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7: Society III A History Of Knowledge What The Victorian Age Knew Chapter 7: Society III Piero Scaruffi (2004) www.scaruffi.com Edited and revised by Chris Hastings (2013) Abolitions • Abolition of slavery in the USA (1861) • Abolition of serfdom in Russia (1861) 2 Democracy • USA: 1865 • France: 1875 • Britain: 1918 • But not for women 3 Puritanism • 1865: The “Salvation Army” • 1873: Anthony Comstock founds the Society for the Suppression of Vice • 1874: The Woman's Christian Temperance Union is founded 4 The Invention Of Childhood • Kate Greenaway (Britain): “Under the Window: Pictures & Rhymes for Children” (1879) 5 Customs • One is a gentleman/lady not by birth but by good manners • The dandy (modeled after Bryan “Beau” Brummell of the 1800s) 6 Private Life Board games of the 1880s 7 Private Life • Moving panoramas: Before cinema and before virtual reality • Robert Baker’s proto-panorama of Edinburgh (1791) • John Banvard: Moving panorama of 1848 • Albert Smith’s panorama of the Mont Blanc, showed more than 2000 times (1852-58) • Moses Gompertz and the Poole brothers’ Myriorama (1890s) Banvard’s panorama 8 Transportation • 1825: Britain inaugurates the first railway in the world • 1840s: Boom of railways in Britain • 1869: The Union and Central Pacific railroads create the first transcontinental railroad • 1885: Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach invent the motorcycle • 1886: Karl Benz builds a gasoline-powered car • 1890: The first electrical subway (London) • 1900: Ferdinand von Zeppelin builds the first rigid dirigible • 1903: Wilbur and Orville Wright fly the first airplane • 1913: Henry Ford installs the first assembly line • 1936: Heinrich Focke flies the first helicopter 9 Transportation Benz’s car of 1886 (a carriage The USA’s first commercial without horses) automobile (Duryea, 1893) Henry Ford’s first automobile (1896) 10 Transportation • The Railway • Conductors, drivers, engine fireman • Railway stations • Signalmen • Maintenance crews • Telegraph • Engineers Coal locomotive of 1893 ("Engine 999" for the "Empire State Express") that reached 181 km/h (Museum of Science, Chicago) 11 Transportation Conestoga wagon Horse streetcar of 1870 (Museum of Science, Chicago) (Museum of Science, Chicago) Stagecoach (Museum of Science, Chicago) 12 Transportation • The Airplane • 1909: Louis Blériot crosses the English Channel in a monoplane • 1914: Robert Goddard invents the liquid-fuel rocket • 1915: German zeppelins bomb Britain (first air raid) • 1915-18: France builds 67,987 planes, Britain 58,144, Germany 48,537, Italy 20,000, and the USA 15,000 Wright brothers, 1903 Germany’s Fokker combat aircraft 13(1918) Telegraph • Second major revolution in information technology after the printing press • The virtual movement of information replaces the physical movement of people • Transportation and communication are decoupled • 1852: First transnational telegram (Paris to Berlin) 14 Long Distance Communication • 1901: Guglielmo Marconi (pictured) conducts the first transatlantic radio transmission • 1906: The vacuum tube (Robert von Lieben 1906, Lee Deforest 1907) enables long-distance phone lines and radio transmissions 15 The Telephone • 1861: Johann Reis invents the telephone • 1876: Alexander Bell demonstrates his telephone First commercial telephone, 1877 (Bell installs the world’s Telephones of the 1900s first commercial telephone 16 service) The First Telephone Directory (1878) 17 Media & Communication Queen Victoria (1854) Public telephone, Photograph by Roger Fenton 1909 1908: People in the USA mail 677,777,798 postcards out of a population of 88,700,000 (the postcard had been invented only in 1900) Electronics • Albert Michelson (1879): The speed of light in a vacuum is 299,792,458 meters per second • Hendrik Lorentz (1892): The atom is not elementary but is made of smaller units that are electrical in nature (theory of the electron) • Robert von Lieben (1906): Creates the first triode amplifier by adding a third electrode to the diode (birth of electronics) • Ernest Rutherford (1911): The atom is made of a nucleus and orbiting electrons (a mini-solar system) • Robert Millikan (1913): The charge of the electron 19 Electronics • Mysteries • Why don’t electrons fall into the nucleus of the atom (as required by Maxwell’s equations)? • Why is the “black body radiation” not infinite? • Why is the speed of light the same for all directions of motion? 20 Appliances • 1886: Josephine Cochrane invents the dishwasher • 1902: Willis Carrier invents the air conditioner • 1911: General Electric introduces the first commercial refrigerator • 1946: Percy Spencer invents the microwave oven 21 Sport • 1824: First sporting journal (Pierce Egan, London) • Hunting • Boxing • 1896: The French philanthropist Pierre de Coubertin revives the Olympic Games • 1903: The first Tour de France of cycling • 1930: The first World Cup of football is held in Uruguay 22 Motorsport • Peking To Paris Motor Challenge (1907) Scipione Borghese (winner) and photographer Luigi Barzini 23 Olympics 24 Olympics Athens 1896 G S B Montreal 1976 G S B 1. USA 11 7 2 1. USSR (URS) 49 41 35 2. Greece (GRE) 10 18 17 2. East Germany 40 25 25 3. Germany (GER) 6 5 2 3. USA 34 35 25 4. France (FRA) 5 4 2 4. West Germany 10 12 17 5. Great Britain (GBR) 2 3 2 5. Japan (JPN) 9 6 10 Berlin 1936 Barcelona 1992 1. Germany (GER) 33 26 30 1. Former USSR 45 38 29 2. USA 24 20 12 2. USA 37 34 37 3. Hungary (HUN) 10 1 5 3. Germany (GER) 33 21 28 4. Italy (ITA) 8 9 5 4. China 16 22 16 5. Finland (FIN) 7 6 6 5. Cuba (CUB) 14 6 11 Rome 1960 Sidney 2000 1. USSR (URS) 43 29 31 1. USA 40 24 33 2. USA 34 21 16 2. Russia 32 28 28 3. Italy (ITA) 13 10 13 3. China 28 16 15 4. Germany (EUA) 12 19 11 4. Australia (AUS) 16 25 17 25 5. Australia (AUS) 8 8 6 5. Germany (GER) 13 17 26 The Office • 1868: Christopher Latham Sholes invents the first practical typewriter • 1879: James Ritty invents the cash register • 1885: William Burroughs develops an adding machine • 1890: Herman Hollerith builds an electrical tabulating device (Hollerith’s company was acquired by IBM in 1911) Burroughs’s calculator (1897) (Museum of 26 Science, London) The Office Office Herman Hollerith’s Census Hans Egli’s Millionaire Calculator Machine (1899) (Computer (1899) (Computer History History Museum, Mountain View) Museum, Mountain View) 27 Consumerism • 1872: First mail order catalog (Aaron Montgomery Ward) • 1886: Kodak camera • 1888: Chewing gum • 1892: Coca Cola • 1893: First shopping center (Cleveland) • 1897: First movies to advertise products • 1901: King Camp Gillette invents the razor • 1917: 40% of American households have a telephone • 1920: Eight million Americans own a car 28 This is a chapter in Piero Scaruffi’s “A History Of Knowledge:” http://www.scaruffi.com/know .
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