Isnaini, Pramudhiarta/Jurnal Pertahanan Vol 6. No. 3 (2020) pp. 416-428

Jurnal Pertahanan

Media Informasi tentang Kajian dan Strategi Pertahanan yang Mengedepankan Identity, Nationalism dan Integrity e-ISSN: 2549-9459 http://jurnal.idu.ac.id/index.php/DefenseJournal

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) FOR MAPPING OF DRUG ABUSE USING SPATIAL CORRELATION ANALYSIS IN NORTH SUMATRA PROVINCE

Fitri Isnaini Balai Besar Rehabilitasi Badan Narkotika Nasional HR Edi Sukma Street, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia 16110 [email protected]

Narwawi Pramudhiarta United Nations Population Fund, UNFPA Menara Thamrin 7th Floor, M. H. Thamrin Street Kav. 3, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia 10250

Article Info Abstract

Article history: Drug abuse is a problem that affects almost every country in the Received 29 July 2020 world including Indonesia. In the long term, it has the potential Revised 7 December 2020 to disrupt competitiveness, weaken national resilience, and can Accepted 26 December 2020 hinder the progress of a nation. North Sumatra is a province that has the highest prevalence of drug abusers in Indonesia, which none of the villages in this Province is free from drug abuse. The Keywords: North Sumatera Province also has the highest number of drug Drugs, abusers undergoing rehabilitation at the BNN Rehabilitation Environment, Center. The use of geospatial technology can help understand Geographic Information System, the phenomenon of drug abuse by area or spatial. One of the Rehabilitation, geospatial technology that commonly uses is the Geographic Vulnerability Information System (GIS). This study aims to show that GIS can be used in mapping drug-prone areas in North Sumatra based on North Sumatran people undergoing drug rehabilitation. The method used is a retrospective based on secondary data and spatial statistics in GIS. The environment prone to drug abuse based on the number of people undergoing drug rehabilitation at the BNN Rehabilitation Center from North Sumatra is divided into 3 zones based on the number of clients distributed in BNN Rehabilitation Center, namely red, yellow and green. Red zone 3 cities/districts namely Deli Serdang, Medan, and Binjai with 9 sub-districts namely Percut Sei Tuan, Medan Amplas, Medan Helvetia, Medan Tembung, Medan Perjuangan, Binjai Utara, Medan Sunggal, Medan Johor, Medan Timur. The yellow area has 25 districts, the green area is 103 districts. In a conclusion, the Geographic Information System (GIS) is a technology that DOI: can be used to map drug-prone areas. http://dx.doi.org/10.3317 2/jp.v6i3.879 © 2020 Published by Indonesia Defense University

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INTRODUCTION such inequities in risky substance use Drug abuse is a global phenomenon, environments occur, the implications of affecting almost every country, but its such inequities for disparities in substance extent and characteristics differ from region use disorders and treatment outcomes, and to region. Drug abuse globally is a the implications for drug policies include transnational and multi-sectoral crime. prevention and treatment programs. Therefore, in the long term, it has the Mendoza et al. (2013) in their research potential to disrupt competitiveness, about assessing the spatial distribution of weaken national resilience, and can hinder risk in Buffalo, New York, shows that the progress of a nation. Isnaini et al. (2018) neighborhood geographical markers can be in their research on the spatial analysis of used to determine areas with an elevated the influence of socio-economic risk that may lead providers to better target vulnerability to drug abusers in Indonesia in and address substance use disorder 2015 stated that the defense and security of prevalence in communities. The highest the Indonesian nation could be affected by risk for negative treatment outcomes in the level of risk of drug abuse. The number areas with either high socioeconomic or of cases of drug abusers such as the iceberg physical environmental risk. phenomenon that appears on the surface of Analyzing the risk of drug abuse based the sea appears small on the upper surface on socio-economic vulnerability and the and large below, hidden, and invisible prevalence of drug abuse in 2015 shows (Sandi, 2016). that Indonesia has various levels of risk. In 2018 the prevalence of drug abusers High levels are in DKI Jakarta, East among students in 13 provincial capitals in Kalimantan, Riau Islands, West Java, and Indonesia reached 3.2%, equivalent to 2.29 North Sumatra (Isnaini et al., 2018). In million people (BNN, 2019a). This is quite 2015, the three provinces with the highest worrying because students are candidates number of abusers in Indonesia were DKI for human resources in the future Jakarta, North Sumatra, and East development of the nation and state. Data Kalimantan. In 2019, the three provinces on teenagers accessing rehabilitation with the largest prevalence of drug abusers services in the drug rehabilitation center are North Sumatra, South Sumatra, DKI national narcotic board every year increases Jakarta (BNN, 2019b). Based on a report (BNN, 2019a). Usman et al. (2003) say that from the BNN Rehabilitation Center, which human resources are important because is the largest rehabilitation center for drug they are a static or natural aspect of a abusers in Indonesia, the number of people nation's national resilience. undergoing rehabilitation from North The National Narcotics Agency of the Sumatra in the last 5 years is among the Republic of Indonesia (BNN) reports that highest. no village in Indonesia is free from drug The total number of drug abuse in North abuse. The report of the Indonesian Central Sumatera Province shows a high Statistics Agency (BPS) in the Village prevalence and a large number of drug Potential Report (PODES) 2010 also abusers undergoing rehabilitation which indicates that there are drug problems in all indicates that the problem management of villages in Indonesia. The prevalence of drug abusers in North Sumatra requires a drug abuse and the types of drugs used for more effective and comprehensive effort. the first time also varies between provinces The total number of drug abuse only able in Indonesia (BNN, 2015). This shows that shows the quantities, not the area geographic areas can influence patterns of distribution area. The use of technology drug abuse. that can help understand the phenomenon Mennis et al (2016) suggest that it is of an area or space namely the Geographic necessary to illustrate where, why, and how Information System (GIS).

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Geographical Information System (GIS) for early problem detection and solving is a computer system used to capture, store, (Boulos, 2004) The visual presentation and query (attribute selection), analyze, and distribution of any particular disease and display geospatial data. Geospatial data is association to any factor may be presented data that describes the location and using a map will lead to identifying the characteristics of a spatial (spatial) element. impact of those diseases to the population, Management of this data can use a and hence it may help in identifying risk technique called spatial analysis areas for further action. The capability of (Kemenristek RI, 2013). GIS in managing both spatial and non- The spatial analysis not only helps to spatial information provides an excellent understand a spatial phenomenon but also framework for disease management its structure/components. This is because (Srivastava et al., 2009). the spatial analysis is an interaction Limited human resources and funds in between spatial objects (Sadahiro, 2006). combating drug abuse require policymakers Therefore, spatial analysis can be used to to be able to set program target priorities. assist planning, and provide a basis for The capability of the Geographic policy or decision making (ESRI, 2016). Information System (GIS) in analyzing The idea of using GIS for substance abuse phenomena related to the environment can research was made aware to the researchers help analyze the environment prone to drug when they found out that there was a strong abuse in North Sumatra. Where this can be association between diseases and used as a guideline in formulating strategies environmental surroundings (Pereira et al., for the prevention, eradication, abuse, and 2010) illicit drug trafficking (P4GN) that are more Risk assessment and spatial analysis effective and efficient in the North Sumatra techniques to the study of violence have environment. The purpose of this study is to been applied in the prior research. Kennedy show that the Geographic Information et al. (2016) in their paper offers an System can be used in mapping drug-prone analytical strategy to model risky places areas in North Sumatra based on people that combines the conceptual insights of undergoing rehabilitation at the BNN crime emergence and persistence, advance Rehabilitation Center from North Sumatra. geospatial analytical techniques, and micro-level data. Fazillah et al. (2018) METHOD demonstrate the usefulness of a This study is a retrospective descriptive combination between a geographic study using secondary data, namely the information system and a multivariate addresses of people undergoing drug analysis in substance abuse research. Mohd rehabilitation at the BNN Rehabilitation Ekhwan et al. (2015) also study about the Center from North Sumatra Province. A spatial and temporal assessment of drug retrospective study uses existing data that addiction in Terengganu Malaysia to have been recorded for reasons other than understand the geographical area of the research. A retrospective case series is the district in the same cluster, besides, identify description of a group of cases with a new the hot spot area of this problem and or unusual disease or treatment (Hess, analysis the trend of drug addiction using 2004). It can also be interpreted that a multivariate analysis and GIS. retrospective study investigates outcomes Geographically focused or place-based, specified at the beginning of a study by policing practices have consistently looking backward at data collected from demonstrated effectiveness. GIS was seen previous patients (Powell & Sweeting, as a powerful evidence-based practice tool 2015).

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Description of the Study Area used is the administrative boundary of the The study area is in North Sumatra village. In this study, there are four steps for Province, one of the provinces in Indonesia, data analysis and its capital is Medan. Located at 1o-4o 1. The data cleaning process, line data North Latitude and 98o-100o East about client addresses from North Longitude, it covers an area of about Sumatra is broken down into provinces, 72,981.23 km2 and consists of 33 districts/cities, sub-districts, villages. regencies/cities. North Sumatra Province And then that is the codebase on BPS has a population of 12,985,075 people in coding. If it's incomplete client data, the 2010 national census, the 4th populous then it doesn't count. province in Indonesia. 2. Spatial analysis, making a map of the distribution of drug addiction at the Data district/sub-regional level. Then the 1. Address data of clients undergoing drug areas/zones are grouped into 3 (red, rehabilitation from North Sumatra at the yellow, green) so that we can find out BNN Rehabilitation Center Jl. Mayjend which environment is more vulnerable. H.R Edi Sukma KM 21 Wates Jaya 3. Spatial analysis, making a map of drug- Village, Cigombong District, Bogor porn areas base on BNN data. Regency, in 2017 and 2018. 4. Overlay map of the distributions client 2. A topographic map of North Sumatra is addresses from North Sumatra attending obtained from the Central Bureau of drug rehabilitation at the district / sub- Statistics. regional level, with the drug porn area. 3. Data on drug-prone areas obtained from 5. Analysis of the overlay map. the National Narcotics Agency in 2019 6. Conduct red zone analysis by overlay the 4. Demographic data for the North Sumatra demographic and the distribution of drug region from the Central Statistics abuse data. Agency in 2018 in the form of population density, open RESULTS AND DISCUSSION unemployment, percentage of poor The results of data collection on people people, human development index, from North Sumatra undergoing economic growth rate, male population, rehabilitation at the BNN Rehabilitation female population, gender ratio, number Center in 2017 and 2018, there are 532 of facilities Health, number of crimes, address data. The data obtained is in the number of narcotics crimes. form of complete address data, without separating the names of the street, sub- Tools and Materials district, sub-district, and district/city. 1. Laptop with Intel processor Core i7- The results of data cleaning show only 5500 CPU 2.24 GHz, 16 GB RAM, 512 529 data can be processed due to SSD, 2 TB HDD, Graphics 2GB. incomplete addresses. Complete in the 2. ArcGIS Desktop 10.8 sense that there are names of Villages, Subdistricts, Districts/Cities Provinces, Data Analysis however, this study only shows the results Data analysis used in this study is a form of up to the district level for policy planning qualitative analysis, according to (Hasan, recommendation. 2012) qualitative analysis is an analysis that A visual representation of spatial data on does not use mathematical models, drug abusers from North Sumatra statistical and econometric models, or undergoing rehabilitation at the BNN certain other models. Just read the available Rehabilitation Centre Lido in distribution is tables, graphics, or figures, then decompose illustrated in Figure 1. Based on the spatial and interpret them. The unit of analysis analysis as shown in Figure 1, the number

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Isnaini, Pramudhiarta/Jurnal Pertahanan Vol 6. No. 3 (2020) pp. 416-428 of drug abusers from North Sumatra based on the district, then in the red area undergoing rehabilitation at the BNN there are 9 subdistricts, namely Percut Sei Rehabilitation Center Lido by district Tuan, Medan Amplas, Medan Helvetia, varies. Referring to the map, the prone Medan Tembung, Medan Perjuangan, environment is identified and analyzed. Binjai Utara, Medan Sunggal, Medan The vulnerable environment refers to the Johor, Medan Timur. area with the highest number of drug In the yellow area (claster 2) there are 11 abusers undergoing rehabilitation. The city/distict which has a sub-district that is in clustering method is divided the total the yellow area witch are Medan Karo, number of drug abuse into 3 classes using a Asahan, Labuhan Batu, Deli Serdang, normal curve namely high (red), medium Labuhan Batu Utara, Binjai, Batu Bara, (yellow), and green (low) using a normal Tanjung Balai, Padangsidimpuan, Karo. curve in GIS software. There are 25 Sub districts of the region, The red area (cluster 1) shows the namely Kisaran Barat, Kabanjahe, Medan highest number of abusers undergoing Selayang, Tanjung Morawa, Rantau Utara, rehabilitation, 12-22 clients. The yellow Medan Denai, Medan Tuntungan, Lubuk area (Cluster 2) shows the number of drug Pakam, Tanjung Tiram, Binjai Timur, abusers as many as 5-11 clients. Areas in Beringin, Sunggal, Kualuh Hulu, Medan green (Cluster 3) indicate the number of Area, Kisaran Timur, Binjai Selatan, abusers undergoing rehabilitation of 1-4 Kualuh Hilir, Medan Labuhan, Limapuluh, clients. There is an area that appears Pancur Batu, Berastagi, Medan Barat, colored around it, which indicates that the Medan Marelan, Padangsidimpuan Selatan, area closest to the area also has drug dan Datuk Bandar. abusers undergoing rehabilitation. In the green area there are 103 sub- The area is located around the provincial districts namely Binjai Barat, Tanah Pinem, capital namely Medan. This shows that an Merdeka, Simpang Empat, Kualuh Selatan, area that is the center of the economy, Na Ix-X, Stabat, Medan Baru, which of course has better transportation Padangsidimpuan Utara, Perbaungan, Silau access than other areas, has better access to Kahean, Batang Toru, Bajenis, Pulau rehabilitation services. Detecting with Rakyat, Batang Kuis, Patumbak, certainty cases of drug problems in an area Laubaleng, Tiga Binanga, Rantau Selatan, is very difficult because drug problems are Sungai Kanan, Marbau, Binjai, Sei Bingai, problems that are like icebergs. Medan Maimun, Medan Petisah, Sei The existence of information regarding Rampah, Padang Hilir, Padang Hulu, the number of abusers in an area can be Tebing Tinggi Kota, Aek Kuasan, Aek used as an indication of drug problems that Ledong, Air Batu, Sei Kepayang Barat, occur in an area. Seeing this, the areas that Tinggi Raja, Sei Suka, Talawi, Tiga appear in color can mean that there are Lingga, Galang, Dolat Rayat, Tigapanah, many drug users in the area and the area is Bilah Barat, Bilah Hilir, Aek Kuo, Hinai, more vulnerable to drug abuse. The Pangkalan Susu, Sawit Seberang, summary and interpretation of the number Secanggang, Selesai, Medan Deli, of drug abuse by district/city in the red, Padangsidimpuan Hutaimbaru, Siantar yellow, and green areas are shown in Table Marimbun, Sei Bamban, Tebingtinggi, 1. Sibolga Sambas, Raya Kahean, Ujung In Table 1 we can see that there are 3 Padang, Datuk Bandar Timur, Rambutan, cities/regencies in the red area (Cluster 1) Aek Songsongan, Bandar Pulau, Buntu which can be said to be a vulnerable Pane, Rahuning, Sei Kepayang, Setia Janji, environment, namely the City/District of Silau Laut, Air Putih, Hamparan Perak, Deli Serdang, Medan, and Binjai. If the Labuhan Deli, Pagar Merbau, Sibolangit, results of the spatial analysis are described Mardingding, Payung, Panai Tengah,

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Kampung Rakyat, Silangkitang, Torgamba, Masihul, Pantai Cermin, Silinda, Tebing Aek Natas, Bohorok, Kuala, Padang Syahbandar, Sibolga Selatan, Bandar Tualang, Wampu, Panyabungan Utara, Masilam, Dolok Panribuan, Tanjung Balai Siabu, Medan Kota, Medan Polonia, Selatan, Sipirok, dan Tarutung. If the area Barumun, Huta Raja Tinggi, Padang Bolak, is drawn to the district level, it will be in 24 Padangsidimpuan, Batunadua, Salak, districts/cities as shown in Table 1 part of Siantar Barat, Siantar Selatan, Palipi, Dolok the green area (cluster 3).

Figure 1. Distribution of Clients at the BNN Rehabilitation Center from North Sumatra Source: Processed by Authors, 2020

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Table 1. Division of drug users clusters undergoing rehabilitation at the BNN Babes Rehab by City / Regency CLUSTER 1 (Red Area) CLUSTER 2 CLUSTER 3 (Yellow Area) (Green Area) 3 District/Ciy 11 District/ City 24 District/City Deli Serdang Medan Asahan Medan Karo Binjai Binjai Asahan Batu Bara Labuahan Batu Dairi Deli Serdang Karo Labuhan Batu Utara Langkat Binjai LabuhanBatu Utara Batu Bara Labuhan Batu Selatan Tanjung Bali Labuhan Batu Padangsidimpuan Medan Karo Mandailing Natal Padang Sidimpuan Pakpak Barat Padang Lawas Utara Padang Always Pematang Siantar Simalungun Sedang berdagai Sibolga Samosir Tebing Tinggi Tapanuli Seltan Tanjung Balai Tapanuli Utara Source: Processed by Authors, 2020

Overall, there are 137 sub-districts in Bandura in Walgito (2010) also states North Sumatra province that have residents that behavior (B), environment (E), and accessing drug rehabilitation services at the organisms or person (P) influence one BNN rehabilitation center in Lido. The another. Behavior is a function or entire sub-districts in North Sumatra dependent on the environment and the Province are 444 sub-districts. This means organism or the person. The person will that only 30.8% percent of sub-districts in depend on behavior and environment; the North Sumatra region have residents Likewise, the environment will depend on accessing rehabilitation services at the behavior and person so that one another BNN rehabilitation center Lido. influences each other. Areas that are included in the red area Based on data from the National should receive more attention, but for areas Narcotics Agency in 2019, there are 59 that are yellow and green, there is a drug-prone areas in the North Sumatra possibility that they will become red, region. The data held by the BNN is therefore handling these areas must be informed in writing with the full address. considered. Environmental control is very One example of address writhen in the data important because according to the issued by is Sei Rotan Village, Kec. Percut Convergence Theory put forward by Sei Tuan, Kab. Deli. The writing of drug- William Stern in Walgito (2010) states that prone areas is quite clear, but the writing is nature and experience or the environment still not following the naming of the area have an important role in individual issued by the Ministry of Home Affairs, so development. it needs adjustments in the writing to make

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Isnaini, Pramudhiarta/Jurnal Pertahanan Vol 6. No. 3 (2020) pp. 416-428 it easier to code data. If the data is rehabilitation considering these areas are represented visually using GIS, the prone areas. illustration will look like in Figure 2. The shaded areas are also in green areas, Based on Figure 2, the distribution of meaning that in these vulnerable areas there drug-prone areas in North Sumatra is easier are only 4 people accessing rehabilitation to understand compared to written data. services. This needs to be a concern This picture shows the drug-prone areas in because at least the population of North Sumatra, spread over 8 districts/cities vulnerable areas has access to and 29 sub-districts. The eight districts are rehabilitation. Educational efforts need to Deli Serdang, Medan City, Mandailing be increased regarding the importance of Natal, Pematang Siantar, Simalungun, rehabilitation because restoring people who Serdang Bedagai, Tanjung Balai, and are hooked on drugs will help in efforts to Gunung Sitoli. Figure 2 shows that 5 out of reduce narcotics fever. The green and 8 drug-prone districts are bordered by shaded areas are 4 areas in Mandailing beaches, which are Deli Serdang, Medan Natal, Pematang Siantar, Simalungun, City, Serdang Bedagai, Mandailing Natal, Serdang Bedagai. Gunung Sitoli. An Area bordering the coast According to the BNN, the drug-prone is one of the areas prone to drug abuse. areas in North Sumatra are spread over 29 After making an spatial analysis for data of sub-districts, 18 (62%) of which are the client addresses from North Sumatra included in the red zone as a result of the attending drug rehabilitation dan the drug spatial analysis of the BNN Rehabilitation porn area, then we do an overlay map, on Center clients from North Sumatra. This both of the maps in the district/sub-regional shows that there are still 38% of sub- level. The interpreting overlay map, look districts whose residents have not accessed like Figure 3. rehabilitation at the BNN Rehabilitation It was found that almost 50% of Center. Two areas that are red zones for the districts/cities in North Sumatra have drug spatial analysis of clients of the BNN problems that need attention from the Rehabilitation Center from North Sumatra results of the overlay. It is clearly showing are also drug prone areas issued by the that North Sumatra has clients undergoing BNN, namely Deli Serdang and Medan. drug rehabilitation at the BNN, areas that Binjai is an area in the red zone for spatial do not have residents undergoing drug analysis of clients of the BNN rehabilitation at the BNN, areas that are Rehabilitation Center but is not included in prone to drugs, and areas where clients the list of drug-prone areas. undergo drug rehabilitation and are areas Drug trafficking in the area should be prone to drugs. Only by looking at one map, paid more attention and monitored whether we can interpret several phenomena that there is hidden circulation. Given that many occur in an area. This is one of the Binjai residents have accessed advantages of using a geographic rehabilitation services at BNN Drug information system. Rehabilitation Centre. There is one area in Seeing Figure 2, we can see a shaded North Sumatra that is a drug prone area but area that shows drug-prone areas. There are is not included in the client of the BNN red and green shaded areas. The red and Rehabilitation Center, namely the Gunung shaded areas indicate the number of drug Sitoli area. This shows that the awareness abuse followed by the large number of of the community in these areas is still people accessing rehabilitation services. lacking in accessing rehabilitation services. Although there has been synchronization The need for increased promotion in between abuse and rehabilitation, these education on the importance of areas need improvement in efforts of supply rehabilitation needs to be increased. reduction, fever reduction, and It is also necessary to make it easy for

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Figure 2.Drug Prone Area In North Sumatra Source: BNN, 2019a

Figure 3. Over lay map of the Distribution of Clients at the BNN Rehabilitation Center from North Sumatra with the Drug Prone Area Source. Processed by Authors, 2020

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Isnaini, Pramudhiarta/Jurnal Pertahanan Vol 6. No. 3 (2020) pp. 416-428 residents of the area to access rehabilitation More women population and narcotics facilities, considering that the Mount Sitoli crime are the vulnerability of drug abuse. area is located on the island of Nias which The results of the linear regression test requires a long journey to go to the Isnaini et al (2018) state that if the number provincial capital. of male population increases the prevalence The Mount Sitoli area is also a Gunning of drug abusers will decrease by 0.221, in Sitoli area located in a coastal area which other words, if there are more women, the also needs more attention because the prevalence will increase. This is likely coastal area is an area that is vulnerable to because women are more introverted in the entry of narcotics. Isnaini (2018) in her revealing their status as a drug abuser. An paper about spatial analysis on the impact environment with a lot of narcotics crime of socioeconomic Vulnerability to drug will also affect drug abuse. abuse prevalence in Indonesia 2015, UNODC (2016) states that an conclude that areas that are close to borders environment with social disadvantage and free waters are areas that are more creates vulnerability to drug abuse. In the vulnerable to drug abuse. red zone, there are variations in the open The percentage comparison of the red unemployment rate, the percentage of poor zone results from the spatial analysis of people, the number of health facilities, and clients from the rehabilitation center from the number of criminal acts. North Sumatra with drug-prone areas, Geographically, the three regions in the red which reached 62%, shows that there have zone are close to each other and include been preventive, curative, and rehabilitative large and most densely populated cities, efforts to prevent the eradication of both in terms of population and economic narcotics abuse and illicit trafficking activity. phenomena that exist in areas that (P4GN) in drug-prone areas but need more are often close together can affect areas that efforts, massively because not all areas in are nearby too. Seeing these conditions, the drug-prone areas have accessed manage narcotics abuse in one area will rehabilitation services at the BNN affect the closest area. The management Rehabilitation Center. must also be careful not to eradicate in one Comparing demographic data from the 3 area, but cases in nearby areas have red zones (Deli Serdang, Medan, and increased. therefore, cultivation should be Binjai), the three regions have a human done as much as possible in the immediate development index (HDI) above 73% area. which is in the high category, the Although false-positive predictions that population is more women with a sex ratio incorrectly inform the allocation of above 98, The rate of economic growth is resources to areas that could attract or above the average for the North Sumatra encourage crime may occur. But, region in general, namely > 5.3% and there incorporating exposure to a spatial are narcotics crimes. Darandri (2019) in her vulnerability model helps to reduce the paper about spatial analysis of the effects of false positives by considering the distribution of drug abuse prone areas in risks that experience with crime present at Medan city conclude that there is a spatial vulnerable places. This increases the autocorrelation which shows a group chances that forecasts will be true when pattern of the distribution of the number of suggesting where crime will occur (Silver, drug abuse cases and the distribution of the 2012). This study presents the empirical ratio of drug abuse cases to the population place-based assessment of the distribution in the city of Medan. of the number of drug abuse cases and the In those three cities, the population of distribution of the ratio of drug abuse cases women is also higher than that of men, to the population in the city of Medan using although the difference is not too large. GIS.

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The availability and sophistication of Binjai Utara, Medan Sunggal, Medan GIS in recent years has had an impact on Johor, Medan Timur. In the yellow area, the approaches available in the study of there are 25 sub-districts and in the green health geography and helping them to area, there are 103 sub-districts. monitor and respond to health challenges Comparing the drug prone areas in the because GIS tools aiding pinpoint cases, North Sumatra region issued by the BNN identify a spatial trend and disease cluster, with the red zone spatial analysis of North correlate a different set of spatial and test Sumatran residents who access statistical hypothesis and mapping the data rehabilitation services at the BNN drug (Sanders, Aguilar, & Bacon, 2013; Carroll rehabilitation center, showing that 62% of et al., 2014). This study shows that drug prone areas in North Sumatra are also Geographical Information Systems can included in the BNN Rehabilitation Center help in understanding the phenomenon of clients from North Sumatra. This shows drug abuse undergoing rehabilitation in the that there are still 38% of the drug-prone North Sumatra region. Knowing this can areas in North Sumatra of sub-districts help policymakers formulate plans and whose residents have not accessed provide a basis for policy or decision rehabilitation at the BNN Rehabilitation making and can be used as a basis for Center. There is even one regency that is in program monitoring and evaluation. a drug prone area but none of its residents access rehabilitation services at the BNN CONCLUSIONS, rehabilitation center. This shows that the RECOMMENDATIONS, AND awareness of the community in these areas LIMITATIONS is still lacking in accessing rehabilitation The results of the analysis show that services. Geographic Information System (GIS) The need for increased promotion in technology can be used to make it easier to education on the importance of map drug-prone areas where this is rehabilitation needs to be increased. It is important in efforts to prevent drug abuse also necessary to make it easy for residents and trafficking (P4GN). This also means of the area to access rehabilitation facilities. that a geographic information system can Knowledge of vulnerable areas can help be used to support national defense and policymakers determine an effective and security systems. GIS will integrate spatial efficient program that can be used in information with supporting data so that a program evaluation. The obstacle faced is user will get complete information about the existence of data that is not recorded spatial and regional conditions with government standards (Ministry of The presentation of the resulting data home affairs), so that recording following using maps is more informative than standards is very important for coding, statistical tables. GIS can also help in the which will make it easier to analyze. understanding phenomenon that is Demographic data are needed down to the happening in our country, include drug village level as well as data standardization abuse undergoing rehabilitation in the that must be prepared by each area so that it North Sumatra region. Based on the spatial is easy to make comparisons. analysis of clients from the center for In optimizing the use of GIS, human rehabilitation from North Sumatra in 2017- resources are required to optimally operate 2018, there are 3 zones, namely red (prone), GIS and infrastructure. It is necessary to yellow and green. There are 3 red zones conduct training to prepare these human (prone), namely Deli Serdang, Medan, and resources to support the policy of Binjai with 9 districts namely Percut Sei preventing the eradication of P4GN drug Tuan, Medan Amplas, Medan Helvetia, abuse and trafficking. Seeing the difficulty Medan Tembung, Medan Perjuangan, when doing the cleaning data process, the

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