery and digital subscribers. About the Archive This is a digitized version of an article from The Times’s print archive, before the start of online publication in 1996. To preserve these articles as they originally appeared, The Times does not alter, edit or update them. Occasionally the digitization process introduces transcription errors or other problems; we are continuing to work to improve these archived versions. On a sunny spring day in Mountain View, Calif., 50 angry activists are plotting against the United States Government. They may not look subversive sitting around a conference table dressed in T-shirts and jeans and eating burritos, but they are self-proclaimed saboteurs. They are the Cypherpunks, a loose confederation of computer hackers, hardware engineers and high-tech rabble-rousers. The precise object of their rage is the Clipper chip, offically known as the MYK-78 and not much bigger than a tooth. Just another tiny square of plastic covering a silicon thicket. A computer chip, from the outside indistinguishable from thousands of others. It seems 1 of 19 11/29/20, 6:16 PM Battle of the Clipper Chip - The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/12/magazine/battle-of-the-clipp.. -
Zfone: a New Approach for Securing Voip Communication
Zfone: A New Approach for Securing VoIP Communication Samuel Sotillo [email protected] ICTN 4040 Spring 2006 Abstract This paper reviews some security challenges currently faced by VoIP systems as well as their potential solutions. Particularly, it focuses on Zfone, a vendor-neutral security solution developed by PGP’s creator, Phil Zimmermann. Zfone is based on the Z Real-time Transport Protocol (ZRTP), which is an extension of the Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP). ZRTP offers a very simple and robust approach to providing protection against the most common type of VoIP threats. Basically, the protocol offers a mechanism to guarantee high entropy in a Diffie- Hellman key exchange by using a session key that is computed through the hashing several secrets, including a short authentication string that is read aloud by callers. The common shared secret is calculated and used only for one session at a time. However, the protocol allows for a part of the shared secret to be cached for future sessions. The mechanism provides for protection for man-in-the-middle, call hijack, spoofing, and other common types of attacks. Also, this paper explores the fact that VoIP security is a very complicated issue and that the technology is far from being inherently insecure as many people usually claim. Introduction Voice over IP (VoIP) is transforming the telecommunication industry. It offers multiple opportunities such as lower call fees, convergence of voice and data networks, simplification of deployment, and greater integration with multiple applications that offer enhanced multimedia functionality [1]. However, notwithstanding all these technological and economic opportunities, VoIP also brings up new challenges. -
Gnu Privacy Guard (Gnupg) Mini Howto (Italiano)
Gnu Privacy Guard (GnuPG) Mini Howto (italiano) Brenno J.S.A.A.F. de Winter (inglese) <[email protected]>, Michael Fischer v. Mollard (tedesco) <[email protected]>, Arjen Baart (olandese) <[email protected]>, Cristian Riga- monti (italiano) <[email protected]> Versione 0.1.4 12 maggio 2003 Questo documento spiega come usare GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG), un sistema di crittografia Open Source e compatibile con OpenPGP. Per mantenere il programma totalmente libero, si `eevitato l’uso di RSA e di altri algoritmi brevettati. Il documento originale `escritto in tedesco da Michael Fischer v. Mollard, questa traduzione italiana, a cura di Cristian Rigamonti, `ebasata sulla traduzione inglese del testo originale. Indice 1 Concetti 2 1.1 Crittografia a chiave pubblica .................................... 2 1.2 Firme digitali ............................................. 2 1.3 Rete di fiducia ............................................ 3 1.4 Limiti alla sicurezza ......................................... 3 2 Installazione 3 2.1 Sorgenti di GnuPG .......................................... 3 2.2 Configurazione ............................................ 4 2.3 Compilazione ............................................. 4 2.4 Installazione .............................................. 5 3 Uso delle chiavi 5 3.1 Creare una chiave ........................................... 5 3.2 Esportare le chiavi .......................................... 6 3.3 Importare le chiavi .......................................... 6 3.4 Revocare una chiave ........................................ -
Wsemail: a Retrospective on a System for Secure Internet Messaging Based on Web Services
WSEmail: A Retrospective on a System for Secure Internet Messaging Based on Web Services Michael J. May Kevin D. Lux Kinneret Academic College University of Pennsylvania, Rowan University [email protected] [email protected] Carl A. Gunter University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign [email protected] Abstract 1 Introduction Web services are a mature technology nearing their Web services offer an opportunity to redesign a va- twentieth birthday. They have created the founda- riety of older systems to exploit the advantages of a tion for highly interoperable distributed systems to flexible, extensible, secure set of standards. In this communicate over the Internet using standardized work we revisit WSEmail, a system proposed over protocols (e.g. SOAP, JSON) and security mech- ten years ago to improve email by redesigning it as anisms (e.g. OAuth (IETF RFC 6749), XMLD- a family of web services. WSEmail offers an alterna- SIG [5]). Legacy systems and protocols must be tive vision of how instant messaging and email ser- reevaluated to see how they can benefit from mod- vices could have evolved, offering security, extensi- ern architectures, standards, and tools. As a case bility, and openness in a distributed environment in- study of such an analysis and redesign, we present stead of the hardened walled gardens that today's an expanded study of WSEmail [20], electronic mail rich messaging systems have become. WSEmail's ar- redesigned as a family of web services we first imple- chitecture, especially its automatic plug-in download mented and presented in 2005. feature allows for rich extensions without changing the base protocol or libraries. -
Crypto Projects That Might Not Suck
Crypto Projects that Might not Suck Steve Weis PrivateCore ! http://bit.ly/CryptoMightNotSuck #CryptoMightNotSuck Today’s Talk ! • Goal was to learn about new projects and who is working on them. ! • Projects marked with ☢ are experimental or are relatively new. ! • Tried to cite project owners or main contributors; sorry for omissions. ! Methodology • Unscientific survey of projects from Twitter and mailing lists ! • Excluded closed source projects & crypto currencies ! • Stats: • 1300 pageviews on submission form • 110 total nominations • 89 unique nominations • 32 mentioned today The People’s Choice • Open Whisper Systems: https://whispersystems.org/ • Moxie Marlinspike (@moxie) & open source community • Acquired by Twitter 2011 ! • TextSecure: Encrypt your texts and chat messages for Android • OTP-like forward security & Axolotl key racheting by @trevp__ • https://github.com/whispersystems/textsecure/ • RedPhone: Secure calling app for Android • ZRTP for key agreement, SRTP for call encryption • https://github.com/whispersystems/redphone/ Honorable Mention • ☢ Networking and Crypto Library (NaCl): http://nacl.cr.yp.to/ • Easy to use, high speed XSalsa20, Poly1305, Curve25519, etc • No dynamic memory allocation or data-dependent branches • DJ Bernstein (@hashbreaker), Tanja Lange (@hyperelliptic), Peter Schwabe (@cryptojedi) ! • ☢ libsodium: https://github.com/jedisct1/libsodium • Portable, cross-compatible NaCL • OpenDNS & Frank Denis (@jedisct1) The Old Standbys • Gnu Privacy Guard (GPG): https://www.gnupg.org/ • OpenSSH: http://www.openssh.com/