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(Franz) Xaver Scharwenka (1850-1924) Michael P. Mihalyo Jr

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(Franz) Xaver Scharwenka (1850-1924) Michael P. Mihalyo Jr The Life and Keyboard Works of (Franz) Xaver Scharwenka (1850-1924) Michael P. Mihalyo Jr. Research Project Submitted to the College of Creative Arts at West Virginia University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Musical Arts DMA Committee Christine Kefferstan, D.M.A., chair Mary Ferer, Ph.D. James Miltenberger, D.M.A. Rosemary Srebalus, Ed.D. David Taddie, Ph.D. Virginia Thompson, D.M.A. Morgantown, West Virginia 2002 Keywords: Scharwenka, Romantic, Polish, Piano Copyright 2002 Michael P. Mihalyo Jr. ABSTRACT 4. THE KEYBOARD WORKS OF XAVER SCHARWENKA 25 The Life and Works of (Franz) Xaver Scharwenka The Polish Dances 27 (1850 – 1924) The Solo Keyboard Sonatas 60 Michael P. Mihalyo Jr. The Concertos for Piano and Orchestra 83 (Franz) Xaver Scharwenka (1850-1924) was a highly acclaimed performer, Other Character Pieces 105 teacher, editor, and composer of international fame during the late Romantic 5. CONCLUSIONS 112 period. APPENDIX Overshadowed by the innovative styles of a number of contemporaneous A. List of Works 118 composers B. Discography 127 including Ravel, Debussy, and Scriabin, Scharwenka’s works gradually BIBLIOGRAPHY 129 disappeared from iv the teaching studio and the concert hall. Regrettably, his compositions, although ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS critically acclaimed in his lifetime, are now for the most part out of print and rarely I would like to express my gratitude to Dr. Mary Ferer for her patient and performed. This study explores Scharwenka’s works as a significant addition to consistent help throughout this project. I would also like to thank Dr. David Taddie the for repertory of the late Romantic literature for study and performance. This research his help with analyis. I am also indebted to Dr. Christine Kefferstan, Dr. James project, the result of a lengthy investigation of the piano works of Xaver Miltenberger, Dr. Rosemary Srebalus, and Dr. Virginia Thompson, who provided Scharwenka, insight presents a biographical account of Scharwenka’s life and an examination of his in this project. repertory This project was made possible with the assistance of many people. I would like by genre including the Polish Dance s, sonatas, concerti, and selected character to thank Mrs. Dorothy Clarke, whose generous gift of original documents served pieces. A as the complete list of works, a discography, and a bibliography are found at the end of catalyst for this project. I would also like to thank Dr. Mary-Bess Halford, T. W. the Phillips document. Memorial Library Director, Bethany College, Bethany, West Virginia for her assistance in translating selected texts. I am indebted to Miss Heather May, T. W. Phillips iii Memorial Library Associate Librarian, Bethany College, Bethany, West Virginia, CONTENTS for her ABSTRACT ii help in locating and acquiring inter-library loan materials. Finally, I would like to ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv express my thanks to the staff of the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin – Musikabteilung LIST OF MUSICAL EXAMPLES v mit Chapter Mendelssohn – Archiv of Berlin, Germany for their assistance with this research. 1. INTRODUCTION 1 v 2. RELATED LITERATURE 7 3. A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF SCHARWENKA’S LIFE 10 Scharwenka’s Career as a Teacher 11 Scharwenka’s Career as a Performer 16 Scharwenka’s Career as an Editor 19 CHAPTER 1 Scharwenka’s Career as a Composer 20 INTRODUCTION The nineteenth century was an age in which the piano and the virtuoso pianist Some of the most successful of these “rehabilitations was the revival of the minor reigned supreme. Masters of the keyboard, including Frederic Chopin, Franz composers of early eighteenthcentury-the so-called baroque and rococo styles.8” Liszt, Johannes Brahms, and Robert Schumann, achieved celebrity status From these efforts, the onceforgotten works of Vivaldi, Scarlatti, and others through brilliant compositions and artistic prowess in the concert hall. These became regular offerings. keyboard luminaries served as models for many later composer/ pianists. Likewise, the revival of much of the music of Franz Josef Haydn came about as Unfortunately, many of these inspired artists such as Theodor Kirshner,1 Joachim late as the 1960s through the efforts of H. C. Robbins Landon. One of the most Raff,2 and Josef Rheinberger3 have been ignored; their works and memoirs have attractive features of these newly discovered works was the accessibility of the been cast aside, hidden in libraries throughout the world. music to the listener. The works of Xaver Scharwenka also emerge as attractive (Franz) Xaver Scharwenka (1850-1924), in his time a highly esteemed performer, and accessible. His works, strongly influenced by Chopin and Schumann, were teacher, editor, and composer of international fame, is among those whose works clearly written with audience appeal in mind. Many of these undeniably appealing and pieces were full of folk-like dance rhythms, animated virtuosic displays, and memoirs have been neglected. His compositions, although critically acclaimed in intriguing harmonic choices. Johnson states 6 Loesser, Men, Women, and his lifetime are, unfortunately, for the most part today out of print and rarely Pianos , 428. performed. The 7 Charles Rosen, Critical Entertainments: Music Old and New (Cambridge, gradual disappearance of Scharwenka’s works from the teaching studio and the Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2000), 54. 8 Rosen, Critical concert hall began soon after his death and continues to this day. Thomas Arnold Entertainments , 55. 4 Johnson raises the issue of Scharwenka’s neglect in his 1939 that Scharwenka’s “compositions are energetic, rhythmical, and brilliant, always review of Scharwenka’s pieces: Why do the Grieg, Tchaikovsky, some of the containing impeccable workmanship and sincerity.9” It is important to note that “tinkly” Mozart Concertos keep cropping up every year, whilst good specimens some of the works of Xaver Scharwenka, mostly concertos, have sporadically such as the Scharwenka, Moszkowski, Schutt, and many more remain buried emerged from what Loesser described as rubble. Most of before they have been given a fair chance to hold their own? 1 Theodor Kirchner this attention has occurred in Europe. Scharwenka’s works have recently been (1823-1903) composed over ninety solo piano pieces, several piano duets, and recorded. transcriptions in the style of Mendelssohn and Schumann. In 1996, “the Gramaphone magazine Record of the Year was Hyperion’s 2 Joachim Raff (1822-1882) was a prolific composer in many genres. His recording of concertos by Emil von Sauer and Xaver Scharwenka, performed by extensive keyboard works featured many Lisztean virtuosic elements. 3 Josef pianist Stephan Rheinberger (1839-1901) enjoyed lasting prestige as a teacher and composer at Hough and the City of Birmingham (England) Symphony Orchestra, conducted by the Munich Lawrence Foster.10” From 1992 through 1996, pianist Seta Tanyel recorded a Conservatory. His compositions included twenty organ sonatas and many piano series of pieces that were written in Scharwenka’s works on the Collins Classics label. My own performances of some the style of Chopin and Schumann. 2 Doubtless, if they had borne the name of of Scharwenka’s works have elicited interest from listeners who wished to acquire Haydn, Brahms, Mozart, Chopin or any of the other giants, we would hear them recordings and scores. The present paper is the result of a lengthy investigation too often. But there it is; the name means a great deal more to some than the of the piano works of actual music, and so our great little men must suffer by being ignored.4 Xaver Scharwenka. The purpose of this study is to present a biographical Many factors contributed to the disappearance of Scharwenka’s works. Xaver account of the Scharwenka wrote in a style that, although highly marketable for public life of Xaver Scharwenka, to examine the extant repertory by genre, and to offer it consumption in his day, did not offer anything new compositionally. Scharwenka’s as a works and those of many of his contemporaries were overshadowed by the significant addition to the repertory of late Romantic literature for study and innovative writing of a number of contemporaneous composers including Ravel, performance. The Polish Dance Op.3, No.1 is the only work currently in print. Debussy, Scriabin, and Prokofiev. As Arthur Loesser points out: However, many out-of-print editions of the music were found in the The later nineteenth century produced a small quantity of piano music that Staatsbibliothek zu transcended the commonest formulas of its time and whose strength of Berlin – Musikabtielung mit Mendelssohn-Archiv . Photocopies of scores were conception gave it some personally staying power beyond its generation. I refer primarily to the works of Johannes obtained on a recent research trip to Berlin. Additional scores were obtained Brahms and Cesar Franck, much less positively to those of Camille Saint-Saens through and Edvard inter-library loan from many libraries throughout the United States. Grieg. There was other piano music that was far from contemptible in the 9 Johnson , Pianoforte Music of Scharwenka , 945. estimation of the day that was approved and admired by the best contemporary 10 “Year in Review 1996” Encyclopaedia Britannica Online . Available from: musicians and regarded as safely and nobly over the heads of the Philistine herd. http://search.eb.com/bol/topic?eu=123844&sctn=1 ; Internet; accessed 14 I refer to the compositions of Joachim Raff, Anton Rubenstein, Adolf Jensen, December 2001. Adolf Henselt, Josef Rheinberger, Xaver Scharwenka, and a number of others. 5 Alas, the repudiative rage of the twentieth century has swept them away: they are The first and principal publisher of Scharwenka’s works was Breitkopf and Härtel all trash now. But one could imagine, one or two hundred years hence – when in Leipzig, who printed thirty-one works. Additionally, Praeger and Meier of most of the cellulose that bears the notation of this nineteenth century refuse will Bremen, have crumbled to nothingness – that a generation of bright youths might discover Augener and Company of London and C.
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