Isnaini, Pramudhiarta/Jurnal Pertahanan Vol 6. No. 3 (2020) pp. 416-428 Jurnal Pertahanan Media Informasi tentang Kajian dan Strategi Pertahanan yang Mengedepankan Identity, Nationalism dan Integrity e-ISSN: 2549-9459 http://jurnal.idu.ac.id/index.php/DefenseJournal GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) FOR MAPPING OF DRUG ABUSE USING SPATIAL CORRELATION ANALYSIS IN NORTH SUMATRA PROVINCE Fitri Isnaini Balai Besar Rehabilitasi Badan Narkotika Nasional HR Edi Sukma Street, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia 16110 [email protected] Narwawi Pramudhiarta United Nations Population Fund, UNFPA Menara Thamrin 7th Floor, M. H. Thamrin Street Kav. 3, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia 10250 Article Info Abstract Article history: Drug abuse is a problem that affects almost every country in the Received 29 July 2020 world including Indonesia. In the long term, it has the potential Revised 7 December 2020 to disrupt competitiveness, weaken national resilience, and can Accepted 26 December 2020 hinder the progress of a nation. North Sumatra is a province that has the highest prevalence of drug abusers in Indonesia, which none of the villages in this Province is free from drug abuse. The Keywords: North Sumatera Province also has the highest number of drug Drugs, abusers undergoing rehabilitation at the BNN Rehabilitation Environment, Center. The use of geospatial technology can help understand Geographic Information System, the phenomenon of drug abuse by area or spatial. One of the Rehabilitation, geospatial technology that commonly uses is the Geographic Vulnerability Information System (GIS). This study aims to show that GIS can be used in mapping drug-prone areas in North Sumatra based on North Sumatran people undergoing drug rehabilitation. The method used is a retrospective based on secondary data and spatial statistics in GIS. The environment prone to drug abuse based on the number of people undergoing drug rehabilitation at the BNN Rehabilitation Center from North Sumatra is divided into 3 zones based on the number of clients distributed in BNN Rehabilitation Center, namely red, yellow and green. Red zone 3 cities/districts namely Deli Serdang, Medan, and Binjai with 9 sub-districts namely Percut Sei Tuan, Medan Amplas, Medan Helvetia, Medan Tembung, Medan Perjuangan, Binjai Utara, Medan Sunggal, Medan Johor, Medan Timur. The yellow area has 25 districts, the green area is 103 districts. In a conclusion, the Geographic Information System (GIS) is a technology that DOI: can be used to map drug-prone areas. http://dx.doi.org/10.3317 2/jp.v6i3.879 © 2020 Published by Indonesia Defense University 416 Isnaini, Pramudhiarta/Jurnal Pertahanan Vol 6. No. 3 (2020) pp. 416-428 INTRODUCTION such inequities in risky substance use Drug abuse is a global phenomenon, environments occur, the implications of affecting almost every country, but its such inequities for disparities in substance extent and characteristics differ from region use disorders and treatment outcomes, and to region. Drug abuse globally is a the implications for drug policies include transnational and multi-sectoral crime. prevention and treatment programs. Therefore, in the long term, it has the Mendoza et al. (2013) in their research potential to disrupt competitiveness, about assessing the spatial distribution of weaken national resilience, and can hinder risk in Buffalo, New York, shows that the progress of a nation. Isnaini et al. (2018) neighborhood geographical markers can be in their research on the spatial analysis of used to determine areas with an elevated the influence of socio-economic risk that may lead providers to better target vulnerability to drug abusers in Indonesia in and address substance use disorder 2015 stated that the defense and security of prevalence in communities. The highest the Indonesian nation could be affected by risk for negative treatment outcomes in the level of risk of drug abuse. The number areas with either high socioeconomic or of cases of drug abusers such as the iceberg physical environmental risk. phenomenon that appears on the surface of Analyzing the risk of drug abuse based the sea appears small on the upper surface on socio-economic vulnerability and the and large below, hidden, and invisible prevalence of drug abuse in 2015 shows (Sandi, 2016). that Indonesia has various levels of risk. In 2018 the prevalence of drug abusers High levels are in DKI Jakarta, East among students in 13 provincial capitals in Kalimantan, Riau Islands, West Java, and Indonesia reached 3.2%, equivalent to 2.29 North Sumatra (Isnaini et al., 2018). In million people (BNN, 2019a). This is quite 2015, the three provinces with the highest worrying because students are candidates number of abusers in Indonesia were DKI for human resources in the future Jakarta, North Sumatra, and East development of the nation and state. Data Kalimantan. In 2019, the three provinces on teenagers accessing rehabilitation with the largest prevalence of drug abusers services in the drug rehabilitation center are North Sumatra, South Sumatra, DKI national narcotic board every year increases Jakarta (BNN, 2019b). Based on a report (BNN, 2019a). Usman et al. (2003) say that from the BNN Rehabilitation Center, which human resources are important because is the largest rehabilitation center for drug they are a static or natural aspect of a abusers in Indonesia, the number of people nation's national resilience. undergoing rehabilitation from North The National Narcotics Agency of the Sumatra in the last 5 years is among the Republic of Indonesia (BNN) reports that highest. no village in Indonesia is free from drug The total number of drug abuse in North abuse. The report of the Indonesian Central Sumatera Province shows a high Statistics Agency (BPS) in the Village prevalence and a large number of drug Potential Report (PODES) 2010 also abusers undergoing rehabilitation which indicates that there are drug problems in all indicates that the problem management of villages in Indonesia. The prevalence of drug abusers in North Sumatra requires a drug abuse and the types of drugs used for more effective and comprehensive effort. the first time also varies between provinces The total number of drug abuse only able in Indonesia (BNN, 2015). This shows that shows the quantities, not the area geographic areas can influence patterns of distribution area. The use of technology drug abuse. that can help understand the phenomenon Mennis et al (2016) suggest that it is of an area or space namely the Geographic necessary to illustrate where, why, and how Information System (GIS). 417 Isnaini, Pramudhiarta/Jurnal Pertahanan Vol 6. No. 3 (2020) pp. 416-428 Geographical Information System (GIS) for early problem detection and solving is a computer system used to capture, store, (Boulos, 2004) The visual presentation and query (attribute selection), analyze, and distribution of any particular disease and display geospatial data. Geospatial data is association to any factor may be presented data that describes the location and using a map will lead to identifying the characteristics of a spatial (spatial) element. impact of those diseases to the population, Management of this data can use a and hence it may help in identifying risk technique called spatial analysis areas for further action. The capability of (Kemenristek RI, 2013). GIS in managing both spatial and non- The spatial analysis not only helps to spatial information provides an excellent understand a spatial phenomenon but also framework for disease management its structure/components. This is because (Srivastava et al., 2009). the spatial analysis is an interaction Limited human resources and funds in between spatial objects (Sadahiro, 2006). combating drug abuse require policymakers Therefore, spatial analysis can be used to to be able to set program target priorities. assist planning, and provide a basis for The capability of the Geographic policy or decision making (ESRI, 2016). Information System (GIS) in analyzing The idea of using GIS for substance abuse phenomena related to the environment can research was made aware to the researchers help analyze the environment prone to drug when they found out that there was a strong abuse in North Sumatra. Where this can be association between diseases and used as a guideline in formulating strategies environmental surroundings (Pereira et al., for the prevention, eradication, abuse, and 2010) illicit drug trafficking (P4GN) that are more Risk assessment and spatial analysis effective and efficient in the North Sumatra techniques to the study of violence have environment. The purpose of this study is to been applied in the prior research. Kennedy show that the Geographic Information et al. (2016) in their paper offers an System can be used in mapping drug-prone analytical strategy to model risky places areas in North Sumatra based on people that combines the conceptual insights of undergoing rehabilitation at the BNN crime emergence and persistence, advance Rehabilitation Center from North Sumatra. geospatial analytical techniques, and micro-level data. Fazillah et al. (2018) METHOD demonstrate the usefulness of a This study is a retrospective descriptive combination between a geographic study using secondary data, namely the information system and a multivariate addresses of people undergoing drug analysis in substance abuse research. Mohd rehabilitation at the BNN Rehabilitation Ekhwan et al. (2015) also study about the Center from North Sumatra Province. A spatial and temporal assessment of drug retrospective study uses existing data that addiction in Terengganu Malaysia to have been recorded for reasons other than understand the geographical area of the research. A retrospective case series is the district in the same cluster, besides, identify description of a group of cases with a new the hot spot area of this problem and or unusual disease or treatment (Hess, analysis the trend of drug addiction using 2004). It can also be interpreted that a multivariate analysis and GIS. retrospective study investigates outcomes Geographically focused or place-based, specified at the beginning of a study by policing practices have consistently looking backward at data collected from demonstrated effectiveness.