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Vacuum Tube Theory, a Basics Tutorial – Page 1
Vacuum Tube Theory, a Basics Tutorial – Page 1 Vacuum Tubes or Thermionic Valves come in many forms including the Diode, Triode, Tetrode, Pentode, Heptode and many more. These tubes have been manufactured by the millions in years gone by and even today the basic technology finds applications in today's electronics scene. It was the vacuum tube that first opened the way to what we know as electronics today, enabling first rectifiers and then active devices to be made and used. Although Vacuum Tube technology may appear to be dated in the highly semiconductor orientated electronics industry, many Vacuum Tubes are still used today in applications ranging from vintage wireless sets to high power radio transmitters. Until recently the most widely used thermionic device was the Cathode Ray Tube that was still manufactured by the million for use in television sets, computer monitors, oscilloscopes and a variety of other electronic equipment. Concept of thermionic emission Thermionic basics The simplest form of vacuum tube is the Diode. It is ideal to use this as the first building block for explanations of the technology. It consists of two electrodes - a Cathode and an Anode held within an evacuated glass bulb, connections being made to them through the glass envelope. If a Cathode is heated, it is found that electrons from the Cathode become increasingly active and as the temperature increases they can actually leave the Cathode and enter the surrounding space. When an electron leaves the Cathode it leaves behind a positive charge, equal but opposite to that of the electron. In fact there are many millions of electrons leaving the Cathode. -
INF 3190 Wireless Communications
Department of Informatics Networks and Distributed Systems (ND) group INF 3190 Wireless Communications Özgü Alay [email protected] Simula Research Laboratory Outline • Brief history of wireless • What is wireless communication? • Bottom-down approach – Physical layer : how can we transmit signals in air? – Link layer : multiple access – Wireless impact higher layers? • Wireless Systems – Mobile Broadband Networks – Wifi – Sensor Networks, Adhoc Networks 2 Wireless History • James C Maxwell ( 1831- 1879) laying the theoretical foundation for EM fields with his famous equations • Heinrich Hertz (1857- 1894 ) was the first to demonstrate the wave character of electrical transmission through space (1886). (Note Today the unit Hz reminds us of this discovery). • Radio invented in the 1880s by Marconi • The 1st radio broadcast took place in 1906 when Reginald A Fessenden transmitted voice and music for Christmas. • The invention of electronic vacuum tube in 1906 by Lee De Forest (1873-1961) & Robert Von Lieben (1878 – 1913) helped to reduce the size of sender and receiver . 3 Wireless History cont… • In 1915 , the first wireless voice transmission was set up between New York and San Francisco • The 1st commercial radio station started in 1920 – Note Sender & Receiver still needed huge antennas due to high transmission power. • In 1926, the first telephone in a train was available on the Berlin – Hamburg line • 1928 was the year of many field trials for TV broadcasting. John L Baird ( 1888 – 1946 ) transmitted TV across Atlantic and demonstrated color TV 4 Wireless History cont … • Invention of FM in 1933 by Edwin H Armstrong [ 1890 - 1954 ] . • 1946, Public Mobile in 25 US cities, high power transmitter on large tower. -
Liste Des Tubes À Vide Il S'agit D'une Liste De Tubes À
Liste des tubes à vide Il s'agit d'une liste de tubes à vide ou vannes thermo-ioniques et basse pression tubes remplis de gaz ou tubes à décharge . Avant l'avènement des semi-conducteurs périphériques, des centaines de types de tubes ont été utilisés dans l'électronique grand public et industriels; aujourd'hui seuls quelques types sont encore utilisés dans des applications spécialisées. Table des matières 1 chauffage ou notes filament 2 embases de tube 3 systèmes de numérotation 3.1 systèmes nord-américain 3.1.1 système RMA (1942) 3.1.2 système RETMA (tubes recevant, 1953) 3.1.3 Chiffre systèmes uniquement 3.2 systèmes d'Europe occidentale 3.2.1 système Marconi-Osram 3.2.2 système Mullard-Philips 3.2.2.1 tubes standard 3.2.2.2 tubes de qualité spéciaux 3.2.2.3 tubes professionnels 3.2.2.4 tubes Transmission 3.2.2.5 Phototubes et des photomultiplicateurs 3.2.2.6 stabilisateurs 3.2.3 systèmes Mazda / Ediswan 3.2.3.1 ancien système 3.2.3.2 tubes de signaux 3.2.3.3 Puissance redresseurs 3.2.4 STC / Brimar système de réception des tubes 3.2.5 Tesla système de tubes de réception 3.3 système de normalisation industrielle japonaise 3.4 systèmes russes 3.4.1 tubes standard 3.4.2 tubes électriques à très haute 3,5 tubes désignation Très-haute puissance (Eitel McCullough et ses dérivés) 3.6 ETL désignation des tubes de calcul 3.7 systèmes de dénomination militaires 3.7.1 Colombie-système nommage CV 3.7.2 US systèmes de dénomination 3.8 Autres systèmes chiffre uniquement 3.9 Autre lettre suivie de chiffres 4 Liste des tubes américains, avec leurs -
7: Society III
A History Of Knowledge What The Victorian Age Knew Chapter 7: Society III Piero Scaruffi (2004) www.scaruffi.com Edited and revised by Chris Hastings (2013) Abolitions • Abolition of slavery in the USA (1861) • Abolition of serfdom in Russia (1861) 2 Democracy • USA: 1865 • France: 1875 • Britain: 1918 • But not for women 3 Puritanism • 1865: The “Salvation Army” • 1873: Anthony Comstock founds the Society for the Suppression of Vice • 1874: The Woman's Christian Temperance Union is founded 4 The Invention Of Childhood • Kate Greenaway (Britain): “Under the Window: Pictures & Rhymes for Children” (1879) 5 Customs • One is a gentleman/lady not by birth but by good manners • The dandy (modeled after Bryan “Beau” Brummell of the 1800s) 6 Private Life Board games of the 1880s 7 Private Life • Moving panoramas: Before cinema and before virtual reality • Robert Baker’s proto-panorama of Edinburgh (1791) • John Banvard: Moving panorama of 1848 • Albert Smith’s panorama of the Mont Blanc, showed more than 2000 times (1852-58) • Moses Gompertz and the Poole brothers’ Myriorama (1890s) Banvard’s panorama 8 Transportation • 1825: Britain inaugurates the first railway in the world • 1840s: Boom of railways in Britain • 1869: The Union and Central Pacific railroads create the first transcontinental railroad • 1885: Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach invent the motorcycle • 1886: Karl Benz builds a gasoline-powered car • 1890: The first electrical subway (London) • 1900: Ferdinand von Zeppelin builds the first rigid dirigible • 1903: Wilbur and Orville -
Guide for Transmitting Tubes
UIDEfor TRANSMITTING TUBES 104 ENGINEERS EXPERIMENTERS 904citscied. SPECIAL CHART FOR TRANSMITTING TUBES 1Air-and Water -Cooled, PHOTOTUBES, CATHODE RAY AND SPECIAL TUBES 111111111111111111.11111.0 Price 35 Cents RAMO CORPORATION OF Asioncit, CAMDEN, N. J., U.*. A. Nes, POWER WHEN YOU WANT IT AS MUCH AS YOU WANT FOR THE SERVICE YOU WANT 450 WATTS INPUT- TUBE COST, $7.00 RCA -812triodesinpush-pull will take 460 watts input up to 60 Mc-an all-time high in tube economy with 64.3 watts input per dollar. RCA -812's and their high -mu companions, RCA -811'e, are the only low-pricedtubes with the Zirconium -coated an- ode. This anode, an RCA devel- opment, has very high heat dis- sipating qualities and functions asahighlyeffectivegetter. 360 WATTS INPUT-LESS THAN A WATT OF DRIVE! The RCA -813 beam transmitting tube offers real power and circuit amplification.It makes possible efficient and flexible ligh-gain stages at a cast comparable with that of equipment usingDrdi nary tube 2ombinations. 6,36) VOLTS AT 1/2 AMPERE: Single-phase full -wave, briclg? recti- fier using Lang -life 866-A/886's de- livers over three kilowatts of power to the load. RCA-866-A/866's handle high voltagesat lowinitialcost, have tremendous emission reserve, and provide longerlife.Reason are that these tubes are designed with improued filaments, have dame bulbs andnsulated plate caps. at, PUSH-PULL BEAM POWER ON 150 Mc The 811 in this tuned4ine r -f power amplifier de- livers50 watts output at 160 Mc-with a grid drive of less than one -bait watt. -
118 Bernards Radio Manuals 5
§ i PRACTICAL 118 voor de Historie v/d Radio iSHB 130. BERNARDS RADIO MANUALS 5/ ■ ■ tUOTHEEK N.V.H.R, i PRACTICAL F.M. CIRCUITS FOR THE HOME CONSTRVCTOR by R. Deschepper BERNARDS (PUBLISHERS) LTD. THE GRAMPIANS WESTERN GATE LONDON, W.6 General Editor Walter J. May First Published in Great Britain, February, 1955. First published in France under the copyright title “ Schemas de recepteurs pour la modulation de “ frequence,” by Societe des Editions Radio, 9, Rue Jacob, Paris (6e) i i ; i i iii THE FREQUENCY MODULATION ERA From its infancy Broadcasting has been considered to fulfill the primary function of conveying to very large audiences the sounds produced in front of the microphone or held in store in the form of recordings. In the early days, the possibility of picking up distant stations appealed strongly to the first amateurs. Long distance records used to be claimed on all sides, and the ‘‘last word” in 1925 was to “receive America.” Although in this way sen sitivity came into the foreground among the principal qualities demanded from a receiver, the density of the traffic through the ether soon brought up the critical problems of selectivity. However, up to 1930, radio remained the privilege of a small group of enthusiasts, since the installation, maintenance and control of a receiver layout (comprising, besides the receiver itself, a frame aerial, a loud speaker, a filament battery together with its charger, and an H.T. battery eventually to be replaced by a “battery eliminator”) necessitated a certain amount of technical knowledge and more than a little patience. -
Tabulation of Published Data on Electron Devices of the U.S.S.R. Through December 1976
NAT'L INST. OF STAND ms & TECH R.I.C. Pubii - cations A111D4 4 Tfi 3 4 4 NBSIR 78-1564 Tabulation of Published Data on Electron Devices of the U.S.S.R. Through December 1976 Charles P. Marsden Electron Devices Division Center for Electronics and Electrical Engineering National Bureau of Standards Washington, DC 20234 December 1978 Final QC— U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 100 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS U56 73-1564 Buraev of Standard! NBSIR 78-1564 1 4 ^79 fyr *'• 1 f TABULATION OF PUBLISHED DATA ON ELECTRON DEVICES OF THE U.S.S.R. THROUGH DECEMBER 1976 Charles P. Marsden Electron Devices Division Center for Electronics and Electrical Engineering National Bureau of Standards Washington, DC 20234 December 1978 Final U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary / Dr. Sidney Harman, Under Secretary Jordan J. Baruch, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director - 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Preface i v 1. Introduction 2. Description of the Tabulation ^ 1 3. Organization of the Tabulation ’ [[ ] in ’ 4. Terminology Used the Tabulation 3 5. Groups: I. Numerical 7 II. Receiving Tubes 42 III . Power Tubes 49 IV. Rectifier Tubes 53 IV-A. Mechanotrons , Two-Anode Diode 54 V. Voltage Regulator Tubes 55 VI. Current Regulator Tubes 55 VII. Thyratrons 56 VIII. Cathode Ray Tubes 58 VIII-A. Vidicons 61 IX. Microwave Tubes 62 X. Transistors 64 X-A-l . Integrated Circuits 75 X-A-2. Integrated Circuits (Computer) 80 X-A-3. Integrated Circuits (Driver) 39 X-A-4. Integrated Circuits (Linear) 89 X- B. -
History of Thethermionic Tube / Valve / Vacuum
History of theThermionic Tube / Valve / Vacuum Tube – Page 1 The following notes have been assembled by Phil (VK5SRP) from original material and material from several web sites, including Wikipedia for a class run at the North East Radio Club, South Australia January 2016. In electronics, a vacuum tube, an electron tube, or just a tube (North America), or valve (Britain and some other regions) is a device that controls electric current between electrodes in an evacuated container. Vacuum tubes mostly rely on thermionic emission of electrons from a hot filament or a cathode heated by the filament/heater. This type is called a thermionic tube or thermionic valve. A Photo-tube, however, achieves electron emission through the photoelectric effect. Not all electronic circuit valves/electron tubes are vacuum tubes (evacuated). Gas-filled tubes are similar devices containing a gas, typically at low pressure, which exploit phenomena related to electric discharge in gases, usually without a heater. Although thermionic emission was originally reported in 1873 by Frederick Guthrie, it was Thomas Edison's 1883 investigation that spurred future research, the phenomenon thus becoming known as the "Edison effect". Edison patented what he found, but he did not understand the underlying physics, nor did he have an inkling of the potential value of the discovery. It wasn't until the early 20th century that the rectifying property of such a device was utilised, most notably by John Ambrose Fleming, who used the Diode tube to detect (demodulate) radio signals. Lee De Forest's 1906 "Audion" was also developed as a radio detector, and soon led to the development of the Triode tube. -
The Great War and Wireless Communications
Chapter 1 The Great War and Wireless Communications 1.1 LAND - BOUND COMMUNICATIONS 1.1.1 The Battle of Tannenberg and the Electron Tube The guns of August 1914 thundered along a western front from Belgium through northeastern France to the Jura mountains and along an eastern front from East Prussia through Russian Poland and Austro - Hungarian Galicia. (See Figure 1.1 .) When war broke out at the beginning of that month, German leaders followed a strategy formulated by Alfred von Schlieffen nine years earlier in directing most of the available manpower and materiel against their enemies in the West, while fi ght- ing a holding action against the Russians. Fearful of a two - front war, they hoped to force France to sue for peace before the massive Russian armies could be brought effectively to bear on the much smaller German armies in East Prussia and Silesia. In the West, the Germans moved steadily through Belgium, entering Li è ge on 7 August and Brussels on 20 August, and at the same time sharply repulsed the French offensive in Alsace - Lorraine. But news from the Eastern Front was, from the German point of view, quite disturbing. Russia ’ s huge First and Second Armies, numbering some 200,000 men each, had mobilized and reached the front much faster than expected. On 17 August the Russians took the offensive, and on 20 August the Germans suffered a defeat at Gumbinnen. Soon a third of East Prussia was in Russian hands. There wasCOPYRIGHTED widespread fear and some panic MATERIALbehind German lines, and refugees streamed westward toward Berlin. -
Valve Type Numbers
Valve Type Numbers The information in this document has been gathered and assembled from various sources including Radio Bygones magazine No. 9 (February/March 1991). Pro-Electron/Mullard Code This are probably the most commonly encountered numbering system in the UK - and the most informative. It consists of two or more letters followed by a number (normally two digits). Examples - UL41, ECC85, UABC80. The first letter gives heater rating: Character Heater Rating A 4V B 180mA C 200mA D 0 - 1.5V (previously 1.4V) E 6.3V F 12.6V G Misc. (previously 5V) H 150mA K 2V L 450mA P 300mA T 7.4V U 100mA V 50mA W 600mA X 450mA The remaining letters give the types of device in the valve. They are normally listed in alphabetical order. Character Device Type A Signal Diode B Double Diode C Signal Triode D Power Triode E Signal Tetrode F Signal Pentode H Hexode or Heptode (Hexode type) K Octode or Heptode (Octode type) L Output Tetrode or Pentode M Magic Eye (Tuning Indicator) N Gas-filled Triode (Thyrathon) Q Nonode X Gas-filled Full-wave Rectifier Y Half-wave Rectifier Z Full-Wave Rectifier The first digit indicates the base type. Where there is only one digit this is assumed to be the second digit, and be preceded by a zero. For example, EM4 should be interpreted as EM04. Digit Base Type 0 and 1 Miscellaneous Bases (P-Base, Side Contact etc) 2 B10B (previously B8B/B8G (Loctal)) 3 International Octal (8-pin with centre locating spigot) 4 B8A (8 pin with locating pip on side) 5 B9G and B9D (wire ended) 6 and 7 Subminatures 8 B9A (9-pin glass) 9 B7G (7-pin glass) The remaining digit(s) are used to differentiate between valves that would otherwise have identical numbers:- • One digit for early valves • Two figures for later entertainment valves • Three or Four figures for later professional types GEC Code (also used on Marconi and Osram valves) This consists of one or two letters followed by a number (normally two digits). -
1999-2018 INDEX This Index Covers Tube Collector Through August 2018, the TCA "Data Cache" DVD- ROM Set, and the Following TCA Special Publications: No
1999-2018 INDEX This index covers Tube Collector through August 2018, the TCA "Data Cache" DVD- ROM set, and the following TCA Special Publications: No. 1 Manhattan College Vacuum Tube Museum - List of Displays .........................1999 No. 2 Triodes in Radar: The Early VHF Era ...............................................................2000 No. 3 Auction Results ....................................................................................................2001 No. 4 A Tribute to George Clark, with audio CD ........................................................2002 No. 5 J. B. Johnson and the 224A CRT.........................................................................2003 No. 6 McCandless and the Audion, with audio CD......................................................2003 No. 7 AWA Tube Collector Group Fact Sheet, Vols. 1-6 ...........................................2004 No. 8 Vacuum Tubes in Telephone Work.....................................................................2004 No. 9 Origins of the Vacuum Tube, with audio CD.....................................................2005 No. 10 Early Tube Development at GE...........................................................................2005 No. 11 Thermionic Miscellany.........................................................................................2006 No. 12 RCA Master Tube Sales Plan, 1950....................................................................2006 No. 13 GE Tungar Bulb Data Manual................................................................. -
The Vacuum Tube a “Hollow State” Device
The Vacuum Tube A “Hollow State” Device Ken Moak KM8AM 22-Feb-18All images are property of their owners 1 What We’ll Cover • In the beginning (One element) • Diode (Two elements) • Triode (Three elements) and more • Tubes today 22-Feb-18 2 We’re still looking for a radio job What’s up guys? www.huyzebladelin.com 22-Feb-18 3 In The Beginning “One Element” 1873: British Professor Frederick Guthrie showed a negatively- charged, red-hot, iron sphere would quickly discharge A positively-charged sphere did not discharge as fast 22-Feb-18 4 In The Beginning “One Element” www.ieeeghn.org 1880: Edison received a patent for an electric lamp using “… a carbon filament or strip coiled and connected to platina contact wires …" 22-Feb-18 5 In The Beginning “One Element” A red hot cathode emits a cloud of electrons www.ieeeghn.org www.r-type.org 22-Feb-18 6 The Diode “Two Elements” • 1883: The Edison Effect - Edison thought his bulbs became dark from carbon atoms from the filament hitting the glass • Tried a second, positively-charged element in the bulb to attract the negative atoms away from hitting the glass • A positive charge relative to the filament caused current flow in the circuit. When reversed, no http://handley.org.uk current flowed 22-Feb-18 7 The Diode “Two Elements” 1904: The Fleming Valve – John Fleming, using some Edison bulbs, observed that if he applied alternating current (AC) to the bulb, only one half of the cycle passed. It was rectifying the AC to produce a pulsed direct current (DC) wb0nni.dakotamade.com yourdictionary.com Science Museum/Science & Society Picture Library 22-Feb-18 8 The Diode “Two Elements” Plate current only flows when plate is positive relative to the cathode http://www.angelfire.com/electronic/funwithtubes/Basics_03_Diodes.html 22-Feb-18 9 The Triode “Three Elements” 1906: Robert von Lieben filed for a patent for a cathode ray tube.