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Tesia Ortzi Akizu V31 Chapter / Kapitulua - 0. 3 Kapitulua - 0. 2 Kapitulua - 0. DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (Ph.D.) THESIS QUANTIFICATION, DESIGN AND METHODOLOGIES FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF NEW ENERGY PLANNING MODELS FOR SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT DOKTOREGO-TESIA GARAPEN SOZIOEKONOMIKORAKO PLANIFIKAZIO ENERGETIKOAREN EREDU BERRIEN KUANTIFIKAZIO, DISEINU ETA TXERTATZE-EREDUAK Author // Egilea: Ortzi Akizu Gardoki Directed by // Zuzendariak: Gorka Bueno Mendieta Jose Manuel Lopez-Guede Ph. D. Program // Doktorego-Programa: 1758 – Development Studies // Garapenari Buruzko Ikasketak University // Unibertsitatea: Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea / University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Date // Data: November 2018 Azaroa INTERNATIONAL THESIS BY COMPENDIUM OF CONTRIBUTIONS EKARPEN BILDUMA BIDEZKO NAZIOARTEKO TESIA 1 (cc)2018 ORTZI AKIZU GARDOKI (cc by 4.0) Chapter / Kapitulua - 0. 2 Chapter / Kapitulua - 0. Academic Committee // Batzorde Akademikoa: HEGOA, Institute for International Cooperation and Development Studies HEGOA, Nazioarteko Lankidetza eta Garapenari Buruzko Ikasketa Institutua Regulation // Araudia: Nazionala, Espainia: 99/2011 Errege Dekretua, urtarrilak 28 - BOE-A-2011-2541 https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2011-2541 Autonomikoa, Euskal Autonomi Erkidegoa: 7.Artikulua EHAA/BOPV 122- 2929. 2013ko maiatzaren 30ekoa https://www.euskadi.eus/y22-bopv/eu/bopv2/datos/2013/06/1302929e.shtml Unibertsitatekoa, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU: UPV/EHUko Master eta Doktorego Eskolaren Ekarpen Bilduma Bidezko Nazioarteko Tesiaren araudia https://www.ehu.eus/eu/web/mde/ekarpen-bilduma-bidezko-tesia Language // Hizkuntza: Tesi honen hizkuntza ofizialak EUSKARA eta INGELESA dira. The official languages in this thesis are BASQUE and ENGLISH. Fields of Knowledge (UNESCO codes) // Ezagutza Esparruak (UNESCO kodeak): [3322] – POWER TECHNOLOGY: [3322.05] – UNCONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY [5312] – SECTORIAL ECONOMICS: [5312.05] - ENERGY [5901] – POLITICAL SCIENCE: [5901.01] – INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION [0712] – ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION TECHNOLOGY: [0712.04] – ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING [0713] – ELECTRICITY AND ENERGY: [0713.08] – ENERGY STUDIES 3 Chapter / Kapitulua - 0. 4 Chapter / Kapitulua - 0. “Izan zaitez munduan ikusi nahi duzun aldaketa.” “Be the change that you wish to see in the world.” Gandhi 13 Chapter / Kapitulua - 0. Acknowledgements // Eskerrak Doktorego-tesia, era indibidualean gauzatu behar den ezagutza akademikoko gai zehatz baten sakontze bertikala dugu. Nire izaera pertsonala dela eta, normalean, era horizontalagoan gai ugari batera jorratzeko ohitura izateagatik, berebiziko erronka izan da 2011z geroztik energia eredu berrien sorrera ikertzen duen tesi hau burutzea. Bide honetan, nahiz eta ikerketa bakarkakoa izan, bidelagun ugari izan ditut zorionez, eta eurei nire eskerrik beroena ematea ezinbesteko dut. Zuek gabe lan hau ezin izango litzateke burutu, ez teknikoki, ezta emozionalki ere. Lehenik eta behin, nire bidelagun zaharrenari eman nahi nizkioke eskerrak, lehen zuzendari izan den Gorka Buenori. 2008. urtean, bere liburua irakurri ostean (Energia Urrirako Mundu baterako Gida), energiaren gaia era sakonagoan jorratzeko gogoa “piztu” zitzaidan. Gorkaren liburuan, lehen aldiz, alde teknikoa eta alde humanoaren uztartze sakona ikusi nuen, eta horrek duen garrantzia elkarbanatzen dudanez, berarekin harremanetan jarri, eta doktorego-tesiari ekiteko proposamena egin nion. Ordutik, igaro ditugun bideak luzeak eta askotarikoak izan dira; Pakistango mendietan energiak duen rol-a lantzen hasi eta Portland, Vancourver edo Wellington bezalako hirietan dituzten politika energetikoak aztertzeraino. Ibilian, iparra ere sarritan galdu izan dut/dugu, baina azkenik, Ekologistak Martxan Euskadi taldearekin egindako TRADEBU proiektuaren ostean, aztarna energetikoan zentratu gara, eta emaitza konkretuak lortzea posible izan da. Gorkari bihotz-bihotzez nire eskerrona adierazi nahi nioke, bide hori guztia elkarbanatzeagatik, eta hainbat ideiatan kide eta mentore ederra izateagatik. Eskertu zure eskuragarritasuna eta eskaini didazun denbora gauzatu dituzun milaka zuzenketetan ere. Bigarren bidelagun ukaezinak, eta hasierako “zentratze-fasean” lagundu nautenak, TRADEBU proiektuko kideak izan dira: Rosa Lago, Iñaki Barcena, Izaro Basurko, Leire Urkidi eta Martin Mantxo. Ekologistak Martxan Euskadi, UPV/EHU, Hegoa eta Ekopol-en artean gauzaturiko proiektuan, Trantsizio Energetikoak jorratu genituen. Kide bakoitzak ikerketa kasu bat aukeratu (Kuba, Ekuador, Katalunia, Euskal Herria, Brasil eta Alemania) eta berau bertatik bertara aztertzeko aukera izan genuen. Kasu bakoitzean, gizartetik ateratako (Bottom-up) trantsizio energetikoko mugimenduak aztertu genituen, ondoren, ikasirikoa gure artean eta euskal gizartearekin elkarbanatzeko. Ikerketa berezia izan zen. Askotan, ezkertiarrok komunistatzat, ekologistatzat, feministatzat, demokratatzat, sozialistatzat dugu geure burua, baina gero, konturatzen gara ez garela gai geure teoria guztiak praktikan jartzeko kideen arteko egunerokotasunean. Ondorioz, askotan, elkarri entzuteko zailtasuna agerian geratzen zen, giza norbanakotik kolektibo plural eta ireki batera igarotzeko gaitasun gabezia, hain zuzen. Nolabait esateko, Monty Phyton-en Life of Brian pelikulak bilera bat baino gehiagotan errepresentatu izan gaituenaren sentsazioa dut. Baina zailtasunak zailtasun, doktorego-tesi honek asko zor dio TRADEBU taldeari, eta taldeko kide bakoitzari. Zuek gabe, zuen ideiak gabe, zuen denbora gabe, doktorego-tesi hau ez zatekeen jazo izango. Eskertu nahi nuke bereziki Leire Urkidi, lehen artikuluko sarrera eta ondorioak lantzen eskainiriko laguntzagatik. 14 Chapter / Kapitulua - 0. Jarraian, nire bigarren zuzendariari eman nahi nizkioke eskerrak, Jose Manuel Lopez-Guederi. Bera izan da zentratze-prozesuari gorputza eman dion gidaria. Gaur egun, karrera akademikoa “joko” (edo business) bat da, eta joko horren erregelak/baldintzak ezagutzea behar-beharrezkoa da aurrera egiteko. Testuak nola idatzi, nazioarteko aldizkarien berri izan, zorroztasun akademikoa eskuratu, metodo zientifikoa ongi landu, metodologia bat eduki, kongresuetan parte hartu, sektorean lanean urte asko diharduten jendearen lanak aztertu eta ulertu eta abar luze bat. Jose Manuel izan da ikerketaren bidea era “erosoan” burutzen lagundu didan gidaria. Era berean benetan eskertzekoa izan da edozein momentutan, goizeko hiruretan edo igande arratsaldetan, zuzenketekin laguntzeko izan duen prestutasuna eta eskaini dizkidan ordu guztiak. Eta azpimarratzekoa ere, alde humanotik eman didan laguntza pertsonala, bide honetan izan ditudan “bajoi” emozionalei pisua kenduz eta lasaitasuna eta profesionaltasuna guztiz era naturalean transmitituz. Benetan, zu gabe doktorego-tesi hau ezinezkoa litzateke. También necesito agradecer su apoyo a Iñaki Arto (y a la gente del BC3, Basque Centre for Climate Change), quien me ha enseñado la metodología Input-Output que le ha dado el necesario rigor académico a mi investigación. Gracias a esta metodología he podido demostrar las hipótesis que yo tenía en mente al iniciar este largo proceso de formación/desarrollo científico. Aprecio todos los consejos que me ha dado, y sobre todo ese “saber hacer” que me ha transmitido, haciendo hincapié que “no todo vale” y que hay que hacer los cálculos bien para poder interpretar los resultados de forma más correcta. Ha sido un pilar necesario para poder alcanzar la verticalidad de mi estudio. Gracias Iñaki. I must also pay my gratitude to Thomas Wiedmann who has been one of the most inspiring people in my academic life. I thank you, Thomas, first of all, for giving me the opportunity to address a 10-month research stay in Australia, which has been one of the best professional experiences of my life. Thank you, Tommy, for all the help you offered me in creating a way to demonstrate all the ideas that I had in my mind, thank you for letting me use the super- computer Nina, and for integrating me in your research frame with UNSW and USYD (Manfred Lenzen team). Furthermore, thank you for the pleasant human experience; the trip to Australia allowed me to re-discover myself with the companionship of new friends. I really enjoyed the outdoor work-meetings, where environment and personal conversations made work easier and more enjoyable. I believe that this combination of nature and social life with academic professional work is totally necessary in order to bring about effective human development and also achieve successful academic goals. Thank you for opening the doors of your home (literally) and sharing all of it with us. I also need to give my gratitude to all the people that shared this Australian experience with me. Thanks for the companionship while going forward with the studies: Anthony, Adelina, Eleni, Karina, Ezequiel and Ailin, Takako, Marian, Maria and Marius, Rachel, Irene, Elijah, Alex and Jonna, Mandy, Soo, Mo, Bahareh, Hung, Ruth, Ademir, Victoria and Renata, Clare, James, Siti, Rebecca, Yating, Tomas, Xabi, Anna, Iris, Yu-Wen, Suresh and the rest of my Phd peers, Moana, Carl, Moslim, Mark and Sophie, Ellen and Nick, Carlene, Tae, Maria, and the list goes on: your personal and professional support have been of inconceivable value! 15 Chapter / Kapitulua - 0. Eskerrak eman ere Teknaliako lankide-lagunei, batez ere, Patxi Hernandez eta Eduardo Zabalari ikerketako lehen urteetan emandako laguntzagatik. Era berean Unai Pascual ere eskertu behar dut, Ekobidaiaria programako bidaia hasi aurretik emandako aholku eta konfiantzagatik. Further thanks to Dan Moran from NTNU and Manfred
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