A DIRECTORY of RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT and DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS

IN PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION

Fiscal Year 1978

U.S. Department of Transportation Urban Mass Transportation Administration Washington, D.C. 20590

:

I For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402

Stock Number 050-014-00016-9 Table of Contents

Introduction 1 8. Transportation Services for Special User Groups 92 SECTION ONE: Identifying and Reaching the Transportation Handicapped 93 Accessibility Programs 93 Technology Development and Deployment 6 Coordinated Services for the Elderly and Handicapped 95 1. Bus and Paratransit Vehicle Technology 8 User Subsidy Demonstrations 98 Bus Development 9 9. Fare and Pricing Policies 104 Paratransit Vehicle Development 10 Transit Improvement Demonstrations 105 Energy Conservation and Environmental Projects 10 Fare Prepayment Programs 106 2. Bus and Paratransit Operational Technology is Fare-Free Off-Peak Transit Service 107 Paratransit Integration 19 Research and Design Studies 108 Advanced Area-Coverage Automatic Vehicle Monitoring 22 Transit Resource Productivity Demonstrations 108 Attitude Measurement 109 3. Rail and Construction Technology 28 Vehicle and Equipment Technology 29 10. Conventional Transit Service Innovations 113

Requirements, Analysis and Evaluation 31 Transit Malls 1 14 System Integration and Deployment 31 Auto Restricted Zones 115 Construction Technology 35 Vehicle Innovation 116 4. New Systems and Automation 47 Innovative Studies 116 Advanced Group Rapid Transit 48 Priority Treatments for High-Occupancy Vehicles 116

Automated Guideway Transit Supporting Technology 49 11. Paratransit 122 Accelerating Walkways 52 Integration of Paratransit and Fixed-Route Systems 123 Brokerage 5. Automated Guideway Transit (AGT) Applications 53 Transportation 125 Downtown People Mover (DPM) Program 59 Vanpool Demonstrations 127 Other Paratransit Innovations 128 Other Projects Relating to Downtown People Mover Systems ... 52 Morgantown People Mover (MPM) Demonstration Project 53 AIRTRANS Urban Technology Program 54 SECTION THREE: Transportation Planning and Management 134 6. Safety and Product Qualification 70 12. 135 Development of a Safety Program Plan 71 Planning Methods and Support Mission of the Urban Transportation Planning System 137 Safety and Product Qualification Training Program 71 Current Program Plans 137 System Safety and System Assurance Support 71 Recent Program Products Mass Transit System Safety and Product Qualification 72 138 Current Contents of UTPS Software 138 16 (b) 2 Vehicle Problems and Qualifications 72 Upcoming UTPS Improvements 140 Fire Safety in Transit Systems 73 13. Special Planning Studies 7. Socio-Economic Research and Special Projects 76 145 Impact Studies Socio-Economic Research 77 Rail Rapid Transit 146 Transportation System Management Planning (TSM) System Studies, Support and Development 78 146

Planning Transportation for Elderly and Handicapped Persons . . . 148 SECTION TWO: Energy Contingency Planning Prototype Studies 150 Service and Methods Demonstrations 90 Short-Range Transit Planning 150

i 14. Transportation Management T56 Human Resources Division 156 Marketing Division 158 Operations and Maintenance Division 159 Information Services Division 160 SECTION FOUR: Policy Development and Research 167 15. Policy and Program Development 168 Office of Policy Development 169 Office of Policy Research 170 Office of Program Evaluation 172 16. University Research and Training Grant Program 178 Transportation Analysis, Planning, and Evaluation 179 Transportation and Land Use Interactions 180 Transportation System Management (TSM) 180

Improving Transportation in Center Cities 181 Public Transportation Systems and Service for Low Density Areas 181 Transit Productivity and Efficiency 181 Transportation and Energy Conservation 182

Transportation for tfie Elderly and Handicapped 183 Transportation Pricing and Financing 183 Transportation Education and Training 184

Appendix A Information About Federal Research and Development in Urban Mass Transportation 198 Appendix B Uri3an Mass Transportation Grants and Contracts: Application and Procurement Procedures 199 Agency/Contractor Index 204 Project Index 208 Subject Index 217

ii Introduction portion of these Technical Studies funds by UMTA to the expected completion are also used annually for Special Studies date. Except where otherwise indicated, This annual directory contains to help local planning agencies and UMTA dollar amounts presented for each project descriptions of current research, improve the quality of information used for represent federal funds provided by UMTA development and demonstration (RD&D) local transportation planning. and do not include funds from other projects sponsored and funded by the U.S. federal, local Section 1 1 authorizes state, or private sources. Department of Transportation's Urban a program of Funding figures are provided to give an Mass Transportation Administration University Research and Training Grants. These grants are designed to indication of the scope of individual tasks (UMTA). One of UMTA's major objectives contribute to UMTA's research and to stimulate and, in most cases, these figures are is to make public information regarding its professional growth in fields relating to cumulative. Small support tasks and RD&D activities readily available, and this transportation. Summaries of the Special contracts under $10,000 are not always publication is one of the principle vehicles Studies and the University Research calculated into the project totals. The for reporting such information. and Training Grant projects appear in Chapter figures in this volume, therefore, should This directory focuses on activity that 16 of this report, along with listings of not be used for budget analysis. took place in fiscal year 1978, which began available publications. The project charts also identify other on October 1 , 1977 and ended September 30, 1978. All of the projects described in UMTA's organizational structure is federal organizations which support and this volume are funded under Sections 6, illustrated on the preceding page. The complement UMTA's RD&D in the field of offices 9, or 1 1 of the Urban Mass Transportation responsible for administering urban mass transportation. The Federal Act of 1964, as amended. research, development and Highway Administration (FHWA) funds or Section 6 of the Act has authorized demonstrations are shaded. The projects performs projects jointly with UMTA, the Secretary of Transportation "to described in Section One of this document generally in the areas of transportation undertake research, development and are administered by the six offices listed planning and traffic management. The demonstration projects in all phases of under the Office of Technology Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) urban mass transportation. ..which he Development and Deployment. The manages the DOT Transportation Test determines will assist in the reduction of projects described in Section Two are Center (TTC) at Pueblo, Colo., which urban transportation needs, the administered by the Office of Service includes urban rail test facilities and the rail improvement of mass transportation Methods and Demonstrations. The Offices dynamics laboratory. The Transportation service, or the contribution of such service of Planning Assistance, Planning Methods Systems Center (TSC) at Cambridge, toward meeting total urban transportation and Support, and Transportation Mass., supports UMTA by conducting needs at minimum costs." The Act also Management are responsible for the in-house research, analysis, and authorizes "the development, testing, and projects included in Section Three, and the development, and by managing related demonstration of new facilities, projects described in Section Four are RD&D contracts. TSC is a major equipment, techniques, and methods." administered by the offices listed under component of the DOT Research and In November 1978, Congress passed Policy and Program Development. Special Programs Administration, and performs the Federal Public Transportation Act of Table 1 shows funding for major technological and 1978, which shifted the responsibilities RD&D program areas. Charts summarizing socio-economic research in all modes of under Section 9 of the Urban Mass funding and other important information transportation. Transportation Act to Section 8. about individual UMTA projects follow the Most of the completed projects Under the former Section 9 of the Act, descriptive material in each chapter. included in this 1978 edition have either funds are authorized each year to conduct In these project summary charts, issued technical documents or are local transportation planning studies, dates are listed for each project indicating currently preparing reports for publication. otherwise known as Technical Studies. A the time at which the project was approved These reports are listed in a bibliography

1 following each chapter and usually may be 1 aoie 1 obtained from the National Technical Urban Mass Transportation Administration Information Service (NTIS) of the U.S. Summary of RD&D and Related Funding Department of Commerce. In addition, UMTA periodically publishes collections of CV 1070 report abstracts. Details on how to obtain FY 1977 rY 13/0 these and other technical reports are And Prior Actual Estimates (Dollars in thousands) provided in Appendix A. Forms for ordering publications from NTIS are also Technology Development and Deployment included. Bus and Paratransit Technology 66,630 6,753 in iRn 19 QDO Appendix B provides information for Rail and Construction Technology 1 Z. , \J\J\J potential contractors and grantees on New Systems 148,780 19,483 participation in UMTA's RD&D programs, Safety and Product Qualification 3,020 1,471 1 070 including details on the submission of Systems Studies, Support and Development 12,669 1,124 1 ,Z/U n 1,000 1,000 proposals, proposal evaluation criteria, and National Coop. Transit Research Program university research grants. $39,850 An index of agencies and contractors Subtotal $361 ,094 $43,602 (excluding the educational institutions 15,500 15,500 performing work for the University and Service and Methods Demonstrations 79,000 Program), a Research Training Grant Planning Methods and Support 13,025 3,250 3,200 index a subject index may be project and 3,000 Special Studies (Section 9 Funds) 12,420 3,000 found at the end of the directory. 3,000 3,250 This document was prepared by the Transit Management Techniques and Methods 16,381 Office of Technology Sharing at the U.S. 2,200 Policy and Program Development 6,700 2,044 Department of Transportation's 1,995 2,000 University Research (Section 1 1 Funds) 20,335 Transportation Systems Center in Cambridge, Mass. Copies may be obtained Total $508,955 $72,391 $69,000 by contacting this office, or ordered directly from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.

2 TABLE OF ORGANIZATION URBAN MASS TRANSPORTATION ADMINISTRATION

Administrator EXECUTIVE SECRETARIAT Deputy Administrator

OFFICEOF OFFICEOF OFFICEOF CHIEF COUNSEL CIVIL RIGHTS PUBLIC AFFAIRS

ASSOCIATE ASSOCIATE ASSOCIATE ASSOCIATE ASSOCIATE ADMINISTRATOR ADMINISTRATOR FOR ADMINISTRATOR FOR ADMINISTRATOR FOR ADMINISTRATOR FOR REGIONAL FOR ADMINISTRATION PLANNING. POLICY, BUDGET, AND TRANSIT ASSISTANCE TECHNOLOGY OFFICES MANAGEMENT, PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT AND AND DEMONSTRATIONS DEVELOPMENT DEPLOYMENT

REGION I Boston, MA Office of Office of Office of Office of Bus and Office of Grants Assistance REGION II New York, NY Management Systems Planning Assistance Policy Development Paratransit Technology REGION III Philadelphia, PA REGION IV Atlanta, GA REGION V Chicago, IL

Office of Planning Office of Office of Office of Rail and REGION VI Fort Worth, TX Office of Accounting Methods and Support Program Evaluation Program Management Construction Technology REGION VII Kansas City, MO REGION VIII Denver, CO REGION IX San Francisco, CA REGION X Seattle, WA Office of Office of Office of New Systems Office of Policy Research Office of Program Analysis Program Audit Transportation Management and Automation

Office of Automated Office of Office of Service and University Guideway Transit Administrative Services Methods Demonstrations Research Applications

Office of Management Office of Office of Socio-Economic Information Systems Budget and Special Projects

Office of Safety and Office of Personnel Product Qualification

Office of Procurement and Third-Party Contract Review

3

SECTION ONE Technology Development and Deployment

following seven chapters are In order to meet its objectives, the as to foster the timely introduction of Thedevoted to projects which are Technology Development and Deployment proven new products, and to conduct the administered by the Office of Office sponsors research, development, field demonstrations in revenue service Technology Development and Deploy- testing, evaluation and demonstrations of which are necessary to prove them. ment. In exploring and testing new selected new technologies to prepare for The need for technical information transportation technologies, the office has their deployment in actual transit service. among client groups is met by UMTA attempted to adhere to the following three In addition, the office participates through conferences, seminars, objectives. actively in developing and reviewing workshops, technical papers, project In conventional bus and rail transit equipment specifications, in promoting reports and special reports targeted at design, equipment manufacture, or standardization of transit vehicles and particular groups of users. The needs of construction, the office has attempted to equipment, and in qualification of new and client groups are ascertained, and the obtain either a substantial reduction in improved transit products. UMTA results of Technology Development and life-cycle costs without sacrificing conducts evaluations and assessments of Deployment efforts are communicated by performance, safety, or service capability; existing technology, publishes conferring and cooperating directly with or substantial improvements in safety, state-of-the-art summaries, and representatives of these groups, including performance and service capability cooperates with agencies such as the transit operators, transit equipment achieved in a cost-effective manner. Environmental Protection Agency, the suppliers and developers, consulting firms, As a second objective, a special effort Department of Energy, and the National state and local government agencies, has been made to support selected, Bureau of Standards in carrying out public interest groups, universities, foreign high-risk, high-technology research and programs of national importance. governments and foreign industrial firms. development initiatives which could UMTA's delivery system for new or The organization of the Office of potentially result in significant increase of improved transit technologies depends, Technology Development and Deployment

productivity of transit operations, such as ultimately, on the purchase of new is shown below. The projects described in through the introduction of automation. products with UMTA capital grant this section are funded and administered Finally, a strong effort has been made assistance. The fundamental strategy for through the program offices. to support national priorities, such as improving the deployment process for new

energy conservation, central city transit technology is to coordinate the revitalization, transit accessibility for the efforts of UMTA's Office of Technology elderly and handicapped, safety and Development and Deployment with its environmental protection. Office of Transit Assistance in such a way

6 Office of Technology Development and Deployment Associate Administrator George J. Pastor

Office of Bus and Paratransit Technology Wilhelm Raithel Acting Director

Office of Rail and Construction Technology Stephen S. Tee! Acting Director

Office of New Systems and Automation Charles Broxmeyer Director

Office of Automated Guideway Transit It is easy to transfer from Applications the fixed-route transit buses to f/je paratransit service offered in Rocliester, N. Y. Steven Barsony Director

Office of Socio-Economic and Special Projects Ross W. Adams Director

Office of Safety and Product Qualification William J. Rhine Director

7 CHAPTER 1

of UMTA's major challenges is to Onestimulate the development of new Bus and Paratransit technologies for buses and para- transit vehicles in order to promote more Vehicle Technology efficient use of energy, accommodate en- vironmental concerns, and respond to the needs of the elderly and handicapped for access to public transportation. Such tech- nological development is a long-term pro- cess, and results cannot always be reported annually. Of the three major issues — energy, the Trends environment, and access — this last concern for the mobility of everyone and Highlights commanded a great deal of attention in FY 78. Compliance with the Transbus

mandate requiring that all full-sized buses purchased with federal assistance after September 30, 1979 include a maximum 22-inch floor height, a 4-inch kneeling

feature, and an access ramp, is being encouraged. A consortium of operators from three major cities— Los Angeles, Miami and Philadelphia — advertised for bids in January, 1979 for the purchase of 530 buses with these specifications. Because no bids for this procurement were received, a review of the Transbus

program is being conducted. Previously developed prototype paratransit vehicles have been exhibited at meetings of operators, at auto shows and in other appropriate settings throughout

the year. There is a continuing need to develop smaller, multi-purpose paratransit vehicles, accessible to the elderly and handicapped, but which also serve with flexibility the needs of particular segments of rural, suburban and urban populations. UMTA will continue to assist in the development of such vehicles.

8 In an effort to comply with Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, the Departnnent of Transportation issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking. The proposed regulations, which mandate

phased-in accessibility for all DOT-funded facilities and vehicles, were presented in a series of public hearings during FY 78, and the Final Rule will be issued in FY 79. When adopted, the specific regulations contained in the Final Rule will crucially affect bus and paratransit technological development.

Bus Development

General Bus Procurement Specifica- Wheelchair lifts are a convenience not only to people confined to wheelchairs but also to those who have difficulty walking. tions (MD-06-0082) have been developed for the Advanced Design Bus and the Transbus, These include standardized

terms and conditions, warranty and quality and operators to use in evaluating various The previously funded study, Impact assurance requirements, in addition to the design features. of Fare Collection on Bus Design technical specifications. These documents (IT-06-0132), has been completed, and a will be revised from time to time. The Another project which has continued report will be available in 1979. The report

current version is available from UMTA to since FY 77 is the comparison of will not only review the effect of several any transit property or manufacturer procurement methods for full-size transit alternative methods of fare collection on needing them. buses based upon Dan operator's actual bus design, but also will assess the actual In a related project, Transbus Ramp operating cost data, and 2) life-cycle cost of in-bus fare collection, and alter- Mockup (MD-06-0024), a full-scale, costing methods (Bus Life-Cycle native methods. accurately dimensioned mockup of a Procurement, VA-06-0045). Specific bus In a Wheelchair Access Evaluation typical Transbus front entrance with an designs are compared in relation to these project (CA-06-0103), contracts have been

access ramp was constructed. The two cost data methods. The work is being awarded for the installation of four mockup incorporated provisions for height conducted parallel to, but independently different configurations of passive lifts in adjustment, ramp slope and different of, actual bus procurements under existing transit buses, in an effort to surface characteristics. Volunteers with UMTA's capital assistance program. Three develop information upon which transit varying types of physical handicaps tested different bus procurements have been properties can base planning, purchasing, the mockup to determine the problems of used, and a simulated life-cycle costing has and retrofitting of wheelchair lifts. This boarding, and maneuvering and securing been compared with actual procurement ongoing project includes three front door

wheelchairs. The types of hand assists experience. The objective is to develop models, one rear door model, and also will needed by blind persons as well as others acceptable procedures using life-cycle investigate the feasibility of installing a with ambulatory disabilities were studied. costing upon which actual procurement passive lift in the front entrance of the The mockup is available to manufacturers can be based. General Motors RTS-II.

9 Paratransit Vehicle divided into two major tasks. Task I will Energy Conservation Development include the design of the vehicle and and Environmental construction of a mockup. Task II consists The objective of a new program, of the manufacture of components and the Projects Paratransit Vehicle Prototype Procurement assembly of three drivable prototypes.

(IT-06-0204), is to stimulate the These vehicles will then subjected to be The gas turbine is able to use a variety to testing to development of vehicles designed meet by an independent contractor of fuels other than gasoline or diesel oil, the special requirements of certain groups determine their performance has a low pollution level, and operates in the population for which present characteristics. They will also be evaluated smoothly. This last characteristic has many suitability. vehicles have only limited Such by industry representatives as well as by positive side effects in that the reduction of vehicles would include regular taxicabs, representatives from the handicapped vibration also reduces the need for jitneys, and other vehicles serving the community. The vehicles developed under expensive general maintenance. elderly and handicapped, but exclude the this program may be similar to the earlier This program, and the flywheel energy conventional "small bus." prototype vehicles, but the contractors will storage electric propulsion program, are Up to three contracts will be awarded be required to emphasize low initial the two major programs being undertaken investment and maintenance costs. in open competition and the work will be in the bus propulsion field by the UMTA Office of Technology Development and Deployment (UTD). A program testing and evaluating a Gas Turbine Bus (DC-06-0204), to be carried out under an interagency agreement with the Department of Energy (DOE), was begun in FY 78. The DOE objective is to evaluate the gas turbine engine in the public environment prior to the selection of either the gas turbine or the Stirling engine as a viable replacement for current gasoline propulsion systems. This decision may be made as early as 1983. UMTA's objective is to evaluate the gas turbine engine in transit operation as a possible replacement of the diesel engine in the short term. The work is divided be- tween the two agencies, and is expected to continue for about seven years. The second phase of the Flywheel Energy Storage Program (MA-06-0093) is

now under way. In Phase I, reported in Innovation 77, contractors have developed conceptual designs using state-of-the-art technology and employing a modular design approach in order to establish an economical production base. Two reports of this work are available (see Bibliography). The second phase of the program will complete the design, and fabrication of engineering prototype hardware, and will test and evaluate these products. Phase II will begin in early FY 79 and is scheduled to be completed in FY 83 Battery-powered buses may become an attractive alternative to conventionally powered buses on certain routes. These buses are clean, quiet, and operate smoothly. There are, however, drawbacks to their extensive use because they lose power relatively quickly, take time to recharge, and are not as cost-effective as conventional vehicles. A study. Project Definition for Battery Bus Evaluation (DC-06-0205), estimating the effort and funding required to use battery buses in shuttle service between DOT buildings in Washington, D.C., was completed, and a final report of this project which describes the number and types of buses, the schedule, the equipment, and facilities and procedures for maintenance and battery charging was published in April, 1978. The report also includes prescribed methodology for monitoring and evaluating the future demonstration.

An actual test of battery bus 1979, when data comparing diesel and Another project being conducted performance will be conducted when the gasoline powered taxicabs within the same jointly by the Environmental Protection Roosevelt Island Development Corporation fleet over a two-year period, covering some Agency (EPA), UMTA, and the National (N.Y.) acquires three battery buses with 8,000 hours of running time and 120,000 Highway Traffic Safety Administration the help of a capital grant from UMTA. miles will be available. The interim reports (NHTSA) of DOT, involves Bus Noise When this grant is approved, a contract for have indicated that the diesels get 50 Reduction (OR-06-0005). The program monitoring and evaluating the vehicles will percent more miles per gallon of fuel than intends to demonstrate the effect a also be awarded in the Battery Bus Test their conterparts, that there is less exhaust well-designed bus noise reduction kit will and Evaluation project (IT-06-0206). emission degradation and that there has have on a representative bus configuration. The Evaluation of the Diesel Taxi been no significant difference in user In September, 1977, EPA issued a project (MA-06-0066) is continuing, and is acceptance. The final report will be Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, setting expected to be completed in February, available in FY 79. standards for phased-in reductions in bus

11 .

noise levels over a seven-year period. In the metropolitan district of Portland, Ore. considerable research and development is I L"i Kll under way in cooperation with EPA. MACIIIi In the first phase of this program an initial requirements study will be made, and the noise abatement kit will be designed and manufactured, and an engineering evaluation of the kit will be conducted. In FY 78, the program was approved, and detailed discussions were held with the Tri-County Metropolitan Transportation District of Oregon to integrate the bus noise reduction effort with the requirements set forth by the two participating federal agencies. Also in FY 78, a program to improve the reliability of today's bus air conditioning systems was initiated. The main objectives of the program are to improve the reliability and operating efficiency of the systems and reduce maintenance costs. The contractor will be

selected in early 1979, and the program is scheduled for completion in FY 81 The flywheel housing with a homopolar inductor generator, illustrated here, measures about 36 inches in diameter and is about 41 inches high. The entire assembly, constructed of cast iron, weighs about 5900 pounds.

12 600 V

(A) FLYWHEEL/TROLLEY COACH

I ^.CCESSORIES I

(B) FLYWHEEL/BATTERY

EVACUATED (SEALED) HOUSING FLUID COUPLING

(C) FLYWHEEL/DIESEL ENGINE

Three applications of the flywheel energy storage concept are illustrated here.

13 Bus and Paratransit Vehicle Technology

PROJECT TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE AGENCY/ TECHNICAL CONTRACTOR CONTACT

BUS DEVELOPMENT

General Bus MD-06-0024 $129,000 July 1976- Booz, Allen and C.J. Daniels Procurement MD-06-0082 Dec. 1977 Hamilton (202) 426-4035 Specifications

Transbus Ramp MD-06-0024 $175,000 Jan. 1978- Booz, Allen and C.J. Daniels Mockup Feb. 1979 Hamilton (202) 426-4035

Bus Life-Cycle VA-06-0045 $192,384 May 1977- Advanced Manage- C. J. Daniels Procurement May 1979 ment Systems (202) 426-4035 impact of Fare IT-06-0132 $176,000 Sept. 1976- Booz, Allen and C. J. Daniels Collection on Oct. 1977 Hamilton (202) 426-4035 Bus Design

Wheelchair CA-06-0103 $292,000 Feb. 1977- Caltrans C. J. Daniels Access July 1979 (202) 426-4035 Evaluation

PARATRANSIT VEHICLE DEVELOPMENT

Paratransit IT-06-0204 $900,000 July 1979- To be John E. Ridgley Vehicle (ea.) March 1980 selected (202) 426-8483 Prototype Procurement ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Gas Turbine DC-06-0204 $2,800,000 May 1978- To be J. F. Campbell Urban Bus DOT Sept. 1985 selected (202) 426-4035 $11,200,000 DOE

Flywheel Energy MA-06-0093 $15,000,000 Dec. 1978- TSC J. F. Campbell Storage June 1981 (202)426-4035 Bus and Paratransit Vehicle Technology

PROJECT TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE AGENCY/ TECHNICAL CONTRACTOR CONTACT

ENERGY ANDTHE ENVIRONMENT

Flywheel Energy WI-06-0005 $15,000 March 1978- University of J. F. Campbell Storage: June 1978 Wisconsin (202) 426-4035 Management Systems Evaluation

Project Defini- DC-06-0205 $52,000 Nov. 1977- Transportation John E. Ridgley tion for April 1978 Assistance, Inc. (202) 426-8483 Battery Bus Evaluation

Battery Bus Test IT-06-0206 $200,000 N/A Roosevelt John E. Ridgley and Evaluation (approx.) Island (202) 426-8483 Development Corp.

Evaluation of MA-06-0066 $450,000 Oct. 1976- TSC John E. Ridgley Diesel Taxi (UMTA) April 1979 (202) 426-8483 $300,000 (OST)

Bus Noise OR -06-0005 $100,000 July 1978- Tri-County Metro- J. F. Campbell Reduction (UMTA) July 1979 politan Transpor- (202) 426-4035 $65,000 tation District (EPA) of Oregon Bibliography Energy Absorbing Bumpers for Transit Buses: Bus Interior Design for Improved Safety Transbus Program Proj. IT-06-0025 This list of reports contains those Proj. IT-06-0025 Booz, Allen Applied Research published from January 1976 to the Booz, Allen Applied Research April 1976, PB 252-253/AS present. For each report, a National 1976, May PB 259-405/AS Boarding Ramps for Transit Buses: Final Technical Information Service (NTIS) Transbus Operational, Passenger, and Cost Report number, if available, is listed document Impacts: Final Report Proj. MD-06-0025 following the publication date. Reports Proj. IT-06-0025 Booz, Allen and Hamilton, Inc. may be ordered through NTIS by using the Booz, Allen Applied Research May 1977, PB 269-290/AS at back of this July 1976, PB 269-911 order blanks provided the Transbus Engineering Test Program Final document. The General Motors Transbus: Report Booz, Allen and Hamilton, Inc. Reports not available through NTIS Proj. IT-06-0025 December 1977, PB 276-196/AS published in sufficient may not have been General Motors Corporation/Truck and Coach Forecast of Urban 40-Foot Coach Demand: quantity for general distribution. However, Division 1972-1990 they may be obtained by writing to the May 1975, PB 262-637/ AS-SET Proj. IT-06-0025 person listed as the technical contact in the Vol. I, Summary of Final Design, PB 262-638 Booz, Allen Research and Simpson and Curtin II, Effort, 262-639 project summary chart. Vol. Program PB December 1972, PB 222-684 Vol. Ill, Appendix, PB 262-640 Finally, additional reports relating to Transit Bus Propulsion Systems State-of-the- the research in this chapter will become Rohr Industries Transbus: Final Report Art available during the upcoming year. For Proj. IT-06-0025 Proj. IT-06-0025 information on these reports and for Rohr Industries, Inc. Booz, Allen Research, Inc., Development Inc. June 1975, PB 264-612/AS suggestions on additional reference August 1972, PB 222-871 /AS materials, call or write to the technical Transbus Public Testing and Evaluation Baseline Bus Ride and Handling Test Program: Final Report contact associated with each project. Methodology and Data Presentation Proj. IT-06-0025 February 1976 Simpson and Curtin Transit Bus Propulsion Requirements January 1976, PB 251-882/AS January 1978 Human Factors Evaluation of Transbus by the AM General Transbus: Final Report Elderly: Final Report AM General Corp. Proj. IT-06-0025 Study of Flywheel Energy Storage November 1977 Allen Applied Research Proj. CA-06-0106 Booz, Booz-Allen Transbus: Final Report 1976, PB 264-757/AS L. J. Lawson, A. K. Smith, and G. D. Davis May Proj. IT-06-0025 1977, PB 282-652 Transbus Safety and Human Factors Booz, Allen Applied Research 5 vols. Proj. IT-06-0025 June 1978 Study of Flywheel Energy Storage September 1977 Small Transit Bus Requirements Study: Proj, NY-06-0062 Gas Turbine Engine Application in Transit Final Report [Summary] E. Lustenades, General Electric Coaches Proj. IT-06-0074 Corporate Research Proj. IT-06-0025 RRC International, Inc. 1977, PB 282-929 March 1977, PB 272-608 March 1977, PB 269-398/AS-Set of Six, Project Definition for Evaluation of Battery Transit Bus Propulsion Systems, Alternate PB 269-392 Buses: Final Report Power Plant Installations Proj. DC-06-0205 Proj. IT-06-0025 Transportation Assistance, Inc. Booz, Allen and Hamilton, Inc. April 1978 September 1977, PB 276-612

16 Operations of Small Buses in Urban Transit Assessment of Service Requirements and Service in the United States Design Characteristics of Present and Future Proj. IT-06-0072 Paratransit Vehicles RRC International, Inc. Proj. NY -06-0058 July 1975, PB 269-393/AS Ronald Adams Operating Profiles and Small Bus Performance Apnl 1977, PB 267-574/AS Requirements in Urban Transit Service Technology Delivery for a New Paratransit Proj. IT-06-0074 Vehicle: Final Report RRC international. Inc. Proj. PA-06-0039 December 1976, PB 269-395/AS-Set of Six Gellman Research Associates, Inc. General and Performance Specifications for a July 1977, PB 272-128/AS Small Urban Transit Bus A Study of Wheelchair Access to the Current Proj. IT-06-0074 Transit Bus Design: Final Report RRC International, Inc. Proj. MI-06-0017 December 1976, PB 269-397/AS-Set of Six AM General Corporation Guidelines for the Design of Future Small Apnl 1977, PB 270-101 Transit Buses and Bus Stops to Accommodate the Elderly and Handicapped Proj. IT-06-0074 RRC International, Inc. March 1977, PB 269-396/AS-Set of Six Bus Characteristics Needed for Elderly and Handicapped in Urban Travel Proj. IT-06-0074 RRC International, Inc. March 1976, PB 269-394/ AS -Set of Six Assessment of Battery Buses: Final Report Proj. VA-06-0044 Trans Systems Corporation July 1977, PB 271-321 Study of Future Paratransit Requirements: Scenario Report Proj. IT-06-0104 Alan M. Voorhees and Associates, Inc. November 1976, PB 262-629/AS Study of Future Paratransit Requirements: Final Report Proj. IT-06-0104 Alan M. Voorhees and Associates, Inc. January 1977, PB 264-082/AS Study of Future Paratransit Requirements: Executive Summary Proj. iT-06-0104 February 1977, PB 265-821 /AS CHAPTER 2 Besides making it possible for local communities to acquire new vehicles, establish public transit Bus and Paratransit systems, and extend their public transportation services, UMTA also helps local transit systems to improve their Operational Technology day-to-day operations in a number of ways. One way is by making funds available to enable selected towns and cities to take advantage of current developments in computer technology as applied to transit and paratransit operations. Trends Under the Bus and Paratransit and Highlights Operational Technology Program, one major objective is to foster the integration of fixed-route and paratransit services. This includes the development of computer programs that can be used to aid in the delivery and performance of paratransit services and to ensure that those services are integrated into regular systems.

Computer technology is used to assist paratransit operators in such varied activities as scheduling passengers and vehicles in dial-a-ride service, computing fares in shared-ride taxis, analyzing relationships between vehicle use and energy consumption, matching riders and drivers in carpool programs, and insuring efficient passenger transfer between paratransit and regular fixed-route transit service. Another area of study in the operational technology program. Automatic Vehicle Monitoring (AVM), involves the development of a system to continually monitor, track and communicate with transit vehicles on city streets. This two-way digital communi- cations, command and control system helps to insure that schedules are

18 maintained and that efficient and timely responses can be made to emergency situations. The AVIVI system could have other applications as well, such as in the taxi industry or police departments.

Paratransit Integration

Recent paratransit developments have extended public transportation into low density areas and provided mobility to the handicapped, elderly, poor and others. One or more of these services, such as dial-a-ride, carpools and vanpools, shared-ride taxis, subscription commuter services, and special programs for elderly and handicapped riders are now available in hundreds of United States communities. Through research in the field of computer technology, the Bus and This seven-passenger Checker sedan is part of a new fleet providing dial-a-ride service to residents of suburban Rochester, N.Y. Paratransit Operational Technology Program is attempting to find solutions to transportation analysis, management and operating problems. Under the program, computer techniques and software are being developed to provide the needed tools for successful management of flexible paratransit services and for the coordination of those services with conventional fixed-route, fixed-schedule mass transit systems.

UMTA has supported research in computerized dial-a-ride systems since the mid-1970's when a successful pilot project was carried out in Haddonfield, N.J. Since that time, many paratransit programs in other cities have been planned and put into operation. One of the most widely studied is in Rochester, N. Y.

Rochester's integrated dial-a-ride system, supported by UMTA since 1975, These Fortivan lift-equipped vans serve elderly and handicapped residents in suburban Rochester, N. Y. has included the development of computer software for scheduling and dispatching research the automatic routing and software on a minicomputer will allow the dial-a-ride vehicles. During FY 78 this dispatching operations used by the system to reduce operating costs. project, entitled the Rochester Rochester system. In this project, a In addition to the research conducted Demonstration Support: Control Tektronix 4081 interactive graphic display in Rochester, the program has studied the

Procedures Design Project (MA-06-0071 ), computer system was installed to analyze role that shared-ride taxi systems can play began to monitor and improve the the mathematical model, or algorithm, in an integrated paratransit network. In a computer control procedures for the used in Rochester's scheduling software. study entitled Shared-Ride Taxi system. The computer software developed for Requirements (MA-06-0054), the A laboratory was developed at the Rochester was converted, in the conditions under which the shared-ride taxi Transportation Systems Center (TSC).in Paratransit Pilot System Software Project could operate at a reasonable profit were Cambridge, Mass. (MA-06-0054), to study (MA-06-0054), for use in the Interdata 8/32 examined, as well as the computer support demand-responsive systems, and to minicomputer. The use of the same which the system would need for efficient operation. In a related study, Shared-Ride Taxi Fare Calculation System (PA-06-0040), a method was developed to electronically calculate fares, thereby resolving many of the inequities of current fare calculator systems. Computer research projects were carried out in FY 78 to study a variety of issues related to the development of paratransit systems. One study, Paratransit Cost Benefit Analysis (MA-06-0054), investigated the benefits and costs associated with the use of integrated paratransit in urban and suburban areas. The study also analyzed and compared the conventional fixed-route bus and exclusive-ride taxi to determine the circumstances under which these conventional modes would be superior to paratransit and vice versa. Another study, Paratransit Large Regional Analysis (IT-06-0150 and MA-06-0084), developed a parametric tool for analysis of the financial, level-of-service, environmental, and energy

factors involved in developing area-wide, integrated, demand-responsive systems. Two different computer programs were designed, one using the traditional Urban Transportation Planning System computer package, and another model requiring less

20 data and fewer technical skills to apply. Validation will begin on both nnodels in FY 79. A Low Cost Ride-Sharing Computer System for Knoxville, Tenn., (DC-06-0160 and DC-06-0199) was undertaken in FY 78 to develop a low-cost microcomputer system to support Knoxville's ride-sharing programs. The computer system will serve to assist a transportation "broker," or coordinator, by matching transportation services with market demand. In the Baltimore area, a study, Computer Algorithm for Subscription Bus Scheduling (MD-06-0027), has been designed to investigate an advanced reservation dial-a-ride problem. The project was expanded to field test the scheduling algorithm using information on handicapped services for its data base, and also to design an algorithm for scheduling subscription bus services to multiple job sites. Other computer technology projects have been developed to support local paratransit integration projects and to help inform the transportation community of current progress. One such project. Review and Assessment of Paratransit Operating Experience (MA-06-0054), has studied the experience of paratransit programs around the country. The project was designed to determine the type of computer models needed for integrated paratransit systems, and to develop a Another project, entitled Software also supports the program. This project has micro-level simulation computer model and Maintenance and Distribution developed an address/product directory to a comprehensive planning document for (DC-06-0193), is being conducted to be used as the data base of a paratransit planners, designers, and maintain, document, and distribute microprocessor. A comprehensive operators. The first two elements of the computer models developed in the catalogue with description of project were completed in FY 78; the last operational technology program. The demand-responsive and integrated two elements will be completed in early FY Paratransit Technical Support and paratransit services and equipment is being 79. Independent Studies Project (DC-06-0175) prepared for distribution to the public.

21 The AVM system is expected to result in better service to passengers and reduced COMPUTERIZED MANAGEMENT operating costs. Buses will adhere more INFORMATION closely to schedules and headways, and this may result in fewer buses being required to maintain a given level of service. Data needed for management purposes can be collected automatically. 48 MHz AVM promotes greater passenger and SIGNPOST operator security because a driver can PROVIDES DISCRETE instantly notify the control center of an LOCATION emergency so the police can be alerted and given the exact location of the vehicle.

The AVM system is a long-term research, development, and evaluation

program which began as Phase I in 1974. During the initial phase, four contractors competed in feasibility tests of their location-monitoring systems. Based on the results in the light of each contractor's system proposal, one contractor was

selected to develop the Phase II system.

Phase II began in 1977. Los Angeles Automatic Vehicle Monitoring [AVM] systems can pinpoint the exact location of vehicles and display them in was selected as the project site because real-time motion on computerized display panels. the police and the transit operators expressed a strong willingness to Advanced Area- vehicles at the same time, including police, participate in the project. During Phase II, fire, postal, taxi and delivery vehicles. Coverage Automatic an area-coverage AVM system was An AVM system is made up of three Monitoring developed and will be operated and Vehicle location, communications, subsystems: evaluated. The system will be installed on and data processing. The location four bus routes for transit operations. For Automatic Vehicle Monitoring (AVM) subsystem places vehicles to within 300 random-route operations, vehicles can be is an electronic system of monitoring the feet in the urban environment. The tracked throughout a 30 square mile area. transmits location and speed of transit vehicles communications subsystem Up to 200 fixed-route transit buses and 15 city streets. location from operating on All vehicles are and speed information the random-route vehicles will be equipped. monitored by a computer and their location vehicle to the control center. The data During a one-year period starting in is in vehicle shown real-time on display panels in a processing subsystem compares the summer of 1979, the automatic vehicle control center. display automatically location information to schedule The monitoring system will be tested and indicates whether the bus is on schedule. information and automatically determines evaluated for its effect on transit system If a bus is not on schedule, the computer the optimum strategy to maintain performance and operations. Detailed issues instructions for the driver to follow scheduled service and sends the analysis will quantify the results and this to get the to bus via the bus back on schedule. The appropriate command the analysis may qualify the AVM system for system is applicable to a wide variety of communications link. UMTA capital assistance funding. 22 TYPE OF LINE VIA SERVICE NEXT BUS

WILSHIRE BLVD WILSHIRE BLVD 83W SANTA MONICA L 0 I MIN

WILSHIRE BLVD BRENTWOOD 83B SANTA MONICA L F 0 1 MIN

WILSHIRE BLVD WESTWOOD 83 SANTA MONICA U C.L.A. F 05 MIN

83C OWL SERVICE ONLY CENTURY CITY MIN

F-FULL BUS L-LIMITED - SEE SCHEDULE TIME 4:3 5 FOR TRANSIT INFORMATION CALL 626-4455

AVM systems are also able to relay accurate scheduling information to changing displays at bus stops. Bus and Paratransit Operational Technology

PROJECT TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE AGENCY/ TECHNICAL CONTRACTOR CONTACT

PARATRANSIT INTEGRATION

Rochester Demonstra- MA-06-0071 $250,000 Sept. 1975- Massachusetts Edward Neigut tion Support: Control July 1979 Institute of (202) 426-8483 Procedures Design Technology

Paratransit: Large IT-06-0084 $280,000 Nov. 1977- Systan, Inc. Edward Neigut Regional Analysis Dec. 1979 (202) 426-8483

Paratransit: Large lA-06-0084 $250,000 Nov. 1977- Multisystems, Edward Neigut Regional Analysis Dec. 1979 Inc. (202) 426-8483

Low Cost Ride-Sharing DC-06-0160 $190,000 Dec. 1976- International Edward Neigut Connputer System for DC-06-0199 Oct. 1979 Management (202) 426-8483 Knoxville, Tenn, Resources, Inc.

Computer Algorithm 1D-06-0027 $ 63,000 Oct. 1976- University of Edward Neigut for Subscription Jan. 1979 Maryland (202) 426-8483 Bus Scheduling

Software Maintenance DC-06-0193 $100,000 April 1977- First Data Corp. Edward Neigut and Distribution Apnl 1978 (202) 426-8483

Shared-Ride Taxi PA-06-0040 $345,000 July 1974- Carnegie-Mellon Edward Neigut Fare Calculation March 1979 University (202) 426-8483 System

Paratransit Techni- DC-06-0175 $120,000 March 1977- Transportation Edward Neigut cal Support and In- Sept. 1979 Assistance, Inc. (202) 426-8483 depent Studies

Paratransit Cost- MA-06-0054 $249,297 April 1977- TSC; Multi- Richard Gundersen Benefit Analysis Dec. 1978 systems, Inc. (617)494-2518

Review and Assess- MA-06-0054 $464,000 June 1977- TSC; Systan, Inc. B. P. Bushueff ment of Paratransit Feb. 1979 (617)494-2518 Operating Experience Bus and Paratransit Operational Technology

PROJECT TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE AGENCY/ TECHNICAL CONTRACTOR CONTACT

PARATRANSIT INTEGRATION

^hprpfi-Ridp Trxi MA-06-0054 $.215,297 Sept. 1976- JSC; Dave Sys- Thomas Carberry Requirements Feb. 1979 tems, Inc. (617)494-2369

Paratransit Pilot MA-06-0054 $ 85,000 Oct. 1977- ISC; First Data Paul Connolly System Software Nov. 1978 Corp. (617)494-2205

Laboratory Facility MA-06-0054 $ 15,000 Oct. 1977- TSC E. Johnson Oct. 1978 (617) 494-2462

Program Support: MA-06-0054 $ 95,000 July 1977- JSC; Systems B.P. Bushueff Paratransit Inte- Oct. 1978 Architects, Inc. (617)494-2518 gration ADVANCED AREA-COVERAGE AUTOMATIC VEHICLE MONITORING PROGRAM

Phase II, Systems MA-06-0041 $9,541,000 Sept. 1974- TSC; Gould In- Denis Symes Management of Multi- Dec. 1980 formation Iden- (202) 426-4035 User AVM Demonstra- tification, Inc. tion Project

Technical Support VA-06-0026 Mitre Corp

for Phase II AVM CA-06-0119 Southern California System Rapid Transit District (SCRTD)

Study of Loran-C DC-06-0211 OST Land Reception and Stability Bibliography A Study of the Costs and Benefits Associated Paratransit Pilot System Software Installation with AVM Guide Proj. A-06-0041 This list of reports contains those M Proj. MA-06-0054 Transportation Systems Center published from January 1976 to the First Data Corporation February 1977, PB 266-293/ AS 1978, DOT-TSC-1447 present. For each report, a National Technical Information Service (NTIS) Experiments on Four Different Techniques for Paratransit Pilot System Software Dial-A-Ride Automatically Locating Land Vehicles, A Street File document number, if available, is listed Name System Results following the publication date. Reports Summary of Proj. MA-06-0054 Proj. M A-06-0041 First Data Corporation may be ordered through NTIS by using the June 1977, PB 270-251 1978, DOT-TSC-1447 order blanks provided at the back of this document. A Comprehensive Field Test and Evaluation of Paratransit Pilot System Software Terminal an Electronic Signpost AVM System Final Reports not available through NTIS Handling System Report/Phase I Proj. MA-06-0054 may not have been published in sufficient Proj. MA -06-0041 First Data Corporation quantity for general distribution. However, Hoffman Information Identification, Inc. 1978, DOT-TSC-1447 the they may be obtained by writing to August 1977 Paratransit Integration person listed as the technical contact in the Symposium Proceed- Vol I, Test Results, PB 272-907/AS project ings summary chart. Vol. II, Appendix, PB 273-436/AS Proj. MA-06-0054 Finally, additional reports relating to Loran Automatic Vehicle Monitoring System: Systems Architects, Inc. the research in this chapter will become Phase I June 1978, UMTA-M A-06-0054-78-2 available during the upcoming year. For Proj, MA-06-0041 Benefit-Cost Analysis of Integrated information on these reports and for Teledyne Systems Company Paratransit Systems suggestions on additional reference August 1977 Vol. I, Executive Summary materials, call or write to the technical Vol. I, Test Results, PB 274-955/AS Vol. II, Introduction and Framework for contact associated with each project. Vol. II, Appendices, PB 274-956/AS' Analysis Report on Phase Tests of Fairchild Auto- One Vol. Ill, Scenario Analyses matic Vehicle Final Monitoring [AVM] System: Vol. IV, Issues in Community Acceptance and Report Integrated Paratransit Implementation Proj. MA-06-0041 Vol. V, The Impacts of Technological Fairchild Space and Electronics Company Innovation August 1977, PB 273-816/AS Vol. VI, Technical Field Testing of a Pulse Trilateration Automatic Appendices Paratransit Proj. MA-06-0054 Vehicle Monitoring System in Philadelphia Pilot System Software Design and Multisystems, Inc. Proj. MA -06-0041 Functional Description Proj. September 1978, UMTA-MA-06-0054-78 J. F. O'Connor and A. H. Rice MA-06-0054 August 1978, UMTA-M A-06-0041 -78 First Data Corporation Paratransit Integration, Model Review and 1978, DOT-TSC-1447 Evaluation of Passenger Counter System for an Requirements AVM Experiment Paratransit Pilot System Software Operator Proj. MA-06-0054 Systan, inc. Proj. MA -06-0041 Handbook A. Balaram, G. Gruner, and H, Thomas Proj. MA-06-0054 July 1978, DOT-TSC-1392 September 1978, UMTA-MA-06-0041-78 First Data Corporation Paratransit Integration, State-of-the-Art Report 1978, DOT-TSC-1447 Vibration Tests on Transit Buses Proj. MA-06-0054 Systan, Inc. Proj. MA -06-0041 December 1978, DOT-TSC-1392 J. Anderson, A. Balaram, and H. Thomas November 1978, UMTA-MA-06-0041-78

26 Paratransit Integration Workshop Proceedings Proj. MA-06-0054 Systems Architects, Inc. August 1978, UMTA-MA-06-0054-78-18 Integrated Dial-A-Ride and Fixed Route Transit in Ann Arbor, Michigan Proj. MA -06- 1083 Cambridge Systematics, Inc. and Multisystems, Inc. March 1977, PB 267-942/AS Shared-Ride Taxi Computer Control System Requirements Study: Interim Report Proj. MA-06-0054 Dave Systems August 1977, PB 275-335/AS

Haddonfield Dial-A-Ride Demonstration, Third Household Survey Proj. VA-06-0024 MITRE Corporation March 1976, PB 257-033/AS

Data Base Design for Demand-Responsive Transit Proj. VA-06-0024 MITRE Corporation July 1976, PB 256-820/ AS

Dial-A-Ride Software Installation Guide Proj. VA-06-0024 MITRE Corporation September 1976, PB 258-333/AS Demand Responsive Transportation Planning Guidelines [1976] Proj. VA-06-0024 MITRE Corporation October 1976, PB 261-314/AS

27 CHAPTER 3 During its first twelve years, UMTA's major activity in the area of urban Rail and Construction rail transportation has been the construction of new urban rail systenns and the extension of existing systenns.

Currently, however, the nnajority of rail Technology capital grants are for the reconstruction of existing systems and the replacement of existing vehicles. This emphasis on rehabilitation of

existing facilities is expected to increase dramatically over the next decade. The Rail and Construction Technology Program Trends intends to respond to the need for and Highlights rehabilitation while at the same time seeking ways to reduce costs and to

improve service on urban rail transportation systems. The program seeks to promote the following benefits for operators and

passengers of urban rail transportation systems: lower initial and life-cycle

operating costs of rail vehicles and facilities; improvements in the reliability, maintainability, and availability of vehicles and systems; improved operations; and a safe environment for passengers and system personnel. As of FY 78 the Rail and Construction Technology Program has been organized into four program elements: Vehicle and Equipment Technology, including research and development activities to promote short-term solutions to current problems; Requirements, Analysis and Evaluation,

including evaluation of urban rail transit experience in order to guide research and development activities to best meet UMTA goals; Systems Integration and Deployment, including product standardization and product deployment to improve elderly and handicapped

28 accessibility, noise abatement, system (ACT-1) (IT-06-0026). maintained monomotor truck using safety reliability; and system and Two State-of-the-Art cars were built, automotive concepts such as split axles, Construction Technology, including incorporating the best existing technology, bolt-on ring-damped wheels, and copper research activities to and development and were tested in five cities — New York, disc brakes; an advanced flywheel reduce the capital requirements and Boston, Cleveland, Chicago, and energy-storage propulsion system; an improve construction methods necessary Philadelphia. The SOAC's operated aluminum frame with composite panel car- for new systems and rehabilitation of successfully in 20,000 miles of revenue body for easy manufacture; an existing systems. service and carried 312,500 passengers. energy-absorbing system for low-speed The Advanced Concept Train was impact control; and modular interiors for Vehicle and Equipment developed to test, evaluate and demand-tailored applications. Technology demonstrate the operation of subsystems An ACT-1 test program at the which provide improved maintenance, Transportation Test Center, Pueblo, Rapid rail systems characteristically reliability, and operating costs for future Colorado, involved an initial test and operate underground, at grade, or on rapid rail cars. Features of the ACT-1 train adjustment phase followed by engineering elevated guideways at speeds of up to 80 include a new lightweight, easily testing, acceptance testing, and finally mph and with station spacing ranging from 1/2 mile to several miles. Currently, there are nine U.S. cities that have rail rapid transit systems in operation, under construction, or in final engineering: San Francisco, Chicago, Cleveland, Philadelphia, New York, Boston, Washington, Baltimore, and Atlanta.

Together with commuter railroads, rail rapid transit systems carry more than two billion passengers annually, or one-third of all mass transit riders.

There is widespread interest in upgrading and extending existing rapid rail svstems. Replacing old equipment, or acquiring new rolling stock, offer opportunities to apply new technology in rail system production.

Vehicle Prototypes and Subsystems UMTA's Rapid Rail Program, up until the present time, has focused on the development of total vehicle designs and improved vehicle subsystems. Two prototype rapid transit vehicles have been One element of the STARS program is this simple, rugged "squirrel cage" rotor which has aluminum developed: the State-of-the-Art car conductor bars and caps welded together. There are no external power connections, transformer couplings, (SOAC), and the Advanced Concept Train or semi-conductors.

29 10,000 miles of simulated revenue service. The Advanced Concept Train has systems retrofitted into the SOAC vehicles The engineering testing was performed been developed concurrently with the is scheduled to be accomplished at the over a range of speed performance profiles Advanced Subsystems Development Transportation Test Center during 1979. including weight loadings between empty Program (ASDP) (IT-06-0026). Under this Development of the synchronous and crush loads. The engineering testing program a number of promising sub- propulsion system was terminated due to also verified the approximate 30 percent systems designed for applicability to either technical difficulties. energy saving features of the flywheel existing or planned rapid transit vehicles propulsion system. By November 1978, the have been developed. The objective of this Subsystem Technology Applications vehicles had accumulated over 23,000 program has been to develop subsystems to Rail Systems (STARS) miles, including 1 1 ,000 miles of simulated that offered potential improvements over The ASDP program is being phased revenue service. Based on the success of existing equipment. Subsystems out and in its place will be a program of the flywheel propulsion system, UMTA is developed under this program include an subsystem development which places planning to retrofit 22 New York City AC synchronous propulsion system more emphasis on providing solutions to subway cars with such systems in FY 80 to (VA-06-0053), and a monomotor truck and the day-to-day problems of operating and demonstrate acceptable levels of reliability a synchronous brake system (PA-06-0046). maintaining a rapid rail transit system. This and maintenance. Testing of the ASDP truck and brake program, known as Subsystem Technology Applications to Rail Systems (STARS), will identify operational problems, apply existing technology to their solution and deploy these solutions in the near term. Generally a time span of

three to five years is anticipated as being a realizable goal for the majority of the STARS program elements.

During FY 78 UMTA undertook activities to determine the most pressing needs of transit properties. Assessment teams visited nine transit properties for two-day discussions with top technical and financial personnel. The assessment teams included representatives from UMTA, the U.S. DOT Transportation Systems Center (TSC), the American Public Transit Association (APTA), and selected UMTA consultants.

A general objective of the STARS

program is to recover the cost of the technology development and deployment

through reduced operating costs, that is, to achieve a favorable cost/benefit ratio through technology application. Data from the assessments was used Four projects conducted during FY discussions with WM ATA's technical staff, to create a list of priority projects. Factors 78 — light rail vehicle cost reduction, review of system documentation, and used in selecting the projects included WMATA technical assessment, track some independent analysis and tests. It pay-off potential (i.e. cost/benefit ratio), geometry measurement system (TGMS), was the judgement of the review team, severity of the problem, and the time and planning support — fell under this upon completion of the assessment, that required to reach the deployment stage category. the general technical health of the system

(technological risk). Among the kinds of Specifications for a new light rail IS good, but is being achieved, in some projects to be undertaken are modular air vehicle (LRV) were developed in 1972 with cases, through a high expenditure of conditioning, static auxiliary power participation of the transit industry and maintenance dollars. A report was supplies, multiplex systems, fare collection transit operators. In 1973 the Boeing Vertol published in December 1978. improvements, door improvements, Company was awarded a contract to A Track Geometry Measurement escalator improvements, AC propulsion design and manufacture LR V's for the San System (TGMS) is a device which can be development, DC propulsion Francisco Municipal Railway and the attached to any transit car and which improvements and third rail de-icing Massachusetts Bay Transportation identifies those portions of the track in devices. Work on the STARS projects is Authority. Because of a concern with the need of improvement. A prototype TGMS scheduled to begin in late 1978. apparent high operating cost of the new was developed at the Transportation car and the potentially higher cost for a Systems Center and tested on the Toronto new LRV bid to the "standard Transit Commission property for several specification," an UMTA consultant months with successful results Requirements, critically reviewed the specifications for the (MA-06-0025). The prototype TGMS has purpose of recommending viable cost been requested by the New York City Analysis and reduction changes which would not Transit Authority for an extended two-year Evaluation adversely affect performance evaluation of their system. (MA-06-0025). A final report has been In addition, a planning support project This program element is directed issued on this study, and the specification was conducted involving a general toward guiding the Rail and Construction is being revised to incorporate results of technical assessment of the rail transit field Technology Program to meet the UMTA the study and other changes (i.e., four or and the development of a cost/benefit objectives of reduced life-cycle costs, six axle option) under the System model for evaluating various rail transit improved performance, reliability and Integration and Deployment program technologies. safety, energy conservation and elderly element. and handicapped accessibility. It provides a link between the experience and problems Due to the problems experienced by of existing urban rail systems and the the Washington, D.C. Metrorail (WMATA) Systems Integration research and development required to system during its initial period of operation, and Deployment improve these systems and develop new a technical assessment of the system was ones. Under this effort, the urban rail conducted from April to October of 1978 The Systems Integration and transit market will be continually evaluated (MA-06-0060). The assessment focused on Deployment (SID) program is directed from supply and demand viewpoints, current technical problems associated with toward concurrent cost reduction, providing a basis for directing research and the system, their impact on system improved safety, noise abatement and development efforts toward those areas availability and system costs, and accessibility for the elderly and with the highest potential for timely impact alternative solutions to fixing the high handicapped. The program consists of the and greatest payoff from research and priority problems. Information used by the following subelements: standardization, development dollars. assessment team came primarily through project introduction, elderly and

31 the manufacturer's ability to improve the total product line in an evolutionary fashion without making previous models obsolete. The street railway industry first utilized standardization with the development of the "PCC" car in the 1930's. Variations in such factors as length, width, and door placement were accommodated in a car with standard performance and subsystem interfaces. Thousands of such vehicles are now operating on systems in the United States and around the world. UMTA first dealt with standardization when, in cooperation with the rail transit

operators, it developed the Guideline Specification for Urban Railcars. These guidelines attempted to standardize the format for a technical specification. Subsequently, UMTA began a two-phase project on standardization (IT-06-0131, IT-06-0175, DC-06-0121). The first phase involved a study of the feasibility of standardization. The second phase, now underway, is primarily The rail grinding apparatus illustrated above is one of several noise abatement techniques being tested by the concerned with the development of a Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority [SEPTA]. standardized, or baseline, rapid transit car performance specification. Subtasks in the project include development of a handicapped accessbility, the abatement is needed to improve the quality methodology to be used in the selection of Transportation Test Center (TTC) of life in and around urban rail transit propulsion systems, a study on car body rail rail safety is a for construction and operation, urban systems. Urban goal materials, a service-evaluated products list noise abatement, and safety. which UMTA has been given a mandate. and uniform acceptance test procedures. Standardization is needed because of The American Public Transit rapidly escalating system costs. Product Standardization Association (APTA) is assisting UMTA in introduction will help to fill the existing gap The rail transit equipment industry reviewing technical materials, along with in the availability of federal assistance for historically has responded to specifications the Standardization Committee of the new tchnology deployment. The program developed by individual operators, Railway Progress Institute, representing to promote elderly and handicapped resulting in a proliferation of customized the supply industry. accessibility is in response to recent designs. This approach is in contrast to the Congressional policy decisions. The locomotive and bus industries which offer Transportation Test Center facilities a range of standardized sizes and types of A study of the feasibility of joint provide a means of testing vehicles in a vehicles. The vehicles share common procurement by five potential rapid transit

safe and controlled situation. Noise components, and the designs benefit from properties was added to the Phase II

32 tasks. Car procurements, scheduled for In addition, a Congressionally gives information on control of the 1978-1979, were to be undertaken by mandated study of elderly and ventilation system. This current project will Washington, D.C., Baltimore, Md., Miami, handicapped accessibility to light and increase the model's predictive capabilities Fla., Cleveland, Ohio, and Philadelphia, commuter rail is underway. This study will and will make the program less costly and Pa. The project contractor found that anayize the demand for light and easier to run. The model will be modified to pairings were feasible for Baltimore and commuter rail service, will survey system run on TSC facilities, where it will be

Miami, and Cleveland and Philadelphia. On barriers to accessibility, will develop readily available to all transit properties. the basis of this study, UMTA later evaluation criteria, and will compare recommended that the two paired groups accessibility options, costs and Noise Abatement Technology proceed with joint specification alternatives. The purpose of the urban rail noise development and joint purchase. abatement program is to reduce the environmental impact of noise caused by Under a related project (DC-06-0186) a Safety and Reliability Technology existing transit systems, and to reduce the series of National Design Practices Among the projects related to safety cost of noise control through the Manuals are being developed. These and reliability has been an effort by UMTA development and deployment of new and manuals will assist transit planners and to develop a smokeless cable for use in rail improved data, methods and hardware. other transit professionals in planning new transit systems. The characteristics of rapid rail transit systems or expanding and signal wires and power cables used by the The Transportation Systems Center modernizing existing systems. The rail transit industry were evaluated and has prime responsibility for planning and manuals will address issues of ranked. Characteristics considered were technically directing work on the urban rail construction planning, safety, flammability, smoke toxicity and various noise abatement program (MA-06-0025). A environmental acceptability, aesthetics, other physical properties. Flammability, previous TSC effort resulted in the cost-effectiveness, operating efficiency, smoke, electrical, and toxicity tests were development of a national assessment of maintainability, reliability and conducted, using wire samples provided by urban rail noise which summarizes and standardization of system elements. the transit industry. compares the noise exposure of patrons and community residents caused by urban A detailed outline for the scope and Studies of the crashworthiness of rail rapid transit operations in the U.S. A content of is rail to the manuals being developed urban vehicles were conducted draft report on the assessment was by APTA under the project's first phase. In investigate the effect of crashes on prepared, and a final report is expected to the project's second phase UMTA will passenger survival and to assure that be published in spring of 1979. Additional select contractor to develop the is utilized a manuals. technology to maximize work was undertaken toward refining the will assist in reviewing draft (MA-06-0025). APTA UMTA passenger protection A noise assessment and cost estimates for technical materials in Phase II. workshop was held at TSC to report results noise abatement on the New York City to the transit industry and make Transit Authority rapid transit system. A for future recommendations work. final report has been issued on this work. Elderly and Handicapped Accessibility

A new work statement for the design Fire safety in urban transit tunnels is Four types of noise abatement of a universal lift for rail vehicles is currently also being studied (MA-06-0025). This techniques have undergone in-service being developed. Previous work on a project is actually a continuation of the testing on the Southeastern Pennsylvania lift for light rail vehicles did not reach the prior Subway Environmental Simulation Transportation Authority (SEPTA) rail completion stage. The new lift will be Program, which developed a model to transit system (MA-06-0025). These four capable of adaption to any light rail vehicle, evaluate fire safety at any point in the techniques include resilient wheels, and possibly to commuter rail vehicles as subway by simulating a fire. This model ring-damped wheels, wheel truing, and rail well. permits emergency evacuation plans and grinding. The objective of this activity is to

33 develop definitive engineering data on the end of FY 78, noise rating criteria for Administration, operates and administers long-term costs and performance of these elevated rapid transit structures had been an intermodal center for comprehensive noise control techniques and to organize developed, the parameters to be included testing, evaluation, and associated this data so as to allow estimates of costs in the elevated structures inventory had development of ground transportation and performance for any urban rail transit been identified, and the existing literature systems and their components by system in the U.S. At this point, all testing on elevated structure noise control was Department of Transportation has been completed, and three interim reviewed. organizations, other government agencies reports have been published. Based on the Future noise abatement work will and private industry. results of this study, several transit systems emphasize development of improved noise The urban rail test facilities at the TTC are planning their own studies of control techniques, in-service testing of consist of a 9. 1 mile oval, electrified rail ring-damped wheels. these techniques, and dissemination of the transit test track, and a power system for new techology to the transit industry. Radial steering trucks will be evaluated energizing the track, repair, maintenance as another possible noise abatement and support facilities. The rail transit test Transportation Test Center technique. It is anticipated that a steerable track is designed for the test and evaluation The Transportation Test Center truck will reduce noise and wheel/rail wear of urban rail vehicles — light, rapid and (TTC), managed by the Federal Railroad by reducing the wheel/rail lateral forces commuter rail. A second purpose of the and the angle of attack. A competitive track is the development, test and contract consisting of a design feasibility evaluation of state-of-the-art track phase, a prototype evaluation phase, and a structures. test phase will be conducted. A product In addition to the conventional contact introduction phase will follow if the results rail electrification, about two miles of of the evaluation demonstrate the cost simple overhead power wires have been effectiveness of this approach. A project constructed over part of the track to permit plan has been developed and a test and evaluation of urban rail vehicles procurement for design feasibility studies using overhead power collection systems, has been initiated. such as light rail vehicles and commuter cars. Urban rail elevated structures have the greatest environmental noise impact of all A permanent power system has been parts of the urban rail system. Research is installed and will be ready for use in early underway to assess this impact and design 1980. Two substations will be located on controls ways to control it. Included in the research the oval test track, and computer will be an inventory of urban rail elevated will facilitate simulation of various voltage structures in the Unites States, computer profiles as required. implementation of elevated structure noise Located also at TTC is a Rail Dynamics models, design guidelines for control of Laboratory (RDL), designed to simulate rail noise from existing elevated structures dynamics for the purpose of studying the and an experimental design for the periodic and random oscillations of rail in-service testing of selected treatments. vehicles. One way to reduce wheel squeal may lie in the The approach will utilize previously Currently in the construction phase at improvement of the wheel design. An experimental TTC is a tight turn loop, a 150-foot radius developed analytical models, the results of wheel with a hinged joint [bottom] allows the axles existing field data on elevated structure to align themselves with the radius of the track curve track which will enable the validation The conventional wheel is shown at the top. noise, and limited additional test data. At curve. of wheel/rail noise phenomena. A section

34 of perturbed track is also being designed Construction the use of new technologies, contracting which will consist of a two-mile section of practices, and management procedures to track with built-in sinusoidal perturbations Technology reduce cost. of 25-foot wave length and 1 /4" single amplitude displacements. The Construction Technology The future of new rail systems Other features of the center include a program deals with the problems of rapidly depends on the effectiveness of research track scale capable of weighing individual increasing construction costs and and development in reducing capital vehicle axles up to 70,000 pounds with deteriorating transit facilities. The requirements and improving construction resolution of .005 percent and a increasing construction costs of new or procedures and management. The need for state-of-the-art wheel truing machine to expanding transit systems are largely rehabilitation and reconstruction will control the profile of a steel wheel. related to institutional factors which limit increase rapidly in the future. It is projected that U.S. transit agencies will request nearly $15 billion in federal aid over the next ten years for rehabilitation and modernization. The enhancement of the structural integrity and reliability of these

deteriorating facilities is of increasing importance.

Elevated Structures A new type of girder for use in

elevated rail transit structures is being evaluated under a grant with Metropolitan Dade County, Florida. "Double tee" twin girders are being compared with standard box girders (FL-06-0017). For Dade County, three test sections of twin girders are undergoing static and dynamic testing.

If the twin girders prove successful, they will be an option for future construction of

elevated rail transit systems in Miami and other cities. Because twin girders are made

by a single-pour concrete process, it is believed they will be cheaper to manufacture than other types of girders. Future efforts related to elevated structures will include the evaluation of mathematical models to predict the performance of different types of structures under a variety of conditions. Work will also commence on a review of design criteria used to construct elevated Power substations have been constructed at the Transportation Test Center to supply electricity for rail car structures in the United States. The testing. Pike's Peak is in the background. 35 product will be an optimum design criteria, transit track. Every effort is being made to A project to evaluate the design of which in turn will become part of the coordinate activities with the various U.S. standard specification concrete ties for National Design Practices IVlanuals. transit companies. This will insure that rapid transit tracks has been initiated research efforts are directed toward solving (MA-06-0025). Concrete ties were Track and Wayside Technology real problems and that results are manufactured and tested to demonstrate The Track and Wayside Technology implemented by the transit industry. technical feasibility. A demonstration of Program was initiated in FY 77 to achieve Through these cooperative efforts, the concrete ties on a section of the WMATA UMTA's goals of increased track UMTA track research program will result in system is scheduled for 1980. performance, reliability, safety, reduced track design standards, construction In a related effort, the effect of overall costs and the optimum use of rapid' standards, and maintenance guidelines. vehicle-induced forces on the rails, ties and fastenings of rapid rail tracks will be performed. Experimental data will be generated using the TTC test loop and will be used to validate analysis tools developed under previous efforts. A general study is being carried out to evaluate overall U.S. rapid transit track conditions, design, construction, as well as, maintenance problems and practices (MA-06-0025). Based on this inventory and on cost/benefit analyses, track and wayside research requirements will be prioritized.

Tunneling Technology The UMTA tunneling program was initiated in support of the U.S. Department of Transportation Tunneling Program Plan.

This is an effort begun in FY 73 to reduce the costs of urban underground construction, accelerate the rate of construction, educate planners in the proper use of tunnels, and optimize the use of tunnels in urban transportation systems. The types of research conducted within the program include: economic analysis and planning, contracting and management practices, materials handling and utilization, maintenance, ground control and stabilization, design and construction standards and transit system environment criteria.

36 Several tunneling studies are being conducted in the area of ground control and stabilization. An evaluation of soil and construction parameters affecting ground movements around tunnels is being performed, and recommendations for procedures to predict and control these movements are being developed. The study correlates ground movements due to tunneling with damage caused to structures and utilities. This information will be used to select methods to protect structures near tunnel excavations. This newly constructed tunnel in Baltimore, Md., is made with bolted liners, The Washington Area Metropolitan precast tunnel the first such rail tunnel in the country. The Metropolitan Transit Authority (WMATA) has a grant to Transit Authority of Baltimore will compare these study the use of chemical grout to stabilize liners with the conventional fabricated steel ones. soil support systems around tunnels (DC-06-0158). Heavily grouted, moderately grouted, and sections ungrouted of the Several types of tunnel support Addison WMATA Route were compared systems are being studied under UMTA using geotechnical intrumentation to grants. The Metropolitan Transit Authority measure ground settlements. Results of (MTA) of Baltimore, Md., is evaluating the the study supported the use of chemical use of precast concrete tunnel liners in its grout. Lexington-Market tunnels (MD-06-0029 During site explorations for the and MD-06-0039). The precast liners will be extension of a Massachusetts Bay compared to fabricated steel liners as to Transportation Authority line, (MBTA) fabrication techniques, rejection rates, innovative geotechnical methods will be handling and storage procedures, curing used to predict subsurface conditions in process, erection procedures, structural "critical" construction zones behavior and cost. This tunnel test section (MA-06-0025). Resulting predictions will be will demonstrate the first use of bolted compared with the actual conditions precast concrete tunnel liners in U.S. rail encountered in In excavation. addition, transit construction. ground movements will be monitored as A study of various joint configurations tunnel excavation proceeds. and sealant materials for use in concrete

Another study will investigate tunnel liners is being conducted the actual state of stress on tunnel (MA-06-0025). Precast units generally have supports after construction has begun difficulty in maintaining joint seals and this (MA-06-0025). Improved designs for tunnel sometimes interferes with proper tunnel supports will be an outcome of this erection. Special equipment was research. developed to test creep characteristics,

37 watertightness, corrosion resistance, Steel-fiber shotcrete will be tested as part hydrostatic pressure and fire resistance. of this project (GA-06-0007). Various joint configurations have been Problems encountered in the removal tested including those proposed for use in of rock and earth from tunnel excavation Baltinnore's subway system. Polynner sites have been addressed by two projects. concrete has been tested for possible A materials handling systems study will weight reduction, increased alkalinity evaluate methods and equipment used to resistance and better strength properties. remove material from tunnel excavation Guidelines for the structural design of sites (MA-06-0025). More efficient and less tunnels based on the ultimate strength expensive methods and equipment will be concepts of concrete behavior are being sought. A project undertaken by WMATA developed (MA-06-0025). will involve development of a plan for use The development of an extruded of the muck excavated from sections of tunnel liner is being undertaken WMATA's Glenmont Route (DC-06-0209). (MA-06-0025). This project will begin with The basis for this study will be the Muck laboratory research and development, and Utilization l-landbook developed under a will end with field tests and demonstrations previous UMTA-sponsored study. The of extruded tunnel liners. WMATA project will include investigation The Metropolitan Atlanta Regional of alternatives, evaluation of public and Transit Authority (MARTA) will evaluate private land development uses, and rock bolts and shotcrete as the primary development of a cost-effective plan for support system for rock stations and use of the excavated material. tunnels through test sections in the Fracture control methods of tunnel MARTA system. Both conventional and blasting will be compared with conventional smooth wall blasting methods under another study (MA-06-0025). As part of this study, fracture control procedures will be carried out in a pilot tunnel to be constructed as part of the Red Line Extension of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA).

Construction costs of tunneling are also being studied (MA-06-0025). Regression analyses on data from specific projects have been used to develop a computerized soft-ground tunnel cost estimating technique. Future work will

The durability of precast concrete used irt turtnel involve expansion of the computer model. liners depends on proper joint design and sealing. The socio-economic impacts of tunnel In the two before-and-after tests shown above, the construction in urban areas are also being knuckle and lap joints were tested for their ability to withstand pressure. studied. A behavioral model will be

38 developed and tested which will measure A tunnel-related project has been the disruptive effects of tunnel undertaken which studied the pressure construction. pulse effects of trains entering tunnels The possibility of standardization (MA-06-0025). Model trains were within the tunneling industry is being catapulted into small-scale tunnels to investigated through another contract produce pressure transients thus (DC-06-0182). The need and potential for simulating the actual effect of a train standardization will be assessed through entering a tunnel. The model portals were identification and connparison of tunnel modified to attenuate the pulses. The paranneters. Areas in which standardization estimated cost of full scale portal is nnost econonnically and technically modification was compared to alternative feasible will be identified. methods.

A new technique to control fractures when blasting tunnels is being demonstrated in the MBTA [Boston, Mass.] Red Line extension. Instead of the conventional method of smooth wall blasting, a broaching tool is used to scribe notches in the sides of the drill holes which act as starting points for crack initiation. Rail and Construction Technology

PROJECT TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE AGENCY/ TECHNICAL CONTRACTOR CONTACT

VEHICLE AND EQUIPMENT TECHNOLOGY

Advanced Concept IT-06-0026 $27,350,000 Dec. 1970- Boeing Vertol Co.; Stephen Teel Tram Sept. 1979 Garrett AiResearch (202) 426-0090

Advanced Systems IT-06-0026 $8,825,000 Jan. 1973- Boeing Vertol Co. Stephen Teel Development Program Nov. 1978 (202) 426-0090 (ASDP)

ASDP Propulsion VA-06-0053 $225,000 Aug. 1978- Metrek Co. Stephen Teel Assessment May 1979 (202) 426-0090

ASDP Unpowered PA-06-0046 $425,000 Nov. 1978- Budd Co. Stephen Teel Testing May 1980 (202) 426-0090

STARS (Subsystem To be selected Stephen Teel Technology Applications (202) 426-0090 to Rail Systems) REQUIREMENTS, ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION

Planning Support CA-06-0116 $200,000 May 1978- Lawrence Berkley Stephen Teel Aug. 1979 Laboratories (202) 426-0090

WMATA Technical MA-06-0060 $200,000 Feb. 1978- Lawrence Berkley William Rhine Assessment May 1978 Laboratories (202) 426-9545

LRV Cost Reduction MA-06-0025 $75,000 Jan. 1978 N.D. Lea and Jeffrey Mora Associates (202) 426-0090

Track Geometry MA-06-0025 $305,000 Sept. 1976- Systems Tech- John Nickles Measurement System March 1978 nology Associates, (617) 426-2204 Inc. SYSTEMS INTEGRATION AND DEPLOYMENT

Railcar Standard- IT-06-0131 $1,300,000 May 1976- PB Decision Group; Jeffrey Mora ization IT-06-0175 Sept. 1979 American Public (202) 426-0090 DC-06-0121 Transit Association (APTA) Rail and Construction Technology

PROJECT TITLE NUMBER FUNDING bUnbUULb AvjblMu 1/ TECHNICAL CONTRACTOR CONTACT

SYSTEMS INTEGRATION AND DEPLOYMENT Jeffrey Mora National Design DC-06-0186 $350,000 Aug. 1978- APTA (202) 426-0090 Practices Manuals Sept. 1979 Spencer Smokeless Cable MA-06-0025 $212,000 July 1976- TSC; FAA, Civil Paul Dec. 1978 Aeromedical (202) 426-0090 Institute; Boeing Co.

1977- Boeing Vertol Co.; Jeffrey Mora Elderly and M A-Ub-UUzo V 1 ,uuu,uuu Sept. TSC; 426-0090 Handicapped PA-06-0034 Dec. 1981 Crain and Associates; (202) CA-06-0175 TRAAC Associates

1972- Illinois Paul Spencer Vehicle Crash- MA-06-0025 $540,000 Sept. TSC; (202) 426-0090 worthiness Sept. 1978 Institute of Tech- nology; Calspan Corp.; Boeing Vertol Co.

1978- TSC; Wilson, Leonard Kurzweil Handbook of Urban MA-06-0025 $1 10,000 Sept. Dec. 1979 Ihrig and (617)494-2142 Rail Noise and Vibra- Associates tion Control

1975- Leonard Kurzweil In-Service Test and MA-06-0025 $470,000 July TSC; April DeLeuw Cather (617)494-2142 Evaluation of Wheel- 1979 and Co.; Wilson, Ihrig Rail Noise Control Associates Treatments on SEPTA and

1978- TSC; Leonard Kurzweil Elevated Structures MA-06-0025 $350,000 June July 1980 Bolt, Beranek (617)494-2142 and Newman, Inc.

Aug. 1977- TSC Paul Spencer Steerable Truck MA-06-0025 $450,000 July 1981 (202) 426-0090 CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

, i 1 , , 1 , n-70 Gilbert Butler IVI c LI upUl 1 Id I 1 Double Tee Girders FL-06-0017 $388,000 July 19/0- Dade County, (202) 426-0090 Full Scale Test Sept. 1979 Office of Trans- portation Administration, Fla.

41 Rail and Construction Technology

PROJECT TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE AGENCY/ TECHNICAL CONTRACTOR CONTACT

CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

Standard Specifica- MA-06-0025 $94,000 Sept. 1977- TSC; Portland Paul Witkiewicz tions for Concrete Dec. 1978 Cement Association (617)494-2006 Ties for Rapid Transit

Transit Track MA-06-0025 $226,000 Apnl 1978- TSC; Ensco, Inc. Gerald Saulnier System Study July 1979 (617)494-2006

Vehicle-Induced MA-06-0025 $225,000 Oct, 1978- Kaman Avidyne John Putukian Forces Dec. 1979 (617)494-2206

Transit Track Noise Test IL-06-0042 $500,000 Nov. 1978- Chicago Urban Gilbert Butler Section Nov. 1979 Transportation (202) 426-0090

District, III.

Tunnel Standardiza- DC-06-0182 $110,000 May 1977- Delon Hampton and Gilbert Butler tion Dec. 1978 Associates (202) 426-0090

Materials Handling MA-06-0025 $203,000 Jan. 1977- TSC; Holmes and James Lamond Systems Study Oct. 1978 Narver (617)494-2544

Socio-Economic MA-06-0025 $341,000 Sept. 1977- TSC; Abt Robert Thibodeau Impacts Sept. 1980 Associates, Inc. (617)494-2389

Economic Factors MA-06-0025 $500,000 Sept. 1975- TSC Robert Thibodeau Sept. 1981 (617) 494-2389

Tunnel Liners and MA-06-0025 $575,000 Feb. 1976- TSC; Bureau James Lamond Sealants Aug. 1979 of Reclamation, (617)494-2544 Civil Engineering Research Center

Tunneling Technology MA-06-0025 $95,000 May 1978- TSC; Pacific Santo Gozzo Workshops and Seminars Nov. 1979 Consultants (617) 267-6622

Tunnel Design and MA-06-0025 $305,000 May 1978- University of Gilbert Butler Construction Nov. 1979 Illinois at (202) 426-0090 Champaign-Urbana Rail and Construction Teclinology

PROJECT TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE AGENCY/ TECHNICAL CONTRACTOR CONTACT

CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

Mb 1 A one exploration IVI A-UD-UUZO $412,000 Oct. 1978- TSC; Bechtel Corp; Phillip Mattson Nov. 1979 Haley and (617)494-2431 Aldrich, Inc.

Alleviation of MA -06-0025 $95,000 March 1977- TSC; California Timothy Barrows Pressure Pulse Effects Dec. 1978 Institute of Tech- (617)494-2758 for Trains Entering nology, Jet Propulsion Tunnels Laboratory

Chemical Grout Test DC-06-0158 $85,000 Sept. 1976- WMATA, Gilbert Butler Section Oct. 1978 Washington, D.C. (202) 426-0090

Precast Concrete MD-06-0029 $470,000 Oct. 1978- MTA, Baltimore, Gilbert Butler Liners Test Section MD-06-0039 Oct. 1980 Md. (202) 426-0090

Rock Station and G A -06-0007 $400,000 Aug. 1977- MARTA, Atlanta, Gilbert Butler Tunnel Test Section Aug. 1979 Ga. (202) 426-0090

Design Recomnnenda- MA-06-0025 $350,000 April 1978- University of Gerald Saulnier tions for Concrete Apnl 1981 Illinois at (617) 494-2006 Tunnel Liners Champaign-Urbana

Muck Utilization DC-06-0209 $81 ,000 Nov. 1978- WMATA, Gilbert Butler Nov. 1979 Washington, D.C. (202) 426-0090

Innproved Design MA-06-0025 $97,000 Jan. 1978- TSC; Massa- Larry Silva Procedures for Feb. 1979 chusetts Institute of (202) 426-2351 Tunnel Supports Technology

Developnnent of an MA-06-0025 $2,051,000 Jan. 1978- TSC; Gerald Saulnier Extruded Tunnel July 1981 Foster Miller (617)494-2006 Lining System Associates, Inc.

Subway Environmental MA-06-0025 $163,000 Nov. 1978- TSC; Parsons, Neil Meltzer Simulation: Emergency Apnl 1980 Brinkerhoff, (617)494-2192 Ventilation Quade and Douglas

Fracture Control in MA-06-0025 $74,000 Sept. 1978- TSC; Haley and Paul Witkiewicz Tunnel Blasting Sept. 1979 Aldrich, Inc. (617)494-2006

43 Bibliography MARTA Tunnel Construction in Decatur, Urban Rail Supporting Technology: Georgia: A Case Study of Impacts A Five Year Progress Summary 1971-1976 This list of reports contains those Pro|. MA-06-0025 Pro], MA-06-0025 published from January 1976 to the July 1977, PB 271-366 Transportation Systems Center present. For each report, a National Proceedings: Workshop on Materials Handling June 1976, PB 259-090/AS Technical Infornnation Service (NTIS) for Tunnel Construction Rail Transit System Cost Study, document number, if available, is listed Proj. MA-06-0025 Revision I: Final Report following the publication date. Reports Colorado School of Mines Pro], MA-06-0025 may be ordered through NTIS by using the August 1977, PB 276-602/AS Thomas K. Dyer, Inc. order blanks provided at the back of this Muck Utilization in Urban Transportation March 1977, PB 266-918/AS document. Tunneling Process: Final Report Insurance for Urban Transportation Reports not available through NTIS Proj. MA-06-0025 Construction Haley and Aldrich, Inc. Proj, MA-06-0025 may not have been published in sufficient December 1977, PB 278-066/AS Cresheim Co,, Inc, quantity for general distribution. However, June 1977, PB 272-108 they may be obtained by writing to the Subway Environmental Design Handbook,

Volume I Principles and Applications: General Vehicle Test Instrumentation person listed as the technical contact in the Second Edition Evaluation: Final Report project summary chart. Proj. DC-06-0010 Proj. MA-06-0025 Finally, additional reports relating to Transit Development Corporation, Inc. Transportation Systems Center the research in this chapter will become March 1976, PB 254-788/AS March 1977, PB 269-598/AS available during the upcoming year. For Roster of North American Rapid Transit Cars General Vehicle Test Instrumentation Manual: information on these reports and for 1945-1976 Operational Handbook suggestions on additional reference Proj. DC-06-0121 Proj. MA-06-0025 materials, call or write to the technical American Public Transit Association Transportation Systems Center contact associated with each project. January 1977, PB 266-620/AS September 1977, PB 274-543/AS Flywheel Propulsion Simulation: Final Report Proceedings: Seminar on Underground Con- Proj. MA-06-0044 struction Problems, Techniques and Solutions Alexander Kusko, Inc. Chicago, Illinois, October 20-22, 1975 May 1977, PB 272-259/AS Pro], MA-06 0025 Urban Rapid Rail Vehicle and Systems Engineering Tests for Energy Storage Cars at Chicago Urban Transportation District Program: Annual Report the Transportation Test Center December 1976, PB 264-027/AS Pro|, IT-06-0026 Proj. MA-06-0025 Subsurface Exploration Methods for Soft Boeing Vertol Company May 1977, Vols. I-IV, PB 269-399 Ground Rapid Transit Tunnels October 1976, PB 266-096/AS Vol. I, Program Description and Test Proj. MA-06-0025 Determination of the Optimal Approach to Rail Summary, PB 269-400 Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Quade and Douglas,

Rapid Transit Car Standardization Vol, II, Performance Power Consumption and Inc, and Soil and Rock Instrumentation, Inc. Proj. IT-06-0131 Radio Frequency Interference Tests, Apnl 1976, PB 258-342/ AS-SET

International Research and TechnoloMv Corp. PB 269-401 Vol, I, Sections 1-6 and References

August 1976, PB 259-363/AS Vol, III, Noise Tests, PB 269-402 Vol. II, Appendices A-F Muck Utilization Planning, Urban Transpor- Vol, IV, Ride Roughness Tests, PB 269-403 Assessment of Disruptive Effects Associated tation Tunneling: A Handbook of Rational With Urban Transportation Tunnel Practices for Planners and Designers Construction Proj. MA06-0025 Proj, MA-06-0025 Haley and Aldrich, Inc. ABT Associates, Inc, May 1977, PB 272-139/AS June 1976, PB 256 848/ AS

44 Guidelines for Improved Rapid Transit Tunnel- Case Studies of Building Behavior in Response Exploratory Study on Responsibility, Liability ing Safety and Environmental Impact to Adjacent Excavations and Accountability for Risks in Construction Proj. MA-06-0025 Proj. IL-06-0043 Committee on Responsibility, Liability, and January 1977 M.D. Boscardin, E.J. Cording, Accountability, National Research Council,

Vol. I, Safety, PB 271-047 and T.D. O'Rourke National Academy of Sciences Vol. M, Environmental Impact, PB 271-048 UMTA-IL-06-0043-78-2 1978

Construction Monitoring of Soft Ground Improved Design Procedures for Recommendations for Better Management of Tunnels: A Rational Handbook of Practices for Tunnel Supports Major Underground Construction Projects Rapid Transit System Planners and Managers Proj. MA-06-0025 Subcommittee on Management of Proj. MA-06-0025 H.H. Einstein, A.S. Azzovz, Major Underground Construction Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Quade and C.W. Schwartz and W. Steiner Projects, National Committee on Tunneling Douglas, Inc. July 1978 Technology, National Academy of Sciences January 1977, PB 264-361 /AS 2 Vols. 1978

Study of Subway Station Design and Alleviation of Pressure Pulse Cost Savings Potential of Modifications of the Construction: Final Report Effects for Trains Entering Tunnels Standard Light Rail Vehicle Specification Proj. MA-06-0025 Proj. MA-06-0025 Proj. MA-06-0025 DeLeuw Gather and Company 2 Vols. N.D. Lea and Associates and Skidmore, Owings and Merrill Settlements Around Tunnels in Soils: February 1979, PB 295-070 March 1977, PB 268-894/AS Three Case Studies A Computer Model for Sizing Rapid Transit Determination of the Optimal Approach to Rail Proj. IL-06-0043 Tunnel Diameters Rapid Transit Car Standardization March 1978, PB 290-856 Proj. MA-06-0025 Proj. IT-06-0131 Analysis of Ground-Liner Interaction January 1976 International Research and for Tunnels Track Geometry System Software Manual Technology Corp. Proj. IL-06-0043 Proj. MA-06-0025 August 1976, PB 259-363/AS R.E. Rankin, et al. Transportation Systems Center Development of Design Procedures for UMTA-IL-06-0043-78-3 April 1978, PB 285-558/AS Stabilized Soil Support Systems for Soft Materials Handling for Urban The Transportation of Tunnel Ground Tunneling Tunneling in Rock Muck by Pipeline Proj. DC-06-0158 Proj. MA-06-0025 Proj. MA-06-0025 G. W. Clough J.M. Duncan, et al. Colorado School of Mines

Vol. I, A Report on the Practice of Chemical November 1978 January 1978, PB 28M03/AS Stabilization Around Soft Ground Tunnels in Development of Economic Factors Proceedings: Seminar on the Use of Composite England, France and Germany, in Tunnel Construction Third Rail in Electrified Transit and Commuter June 1977, PB 272-771 Proj. MA-06-0025 Rail Systems Bechtel Corporation Vol. 11, Preliminary Results, Proj. MA-06-0025 August 1977, PB 273-064 December 1977, PB 280-878/AS H.D. Decker, Editor Economic Factors in Tunnel Construction November 1978, PB 293-317 Vol. Ill, Analysis and Design Method, Proj. MA-06-0025 June 1978 Rapid Transit Subways: Maintenance and Singstad, et al. Vol. IV, WMATA Case Studies, Engineering Report January 1976 October 1978 Proj. MA-06-0025 James Birkmyer UMTA-MA-06-0025-78-1, PB 279-691

45 1

Rapid Transit Subways: Guidelines for Noise Assessment of the Bay Area Rapid Engineering New Installations for Reduced Transit System Maintenance Proj. MA-06-0025 Proj. MA-06-0025 Wilson, Ihrig and Associates James Birkmyer October 1978, UMTA-MA-06-0025-78-10 UMTA-MA-06-0025-78-2, PB 279-453 Noise Assessment of the Greater Cleveland Rapid Transit Subways: Maintenance Regional Transit Authority Heavy Rail Transit Guidelines System Proj. MA-06-0025 Proj. MA-06-0025 James Birkmyer Boeing Vertol Go. UMTA-MA-06-0025-78-3, PB 279-692 October 1978, UMTA-MA-06-0025-78-12

The Status of Advanced Propulsion Systems Noise Assessment of the Port Authority Transit for Urban Rail Vehicles Corporation, Lindenwold Rail Transit Line Proj. VA-06-0053 Proj MA-06-0025 Vilas D. Nene Boeing Vertol Go. February 1979 October 1978, UMTA-MA-06-0025-78-9

In-Service Performance and Costs of Methods Noise Assessment of the Southeastern for Control of Urban Rail System Noise: Pennsylvania Transportation Authority Heavy Experimental Design Rail Transit System Proj. MA-06-0025 Proj. MA-06-0025 DeLeuw Gather and Co. and Wilson, Ihrig and Boeing Vertol Go. Associates October 1978, UMTA-MA-06-0025-78-1 May 1976, PB 257-200 Noise Assessment of the New York City Rail In-Service Performance and Costs of Methods Rapid Transit System for Control of Urban Rail System Noise: Test Proj. MA-06-0025 and Evaluation Plan Polytechnic Institute of New York Proj. MA-06-0025 January 1979, UMTA-MA-06-0025-79-7 Gather and Go. Wilson, DeLeuw and Noise Assessment of the Chicago Transit Ihrig and Associates Authority Rail Rapid Transit System April 1977, PB 272-521 Proj MA-06-0025 In-Service Performance and Costs of Methods University of Illinois for Control of Urban Rail System Noise; Initial January 1979, UMTA-M A-06-0025-79-8 Test Series Report Noise Abatement in Rail Rapid Transit: Effect Proj. MA-06-0025 of Some Variations DeLeuw Gather and Go. and Wilson, Proj. NY- 11-0002 Ihrig and Associates Polytechnic Institute of New York August 1978, UMTA-MA-06-0025-78-7 December 1978, UMTA-NY-n-0002-79-1 Prediction and Control of Noise and Vibration Noise Degradation Over Time of Rail Rapid in Rail Transit Systems Transit Cars Proj. MA-06-0025 Proj. NY- 11-0002 L. G. Kurzweil and R. Lotz Polytechnic Institute of New York September 1978, UMTA-MA-06-0025-78-8 December 1978, UMTA-NY-1 1 -0002-79-2

46 CHAPTER 4 Transit systems in which automatic vehicles are designed to travel along New Systems their own separate guideways are classified as automated guideway transit (AGT) systems. A number of such systems are currently in operation at activity centers and Automation across the country, including airports, shopping centers, college campuses, and amusement parks. The Urban Mass Transportation Administration has major programs to develop and also to install automated guideway transit systems. Automated transit systems provide a Trends means for reducing labor costs and also for providing performance and safety

and Highlights characteristics which compare with rail transit and can compete with the automobile. Present studies indicate that automated systems have a very high potential for affecting the movement of people within cities. When installed in suitable configurations, such systems will provide a level of service significantly superior to that provided by current bus

and rail transit. By providing trips with short travel times and few intermediate stops between origin and destination, AGT systems are expected to offer formidable competition to the automobile. UMTA's overall program in AGT includes these major elements: Automated Guideway Supporting Technology; AGT Socio-Economic Research; Advanced Group Rapid Transit Systems (AGRT); and the Downtown People Mover (DPM). Work in these areas, reported in this chapter and Chapters 5 and 7 below, is highly interrelated. For example, the socio-economic research includes assessments of existing foreign and domestic systems, providing supporting data for the DPM program and providing

47 performance criteria for more advanced systems and technologies. A significant accomplishment in the past year was the negotiation of contracts for the development and testing of engineering verification test facilities for an Advanced Group Rapid Transit system. A conference on AGT technology development was held at the U.S. DOT Transportation Systems Center in March 1978, and was attended by more than 250 members of the research and development community. Advanced Group Rapid Transit

The goal of the AGRT development is the development and installation of engineering verification test facilities which embody the system specifications. The specifications for the AGRT system include achievement of a peak capacity of 14,000 seats per lane per hour using 12-seat vehicles. The use of small vehicles will allow the system to provide a high level of service to dispersed origins and destinations over various urban areas. The system will also be suitable for collection and distribution in central business districts. Trips will be characterized by short waiting and travel times and few intermediate stops

Two preliminary designs of Advanced Group Rapid Transit vehicles are shown, the Boeing concept [top] and the Otis version [bottom].

48 Phase I, the concept definition phase, installation at their plants. The test facilities was completed in August 1975. During will be capable of testing the significant Phase l/three contractors, Boeing, Otis vehicle operation and control functions. An and Rohr, produced competing preliminary engineering test program will be used to designs. Phase IIA (VA-06-0023), identify and correct deficiencies. (OH-06-0023), (MD-06-0025), The development of Romag (DC-06-0140), (CA-06-0094), technology will also be continued, with (CO-06-0008), (WA-06-0008) and concentration on subsystem and (IT-06-0169), which began in June 1976 component development. The and was completed in December 1977, development will be carried out by Boeing,

continuedthe Phase I design competition. which has acquired rights to Romag under

The three contractors further developed license. Romag is a vehicle magnetic their designs, conducted development of suspension concept using magnetic forces critical subsystems, and performed between the primary and secondary of a extensive simulation studies of the linear induction motor to suspend as well behavior of their systems on a test network as to propel and brake the vehicle. provided by UMTA. Magnetic suspension offers significant The system designed by Boeing advantages in the areas of noise and of utilizes a rubber-tired vehicle steered along guideway wear. a guideway by side-mounted steering wheels which guide both the front and rear axles. Automated Guideway

The guideway is U-shaped and is Transit Supporting fabricated of reinforced concrete. The Technology vehicles are equipped with a unique radar collision avoidance system. The Boeing The Automated Guideway Transit version of AGRT is an outgrowth of the Supporting Technology program is Morgantown design. directed toward the development of Otis Elevator Company system The technologies that permit the successful uses a vehicle with an air-cushion deployment of automated guideway suspension system and a single-sided linear transportation systems. Existing elements induction motor (LIM) propulsion system. of this program are directed toward primary is on board the vehicle The LIM development of analysis, software, LIM secondary is embedded in the and the subsystems, and components that may be center of the guideway. used for a variety of advanced urban Here too, the guideway is an open transportation systems. New elements will U-shaped design. The vehicle emergency include system-oriented activity. To increase safety security, closed- passenger and braking system uses a skid-type brake pad A major goal of the program is to circuit television and voice alarms are being tested which contacts the guideway surface provide information to system designers on a New York City subway line. Note the camera mounted near the station ceiling [top]. The control under emergency conditions. and developers. Further goals are to room in the transit police headquarters where the During Phase IIB, Boeing and Otis will provide information to planners that will video and audio signals are received is shown at in evaluation of bottom. develop engineering prototype systems for assist them the 49 applications and to reduce the risk involved AGT deployment starting from in the deploynnent of new systenns. zone-to-zone trip demand data, feeder Previous non-systenn oriented characteristics, station locations and activities addressed to new systenns of configurations, and network geometry. transportation included the developnnent Analysis fidelity ranges from average traffic engineering program and connmand and flow to detailed representation of individual control studies perfornned by the Applied passengers and vehicles. The models are

Physics Laboratory (APL) at Johns applicable to all classes of AGT technology Hopkins University. The Automated and planners in all facets of system Guideway Transit Supporting Technology operations. program has expanded the scope of these The System Safety and Passenger earlier programs and is focused on three Security Studies program (MA-06-0048) is areas: system technology, subsystem and being conducted to evaluate various component technology, and wayside methods of minimizing vandalism and technology. enhancing passenger security and safety in At the system technology level, the automated systems. Studies are also being major thrusts are in the area of system This research vehicle receives lateral control signals conducted to determine design guidelines simulations and operational analyses, and from a wire imbedded in the road. and requirements for automated systems. development of guidelines and standards. Particular emphasis is being placed on user The performance of system-level and non-user impacts, and on passenger operational analyses will provide the safety and comfort. needed technical and cost data. Use of Security and safety enhancement analytical tools, such as computer techniques currently employed by transit simulations, will generate data that will authorities have been identified and permit local urban planners and evaluated. Specific emphasis has been government officials to evaluate expected given to architectural design, police performance characteristics and to identify methods, surveillance techniques, and project various cost elements of a evacuation, rescue, and the values proposed automated ground passengers place on security features. A transportation system. highlight of this project is evaluation of a The System Operations Studies television surveillance experiment which program (MA -06-0048) is addressing a was carried out in an at-grade station on a wide spectrum of different technologies New York subway line. In addition, ranging from large vehicle shuttles to experiments were conducted to establish Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) systems. relations between design and permissible Both single and multiple vehicle emergency braking levels. configurations are being considered. The Subsystem and Component A complete set of AGT system Technology area treats two key technical planning models in the form of computer topics that are common to all AGT simulation programs has been developed systems: vehicle longitudinal control and which permit the user to develop detailed The use of prefabricated guideway sections is being reliability; and vehicle lateral control and evaluated under the AGT Supporting Technology cost and service information for a proposed Program. switching.

50 The Vehicle Longitudinal Control and goals to assure that they reflect practical Reliability project (IT-06-0148) is concerned objectives. The work in this area includes with the improvement of performance, review of the status of existing technology, reliability, and maintenance of longitudinal detailed mathematical modeling, analyses systems, with fail-operational design and simulation, development of design concepts receiving particular attention. concepts, and experimental validation of Redundant implementation will provide the those designs.

key to operation that permits vehicles The Wayside Technology area is being suffering single failures to continue to the addressed through the Guideway and nearest nrvaintenance area, station, or Station Technology project {IT-06-0152). siding. Fail-operational design approaches This project includes studies of using microprocessors will significantly implementation technologies for improve the mean time between failures guideways, stations, power distribution which might lead to vehicle breakdowns on systems, and weather protection concepts. the guideway. The longitudinal control Reduction of cost, implementation time, studies also are exploring the potential of a and environmental impact of guideways variety of control approaches including and stations are emphasized. vehicle-follower and point-follower strat- A comprehensive survey of existing egies. The longitudinal control system design concepts has been completed. project includes analyses, evaluation, Detailed analysis of existing designs has design, and experimental investigations. indicated a number of areas where cost Extensive testing will include operations at and implementation time can be reduced headways less than five seconds. through the use of double-T beams, The Vehicle Lateral Control and prefabricatlon, etc. The project is

Switching project (IT-06-0156) is exploring developing improved guideway and station techniques to improve reliability, reduce designs for AGT vehicles, both small and costs and improve performance of vehicle large. electronic wire-follower and mechanical Design considerations for all-weather wall-follower lateral control and switching vehicle operation, such as guideway systems. Reducing the guideway length heating or protected designs also are being required to execute switching maneuvers addressed. and improve ride comfort are two major In addition to the major projects objectives of this program that include discussed above, a number of smaller lateral control and switching system design projects are being pursued. A study has analyses, computer simulations, and been performed to identify measures of vehicle tests at the contractor's facility. A service availability as used by operators, test vehicle has been built and testing has manufacturers, and researchers. Projects been carried out at the contractor's test are also underway in a number of areas track and at Lowry Air Force Base. such as the development of a hydrostatic All the investigations in the dnve for AGT vehicles (CA-06-0108); the Illustrated are three prototype acceleratirtg walk- longitudinal and lateral control areas are development of an instrumented vehicle to ways. Although none is yet public use, a demonstration is planned. being related to cost and performance detect malfunctions for minimizing down

51 ) time (W A -06-0009); experimentation and AGRT systems and the Downtown People analysis with a single-sided linear induction Mover. motor for both suspension and propulsion (VA-06-0035); and automated mixed traffic Accelerating Walkways vehicle technology development Accelerating Walkways (IT-06-0126) (CA-06-0088) concentrating on a small are novel pedestrian-assist devices capable vehicle having sophisticated sensors that of providing a valuable connector service permit operation at 2 to 5 kph (1 .2 to 3 within activity centers such as transit mph) speeds in pedestrian areas, or higher terminals, shopping centers, and central speeds in semi-protected rights of way. business districts. A typical accelerating An innovative moving belt transport walkway moves at something less than system has been installed at the Georgia normal walking speed for boarding and Institute of Technology (GA-06-0009) to unloading but increases to more than twice transport students. A detailed assessment the normal walking speed for the main of its characteristics is planned. portion of the trip. Accelerating walkways A number of independent study compare favorably in both cost and travel contracts also have been awarded to assist time with vehicular travel. the UMTA staff in evaluating technical Several prototype systems have been approaches, performing cost analyses, developed, but none provide service to the developing new hardware system public. Feasibility studies have been concepts, and evaluating environmental concluded and are favorable from both impacts of AGT systems, (VA-06-0041 cost and benefit considerations. The and (MD-06-0038). studies indicate that safety will be comparable to that of existing moving The data and analytical tools obtained sidewalks and escalators. from each program are being documented. In the next phase, two or more As progress is made in the AGTST manufacturers will be awarded contracts to program, will development workshops be design and study the implementation of appropriate, to conducted, where their designs for a 300-foot walkway disseminate the data to system designers application m a railroad terminal. It is and urban planners. Data evolving from the planned to follow this activity by a program will also be applied to a broad hardware testing phase and, ultimately, by spectrum of automated guideway a public demonstration of one system. technologies ranging from simple shuttles

to network applications. It is anticipated that some of the results will change the scope and nature of tasks and the correlation between tasks. The technical results of the AGTST program will be an important factor in decreasing the technical and economic risks associated with the development and installation of AGT systems, including the

52 iMGw oysiGms ana Autonriaiion

PROJECT TITLE NUMBER 1 U 111 L'llvU TECHNICAL CONTRACTOR CONTACT

ADVANCED GROUP RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEMS

Phase IIA Design CA-06-0094 $4,200,000 June 1976- Boeing Aerospace; Aldo DeSimone CO-06-0008 Dec. 1977 Otis Elevator Co.; (202) 426-9264 WA-06-0008 Rohr Industries

iwilTDc Phase IIA Technical VA-06-0023 limp 1Q7fi- Pnrn Rattpllp James Hamm Studies OH -06-0023 Dec. 1977 Columbus Laboratory; (202) 426-9265 MD-06-0025 Johns Hopkins University; DC-06-0142 American Public Transit Association

Phase II Availability IT-06-0169 $50,000 Apnl 1976- Frank C. Smith and Raymond Brunson Analysis Dec. 1978 Associates (202) 426-9264

Pre-Phase MB MD-06-0025 $3,000,000 Oct. 1978- MITRE Corp.; Battelle James Hamm Technical Studies IT-06-0190 Jan. 1983 Columbus Laboratory; (202) 426-9265 IT-06-0186 Johns Hopkins University AUTOMATED GUIDEWAY TRANSIT TECHNOLOGY

Development of MA-06-0048 $99,000 Oct. 1976- Battelle Columbus C.W. Watt Measures of Service Jan. 1979 Laboratory (617)494-2298 Availability

AGT System Opera- MA-06-0048 $3,683,000 June 1976- TSC; General Motors Arthur Priver tions Studies June 1979 Corp.; IBM Corp. (617)494-2357

AGT System Safety MA-06-0048 $588,000 Feb. 1977- TSC; Dunlap and E.D. Sussman and Passenger Feb. 1979 Associates; (617)494-2041 Security University of Virginia; Vought Corp.

AGT Vehicle Longitu- IT-06-0148 $2,561 ,000 March 1977- Otis Elevator Co. Robert Hoyler dinal Control and Sept. 1979 (202) 426-9264 Reliability

AGT Vehicle Lateral IT-06-0150 $869,000 Aug. 1977- Otis Elevator Co. George Izumi Control and Aug. 1979 (202) 426-4047 Switching

53 New Systems md Automation

PROJECT TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE AGENCY/ TECHNICAL CONTRACTOR CONTACT

AUTOMATED GUIDEWAY TRANSIT TECHNOLOGY

AGT Hydrostatic CA-06-0108 $25,000 Sept. 1977- Mobility Systenns Robert Hoyler Drive Studies Sept. 1978 (202) 426-9264 George Izumi AGT Independent VA-06-0041 $460,000 Jan. 1977- lITRECorp. (202) 426-4047 Studies Jan. 1979

Independent PRT CA-06-0091 $177,000 Sept. 1976- Aerospace Corp. Robert Hoyler Studies Jan. 1978 (202) 426-9264

AGT Independent MD-06-0038 $250,000 March 1978- Johns Hopkins Univ., Robert Hoyler Control Studies March 1979 Applied Physics (202) 426-9264 Laboratory

AGT Platooning and MA-06-0085 $25,000 Feb. 1978- Massachusetts Robert Hoyler Entrainment Oct. 1978 Institute of Technology (202) 426-9264

VDAS Failure WA-06-0009 $70,000 Aug. 1977- Port of Seattle, Robert Hoyler Monitoring March 1979 Wash. (202) 426-9264

AGT Guideway and IT-06-0152 $1,000,000 July 1977- DeLeuw Gather and George Izunni Station Technology Aug. 1979 Co. (202) 426-4047

AMTV Technical CA-06-0088 $205,000 Feb. 1976- California Institute Robert Hoyler Development Oct. 1979 of Technology (202) 426-9264

Non-Contact Suspen- VA-06-0035 $409,000 June 1976- MITRE Corp. Robert Ravera sion Technology: Dec. 1978 (202)426-0190 Magnetic Levitation

Engineenng Modifi- GA-06-0009 $200,000 May 1978- Georgia Tech George Anag- cation and Test July 1979 University nostopolous of Transette (617)494-2758 New Systems and Automation

PROJECT TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE AGENCY/ TECHNICAL CONTRACTOR CONTACT

ACCELERATING WALKWAY PROGRAM

Accelerating Walkways IT-06-0126 $5,746,000 Aug. 1976- Tri-State Regional George Izumi Sept. 1983 Planning Commission; (202) 426-4047 Port Authority of New York and New Jersey

Advanced Group Rapid Transit System Devel- Automated Mixed Traffic Vehicle [AMTV Bibliography opment Program, Phase IIA: Technology and Safety Study: Final Report

This list of reports contains those Executive Summary Proj. CA-06-0088 published fronn January 1976 to the Proj. CA-06-0094 California Institute of Technology, Inc. Jet Propulsion Laboratory present. For each report, a National Rohr Industries, February 1978, N78-25257 Technical Infornnation Service (NTIS) Advanced Group Rapid Transit System Devel- IIA: Efficiency of a Dual-Mode docunnent nunnber, if available, is listed opment Program, Phase Costs and Energy following the publication date. Reports Executive Summary System Proj. Proj. CA-06-0088 nnay be ordered through NTIS by using the CO-06-0008 Otis Elevator Company California Institute of Techonolgy, order blanks provided at the back of this Jet Propulsion Laboratory docunnent. Advanced Group Rapid Transit System Devel- April 1977, PB 272-714/AS Program, Phase IIA: Reports not available through NTIS opment Executive Summary Point-Follower Automatic Vehicle Control: A nnay not have been published in sufficient Proj. WA-06-0008 Generic Analysis quantity for general distribution. However, Boeing Aerospace Company Proj. MD-06-0022 nnay be obtained by writing to the they University, Applied Physics Automated Mixed Traffic Vehicle Control and Johns Hopkins person listed as the technical contact in the Scheduling Study Laboratory project sumnnary chart. 1977, PB 270-354 Proj. CA-06-0088 May Finally, additional reports relating to California Institute of Technology, A State-Constrained Approach to Vehicle- the research in this chapter will beconne Jet Propulsion Laboratory Follow Control for Short-Headway available during the upcoming year. For December 1976, PB 264-527/AS AGT Systems: Final Report infornnation on these reports and for Proj. MD-06-0022 suggestions on additional reference Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics materials, call or write to the technical Laboratory contact associated with each project. August 1977, PB 272-239/AS

55 Guidelines for Ride-Quality Specifications Models for Assessing Trip Dependability in AGT Guideway and Station Technology Vol. 2: Based on Transpo '72 Data: Final Report Automated Guideway Transit Networks Weather Protection Review Proj. MD-06-0022 Proj. MD-06-0018 Proj. IT-06-0152 Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics DeLeuw Cather and Co. and ABAM Engineers Laboratory Laboratory Inc. October 1977, PB 273-272/AS August 1976, PB 258-129/AS March 1978, PB 281-632/AS

Environmental Impact Issues for Automated Vehicle-Follower Controls for Short Headway Automated Guideway Transit Workshop on Guideway Transit Systems AGT Systems: Functional Analysis and Performance Measures, Evaluation Techniques Proj. VA-06-0025 Conceptual Designs and Goals MITRE Corporation Proj. MD-06-0018 Proj. MD-06-0022 July 1976, PB 263-640/AS Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory Vehicle Operating Strategies for Small Auto- Laboratory 1976, PB 277-046/AS mated Guideway Transit Network December 1976, PB 266-272/AS August Proj. VA-06-0025 Advanced Group Rapid Transit System Devel- The Development of Measures of Service Corporation Availability, Volume I: Summary Report MITRE opment Program, Phase I, Executive Summary August 1976, PB 262-480/AS Proj. PA-06-0032 Proj. MA-06-0048 Advanced Group Rapid Transit System, Execu- Boeing Vertol Connpany Battelle Columbus Laboratory UMTA-MA-06-0048-78-2 tive Summary, Phase I, High Performance Personal Rapid Transit Research Conducted at Personal Rapid Transit [HPPRT] The Development of Measures of Service the Aerospace Corporation System Design Availability, Volume II: Task Technical Reports Proj. CA-06-0071 Proj. MA-06-0048 Proj. CA-06-0078 The Aerospace Corporation Rohr Industries, Inc. Battelle Columbus Laboratory March 1976, PB 256-846/ AS March 1978 U M T A- M A-06-0048-78-3 Analysis of Short Ramps for Dual Mode and Life Cycle Cost Model for Comparing AGT and The Development of Measures of Service PRT Stations: Final Report Conventional Transit Alternatives Availability, Volume III: Application Guidelines Proj. MA-06-0048 Proj. CA-06-0090 Proj. MA-06-0048 Alden Self-Transit Systems Corporation and General Research Corporation Battelle Columbus Laboratory Transportation Systems Center February 1976, PB 259-529/AS UMTA-MA-06-0048-78 July 1977, PB 272-351 /AS Executive Summary Report, High Performance Automated Guideway Transit Service Proceedings of Workshop on Methodology for Personal Rapid Transit [HPPRT] Availability Workshop Evaluating the Effectiveness of Crime Proj. CO ^06-0007 Proj. MA-06-0048 Reduction Measures in Automated Guideway Otis Elevator Co. C. W. Watt (editor) Transit Systems: Final Report Network Model Studies for Automated Guide- Transportation Systems Center Proj. MA-06-0048 way Transit: Advanced Group Rapid Transit February 1978, PB 282-295/ AS Transportation Systems Center Models Switching July 1977, PB 273-695/AS Vehicle Lateral Control and Proj. MD-06-0018 Technology Review Study Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Effects of Deceleration and Rate of Decelera- Proj. IT -06-0 150 Laboratory tion on Live Seated Human Subjects Otis Elevator Co. February 1976, PB 251-881 /AS Proj. MA-06-0048 March 1978, PB 284-799/AS Analysis of Multiple Party Vehicle Occupancy Transportation Systems Center Vehicle Lateral Control and Switching: Test in an Automated Guideway System October 1977, PB 284-653/AS , Proj. MD-06-0018 Program Implementation Plan Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Proj. IT-06-0150 Laboratory Otis Elevator Co. March 1976, PB 251 -930/ AS^ Apnl 1978

56 Vehicle Lateral Control and Switching: Pre- Accelerating Moving Walkway Systems AGT Technology Overview liminary Performance Measures and Goals [AMWS]: Market Attributes, Applications Proj. VA-06-0041 Proj. IT-06-0150 and Benefits MITRE Corp. Otis Elevator Co. Proj. IT-06-0126 May 1978 April 1978 Port Authority of New York and New Jersey AGT Conference Proceedings Vehicle Lateral Control and Switching: Cost March 1978, PB 287-083/AS Proj. MA-06-0048 and Weight Models Accelerating Moving Walkway Systems August 1978, UMTA-MA-06-0048-78-1 Proj. lT-06-0150 [AMWS]: Safety and Human Factors Otis Elevator Co. Proj. IT-06-0126 April 1978, PB 286-551 /AS Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Vehicle Lateral Control and Switching: Design March 1978, PB 286-831 /AS and Analysis Report [Interim] Accelerating Moving Walkway Systems Proj. IT-06-0150 [AMWS]: Demonstration Plan Otis Elevator Co. Proj. IT-06-0126 June 1978 Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Vehicle Lateral Control and Switching: Detailed March 1978 Hardware Studies Proj. IT-06-0150 Accelerating Moving Walkway Systems June 1978 [AMWSI: Safety Seminar Proceedings Proj. IT-06-0126 Life-Cycle Costs and Application Analysis Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Proj. VA-06-0041 March 1978, PB 287-084/ AS MITRE Corp. May 1978 AGT Guideway and Station Technology, Weather Protection Review Reliability Study of Operating AGT Systems Proj. IT-06-0152 Proj. OH -06-0023 March 1978, PB 281-632 H. H. Hunter, R. D. King, and D. J. Ochsner December 1977 AGT Guideway and Station Technology

Safety Performance Criteria Review Proj. OH -06-0023 Proj. IT-06-0152 Cather and Co. H. H. Hunter, et al. DeLeuw and ABAM Engineers, Inc. Analysis of Transit System Dependability September 1978, PB 287-522/ AS Proj. IT-06-0169 Frank C. Smith AGT Guideway and Station Technology Septennber 1976 Review, Project Implementation Plan Proj. IT-06-0152 Accelerating Moving Walkway System Depen- DeLeuw Cather and Co. dability and ABAM Engineers, Inc. Proj. IT-06-0126 October 1977 Port Authority of New York and New Jersey March 1978 Independent Study of Personal Rapid Tran; Proj. CA-06-0091 Accelerating Moving Walkway Systems C. L. Olson [AMWS]: Technology Assessment December 1977, PB 287-869/ AS Proj. IT-06-0126 Port Authority of New York and New Jersey April 1978, PB 287-082/ AS CHAPTER 5 Automated Guideway Automated Guideway Transit (AGT) systems, or people movers, are Transit [AGT] being considered as a promising alternative to conventional transit systems in urban areas. Fully automated transit Applications systems are being developed to provide safe, efficient, and economical transportation in our central cities in response to a number of concerns. Among these are the trend toward the revitalization Trends of our central cities; the need for and IHighlights improvements in transit productivity and service levels; the need for energy conservation; and the need for reductions in traffic congestion and air pollution. Although people movers are presently carrying millions of passengers at airports, universities, recreational parks, and shop- ping centers, their application in more complex urban settings poses special environmental, economic, technical, and institutional problems. The Office of AGT Applications was established as a focal point to coordinate the introduction of people mover systems into the urban environment. The office has

three major objectives: 1 ) to develop and implement projects that can demonstrate the application of AGT systems in urban areas; 2) to provide a "delivery system" for the deployment of federal and privately developed advanced technology systems that have demonstrated promise in providing improved transit service; and 3) to provide the necessary planning, technical, and managerial support to local, state, and other departmental offices involved with the implementation of AGT systems in urban applications.

58 Downtown People feasibility study. Subsequently, Cleveland their Phase I DPM efforts, that is, elected not to participate in the program. preliminary engineering. The award of a Mover [DPM] Program Further refinement of the program has Section 3 capital grant to any of these resulted in the establishment of a cities for Phase II, project construction, will Through the Downtown People Mover two-tiered effort, with five cities in each depend upon the following factors: 1 ) the program, the Office of (DPM) AGT tier. The department's policy with regard to availability of federal funds; 2) satisfactory Applications is attempting to show that present and future DPM investments is as cost and project viability results from the fully relatively simple people automated, follows. preliminary engineering efforts of that city; mover systems, operating in urban The first-tier cities of Los Angeles, St. 3) the successful completion of all grant environments, can provide an adequate Paul, Houston, Detroit, and Miami have statutory requirements by that city, level reliable service at reasonable costs. of been awarded capital grants to conduct including securing the 20 percent local In April 1976, proposals for DPM projects were solicited nationwide. Of the 68 cities that responded with letters of interest, only 38 were able to submit pro- posals. Four of these— Cleveland, Ohio; Houston, Tex.; Los Angeles, Calif.; and St. Paul, Minn, — were selected as demonstration sites. In addition, the Department of Transportation advised the cities of Baltimore, Miami, and Detroit that their DPM proposals were of sufficient merit to permit the funding of their proposed systems by diverting their existing federal transit commitments, if the cities so desired. Subsequently, in June 1977, Congress advised that in addition to these selected cities, UMTA should consider funding additional DPM projects in the cities of Jacksonville, Fla.; St. Louis, Mo.; Baltimore, Md.; and Indianapolis, Ind. Upon further review of the merits of the finalists' proposals, the department deter- mined that Baltimore, Indianapolis, Jacksonville, Norfolk (Va.), and St. Louis could be awarded technical study grants to perform feasibility studies to further refine their proposed projects. After reviewing local priorities,

Baltimore decided that it did not want to

its use existing transit commitments for Here is an example of how a DPM system might fit into the Los Angeles landscape. DPM and elected to proceed with the

59 ) share and obtaining all of the required environmental clearances; and 4) meeting any specific conditions required by UMTA as a prerequisite to participate in the DPM program. The second-tier cities of Baltimore, Indianapolis, Jacksonville, Norfolk, and St. Louis have been awarded technical studies grants to conduct feasibility studies and to further refine their DPM projects. If the results of these technical studies so warrant, grants for Phase I, preliminary engineering, may be awarded if sufficient federal funds are available and if the merits of the applications meet UMTA's priorities and satisfy all statutory requirements. The award of capital grants for Phase II, project construction, will be subject to the same constraints established for the first-tier cities. However, construction will commence only upon successful deployment and operation of one or more of the first-tier cities. Any other city seeking federal funding of a DPM system would be required by UMTA to conduct an analysis of transportation alternatives prior to any submission of an application for capital grant assistance.

Downtown People Mover Preliminary Engineering (PE) Grants In Los Angeles, plans are being made to revitalize the Central Business District (CBD), reinforce downtown growth trends, and stimulate the local economy by

initiating the following actions: 1 implementation of coordinated land use and transportation programs; 2) provision of joint development and redevelopment opportunities around DPM stations; 3) the enters improvement of CBD circulation with This architectural model shows a preliminary DPM design for St. Paul, Minn. Here, DPM connections to the elevated pedestrian makes a loop through a proposed new building complex.

60 PEDWAY network; 4) provision of intercepts to reduce CBD auto use; 5) improvement of air quality; and 6) improvement of services and accessibility •1* to downtown for transit users. Los Angeles was awarded preliminary engineering grants (CA-03-0131, CA-06-0112, CA-09-7002, CA-09-7003) and initiated work on its DPM project in January 1978. The final route alignment and station locations were selected to optimize new joint development opportunities and to lessen potential adverse environmental impacts. Preliminary engineering design of the guideway and stations was performed for the selected alignment. UMTA reviewed the Preliminary Safety Plan, elderly and handicapped provisions, and the Draft Environmental Impact Review (DEIR) in September 1978. A draft System Specification, estimates of the capital and operation and maintenance costs, and a The AIRTRANS Urban Technology Program is working to make the technologies of a successful airport financial plan were submitted in October transit system more suitable for urban use. 1978.

The main objective of St. Paul's proposed DPM system is to improve estimates, joint development studies, the both within the CBD and system-wide; to accessibility to the CBD, improve the preparation of a draft procurement bid contribute to the vitality of the downtown internal circulation system, discourage the package, and environmental impact area and Houston as a whole; and to of in use automobiles the CBD, studies were among the tasks completed decrease automobile use in the CBD. complement the existing elevated during the PE phase. In August 1978, a The City of Houston was awarded pedestrian SKYWAY network, encourage final route alignment was defined and an preliminary engineering grants fringe parking, and improve air quality. economic development forecast was (TX-03-0035, TX-06-0024, TX-09-0088) in St. Paul was awarded its preliminary completed. In September, final capital cost December 1977. The city postponed the engineering grants (MN-03-0017, estimates for the selected DPM system start of the DPM project, however, until MN-06-0009, MN-09-0024) and work was were released. The preliminary system after August 12, 1978, when Houston area initiated in September 1977. Base specifications and the financial plan were voters approved a region-wide mass transit patronage forecasts were completed in completed in late 1978. plan that established the Metropolitan March 1978, and preliminary route Houston's proposed DPM is expected Transit Authority (MTA). Establishment of alignments and station locations were to improve downtown mobility for this transit authority shifted the

determined by April 1978. Parking plans, commuters, CBD employees, shoppers, responsibility for all public transportation in station layouts, ACT supplier liaison, cost and visitors; to increase transit ridership the Houston metropolitan area from the

61 City of Houston to the MTA. will be coordinated with the rapid transit suppliers' technology status, and During the latter part of 1978, the system and will act as a circulator and developing DPM guidelines and evaluation

IVITA strived to fulfill the labor, legal, and distributer in the downtown area. criteria. Dynatrend, Inc. is providing Minority Business Enterprise (MBE) UMTA awarded DPM preliminary technical support for the cities of St. Paul requirements that were necessary for engineering grants to Dade County, Fla. (IT-06-0182) and Detroit (IT-06-0183); transferring existing UMTA grants from the (FL-03-0050, FL-09-7002) in May 1978. Mobility Systems is providing support for

City of Houston to the MTA. These Dade County has estimated that about $24 Houston (IT-06-0180); and F. R. Harris is requirements were approved by UMTA in million can be diverted from its rapid rail providing support for Los Angeles December 1978, and the MTA started their project to implement a functional first (IT-06-0181) and Miami (IT-06-0214). 15-month DPM preliminary engineering stage DPM based on an alignment similar phase in February 1979. to the 1976 Miami DPM route proposal. Downtown People Mover Technical Preliminary first Feasibility The specific local objective of Detroit's engineering on this stage Studies DPM system started in mid-November Funds for technical feasibility studies proposed DPM system is to revitalize the 1978 is expected to in were provided to the second-tier cities of CBD by linking the modern centers of the and be completed 15 Baltimore (MD-09-0014), city (the expanding Renaissance Center, months. Indianapolis (IN-09-0017), Jacksonville (FL-09-7001), Cobo Hall, the River Front Arena, the Kern Norfolk (VA-09-0035), St. Louis Block proposal, and Woodward Mall) with Downtown People Mover Technical and (MO-09-0014). The major objective of declining office and retail establishments in Support studies is whether a the CBD core. The Downtown People Mover these to determine Technical Support Program is designed to Downtown People Mover would be In June 1978, Detroit was awarded its assist the Office of ACT Applications in suitable and practical for these cities. Each preliminary engineering grants reviewing documentation prepared by the study will perform an impact analysis, a (MI-03-0063, MI-09-0038, MI-09-0039), and grantees during the preliminary preliminary environmental study, and other preliminary engineering and environmental engineering phase. The major objective of tasks such as data collection, in order to impact studies commenced in September these technical support projects is to determine the feasibility of a DPM in each 1978. Four DPM route alignments have provide independent review and city. been selected for further study, and from recommendations to UMTA about each these a final preferred DPM route city's DPM preliminary engineering alignment will be selected. A preliminary Other Projects Relating activities. These efforts include a review of review of the DPM System Design Criteria performance specifications, capital costs, to Downtown People has been accomplished. The completion of operation and maintenance costs, project the preliminary engineering phase is Mover Systems schedules, safety plans, elderly and scheduled for February 1980. handicapped provisions, and procurement As the DPM program has progressed, The City of Miami hopes to maintain bid packages. Evaluations of proposed the need for proven winter operating and strengthen its downtown area as the operating strategies, operating and capability has been identified as a common principal activity center of the region, to maintenance plans, and testing of the requirement to meet the performance stimulate CBD development and mass system are also performed. specifications of DPM systenriS in northern transit use, to reduce traffic congestion, cities. Government-funded efforts on the and to increase accessibility to downtown The Transportation Systems Center Morgantown and AIRTRANS systems facilities. Dade County hopes that the (TSC) provides overall DPM program have helped to overcome these systems' proposed DPM will further act as a catalyst support by reviewing and evaluating deficiencies in this area. The to the economic development of the assigned elements of the cities' preliminary DEMAG/MBB "Cabinlift" system's design downtown Miami area. The Miami DPM engineering efforts, assessing the potential inherently provides for winter operating

62 capability. There is, however, little data managerial requirements of DPM system. Rubber tires and an air-bag available on the impact of winter weather maintenance facilities. suspension system provide a quiet and conditions on other DPM candidate The major objective of the comfortable ride. Unique features include a systems. Flammability Studies of Materials Used in heated guideway for operation during icy To provide an adequate data base to DPMs (MD-06-0035) is to develop DPM conditions, onboard switching and support DPM planning and vehicle fire safety guidelines. The steering, a synchronous point-follower decision-making, UMTA has undertaken guidelines will cover the areas of material control system, and computers to manage the Winterization Program (MA-06-0081) flammability and vehicle construction, fire all system operations. Fail-safe design and with TSC and three suppliers of varying detection and suppression, and emergency redundant safety-critical systems enhance egress technology systems. The three suppliers from vehicles. reliability and insure passenger safety. involved — Otis, Westinghouse, and Compared with conventional transit systems, the Morgantown Universal Mobility — will perform winter People system provides operation testing on their respective Morgantown increased frequency of service and systems to characterize the effect of severe Mover [MPM] demand-responsive flexibility. The transportation technology that weather. Various winterization approaches Demonstration Project has been will be tested to determine their efficiency developed for Morgantown will also be in alleviating the operating problems The Morgantown, W. Va., people applicable to the transportation problems of associated with severe weather. In addition mover system is an automated, self-service urban core areas. In addition, such to providing UMTA with the necessary transit system consisting of a fleet of systems are also capable of being data base, these tests will permit the electrically powered vehicles which operate integrated with existing transit systems. suppliers to independently develop or on a guideway at 15-second intervals, The Morgantown system has been modify their systems to effectively combat either scheduled or on demand. The regarded as a success since its opening for winter weather problems. system provides a safe, comfortable, and regular revenue service for West Virginia reliable means of transportation, while The Downtown People Mover University students in October 1975. It has alleviating congestion, noise, and air Communications project (IT-06-0216) will demonstrated its reliability and its accept- produce two 16mm color films with sound pollution. The system is capable of ability as a modern transit alternative to transporting to document the preliminary engineering 1 ,100 passengers in 20 increasing automobile use in a high density

minutes 1 and implementation phases of UMTA's between two stations .5 miles urban corridor. During its first year of DPM program. The Office of ACT apart. It can operate 24 hours a day and operation, the MPM registered a total of Applications will act as technical advisor, provides nonstop origin-to-destination almost 600,000 vehicle miles and almost service of and the Office of the Secretary will act as by the use off-line stations. The 800,000 passengers. production supervisor for vehicles were designed to provide these films. Improvements made during the first economical service during both peak and The DPM Maintenance Guideline year of operation resulted in significantly low demand periods. Development program (VA-06-0055) is greater reliability and ridership. During its developing maintenance guidelines for The Morgantown vehicles are small by second year of operation, the MPM carried

DPM systems. These guidelines are based mass transit standards, each carrying up to more than 1 .85 million passengers and upon past AGT experience at the 21 passengers, with eight seated and 13 operated almost 600,000 vehicle miles. In Morgantown People Mover (MPM), standing. The vehicle is 15.5 feet long and September 1977, the system carried AIRTRANS at the Dallas-Fort Worth six feet wide and weighs 8,600 pounds 308,000 passengers; average system Airport, and Sea-Tac at the when empty. Speeds of up to 30 miles per availability was 97.9 percent. Perhaps most Seattle-Tacoma Airport, and will provide hour are provided by a DC motor powered importantly, there have been no serious recommendations for the technical and by a three-phase, 575-volt AC distribution passenger injuries associated with the

63 system's operation during the three years since it opened. Since the system has demonstrated compliance with its specifications and has been accepted by the university, UMTA has approved grants to the West Virginia

Board of Regents for the Phase II expansion (WV-03-0006, WV-06-0005,

WV-06-0006). Phase II will extend the

system another 1 . 1 miles, add two and one-half new stations, 28 cars, and a small maintenance facility. The existing vehicle fleet will be refurbished, and a new heated power rail will be installed to complement the heated guideway for better winter operations. Phase II construction was completed in late 1978. System operations were halted in July 1978 in order to combine the system extension with the existing system. Operations are scheduled to resume early in the summer of 1979. The knowledge gained from building The location and speed of all AIRTRANS vehicles are monitored in the control center. and operating the MPM system will be of enormous help in making future automated guideway transit systems more reliable. The MPM has paved the way for things to come, demonstrating the technological feasibility, operational practicality, and transportation benefits of AGT concepts vehicles for baggage, supplies, mail, and In 1976, Congress also expressed a for the future. refuse between utility stations. growing interest in applying AGT systems Since its opening in January 1974, to urban areas in order to help solve urban AIRTRANS Urban AIRTRANS' operational performance has transportation problems. Since airports steadily improved. During its first five years represent a different environment than that

Technology Program of operation, it has carried over 22 million of urban areas, the AIRTRANS Urban riders and travelled 16 million vehicle miles Technology Program (AUTP) was At the Dallas-Fort Worth (DFW) without any passenger fatalities. designed to improve the technology of Airport, the AIRTRANS AGT system In 1975, an intensive assessment study AIRTRANS to be more suitable for urban transports passengers and employees of AIRTRANS was sponsored by UMTA use. The principal objectives of AUTP between parking lots and airline terminals. and performed by the Transportation include development and demonstration of The fully automatic system operates a fleet Systems Center. The study identified a higher speeds for increased productivity, of 68 vehicles 24 hours a day, serving 53 number of areas where further technical higher subsystem reliability, and lower stations connected by 13 miles of development would be necessary to make capital and operating costs. The project guideway. AIRTRANS also operates utility AIRTRANS suitable for urban application. involves two phases.

64 Phase I of the program covered the have been developed. Under Phase I, smoother acceleration and to use period from December 1976 through improved propulsion, steering, power and regeneration for normal braking. In December 1977. During this phase, an signal collectors, and control electronics addition, automatic reversing has been AIRTRANS utility vehicle was converted to were developed. These improved developed and demonstrated. a test vehicle and instrumented for test subsystems were installed in a test vehicle All of the improved elements and purposes. Measurements were made and for evaluation and demonstration on the subsystems are being installed into a tests performed on a portion of the AIRTRANS system in November 1977. modified AIRTRANS utility vehicle to

AIRTRANS system guideway at speeds of The Phase II program (TX-06-0020) is constitute a prototype urban vehicle. up to 30 miles per hour to characterize the a 24-month effort building on the results of Nearly 80 percent of the design has been present vehicle and other subsytems. The Phase I. During Phase II, severe winter completed and most of the hardware has analysis of the data was used to support weather testing of the driveline, been ordered, including an automatic the design of upgraded subsystems suspension, steering, pneumatic system, mechanical coupler system. After the including vehicle control electronics, and electrical system has been conducted prototype is completed, its performance mechanical and servo-actuated steering, using an environmental chamber. Testing and improved features will be evaluated and collectors for wayside power and also included spraying water at very low during an operational demonstration on the control signals. temperatures on the power AIRTRANS system during the summer of

A vehicle propulsion system providing collector/power rail system installed on the 1979. It is hoped that these improvements speeds of up to 45 miles per hour and a rotating 18-foot test wheel to evaluate its in the AIRTRANS vehicle will provide the propulsion control system with performance under icing and freezing technological building block for future regenerative braking to reduce energy conditions. The vehicle control electronics urban AIRTRANS systems. consumption and extend brake lining life and software have been revised to give

65 Automated Guideway Transit [AGT] Applications

PRO IFPT TITI F NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE AGENCY/ TECHNICAL CONTRACTOR CONTACT

DOWNTOWN PEOPLE MOVER [DPM] PROGRAM

Downtown People CA-03-0131 $1,478,000 Jan. 1978- City of Los Vincent R. Demarco Mover Preliminary CA-06-0112 $488,000 Oct. 1979 Angeles, Calif. (202) 426-2896 Engineering Grants CA-09-7002 $20,000 CA-09-7003 $365,000

MN -03-00 17 $1,068,000 Sept. 1977- City of St. Paul, John J. Marino MN -06-0009 $265,000 uec. ly/o Minn. (202) 426-2896 MN -09-0024 $359,000

TX-03-0035 $762,000 Dec. 1978- City of Houston, Fred L. Sing TX-06-0024 $172,000 iviarcn lyou Tex. (202) 426-2896 TX -09-0088 $188^000

Q*7Q M 1-03-0063 $950,000 June1 1 1 r-ii-i 1ly/o- City OT uetroii, Steve Asatoorian Ml -09-0038 $224,975 March 1980 Mich. (202) 4zo-z896 Ml -09-0039 $33,694

FL -03-0050 $964,000 May 1978- City of Miami, William Murray FL-09-7002 $210!000 March 1980 Fla. (202) 426-2896

Downtown People MA-06-0081 $1,355,000 June 1977- TSC John J. Marino Mover Technical Sept. 1979 (202) 426-2896 Support VA-06-0037 $450,000 April 1976- MITRE Corp. John J. Marino Dec. 1979 (202) 426-2896

IT-06-0182 $339,000 Jan. 1978- Dynatrend, Inc. John J . Marino Dec. 1978 (202) 426-2896

IT-06-0183 $285,000 oepi. ly/o- uynairenu, inc. Steve Asatoorian Dec. 1979 (202) 426-2896

IT-06-0180 $219,000 Dec. 1978- Mobility Systems Fred L. Sing March 1980 (202) 426-2896

IT-06-0181 $340,000 Jan. 1978- F. R. Harris Vincent R. DeMarco Oct. 1979 (202) 426-2896

66 Automated Guideway Transit [AGT] Applications

PROJECT TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE AGENCY/ TECHNICAL CONTRACTOR CONTACT

DOWNTOWN PEOPLE MOVER [DPM] PROGRAM

IT-06-0214 $253,000 Nov. 1978- F. R. Harns William Murray p^^^ 10-70 /ooo\ /10c 000c Dec. ly/y (zUz) 4/D-zoyD

Downtown People Mover MD-09-0014 $241 ,000 Sept. 1978- City of Baltimore, Fred L. Sing Technical Feasibility Dec. ly/y MO. (zU/) 4ZD-zoyt) Studies IN-09-0017 $200,000 Apnl 1977- City of Indianapolis, David B. Tuttle 0"70 Dec.P^/-^/-^ 1ly/y inu. (zUz) 4zb-ZoyD

FL-09-7001 $368,000 May 1978- City of Jacksonville, William Murray June ly/y ria. (zUz) 4ZD-ZoyD

VA-09-0035 $100,000 July 1978- Lity ot NortoiK, John J . Marino Nov. 1979 Va. (202) 426-2896

MO-09-0014 $160,000 July 1978- City of St. Louis, hreci L. bing Nov. 1979 Mo. (202) 426-2896 OTHER PROJECTS RELATING TO DOWNTOWN PEOPLE MOVER SYSTEMS

DPM Winterization MA-06-0081 $900,000 Sept, 1978- TSC Philip Morgan Program May 1979 (202)426-2896

Downtown People Mover IT-06-0216 $310,000 Sept. 1978- To be selected Fred L. Sing Connmunications Dec. 1984 (202) 426-2896

DPM Maintenance Guide- VA-06-0055 $49,143 Nov. 1978- Transportation William Murray line Development July 1979 Research and Analysis (202) 426-2896 Corp.

Flammability Studies of MD-06-0035 $20,000 Aug. 1977- DOT; National William Rhine 426-9545 Materials Used in DPMs Aug. 1978 Bureau of Standards (202) Automated Guideway Transit [AGT] Applications

PROJECT TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE AGENCY/ TECHNICAL CONTRACTOR CONTACT

MORGANTOWN PEOPLE MOVER [MPM] DEMONSTRATION PROJECT

Morgantown People Mover WV-03-0006 $63,600,000 Oct. 1976- West Virginia Board John J. Marino

System: Phase II WV-06-0005 April 1980 of Regents (WVBOR) Philip Morgan WV-06-0006 (202) 426-2896 AIRTRANS URBAN TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM

AIRTRANS Upgrading TX-06-0020 $7,000,000 Dec. 1976- Dallas-Fort Worth Airport, John J. Marino Dec. 1979 Tex. (202) 426-2896

Bibliography information on these reports and for People Mover Profile suggestions on additional reference Proj. MA-06-0081 This list of reports contains those materials, call or write to the technical Urban Mass Transportation Administration published from January 1976 to the contact associated with each project. May 1977, PB 268-335/AS present. For each report, a National AIRTRANS Urban Technology Program, PRT Impact Study, Pre-PRT Phase Technical Information Service (NTIS) Proi. MA-06-0026 Phase I: Final Report document number, if available, is listed West Virginia University Proj. TX-06-0020 following the publication date. Reports Vought Corporation March, 1976 I, 254-481 may be ordered through NTIS by using the January 1978, PB 291-128 Vol. Travel Analysis, PB /AS order blanks provided at the back of this Vol. II, Data Collection Procedure and Coding Impact Evaluation of Morgantown PRT 1975- document. Manual, PB 254-482/AS 1976 Ridership, Interim Analysis Vol. Ill, Frequency Tabulations from Four Reports not available through NTIS Proj. MA-06-0026 Transportation-Related Surveys, may not have been published in sufficient Systems Center Transportation PB 254-483/ AS quantity for general distribution. However, June 1977, PB 270-916 they may be obtained by writing to the Proceedings of the First DPM Workshop, MPRT O Er M Phase Operating, Availability and "Project Management Control," April 30- person listed as the technical contact in the Maintenance History May2, 1978 project summary chart. Proj. WV-06-0005 UMTA and West Virginia University Finally, additional reports relating to Boeing Aerospace Company the research in this chapter will become Surface Transportation Systems available during the upcoming year. For January 1977, PB 266-994/AS

68 Technical Evaluation of DPM City Syst( Requirements Proj. VA-06-0037 MITRE Corporation October 1978, UMTA-VA-06-0037-78-1 DPM GUIDELINE DOCUMENTS DPM Program Plan UTD Document Control Nunnber 76-08 Revision 03 May 21, 1976

DPM Program Implementation Guidelines UTD Document Control Number 77-10 Revision 01 March 14, 1977

DPM Program Implementation Guidelines: Amendment to Include "Multiple Technologies Statement" UTD Document Control Number 77-10 Revision 02 December 9, 1977 DPM Program Implementation Guidelines: Appendix C, Guidelines for DPM System Design CHAPTER 6 1976 UMTA established the Office Inof Safety and Product Qualification Safety and to insure increased emphasis on the safety, quality, operational suitability, and reliability of UMTA funded transit systenns. Product Qualification The activities of the office are divided into two nnajor progrann areas: safety and product qualification. The safety program has to date emphasized voluntary intitiatives on the Trends part of new transit systems in implementing safety and system assurance and Highlights programs. Close monitoring of these programs is carried out by UMTA with the support of other organizations, such as the Transportation Systems Center (TSC), the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) and the American Public Transit Association (APTA). The office sponsors educational programs in safety and system assurance, as well as research on safety and reliability problems, with the aim of increasing general knowledge among transit operators and other transit professionals. A significant change occurred in UMTA's safety program in 1978. As the result of a DOT study, UMTA was given complete responsibility for rapid rail and

light rail transit system safety. The

responsibility for rapid rail systems had formerly resided with the FRA, while no administration had specific responsibility

for light rail transit safety. The restructuring required by this shift in responsibility will not be completed until FY 80.

The product qualification program is directed toward improvements in the products and practices of the transit supply industry. The functions of the office in this program area are similar to those of a prod- uct assurance office in private industry.

70 Some of the major product at the University of Southern California system assurance attended by qualification efforts involve developing undertook a project (CA-06-0105) to assess New York City Transit Authority design and technical standards, facilitating critical safety issues in rail and bus transit executives information exchange among designers, and to provide information to aid in the A three-day seminar on safety and builders and operators, and improving assessment of existing transit accident system assurance, attended by UMTA policies to bring about acquisition reporting systems. Specific New York City Transit Authority of better transit equipment and better recommendations coming out of this managers systems operations. project were used to aid in developing the The system security course, initiated Some projects relating to safety and Rail Transit Safety Program Plan. An in FY 78, proved very successful and two product qualification are being conducted additional task under the ISSM study was additional seminars, "Mass Transit by other offices within UMTA, but are the investi'gation of criteria and procedures Security" and "Mass Transit Explosives coordinated with the overall safety and used for determining "unsafe" conditions Security Management," are planned for FY product qualification program. A number in mass transit facilities, equipment and 79. of these projects are currently being placed operations. A final report on this "unsafe" Further information on the safety and within the Office of Safety and Product conditions task will be available in 1979. system assurance training courses, Qualification. including brochures, may be obtained from In FY 78 the Office of Safety and Robert F. Creson, Director, Transportation Product Qualification made particular Safety and Product Safety Institute, Department of progress in the area of fire safety research; Transportation, 8500 South MacArthur in the development of procurement Qualification Training Blvd., Oklahoma City, Okla. 73125. specifications for Section 16 (b) 2 of the Program Urban Mass Transportation Act, which will One of UMTA's goals in the area of insure the purchase of quality vehicles System Safety and used for the transportation of the elderly safety and product qualification is to disseminate pertinent information to and handicapped; and in the development System Assurance in the field of mass of a Rail Transit Safety Program Plan. individuals working transit. Under an ongoing contract Support (DC-06-0215), the Transportation Safety Under a continuing contract Development of a Institute (TSI), located in Oklahoma City, (DC-06-0123), the American Public Transit Safety Program Plan Okla., assists UMTA in planning and Association (APTA) supports UMTA's conducting safety and system assurance Safety and Product Qualification Program A recent DOT study recommended courses for transit operators, suppliers, by gathering information and providing the transfer of responsibility for rail safety consultants, government officials and technical expertise on transit safety issues. from the FRA to UMTA. The study further others working in the field. In FY 78 the This contract has the advantage of recommended that UMTA develop a rail following courses were offered through insuring the participation of the transit transit safety program plan, including a TSI. industry in UMTA's safety and product new rapid rail transit accident/incident • A reliability, maintainability, qualification program and allows UMTA to reporting system. Prior to this study, the availability and dependability draw on the expertise of transit managers. Office of Safety and Product Qualification course During FY 78 APTA was engaged in had been engaged in the development of a • A system security course the following tasks as part of this contract. • Safety Program Plan for all transit modes. • A system safety and quality assur- Documentation of safety program In support of this effort, the Institute of ance course plans of eight existing rapid rail Safety and Systems Management (ISSM) • A one-day seminar on safety and transit authorities

71 • Participation in system reviews of six transit systems • Identification of key safety pro-

blems in bus and rapid rail systems and selection of safety priorities • Support to UMTA and the Transportation Systems Center in the establishment of a national Transit Reliability Information Pro- gram (TRIP) • Development of a manual of transit system security guidelines • Creation of a library of safety and system assurance documents. A final report on contract activities, completed in November 1978, discusses the outcome of the tasks listed above.

Mass Transit System Safety and Product Qualification Use of fire-retardant materials prevented the spread of fire in tfiis incident of attempted arson in a subway car. Under a contract with the Office of Safety and Product Qualification (MA-06-0060), the Transportation Systems Transportation Safety Institute by furnish- transit purposes. Currently, a large number Center (TSC) supplies UMTA with ing associate instructors in courses and of vehicles are being purchased by state in-house technical and management seminars. DOTs and their local representative under resources in the planning, conduct and In the future, TSC will provide support Section 16 (b) 2 of the Urban Mass evaluation of safety and product for an accident/incident reporting system, Transportation Act, which allocates funds qualification activities. system safety reviews, courses taught by to each state to help private, non-profit During FY 78, TSC supplied support TSI, crashworthiness standards, human organizations provide transportation for on the 16 (b) 2 Vehicle Quality and Safety factors research and general research. the elderly and handicapped. Improvement Project, the initiation of the A project (MA-06-0060) being carried Transit Reliability Information Program 16 (b) 2 Vehicle out by TSC and the University of Michigan (TRIP), and the technical assessment of will establish standards of quality for these the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Problems and vehicles. Primary emphasis has been Authority (WMATA) rail system described Qualifications placed on ten-to 15-passenger vans, as in Chapter 3. In addition, TSC participated well as on larger-sized vehicles. Ordering in six system reviews, assisted on a task The Office of Safety and Product specifications, including specifications for force to frame a Rail Transit Safety Qualification is concerned with the quality heavy duty components where available, Program Plan, and supported the of vehicles which are procured for mass have been generated and distributed. A

72 Results from tests made at the Hazardous Materials Testing Laboratory at TSC are entered directly into a computer data bank from a terminal in the lab.

media presentation package is being accident scenarios, available statistics and prepared for state administrators of the risk analysis to establish typical "chains" of 16(b)2 program and for local non-profit fire propagation in different situations. An

agency representatives. This package, important resource in this effort is the data being developed by the Michigan DOT in bank on various materials which is conjunction with the University of generated and continually updated at TSC. Michigan, is expected to be available in late This data bank contains information on the FY 79. flammability, smoke generation and toxic gas characteristics of materials used in Fire Safety in Transit transit systems. Once identification of fire sources is complete, remedial procedures Systems will be developed, ranging from basic design and materials standards to changes The threat of fire is a significant safety in transit operating practices. issue in transit systems. A project As part of this project, liaison will be

(MA-06-0051 ) sponsored by the Office of maintained with other government Safety and Product Qualification attempts agencies involved in similar projects, as to deal with fire safety in a systematic way. well as with the American Public Transit Basic research, conducted at the Association (APTA) and the National Fire Transportation Systems Center, will use Protection Association (NFPA). Safety and Product Qualification

PROJECT TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE AGENCY/ TECHNICAL CONTRACTOR CONTACT

Safety and Product DC-06-0215 $501,000 Sept. 1975- Transportation Edward J. Boyle Qualification Training continuing Safety Institute (202) 426-9545 Program

System Safety and DC-06-0123 $350,000 Dec. 1976- American Public Edward J. Boyle System Assurance continuing Transit Association (202) 426-9545 Support (APTA)

Development of a CA-06-0105 $96,000 July 1977- University of Southern William J. Rhine Safety Program Plan Jan. 1979 California, Institute of (202) 426-9545 Safety and Systems Management

Fire Safety in MA-06-0051 $1,270,000 June 1976- TSC R. Haught Transit Systems continuing (202) 426-9545

Mass Transit Safety MA-06-0060 $1,874,000 June 1976- TSC R. Haught and Product Qualifi- Oct. 1979 (202) 426-9545 cation

16 (b) 2 Vehicle MA-06-0060 $404,000 Dec. 1978- TSC; University R. Haught Problems/Qualifica- Oct. 1979 of Michigan (202) 426-9545 tions Bibliography Safety in Urban Mass Transportation: Research Report

This list of reports contains those Proj. R I -06-0005 published from January 1976 to the Battelle Columbus Laboratory present. For each report, a National March 1976, PB 245-413/AS

Technical Information Service (NTIS) Safety in Urban Mass Transportation: document number, if available, is listed Guidelines Manual following the publication date. Reports Proj. R I -06-0005 may be ordered through NTIS by using the Battelle Columbus Laboratory order blanks provided at the back of this May 1975, PB 245-413 document. Assessment of Current Fire Safety Efforts Reports not available through NTIS Proj. MA-06-0051 may not have been published in sufficient W. Hathaway, Transportation Systems Center quantity for general distribution. However, they may be obtained by writing to the person listed as the technical contact in the project summary chart. Finally, additional reports relating to the research in this chapter will become available during the upcoming year. For information on these reports and for suggestions on additional reference materials, call or write to the technical contact associated with each project.

A Final Report of the Safety and System Assurance Contract Proj. DC-06-0123 American Public Transit Association November 1978

Development of a Safety Program Plan for the Office of Safety and Product Qualification,

Volume I Proj. CA-06-0105

G.P. Jones, et al. September 1977, PB 279-331

Development of a Safety Program Plan for the Office of Safety and Product Qualification,

Volume II Proj. CA-06-0105 G.P. Jones, et al. September 1977, PB 279-332 CHAPTER 7 Office of Socio-Economic and TheSpecial Projects enconnpasses a Socio-Economic Research wide range of research, development and information dissemination programs. The office also and Special Projects has responsibility for carrying out projects that support UMTA's accessibility policies for the handicapped which have been developed in accordance with the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. During FY 78, the major activity of the socio-economic research program was Trends concerned with issues arising from the development of Automated Guideway and Highlights Transit (AGT) systems. AGT-related studies covered a wide range of topics including assessments of existing systems, aesthetic evaluations and research information dissemination. Another area of study was the Automated Transit Information System

(ATIS). The ATIS is a computer-aided system that can automatically respond to consumer questions on bus and other transit services, including specific information on routes, schedules, fares, and related inquiries. In FY 78, numerous projects were designed to help solve many of the problems transit operators face in attempting to make their vehicles and facilities accessible to the handicapped. Projects were developed to establish safety guidelines for lifting wheelchairs into or out of a transit vehicle, and for protecting wheelchair users during travel. Other projects studied ways in which transit stations could be made accessible to the handicapped. The program has also been concerned with maintaining and improving UMTA's communications and technology sharing efforts. This work involves a variety of techniques to encourage the exchange of infornnation and to share UMTA's research and developnnent projects with the entire transportation comnnunity and the general public.

Several other special projects were carried out by this office including work on the metric systenn, life-cycle-costing, and automated mixed-traffic vehicles (AMTV). Socio-Economic Research

The Office of Socio-Economic and Special Projects has conducted many studies in recent years to evaluate the best ways and the optimum conditions in which to develop advanced AGT systems. In one project, Assessment of Domestic AGT Systems (IT-06-0135), information was gathered on operational Costs and performance of innovative techniques, such as this tramway from Roosevelt Island to Manhattan, and performance statistics, operating are being assessed for future applications. history, and the designs, development and implementation of six AGT systems in the six U.S. The systems reviewed were the Virginia University in Morgantown. manufactured in Zurich, Switzerland, was Sea-Tac at system the Seattle-Tacoma Additional AGT work was undertaken in operated for six months in Mannheim, (Wash.) International Airport; the UMI the project. Further Domestic Assessments West Germany. The other system is the

II Tourister Type system near Richmond, (IT-06-0188), which assessed AGT Roosevelt Island Tramway in New York Va.; the AGT System at Fairlane Town systems in Busch Gardens, Va.; at Duke City. Center in Dearborn, Mich.; the WEDway University Hospital, N.C.; and at the system at Disney World in Lake Buena Miami, Fla. International Airport. All of Four AGT systems were studied in Vista, Fla.; the Passenger Shuttle System these assessments included extensive project MA-06-0069. These were at the Tampa (Fla.) International Airport; coordination with the manufacturers. AIRTRANS at the Dallas-Fort Worth and the Tunnel Train System at the The Aerobus Assessment (IT-06-0189) airport; Val, a French system; Minitram, a Houston (Tex.) Intercontinental Airport. was carried out to investigate a range of British concept; and Cabinlift/Cabintaxi, a Another project, Morgantown quantitative standards which might be German System. This information- Independent Assessment (IT-06-0157), used to evaluate the potential of using gathering project was designed to expand was developed to study Phase I suspended cable systems in urban areas. the inventory of AGT information already (September 1975 to July 1978) of the Two cable systems were assessed. One available, in order to assist in future automated people mover system at West system, the Aerobus, developed and studies, including alternatives analyses.

77 The technical support program (NY-06-0057). This project was developed test operation in Washington, D.C., is a conducted by the Office of in an effort to determine why AGT systems computer-aided program that will locate Socio-Economic and Special Projects were not chosen as a preferred alternative. and supply information in response to (IT-06-0176) includes technical The study also explored the issues which consumer questions about bus and rail coordination and analytical assistance in were perceived as most significant in transit service. The ATIS is expected to preliminary studies of land use and other reaching decisions about the mehts and increase accuracy and reduce response urban impacts of AGT systems. liabilities of AGT systems. time to questions about schedules, routes In the Generic Alternatives Analyses and fares while cutting the time and cost Some ten U.S. cities are involved in Project (IT-06-0168) systems needed to train information operators. the decision-making process about the AGT were compared to conventional bus, rail, and An ATIS Prototype Demonstration design and possible implementation of will Project (DC-06-0154) was developed for downtown people mover (DPM) systems. paratransit modes. The results be used to help identify the types of urban trial operation in the Washington One of their major concerns is the impact Metropolitan Area Transit Authority that the DPM might have on the aesthetic applications in which AGT systems are most promising, as well as to analyze the (WMATA). As a demonstration, the proj- quality of the urban space it will occupy. In trade-offs in terms of demand, cost, and ect was designed to determine the tech- a project entitled DPM Aesthetic economic, social, environmental and Evaluation (TX-06-0026) Rice University's nical, operational, and economic feasibility institutional impacts of each mode. of the ATIS. insure that will VISIT (Visual Simulation In Time) To WMATA The AGT Research Dissemination meet with operational and technical computer model is being used to project (IT-06-0167) was designed to investigate the urban design and aesthetic success, the project, ATIS Technical Sup- disseminate the results of research issues associated with the establishment of port (MD-06-0037), was developed. The sponsored by the Office of DPM systems. support project reviews proposed work Socio-Economic and Special Projects to plans, evaluates progress, and conducts As proven in Frankfurt, West planners, transit operators, representatives independent studies to aid in the ATIS Germany, the involvement of community of government agencies, and demonstration. residents in AGT planning is of critical transportation consultants. Information importance. To take advantage of the A project entitled ATIS Data Base will be disseminated through conferences, Frankfurt experience, a study, Evaluation Integration (VA-06-0052) is developing a workshops, seminars, and a variety of of U.S. Applicability of Battelle-Frankfurt report on recent innovations in information reports and graphic presentations. Citizen Participation Techniques for AGT systems for scheduling, routing and Planning (OH-06-0025) is being carried out. monitoring vehicle movement, and Studies, Another element critical in policy System providing customer information. The project will conduct workshops on the decisions is the determination of the size of Support and the potential market for AGT systems. One analysis of system design and evaluation. such study, AGT Socio-Economic Development The project will also identify ways in which Research Program: Markets (IT-06-0165), ATIS algorithms and data base can be used conducted both generic and site-specific Automated Transit Information in other transit operations to help spread research, including interviews and System (ATIS) the costs and benefits of ATIS among areas. simulated alternatives analyses in Chicago, In FY 78, the Office of several functional

III., Atlanta, Ga., and Dallas, Tex. Socio-Economic and Special Projects Another project, ATIS Voice A review of the decision-making conducted several projects which Response (VA-06-0054), was undertaken

process followed in local urban areas was supported the development and to determine if computerized voice made in the study. Review of Local demonstration of an Automated Transit response could be used to improve the Alternatives Analyses of AGT Case Studies Information System (ATIS). The system, in operational performance of ATIS. Included

78 in this study will be a systems requirement analysis and a feasibility study of using computerized voice response (VRS) as part of an ATIS. A brief overview of computer

technology will be made to determine if VRS might be used either now or in the near future.

Accommodation of Elderly and Handicapped Travellers Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 requires that "...no otherwise qualified handicapped individual in the United States... shall solely by reason of his handicap, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving federal financial assistance." UMTA issued proposed regulations describing minimum accessibility

requirements which must be met in all transit facilities and vehicles in order to qualify for the use of federal funds. AIDS REQUIREMEMS Additional continued planning SYSTEM and and CONTROL TERMINAL coordination of the design aspects of elderly and handicapped programs is well SYSTEM OPERATOR under way and is the responsibility of the FILE SUBSYSTEM Office of Socio-Economic and Special TERMINAL SUBSYSTEM Projects. _ REQUEST DATA BASE 1 is AIDS The office developing an Elderly and TELE INFORMATION DATA I I CENTRAL I JpHONE -AGENT »J PROCESSING I Plan COMPUTER HISTORICAL DATA I Handicapped Program (VA-06-0051) *1 DATA I I I to improve transit accessibility for elderly

and handicapped travellers. The project is designed to aid in selecting future projects and in ordering priorities to insure the best allocation of available funds. The program REPORT SUBSYSTEM will identify barriers to the transportation

handicapped. It will identify the number of handicapped who feel inhibited from using

transit. It will also identify the degree of Information operators at WMATA must consult many different sources — maps, directories, schedules — importance of the individual barriers to the answer patrons' questions. With the Automatic Information Directory System sketched below, tran patrons will be able to get exact information quickly by telephone. handicapped.

79 Several projects were developed to examine existing transportation facilities to determine the extent to which they provide for the safety of the elderly and handicapped. One project, Crash Protection Systems for Handicapped Transit and School Bus Occupants (DC-06-0200), was jointly sponsored by UMTA and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). This project is developing a seating system that protects handicapped passengers with or without wheelchairs. An entry system to transit vehicles that is not hazardous in its storage position during an emergency stop or crash is also being developed. The project included crash experiments using two types of buses and lifesize dummies, which were instrumented to measure the force experienced at different points of their "bodies." Crash protection systems for wheelchair occupants are being tested jointly with the National Highway Safety Studies of the effects of the crashes Administration's schoolbus test program. on the buses and dummies will help in designing safer buses and seating systems. Studies planned for FY 79 include both front and rear test crashes of medium and large sized buses at speeds of up to 30 mph. It is hoped that a full-scale model of a passenger protection system will be developed from this research by FY 80.

Another safety project, Safety of Wheelchair Loading and Securement Systems (CA-06-0098), investigated wheelchairs in vehicle fastening systems and wheelchair/transit vehicle loading systems. The project developed safety guidelines for wheelchair loading equipment and investigated wheelchair fastening systems including their cost, crashworthiness, ease of use, and acceptability to the user. The study also found that a fastening system is necessary

80 Elevators which parallel the incline of neighboring escalators accommodate wheelchair users in the Stockholm subway. The elevator has direct access to the sidewalk with no intervening architectural barriers.

because standard wheelchair brakes do not installed in 20 transit stations, making the an inclined elevator demonstration project offer sufficient protection to the user when stations accessible to all citizens. A project, be undertaken. the wheelchair is in a transit vehicle. Stockholm Inclined Elevator Assessment The problenn of handicapped (IT-06-0172), was undertaken to study Project Evaluation accessibility to transit stations was Stockholm's experience to see if the The Office of Socio-Economic and addressed in the project, Escalator system could be applicable to transit Special Projects also serves as a focal point Modification Kit (IT-06-0164). This project stations in the U.S. The study found that for independent evaluation activity within will design, build, and test a prototype not only do the handicapped and elderly the Office of Technology Development and

"modification kit" to make the escalator use the inclined elevator, but it is used by Deployment (UTD). Priorwork has more accommodating to the elderly, parents with baby carriages, people with concentrated on developing experimental semi-ambulatory and wheelchair users. packages, and travellers with dogs. The design plans to guide in the conducting of The transit system in Stockholm, study concluded that with some minor evaluations. Recently, this work has been Sweden, has had very successful changes, the inclined elevator could be broadened to include responsibility for experipnce with 36 inclined elevators used in the U.S., and it recommended that conducting the evaluations as well.

81 Work in progress during FY 78 concerned the development of an analysis

of the requirements for wheelchair lift devices, development of socio-economic impact analysis plans for the Morgantown People Mover and Downtown People Mover projects, and development of eval- uation plans for the demonstration of ad- vanced automatic vehicle monitoring at the Southern California Rapid Transit District. Also being developed is an evaluation of an Automated Transit Information System at the Washington Metropolitan Area Transportation Authority in Washington, D.C.

Special Projects Several projects conducted by the office do not readily fit into any distinct project grouping, but fall under the heading of Special Projects. A project entitled UTD Special Reports and Discussion Papers Officials of U.S. DOT and the Federal Republic of Germany ll/linistries of Transportation and Researcti and (MD-06-0032) studied possible federal Technology met at a workstiop to review policy and technological developments useful to both countries. incentives to stimulate greater innovations in mass transit technology and options for overcoming barriers to the introduction of by UMTA and NASA, includes a review of selectively purchase small buses on the new transit products into commercial potential sites for the AMTV, such as basis of life-cycle-costing. Workshops service. Preliminary efforts of this project pedestrian malls, airports, and college explaining the method were conducted included consultation with selected transit campuses. Sites will also include special with representatives of six transit industry officials representing the points of applications for the elderly and properties, UMTA staff members, and view of both operating properties and handicapped and possibilities for manufacturers of small buses. equipment suppliers. demonstration projects. A Self-Cancelling Ticket Project A study entitled AMTV Market The Life Cycle Costing General (IT-06-0125) was undertaken to determine Estimates (DC-06-0196) was developed to Feasibility Study (R 1-06-0007) was the technical, operational, and economic determine the potential national market for developed to survey current life-cycle- feasibility of developing a self-cancelling Automated Mixed Traffic Vehicles costing procedures and to determine how parking permit. The permit, for use in (AMTV). AMTV is an automated vehicle these procedures might be applied by congested urban areas, relies on a capable of moving in a mixed traffic UMTA and transit operators in the chemical reaction to trigger a perceptible environment without a driver aboard, while procurement of transit equipment. The color change on the face of the permit after automatically avoiding obstacles and project developed the necessary a predetermined length of time. Such a pedestrians. The study, undertaken jointly methodology to allow a transit operator to ticket will provide new options for 82 enforcing parking controls and thereby and by the end of FY 78, had produced two lead the way to better traffic management. major conferences, several major The Office of Socio-Economic and publications, and two highly useful Special Projects also developed the project pocket-size reference pamphlets. The Metric Conversion Planning (IT-06-0209) to Technology Sharing Office has also prepare for UMTA's orderly transition to produced the 1977 and 1978 editions of the metric system (in accordance with U.S. Innovation in Public Transportation. Metnc Act of 1975 and DOT Order 1020.1). Another communications project, an Research was conducted to review the educational exhibit entitled Subway Exhibit transit industry's plans for conversion and and Catalogue (DC-06-0179), was designed to recommend an UMTA policy and plan of to show that subways can contribute to the action corresponding to that of industry. community, that they can be aesthetically pleasing, and that they can be an Communications and Technology inducement to economic growth. The Sharing exhibit, consisting of photographs and A major effort of the Office of descriptions from subway systems around Technology Development and Deployment the world, is on tour. When completed, the is to share the results of UMTA's research exhibit will have been displayed in seven and development activities with planners, major American cities. transit officials, elected officials, the Under a third communications project public, and other interested groups. Three (AL-06-0006), resource materials on communications and technology sharing international transit developments are projects were developed for this program. being prepared by the N.D. Lea Research The largest project. Technology Corporation with support from UMTA and Shanng and Support (MA-06-0086), is with cooperation from Canada and West funded through the Transportation Germany. The International Transit Systems Center in Cambridge, Mass., and Compendium will consist of five separate provides technical and analytical support to issues, published within four years, on

the Office of Technology Development and automated guideway transit, rail transit, Deployment in an effort to share roadway transit (including improved bus information with UMTA's client groups. In transit and paratransit), roadway transit its information sharing effort, the vehicles, and moving way transit. This Technology Sharing Office organizes and compendium will be supplemented by the conducts conferences (e.g. UMTA's International Transit Handbook, which will annual R&D Conference) and workshops. include transit classification, terminology, In addition, it writes and disseminates a methods and techniques. An important variety of documents both on UMTA's feature of these two publications will be

technology development and deployment their trilingual format, with all information activities and on specific interest areas. appearing in English, German and French. The office also works on improving The handbook will also contain a trilingual the effectiveness of the Technology glossary of transit terms. Sharing Program. The project is on-going, Socio-Economic Res arch and Special Projects

PROJECT TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE AGENCY/ TECHNICAL CONTRACTOR CONTACT

SOCIO-ECONOMIC RESEARCH

Assessment of IT-06-0135 $450,00 June 1975- TSC; SRI Howard Evoy Domestic AGT MA-06-0067 Nov. 1978 International (202) 426-4022 Systems

Morgantown Indepen- IT-06-0157 $195,353 Jan. 1977- N.D. Lea and Howard Evoy dent Assessment July 1979 Associates (202) 426-4022

Further Domestic IT-06-0188 $99,501 Apnl 1978- N.D. Lea and Howard Evoy Assessments Jan. 1979 Associates (202) 426-4022

Aerobus Assessment IT-06-0189 $99,856 Oct. 1978- N.D. Lea and Howard Evoy July 1979 Associates (202) 426-4022

Assessment of MA-06-0069 $122,000 June 1974- TSC Howard Evoy Cabinlift/Cabintaxi Sept. 1979 (202) 426-4022 AIRTRANS, VAL, and IVIinitram

AGT Socio-Economic IT-06-0176 $180,000 July 1977- MITRE Corp. Howard Evoy Research, Tech- June 1979 (202)426-4022 nical Support

DPM Aesthetic TX-06-0026 $39,900 Aug. 1978- Rice Center Howard Evoy Evaluation Jan. 1979 (202)426-4022

Evaluation of U.S. OH-06-0025 $65,000 Sept. 1978- Battelle Columbus Howard Evoy Applicability of May 1979 Laboratory (202)426-4022 Battelle-Frankfurt Citizen Participation Technique for AGT Planning

AGT Socio-Economic IT-06-0165 $335,000 Oct. 1977- Cambridge System- Howard Evoy Research Program: May 1978 atics. Inc. (202) 426-4022 Markets Socio-Economic Research and Special Projects

PROJECT TITLE NUMBER rUIMUIIMuCI IIVirMIVK^ oCnbUULh AutlMOAr'civir^vT// TECHNICAL CONTRACTOR CONTACT

SOCIO-ECONOMIC RESEARCH

Review of Local NY-06-0057 $109,000 Feb. 1977- Urbitran Associates Howard Evoy Alternatives Feb. 1979 (202) 426-4022 Analyses of AGT Case Studies

Generic Alternatives IT-06-0168 $372,971 Aug. 1977- W.V. Rouse and Howard Evoy Analyses Mav 1979 Co. (202) 426-4022

AGT Research IT-06-0167 $223,000 Sept. 1977- Transportation Howard Evoy Dissemination March 1979 Assistance, Inc. (202) 426-4022

SYSTEMS STUDIES, SUPPORT. AND DEVELOPMENT

Automated Transit Information System [ATIS] ATIS Prototype DC-06-0154 $435,000 Sept. 1976- WMATA, Washington, D.C. John Durham Demonstration July 1980 (202) 426-4022

ATIS Technical MD -06-0037 $100,000 Nov. 1977- National Bureau John Durham Support Nov. 1979 of Standards (202) 426-4022

ATIS Data Base VA-06-0052 $100,000 Nov. 1978- MITRE Corp. John Durham Integration Dec. 1980 (202) 426-4022

ATIS Voice Response VA-06-0054 $50,000 Nov. 1978- Input/Output John Durham Sept. 1979 Computer Services (202) 426-4022 Accommodation of Elderly and Handicapped Travellers Elderly and Handi- VA-06-0051 $20,000 April 1978- Alan A. Warshawer P. Simpich capped Program Plan March 1979 and Associates (202) 426-4023

Crash Protection DC-06-0200 $150,000 Nov. 1977- NHTSA; Minicars, Inc. P. Simpich System for Handi- Oct, 1979 (202) 426-4023 capped Passengers in School and Transit Buses

Safety of Wheel- CA-06-0098 $160,000 Oct. 1976- Caltrans; Minicars, Inc. P. Simpich chair Loading and Oct. 1979 (202) 426-4023 Securement Systems

85 Socio-Economic Resea rch and Special Projects

PROJECT TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE AGENCY/ TECHNICAL CONTRACTOR CONTACT

SYSTEMS STUDIES. SUPPORT, AND DEVELOPMENT

Accommodation of Elderly and Handicapped Travellers

Escalator Modification IT-06-0164 $325,000 Aug. 1978- Foster Miller P. Simpich Kit April 1980 Associates, Inc. (202) 426-4023

Stockholm Inclined IT-06-0172 $29,000 Sept. 1977- General Services P. Simpich Elevator Assessment DC-06-0167 Feb. 1979 Administration; (202) 426-4023 DeLeuw Gather and Co.

Other Projects

UTD Special Reports MD-06-0032 $97,000 March 1978- Onyx Corporation Henry Nejako and Discussion March 1980 (202) 426-9261 Papers

AMTV Market DC-06-0196 $50,000 Oct. 1977- SRI International Howard Evoy Estimates Jan. 1979 (202) 426-4022

Life-Cycle-Costing: RI-06-0007 $139,000 March 1975- Naval Underwater P. Simpich General Feasibility March 1979 Systems Center; (202) 426-4023 Study Dudley W. Gill and Associates

Self-Cancelling IT-06-0125 $137,000 Feb. 1976- Arthur D. Little, Inc. John Durham Ticket Feb. 1978 (202) 426-4022

Metric Conversion IT-06-0209 $55,000 Feb. 1978- Automated Management John Durham Planning Dec. 1979 Systems (202) 426-4022 Communications and Technology Sharing

Technology Sharing MA-06-0086 $180,000 Oct. 1977- TSC Henry Nejako Support continuing (202) 426-9261

Subway Exhibit and DC-06-0179 $75,000 Oct. 1978- The Smithsonian Diane Enos Catalogue Oct. 1979 Institution (202) 426-4043

International Transit AL-06-0006 $50,000 April 1978- N.D. Lea Transpor- M.J. Ruggles Compendium Dec. 1980 tation Research Corp. (202) 426-9261 Bibliography Experimental Design Plan for the Downtown Proceedings of the Second Urban Mass People Mover Demonstration Projects: Transportation Administration/American Pub-

Final Report lic Transit Association Research and Develop- This list of reports contains those Proj, DC-06-0162 ment Priorities Conference, Arlington, Virginia, published from January 1976 to the Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Co, Nov. 30 - Dec. 1, 1976 present. For each report, a National April 1977, PB 270-614 Proj. DC-06-0157 Technical Information Service (NTIS) American Public Transit Association Life-Cycle Cost Model for Comparing AGT and document number, if available, is listed Conventional Transit Alternatives March 1977, PB 266-158/AS following the publication date. Reports Proj, CA-06-0090 Proceedings of the Urban Mass Transportation may be ordered through NTIS by using the General Research Corporation Administration/American Public Transit order blanks provided at the back of this February- 1976, PB 259-529 Association Research and Development document. Assessment of Operational Automated Priorities Conference Reports not available through NTIS Proj. DC-06-0136 Guideway Systems: Airtrans (Phase I) not have been published in sufficient Public Transit Association may Proj. MA -06-0067 American quantity for general distribution. However, Transportation Systenns Center May 1976, PB 255-898/AS they may be obtained by writing to the September 1976, PB 261-339/AS Life-Cycle Costing for Current Rohr and AM person listed as the technical contact in the Assessment of Operational Automated Guide- General Buses and General Motors RTS-II Bus project summary chart. way Systems — Jetrail: Final Report Proj. VA-06-0039 Management Systems, Inc. Finally, additional reports relating to Proj. MA-06-0067 Advanced the research in this chapter will become Transportation Systenns Center July 1976, PB 255-091 /AS available during the upcoming year. For December 1977, PB 278-521 /AS Assessment of the Satellite Transit System information on these reports and for Development/Deployment Investigation of (STS) at the Seattle-Tacoma International suggestions on additional reference Cabintaxi/Cabinlift Systems: Final Report Airport materials, call or write to the technical Proj. MA-06-0067 Proj, IT-06-0135 SRI International contact associated with each project. Transportation Systems Center and SNV Studiengesellschaft Nahverkehr mbFI December 1977, PB 281-820

December 1977, PB 277-184/AS Assessment of the UMI Type II Tourister AGT Technological Qualification Guidelines for Systems at King's Dominion AGT Systems, 1976 Proj. IT-06-0135 An Automated Information Directory System Pro|. MA-06-0064 SRI International [AIDS]: Review and Specifications December 1977, PB 286-513 Technological Qualification Guidelines for Proj. VA-06-0038 Assessment of the Automatically Controlled MITRE Corporation Shuttle Loop Transit Systems Proj. MA-06-0064 Transportation (ACT) System at Fairlane Town July 1977, PB 272-253/AS 1976 Center Comparison of the Performance of Three Proj. IT-06-0135 Technological Qualification Guidelines for Algorithms for Use in an Automated Transit SRI International Bus Vehicles Information System December 1977, PB 268-524 Proj. MA-06-0064 Proj. MD-06-0013, MD-06-0037 1976 Assessment of the WEDway People-Mover National Bureau of Standards System at Walt Disney World August 1977 Proj. IT-06-0135 Cost/Benefit Analysis of Automated Transit SRI International Information Systems November 1977, PB 268-935 Proj. MD-06-0013, MD-06-0037 National Bureau of Standards February 1977, NBSIR 77-1235

87 Assessment of the Passenger Shuttle System Assessment of Operational Automated Safety During Special Transportation Service

(PSS) at Tampa International Airport Guideway Systems: Airtrans (Phase II) Trips: Part I, Transportation in Vehicles Proj. IT -06-0 135 Proj. MA-06-0069 Designed for the Handicanoed SRI International C. Watt et al. Proj. CA-06-0098 Decennber 1977, PB 285-597 December 1978 California Department of Transportation December 1978 (English Edition), Assessment of the Tunnel Train Sytem at the Minitram: A Summary Case Study UMTA-CA-06-0098-78-2 Houston Intercontinental Airport Project Memorandum Proj. IT -06-0 135 Proj. MA-06-0069 Safety During Special Transportation Service SRI International C. Watt Trips: Part II, Movement In and Out of Special December 1977, UMTA-IT-06-0135-77-3 November 1978 Transportation Service Vehicles Proj. CA-06-0098 Assessment of the Initial Experiences of the Review of Local Alternatives Analyses California Department of Transportation IVIorgantown Automated Guideway System Involving Automated Guideway Transit December 1977 (English Edition), Proj. IT-06-0157 Proj. NY -06-0057 UMTA-CA-06-0098-78-1 N. D. Lea and Associates Urbitran Associates UMTA-IT-06-0157-78-01 November 1978, UMTA-NY-06-0057-78-1

Summary of Capital and Operations and Main- Innovation in Public Transportation: Fiscal Year tenance Cost Experience of Automated 1977: A Directory of Research, Development Guideway Transit Systems and Demonstration Projects Proj. IT-06-0157 Proj. MA-06-0086 N.D. Lea and Associates Transportation Systems Center Apnl 1978, UMTA-IT-06-0157-78-2 1978 Review of Downtown People Mover Proposals: At Automated Information Directory System Preliminary Market Implications for Downtown (AIDS): Review and Specifications Applications of AGT Proj. DC -06-0 154 P'roj. IT-06-0157 Washington Metropolitan Area Transit N.D. Lea and Associates Authority, 1978 April 1978, UMTA-IT-06-0157-78-2 Cost/Benefit Analysis of Automated Transit Land Use Impacts of Fixed Guideway Transit Information Systems Systems Proj. MD-06-0037 Proj. IT-06-0176 National Bureau of Standards MITRE Corporation February 1977, NBIS-IR 77-1253 December 1977, PB 281-068 Development of a Time-Calibrated Self-Cancel- Urban Applications of Advanced Group Rapid ling Ticket: Initial Feasibility Determination Transit: An Alternative Analysis Study Proj. IT-06-0125 Proj, lT-06-0176 A. D. Little, Inc. Corporation MITRE July 1977, UMTA-IT-06-0125-77-1 March 1978 Assessment of the Inclined Elevator and Its Use Description of the VAL Automated Guideway in Stockholm Transit System Proj. IT-06-0172 Proj. MA-06-0069 DeLeuw Cather and Co. T. Comparato, R. Kangas, and R. Kaiser Sept. 1978, UMTA-IT-06-0172 March 1978, DOT-TSC-UM836-PM-78-T

88

SECTION TWO Service and Methods Demonstrations

purpose of the Service and modes (automobile, paratransit, bus, etc.) Moreover, these improvements will have TheMethods Demonstrations (SMD) to provide a variety of services for various more immediate impacts than activities Program is to improve the quality users, trip purposes, and travel patterns. with long lead times, such as the and efficiency of urban transportation by Many demonstrations specifically address development of a new technology or the sponsoring the implementation of new the technical and institutional issues of implementation of major new facilities. transportation management techniques integrating a mix of transportation services Demonstration activities have been and innovative transit services throughout provided by both public and private divided into four major program areas. the United States. The program focuses on operators to serve a community's travel These areas are described briefly below. strategies that utilize existing needs. transportation technology to provide The SMD program places emphasis Transportation Service for Special improvements which require relatively low on the use of minor physical changes and User Groups levels of capital investment and can be operational policies to expand the capacity This area seeks to develop and test implemented in a short time frame. Some and increase the productivity of existing specialized services that will provide for the

of these strategies have already been systems. This emphasis is consistent with, travel needs of transit dependent people, successfully employed in other parts of and provides technical support for, the particularly the elderly, the handicapped, the world. Others are based on recent Transportation Systems Management and the poor. Projects in this area have conceptual or technological developments element (TSM) of the joint planning and included testing of specialized equipment by UMTA or by local transit properties in programming regulations issued by UMTA to make public transportation more

the United States. The program is and the Federal Highway Administration accessible to handicapped travelers, designed to perform the final critical (FHWA). Many of the techniques which specialized demand responsive experimental tests and development steps, have been proven feasible through SMD door-to-door services, user-side subsidies, where required, and to bring these demonstrations have subsequently been and coordination of social service agency innovative strategies into full operational incorporated in Transportation transportation programs. application. Improvement Plans (TIP) of urban areas. Service and methods demonstrations Innovative services and methods Fare and Pricing Policies reflect the philosophy that the travel needs which have been demonstrated in the SMD This area focuses on the application of of urban areas are best served by a program also support such important innovative pricing policies and transit balanced transportation system. In most national goals as improved environmental service improvements to provide incentives cases, this requires a combination of travel quality and energy conservation. for the use of public transportation and

90 more efficient utilization of existing of these alternative travel modes to provide highway and parking facilities. The more efficient use of transportation emphasis in this area is evolving from facilities in those situations where

systemwide fare policies to pricing specific conventional transit service is travel nnarkets in order to distribute uneconomical to operate or simply benefits nnore equitably, attract new riders, ineffective. and innprove the productivity of The organization of the Office of underutilized vehicles. Projects in this area Planning, Management and Demonstra- include alternative nnethods of fare tions is shown below. The projects payment, fare free transit, fare incentive described in this section are funded and promotions, transit service improvements, administered through the Office of Service and congestion pricing for automobiles. and Methods Demonstrations which is indicated in bold outline on the chart. Conventional Transit Service Innovations Demonstrations in this area include the innovative use of traffic engineering Office of Planning, techniques and transit service policies Management, and aimed at improving conventional fixed Demonstrations Associate Administrator route transit systems and more effective Robert H. McManus utilization of existing transportation and urban resources. Emphasis has been I placed on expediting peak period movements of passengers on surface transit vehicles (bus, light rail, and trolley Office of Planning bus). However, many of the strategies can Assistance and have encouraged greater use of other multiple occupant vehicles such as carpools and vanpools. Projects in this area have included exclusive busways, reserved Office of Planning Methods lanes on freeways, arterials, and local and Support streets, signal preemption, transit malls, auto restricted zones, and vehicle innovations. Office of Transportation Paratransit Management This area includes a broad range of services that lies between conventional fixed route transit and the private Office of Service and automobile (e.g., demand responsive Methods Demonstrations transit, jitneys, taxis, vanpools and Ronald J. Fisher Director carpools). The primary focus is on the use CHAPTER 8 term "special users" refers to Thethose members of the population Transportation Services who, because of age, income or dis- ability, are dependent upon public transportation or other special for Special User Groups arrangements to meet their transportation needs. One of the objectives of the UMTA Service and Methods Demonstrations Program is to improve the mobility of an estimated 7.5 million urban Americans who are transportation handicapped. The

principle of total accessibility is being Trends tested in a number of cities. Special equipment for handicapped people has

and Highlights been designed and is in use in fixed-route service in selected areas. In addition, a variety of special transportation services are being tested throughout the country, ranging from user subsidy programs to new transportation brokerage systems. Successful testing of the user subsidy concept has been demonstrated in projects in Montgomery, Ala., Lawrence, Mass.,

Kinston, N.C., as well as in Danville, III., where an additional grant will allow the expansion of an experimental subsidy program to include the entire city. One of the major problems in providing transportation to special groups has been the duplication of services among the human service agencies. Programs to promote the coordination of these services are being funded by UMTA, and the programs are demonstrating a variety of arrangements ranging from promoting cooperation among agencies to

consolidation of all their equipment and transportation services. In other projects, the local transit authority acts as a broker, matching the demand for special services with available supply from both public 92 vehicles and private companies. According to the survey, some demonstration projects conducted in Palm A number of problems have been 7,440,000 handicapped people over five Beach County, Fla., and in Champaign- encountered. Mechanical difficulties, years of age reside in the nation's urban Urbana, III. In these demonstrations, all particularly with wheelchair lifts, have areas. Demonstration projects are being existing buses are being retrofitted with caused delays in the extension of fixed- designed under this research contract to lifts to accommodate wheelchair users, route service to all. However, these test proposed solutions, and a document is making the entire bus fleets accessible to setbacks are counteracted by the variety of being produced that contains guidelines for semi- and non-ambulatory passengers. successful paratransit programs being urban transportation planning for special These two projects will be detailed later. conducted. users. The second set of projects Also planned is a report addressing (MA-06-0049) used to obtain data on Identifying and major issu'es and alternative solutions to accessible bus service involved locally improve transportation for special user sponsored efforts in major urban areas to Reaching the groups. Several transit systems will be introduce a number of accessible buses Transportation investigated to determine the impact of into their standard bus fleets. In these transportation programs for the handi- demonstrations, federal capital grants were Handicapped capped, and attitude surveys will be taken used to retrofit a portion of the existing of both handicapped and non-handicapped full-size bus fleets to be accessible to the Through a $1 .9 million research people in cities which have transportation handicapped. In some cases, new buses contract, the Service and Methods programs. were purchased with lifts. From five to 200 Demonstrations Office has undertaken a accessible buses are being used in projects project (NY-06-0054) in an attempt to Accessibility Programs in St. Louis, Mo., Atlanta, Ga., define effective transportation for those Washington, D.C., and Los Angeles, San handicapped persons who encounter Accessible Full-Size Bus Services Diego and Santa Clara County, Calif. difficulty in using conventional transit. The The Transbus decision requiring all In St. Louis, accessible service was main objective of the research is to buses purchased with federal funds after initiated in FY 78, but had to be severely determine whether it would be more cost- September 30, 1979, to be accessible to effective and beneficial to modify existing the handicapped, will have major ramifica- reduced due to continuing lift equipment and new transportation systems to accom- tions within the transit industry this year. malfunctions. It was expected to take modate handicapped persons, or to design In essence, the UMTA mandate between nine months and a year before the specialized transportation. requires that all buses bid after September problems could be corrected and the full of accessible buses placed into The first phase of the project, com- 30, 1979 be specially equipped, and that 50 component pleted during FY 78, consisted of a percent of existing bus fleets be retrofitted operation again. comprehensive national survey to deter- with lifts or ramps within six years, Two reports on St. Louis' experience mine the number of transportation handi- in six years. were prepared in draft form in 1978 and are capped people in the country, their charac- Accessibility demonstrations begun in expected to be published this year. teristics, their current transportation FY 78, however, have revealed a number of Washington, D.C., expects to behavior and the perceived barriers preven- practical problems which must be introduce accessible buses into its regular ting their use of public transportation. This overcome in deploying standard buses fleet in July 1979, along with driver and information, as well as an assessment of which accommodate wheelchairs. user training programs. alternative solutions, was published in In an attempt to collect data on the These projects entail the first large- June 1978, in Summary Report of Data use of standard-size, accessible buses, scale use of wheelchair-accessible, full-size from a National Survey of Transportation research is being conducted in two buses and, as such, the experience gained IHandicapped People. categories. The first experiments involve is expected to be of interest to many other

93 Total Accessibility Demonstrations:

Champaign-Urbana, III., and Palm Beach County, Fla. These two demonstrations (IL-06-0039and FL-06-0015) were designed to evaluate the effectiveness of a fully accessible fleet of buses, rather than a partially accessible fleet, as an alternative for meeting the transportation needs of the elderly and handicapped. Fifteen buses in Illinois and 30 buses in Florida will be retro-

fitted with wheelchair lifts. In addition, each bus system will receive a number of new, specially equipped buses. In Florida, bids were received for the project at the end of FY 78, and accessible service was to be phased in by routes beginning in May 1979.

A number of factors will be evaluated in both demonstrations, such as the cost of retrofitting, the utility and durability of the technology, the level of accessibility provided, the effect on maintenance costs, driver responsibility, the travel characteristics of the transportation handicapped and, in the case of

This passenger has immediate ground level access to a kneeling bus in St. Louis, Mo. Champaign-Urbana, the effect of severe weather conditions.

Special Elderly and Handicapped Services for a Medium-Size City transit systems planning similar programs. in order to meet these needs. In Portland, Ore., a special needs The use of fully accessible buses will Initial ridership on the accessible bus transportation demonstration (OR-06-0004) improve the mobility of handicapped services to date has been low. However, provides demand-responsive bus service to persons but, due to the limitations of the level of service has also been low. A mobility-limited people who cannot use

transit area coverage, it is obvious that a major issue is whether wheelchair-handi- regular transit service and who do not have fully accessible, fixed-route system will not capped ridership will increase as more alternate means of private transportation.

meet all of the travel needs of handicapped accessible service is provided and as time The demonstration, known as the LIFT, people. The evaluations of these projects passes to allow for adjustments in travel provides service on an advanced will identify which travel needs are not patterns and travel modes. The accessible reservation basis from 7:00 a.m. to 7:00 being met and determine appropriate bus evaluations will help supply answers to p.m. daily, using a fleet of 15 Mercedes services to supplement fixed-route service this question. Benz diesel buses which are specially

94 equipped with wheelchair lifts, tiedowns coordinated, the transportation services localities of various sizes, including New and a retractable lower step. The public provided by human service agencies are York City and Mercer County, New Jersey. transit agency, Tri-Metropolitan often inefficient, overlapping and costly. Planning studies were conducted in Transportation District of Oregon Meanwhile, many handicapped and elderly Brockton, Mass. and Dallas, Texas. (TRIMET), is operating the service. Some people remain unserved by the In Mercer County, N.J., a pilot trips are contracted out to two local taxi uncoordinated systems. program called TRADE (NJ-06-0008) was operators. A coordinated transportation pro- begun in November 1977, to coordinate The central feature of the LIFT gram, encompassing public and private the transportation services of a number of program is the coordination of special transportation services firms in conjunction social service agencies. In addition to the transportation services with public service with the social service agencies, could agencies, the project was eventually to agencies and organizations which serve the provide at least a partial solution to the include public and private transportation handicapped. Under the current problem of immobility which is still providers in the coordinated services as arrangement in Portland, LIFT serves as a experienced by millions of elderly and well. The objective of the project was to central source of rides. Agencies contract handicapped Americans living in cities. provide a foundation for supplying with LIFT for their clients' trips, and other UMTA has been experimenting with transportation services to all elderly and eligible but non-agency affiliated riders pay systems to bring about coordinated handicapped people in the region by 50 cents per trip. Three out of four of the transportation services in a number of establishing an effective, multi-modal 4,200 registered riders are clients of various network of vehicles. social service agencies. During its first year of operation, Management and operational changes however, progress was slow, and TRADE were instituted in the program during the encountered many institutional and summer of FY 78 to improve the system. In operational obstacles. While the original June, an interim report was published on plan was to coordinate and eventually the demonstration project. In addition to consolidate seven designated county testing coordinated services, the project agencies, the first year's experience caused tested credit card fare collection and a shift in the project's direction. TRADE computerized billing for their was unable to coordinate all of the cost-effectiveness and general feasibility. agencies during FY 78, and it now appears This unsuccessful element of the project that several of the agencies may not be was discontinued in November 1978. appropriate candidates for coordination.

Two agencies with a total of 1 1 vehicles were included in a central dispatch system. Coordinated Services Other agencies participated in central for the Elderly and purchasing and vehicle maintenance. TRADE has recently contracted to provide Handicapped services to agency clients using funds available under Title of the Social in many cities and regions, special The jolts of normal traffic can be dangerous as well XX as uncomfortable for wtieelctiair users. Shown here Security Act. transportation services for the elderly and is one method for securing wheelchairs. A curved handicapped are either funded or provided spring snaps over the rear left wheel and a padded In addition to coordinating vehicles for by a variety of social service agencies and bar protects the passenger. various agencies, TRADE is expected to organizations. However, because their acquire vehicles of its own in 1979. Among transportation resources are usually not those vehicles will be two vans which were

95 included in a grant awarded to TRADE in for providing barrier-free transportation to Borough of Brooklyn was selected as the early FY 79 by the New Jersey Departnnent the elderly and handicapped in a large target site for the potential demonstration of Labor, which has designated the TRADE metropolitan area. project on the basis of three factors: its program as the official transportation New York City was selected for this population density and the number of provider in the region under the project because of the size and population elderly and handicapped residents in the department's Jobs Transportation density of the city and the resulting pro- area; the diversity of governing bodies, Program. The demonstration is expected blems in a large, metropolitan area, such as citizens advisory groups, neighborhood to run through October 1979. the complexity of the existing councils, mental and general health In the East Flatbush area of New York transportation network, the funding boards, and social service agencies in the City, a project entitled Coordinated Service mechanisms available in the city, and the area; and the large number of places that for the Handicapped (IT-06-0154) is being diversity of institutional considerations. would be accessible to the handicapped in conducted to study and complete a design During FY 78, East Flatbush in the East Flatbush if barrier-free transportation were available. In Dallas County, Tex., a study (TX-06-0025) similar to the one in New York City is also being conducted to design a method for coordinating social service agency transportation, eliminating overlapping services, improving vehicle productivity and reducing costs through centralized dispatching. The county has contracted with the Community Council of Greater Dallas to conduct the planning study. The main

objective of the project is to coordinate social service agencies throughout the county and to develop groups of agencies willing to work together and share their transportation resources on a contract basis.

During FY 78, the most innovative feature of the project was the development of a standardized cost-accounting system which agencies may use to monitor their transportation costs and select the most cost-effective system suited to their needs. During pilot tests, the cost-accounting system was instrumental in helping service agencies analyze their transportation needs. Agencies without vehicles were

A woman in a wheelchair gets assistance from a driver in Portland, Ore., where small buses feature rear door then referred to agencies willing to share lifts. their vehicles under contract, or to existing

96 transportation firms. Operating and nnanagennent plans will also be designed during the project. The final phase of the study will be to design a detailed plan for an operational project which would innplement a number of innovative solutions to the transportation problems encountered by elderly and handicapped persons who are served by social service agencies. In the small city of Brockton, Mass., the Brockton Area Transit Authority has also been planning the coordination of social service agency transportation (MA-06-0078), although on a smaller scale than the projects in East Flatbush and

Dallas County. Despite its smaller size, however, Brockton has been successful during FY 78 in coordinating the services of nearly 20 different agencies in the Brockton area which provide specialized transportation services to their clients. One goal of the project is to attempt to coordinate the services of the remaining agencies.

In Danville, III., elderly and handicapped patrons may buy tickets for transit and shared-ride taxis in advance, Agency transportation expenditures and pay only 11 percent of the actual cost. are often difficult to monitor because funding is derived from a wide variety of federal, state and local sources. This management information system to ease and disabled of an inner city area. Service project involves the development of a the administrative problems involved in a is provided 12 hours per day, five days a demonstration plan, including a strategy to coordinated transportation system. week. coordinate service human agency The study project is expected to be The project, known as EASYRIDE, transportation services and resources to completed by the end of February 1979, at began pilot operations in the summer of provide improved service and cost which time local and federal officials will 1977 and now operates a fleet of 1 1 small efficiencies. decide whether the final plan has potential buses of which six are equipped to The planning study will include for an actual demonstration project. accommodate four wheelchairs plus five centralization of administration, analysis of In New York's Lower East Side, a additional passengers. The remaining five additional demand, and coordination of project conducted by the Vera Institute, buses are designed to seat 15 passengers. operations between the Brockton Area Experimental Transportation for the Elderly A unique aspect of the operation is the Transit Authority and other intercity and Disabled (NY-06-0053) will assess the hiring of rehabilitated ex-offenders and ex- transportation providers. Primary emphasis costs and effectiveness of providing addicts to drive the vans. The project has will be placed on the development of a door-to-door transportation to the elderly received major funding from the

97 Department of Health, Education and Presently, transportation for elderly and with other county agencies. Throughout Welfare, as well as from UMTA, to handicapped persons in the county is the county, the ACCESS system has a determine the impacts of mobility fragmented among numerous human potential market of between 20 to 30 improvements on the quality of life and on service agencies and private operators who human service agencies that may be the health care costs of the Lower East provide subsidized transit to eligible interested in purchasing paratransit Side target population. passengers. services for their clients. The project grantee, the Vera Institute Under the concept of transportation The paratransit carrier network will be of Justice, has received a federal waiver brokerage, the dispersed paratransit ser- established by the agent/broker through which allows elderly Medicare participants vices would be coordinated under a single the solicitation of bids from independent to receive Medicare reimbursements for agent/broker. The broker is responsible for paratransit providers, including taxi EASYRIDE transportation to health stimulating participation in the program companies, social service agencies, and destinations, such as medical facilities and through active marketing, coordinating the special transportation agencies serving the

nutritional centers. The waiver is the only transportation needs and resources of handicapped. It is expected that the use of transportation-related waiver of its kind clients, and ensuring the availability of all ride-sharing will help to diminish the cost of that has been granted by the Department necessary dispatching and transportation door-to-door service, both for the funding of Health, Education and Welfare to date. resources. agencies and for the individual users. During FY 78, the Vera Institute In the fall of 1978, the authority developed a system for coordinating contracted with a private Massachusetts agency transportation services and has consulting firm, Multisystems, Inc. of User Subsidy succeeded in establishing several Cambridge, to serve as the actual third-party contracts with human service agent/broker for the project. The project Demonstrations agencies to provide service to their clients. has been entitled ACCESS. Another way in which UMTA has attempted to improve transportation for EASYRIDE has also tested a number The role of the agent/broker will be to the elderly and handicapped in various of shuttle routes during FY 78, including contract with the county's various cab cities is through directly subsidizing the two shuttles to hospital complexes which companies and non-profit agencies that are cost of tickets purchased by those users, have proven to be very successful. During willing to provide service under the rather than subsidizing the transportation the fiscal year, productivity levels have ACCESS system. The broker will also providers. User subsidies in the form of increased to about 200 trips per day, the contract with the county's numerous reduced bus or taxi fares are being tested cost of trips has decreased, and human service agencies that wish to hire by UMTA in demonstrations in Danville, operational improvements have been paratransit services for their clients. Finally, III., Montgomery, Ala., Kinston, N.C., and made. non-agency affiliated handicapped persons Lawrence Mass. These projects are who cannot use the regular transit system The project is currently being studied summarized in the accompanying table. are eligible user-subsidy as a model for the citywide paratransit for a to purchase system planned for New York City. rides on the ACCESS system. The subsidy These cities offer a diversity of is in the of tickets at In Pittsburgh, Pa., research which was form purchased 25 population sizes and transportation needs, percent of their face value. begun in 1975 at Carnegie-Mellon and the subsidy demonstrations are University culminated during FY 78 in a During FY 78, the ACCESS system tailored to fit the specific conditions of the $1 .25 million grant to the Allegheny County entered its initial start-up phase and cities in which they are being tested. Port Authority to conduct a two-year contracts were initiated to provide services Consequently, one purpose of the demonstration (PA-06-0042) of to several private agencies. The system will demonstrations is to test how well the user transportation brokerage as a means of go into actual operation in late February subsidy concept works under a variety of coordinating paratransit services. 1979, as additional contracts are obtained circumstances.

98 Special User Subsidy Demonstrations

ELDERLY AND POPULA- HANDICAPPED PERCENT SUBSIDY CITY TION POPULATION TYPE OF SERVICE SUBSIDY METHOD TO SPECIAL USER

Montgomery, 135,000 "21,000 Shared-ride taxi Voucher 50 Alabama periods • Local bus Tickets 50 peak 100 off-peak

Lawrence, 66,900 14,700 Shared-ride taxi Tickets 50 Massachusetts Local bus Tickets 95

Kinston, 22,000 3,000 Shared-ride taxi Advanced sale 50 North Carolina tickets

Danville, 42,000 7,500 Fixed-route bus Advanced sale 89 special users Illinois tickets Shared-ride taxi 78 general population

Other objectives include evaluating ed in 1975 in Danville, III. The City of to a general user subsidy system designed the operational and administrative Danville established a reduced fare system to serve the entire population of the city. requirements of user subsidy programs; for the elderly and handicapped under Under the expanded system, private determining whether user subsidies allow which those groups could directly transportation operators are invited to bid the elderly and handicapped to travel purchase shared-ride taxi tickets at 25 or 50 for the contract to provide transportation further and more widely; and examining percent of actual cost. services for the city. Under the contract, the effects of subsidies on the quality of The Danville demonstration adult fares are limited to 40 cents, fares for transportation services themselves. (IL-06-0034), once the longest operating elderly and handicapped passengers and project of its kind, succeeded in attracting students under 18 are set at 20 cents, and A Test of the User Subsidy Concept in nearly 50 percent of the eligible population transfers are free. The contract also Developing a Small Citywide in the city to register for the service. stipulates the subsidy amount that the city

Transportation System: Danville, III. In FY 78, the city expanded the scope will pay for passengers and the number of One of the first user subsidy of the demonstration from a service different operators that the city will utilize. experiments in the nation was implement- exclusively for the elderly and handicapped In order to be eligible for the special 40

99 cent and 20 cent fares, users must (WV-06-0008) has three major objectives: Of the ten transportation regions in purchase the subsidized tickets in advance. to provide increased transportation buying the state, five are actively participating in Tickets are available in Danville at 36 power for low-income elderly and the TRIP program. locations including all major banks, grocery handicapped people; to help support Within each region, a TRIP primary stores and restaurants. Passengers who existing transportation providers in West network of conventional, fixed-route bus have not purchased the subsidy tickets are Virginia; and to help expand and develop service utilizing mini- and mid-sized not eligible for the reduced fares, and the transportation throughout the rural, vehicles was developed. In FY 78, transit operators are allowed to propose mountainous state of West Virginia. experience indicated that fixed-route unsubsidized cash fares. In order to protect The TRIP program is composed of a service was not working, and regions both the city and the operators from ticket subsidy program and the began to reassess service plans to tailor incorrectly estimating potential ridership, development of a viable transportation them more closely to the needs and the entire contract for service is rebid every network in pilot regions of the state. demands of users. A greater emphasis has four months. West Virginia was chosen as the site been placed on demand-responsive service During the first two bidding periods, a of this demonstration project because of modes. single provider was selected to implement the unique characteristics of the state. service. The service was traditional, fixed- Twenty-three of 55 counties in West route transit on standard-size buses. Virginia had virtually no public

During the third and fourth periods, a local transportation available. The state is taxi operator was also contracted to predominantly rural, with the bulk of the Study of Inner City Transportation provide fixed-route and demand- population scattered across rugged The objective of this study responsive service in areas of low demand. Appalachian terrain; economic conditions (IT-06-0153) is to determine the travel leave some 20 percent of the population desires and mobility needs of an inner city Cost per passenger on the standard- with no private transportation; and during neighborhood and to develop appropriate size bus system has ranged from as high as recent years, the elderly population has transit operating services, techniques, $2.00 per trip at the beginning of the nearly doubled. institutional frameworks and financial project, to $1 .65 per trip under the most Due to the lack of a state department arrangements to satisfy those recent contract. Cost per passenger on the of transportation, the West Virginia transportation needs and desires. demand-responsive system has been $1 .50 Department of Welfare was designated to The major features of this project per trip. administer the program. include a literature search of inner city According to city officials, transit transportation experiences, data collection For $1 . 18 each month, the ticket productivity under the user subsidy on the transportation characteristics of subsidy program provides low-income system is increasing, while the cost per trip inner city residents, and an analysis of elderly and/or handicapped persons with a is declining. inner city transportation deficiencies by trip transportation ticket book actually valued As the experiment continues, officials purpose. at $8.00.The TRIP tickets may be used to hope to examine the reaction of the public Alternative inner city transportation purchase transportation services from to an advanced-purchase ticket system and solutions will be developed, including types participating providers in the state. to study the amount of administrative work of transportation services, financial plans, involved in operating a large ticket The other element of the TRIP and institutional arrangements. Three distribution system. program is the development of a demonstration concepts, representing the multifaceted network of primary and feeder most promising alternatives, will be West Virginia TRIP Program transportation systems. The network selected and developed into site-specific The Transportation Remuneration includes inter-city carriers, taxi operations, project designs. A final report on the Incentive Program (TRIP) of West Virginia and public and private transit operations. project is expected.

100 Transportation Services for Special User G roups

PROJECT TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE AGENCY/ EVALUATION TECHNICAL CONTRACTOR CONTACT

ACCESSIBILITY PROGRAMS

Research on the Trans- NY-06-0054 $1,900,000 Oct. 1976- Grey Advertising, Inc. Patricia Cass portation Problems of the Oct. 1979 (202)426-4984 Transportation Handi- capped

Evaluation of Accessible MA-06-0049 $275,000 Feb. 1977- TSC Lynn Sahaj Full-Size Bus Services (est.) Jan. 1980 (202) 426-4984

Total Accessibility De- FL-06-0015 $689,000 June 1977- Palm Beach County TSC; Multisys- Lynn Sahaj monstration, Palm Beach Jan. 1980 Transportation tems, Inc. (202) 426-4984 County, Florida Authority, Fla.

Total Accessibility De- IL-06-0039 $502,404 July 1977- Champaign-Urbana Mass TSC Larry Bruno monstration, Champaign- Sept. 1980 Transit District, III. (202) 426-4984 Urbana, Illinois

An Elderly and Handi- OR-06-0004 $916,768 Dec. 1976- Tri-County Metropolitan TSC; Crain and Lynn Sahaj capped Service Approach June 1979 Transportation District Associates (202) 426-4984 for a Medium Sized City of Oregon COORDINATED SERVICES

Elderly and Handi- NJ-06-0008 $195,960 Nov. 1977- lercer County, N.J. TSC; API, Inc. Mary Martha capped Social Service Coor- Nov. 1979 Churchman dination Demonstration (202) 426-4984

Coordinated Services for IT-06-0154 $109,340 Oct. 1976- Tri-State Regional Larry Bruno the Handicapped, May 1979 Planning Commission; (202) 426-4984 New York City New York City Planning Commission

Planning and Analysis TX-06-0025 $79,306 July 1977- City of Dallas, TSC Lynn Sahaj for Special Service July 1978 Tex. (202) 426-4984 Transportation Coordin- ation TransDortation ServicGS forSoecial UserGrouDs

PROJECT TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE AGENCY/ EVALUATION TECHNICAL CONTRACTOR

COORDINATED SERVICES

Coordination of Hunnan MA-06-0078 $40,000 March 1977- Brockton Area TSC Larry Bruno Service Transportation Feb. 1979 Transit, Mass. (202) 426-4984

Vera Institute Experi- NY-06-0053 $175,000 Jan. 1977- Vera Institute of TSC; ARI, Inc. Lynn Sahaj mental Transportation Jan. 1981 Justice (202) 426-4984 for the Elderly and Disabled

R iHp- ^ h;^ ri nn P^ir;^- $139,000 Jan. 1977- Carnegie-Mellon Lynn Sahaj /Omi AIR AQQA transit Agency Study Dec. 1979 University

Innplennentation of an PA-06-0042 $1,250,000 July 1978- Allegheny County Port Charles River Lynn Sahaj

1 1 iK/ 1 Qfin Agent/Broker to Coordin- juiy 1 you Authority, Pa. Associates (202) 426-4984 ate Paratransit Services, Allegheny County, Pa.

USER SUBSIDIES

User-Side Subsidy IL-06-0034 $977,000 June 1975- City of Danville, III. TSC; Crain and Larry Bruno Demonstration Aug. 1979 Associates (202) 426-4984

User-Side Subsidy for AL-06-0003 $518,405 Nov. 1976- City of Montgomery, TSC Larry Bruno the Elderly and Handi- April 1979 Ala. (202) 426-4984 capped

User Subsidy for the MA-06-0076 $422,061 Aug. 1978- City of Lawrence, TSC; Charles Larry Bruno Elderly Feb. 1980 Mass. River Associates (202) 426-4984

User Subsidy for the NC-06-0063 $213,529 July 1977 City of Kinston, TSC; Charles Lynn Sahaj Elderly and Handi- July 1980 N.C. River Associates (202) 426-4984 capped OTHER PROJECTS

West Virginia TRIP WV-06-0008 $720,000 Sept. 1976- West Virginia Dept. TSC; Cram and Lynn Sahaj Program July 1979 of Welfare Associates (202) 426-4984

Study of Inner City IT-06-0153 $150,000 Feb. 1976- Transportation TSC Larry Bruno Transportation Jan. 1979 Assistance, Inc. (202) 426-4984

102 Bibliography Technical Report of National Survey of Vol I, The Transportation Handicapped Popu- Transportation Handicapped People lation Definition and Counts, PB 258-579/AS This list of reports contains those Proj. NY-06-0054 Vol. II, The Roles of Government and the published from January 1976 to the October 1978 Private Sector in the Provisions of Mobility present. For each report, a National Demonstration Program Systems for the Transportation Handicapped, Technical Information Service (NTIS) Service and Methods Annual Reports PB 258-580/ AS if is document number, available, listed Vol. Ill, Alternative Planning Methodologies, Proj. MA-06-0049 following the publication date. Reports Transportation Systems Center PB 258-581 /AS be ordered through NTIS by using the Vol. IV, Transportation Solutions for the may November 1975, PB 251-325/AS Handicapped, PB 258-582/ order blanks provided at the back of this April 1977, PB 270-673 AS document. Coordinating Transportation for the Elderly and Evaluation Guidelines for Service and Methods Reports not available through NTIS Handicapped: State of the Art Report Demonstration Projects A may not have been published in sufficient Proj. DC-06-0106 Proj. MA-06-0049 quantity for general distribution. However, The Institute of Public Administration Transportation Systems Center and CACI, Inc. they writing to the November 1976, PB 265-079/AS may be obtained by February 1976, PB 251-891 /AS person listed as the technical contact in the Special Transportation Services for the Elderly Incidence Rates and Travel Characteristics of project summary chart. and Handicapped Demonstration Project, the Transportation Handicapped in Portland, Baton Rouge, Louisiana Finally, additional reports relating to Oregon: Final Report Proj. LA-06-0001 the research in this chapter will become Proj. OR -06-0004 CACI, Inc. available during the upcoming year. For Crain and Associates November 1976, PB 263-904/AS information on these reports and for April 1977, PB 269-859 City of Cleveland Neighborhood Elderly Trans- suggestions on additional reference TRIMET: Automated Fare Billing System portation Project, Dial-A-Bus: Interim Report materials, call or write to the technical Proj. OR -06-0004 Proj. OH -06-00 18 contact associated with each project. MITRE Corporation/METREK Division City of Cleveland December 1977, PB 275-661 /AS January 1976, PB 253-237/AS

The Lift: Special Needs Transportation in Cleveland Neighborhood Elderly Transportation Portland, Oregon: Interim Report Demonstration Project: Final Report Proj. OR -06-0004 Proj. OH -06-00 18 Crain and Associates Crain and Associates of of the Study the Transportation Problems June 1978, UMTA-OR-06-0004-78-2 April 1977, PB 269-860 Transportation Handicapped, Off-Peak Half- Subsidies for Shared Ride Taxi Fare Study Handicapped and Elderly Vertical Movement User Side Assessment Study Service in Danville, III.: Phase I Proj. NY-06-0054 Proj. MA-06-0047 Proj. IL-06-0004 July 1976, PB 268-867/AS Transportation Systems Center June 1977, UMTA-IL-06-0034-77-1 Study of the Transportation Problems of the February 1976, PB 252-516/AS Transportation Handicapped, Off-Peak Transportation Problems of the Transportation Half-Fare Study: Ten Case Studies Proj. NY-06-0054 Handicapped Grey Advertising, Inc. Proj. CA-06-0092 October 1976, PB 263-868/AS Crain and Associates August 1976 Summary Report of Data From National Survey of Transportation Handicapped People Proj. NY-06-0054 June 1978 103 CHAPTER 9 The main objective of the Pricing and Fare and Pricing Policies Policy Division within UMTA's Service and Methods

Dennonstration Progrann is to increase transit ridership levels, thereby improving the productivity of a transit system. Adjusting fares and providing special

service options can increase ridership in certain market segments. Rather than determining fare policies on the basis of user demand and operating subsidy levels,

Trends the current pricing program is examining and Highlights the impact of actions aimed at particular market segments which demonstrate a high potential for increased ridership. Three transit improvement demonstrations are now underway, providing people with packages of incentives to use public transportation instead of their automobiles. In addition,

fare prepayment programs are making it more convenient for people to use transit regularly. Free fare during off-peak periods increases ridership. Three research and design studies investigating alternative transit transfer policies, the feasibility of self-service and automatic fare-billing systems, and a promotional transit fare incentive plan are

underway to determine still other ways of attracting and increasing transit patronage. Two transit resource productivity demonstrations are providing new tools and techniques for resource allocation and for analyzing ridership and operating cost data. A study on attitude measurement techniques for transportation planning and evaluation will recommend attitudinal measurement techniques to evaluate public response to transportation innovations. In addition, a conference on research mobility of the general public. The Price and Service Improvements and operational experience in multimodal The first phase would create a central Demonstration in Vancouver, Wash. pricing and related service improvements business district (CBD) fare-free zone. This (WA-06-0010) will encourage motorists was held. During the conference, key would improve mobility in the CBD and using the congested Portland/Vancouver pricing policy issues were discussed by a reduce dependence upon private 1-5 highway corridor to shift to transit by mix of transportation professionals from automobiles. The fare-free zone would carefully controlling expansion of transit research and consulting firms, and industry attract new patrons to the regular route service and the timely reduction of fares. operators, leading to recommendations for and express bus system. The effects of these actions will be future pricing demonstration activities. The second phase would improve assessed to determine the modal shift from downtown transit traffic flow by automobiles to transit. In addition, the Transit Improvement integrating the existing traffic circulation impact of marketing such transit plans, transit routing plans, and the transit improvements will be assessed and Demonstrations fare-free zone into one compatible compared to the cost of providing the One way to increase transit ridership coordinated plan. The prime consideration improved service and reduced fares. circulation of is in levels is to divert auto users to transit. will be to improve downtown The project to be implemented Three demonstration projects have the transit service and to reduce four phases. Each phase is designed to recently been funded to investigate the duplication of routes. provide a logical sequence of improved effects of various transit improvements on The next phase will provide for transit service in the corridor. The first two the productivity of conventional merchant validation of shoppers' free-fare phases will be implemented within the first transportation systems. These transit vouchers in order to increase the number year of funding. The implementation of the improvements are designed to provide of people shopping in the downtown area latter two phases is contingent upon the incentives to use public transportation. by transit. This program should increase subsequent approval of the second year In Knoxville, Tenn., a Fare-and Service off-peak public transportation ridership, funding.

Improvement Demonstration (TN-06-0006) establish a trade-off between public Phase I involves market research and parking subsidies, and selection of park-and-ride lots. Market is being developed in order to show transportation and the whether a package of service and fare reduce dependence on CBD parking to research will enable the selection of transit innovations can enhance the effectiveness attract customers. service improvements which can of ongoing transportation programs and An expanded fare-free zone would effectively serve the corridor travel market. improve the role of the transportation improve the accessibility of the CBD to A promotion of existing transit service will broker. The proposed project consists of nearby activity centers. In addition, the also be developed. Phase II would transit five price and service demonstration expanded zone could serve as a substitute implement these selected phases, with each phase catering to a for downtown parking spaces by improvements and identify bus preferential to specific transit market segment and to the encouraging parking on the fringe of the treatment techniques improve bus resolution of a specific urban CBD. operations. The impact of the service transportation problem. The effects of The last phase would extend transit modifications will be reviewed. each demonstration phase will be largely service to low density suburban areas The ongoing transit promotion independent of the others except to the through the use of coordinated fare program would be supplemented with a degree that each phase has a cumulative programs. The quality of public fare reduction and the implementation of effect on increasing systemwide transit transportation in low density areas would the bus preferential treatment techniques routes ridership to downtown activity centers and improve, and it is expected that new riders in Phase III. Phase IV would extend providing an integrated public would be attracted to the existing public from downtown Vancouver in order to transportation system for improving the transit and downtown activities. reach more potential users. Based upon

105 the route extentions identified, additional well under way, and it is anticipated that percent discount, pose some questions as park-and-ride facilities will be explored. two projects will be developed in FY 79. to the ability of transit fare prepayment The Parking Pricing Dennonstration in One project will demonstrate the use of programs to attract and hold new transit Madison, Wis., (WI-06-0006) would initiate transit fare prepayment as a means of riders. The second sale, at 40 percent a series of transit pricing and service promoting intermodal/interagency discount, began at the end of FY 78. From improvennents as well as new price and coordination in a region or part of region the results, it is hoped that the numbers of space allocations for parking in the served by more than one transit operator or new riders and those switching from cash downtown areas. The objectives of this mode. The other project will develop a to prepayment can be determined, as well project are to increase the availability of student pass plan, designed to increase the as the public's reaction to the transit sales, short-term parking in the central city, number and frequency of students using user preference to different types of encourage high occupancy of autos using transit. prepayment mechanisms, and the long-ternn in central city, cost-effectiveness of the sales parking the and In Austin, Texas, a Transit Fare promoting promote the use of mass transit during the Prepayment with Reduced Price Promotion transit fare prepayment. peak travel hours, especially for central city program (TX-06-0021 ) has been under way Two programs of transit fare employees. since May 1977. Two one-month sale prepayment through employers are periods were offered to promote the plan. currently under way in Jacksonville, Fla. In October 1977, discounts of about forty (FL-06-0016) and Sacramento, Calif. Fare Prepayment percent were offered on monthly passes (CA-06-0102). These demonstration Programs and twenty-trip punch cards. Sales of the projects will make passes more available to prepaid tickets in that month were almost a greater number of people, and are four times more than in the previous, designed to develop a partnership between Transit fare prepayment involves non-discount month. The second sale at 20 the transit operator and local employers. purchasing evidence in the form of passes, percent discount in March 1978 increased The benefits to the transit operator are permits, tickets, tokens, etc. which can sales by three times that of the previous decreased fare collection costs and later be verified as a substitute for cash month's sales. A final evaluation report is increased ridership and revenue. The payment for transit rides. Prepayment is now being prepared. Preliminary results employer can save money by sharing the intended to make it more convenient for indicate that pass sales and trips by pass cost of the employees' transit passes rather people to use transit. Existing transit users users increased during the promotion than providing subsidized parking. Much of are encouraged to use transit more months based on the discount rates. Due the work in these projects is to evaluate the regularly, and new users are being to the small proportion of pass users and results of these joint ventures between the attracted, although in fewer numbers than distribution methods, however, it was transit agencies and the business formerly projected. Prepayment also found that cash flow did not enhance the community. intends to give the transit operator a cash operator's position significantly. flow advantage. In Jacksonville, a pass discount was The objective of the Transit Fare A similar Transit Fare Prepayment offered in order to increase transit ridership

Prepayment Study (l\/lD-06-0031 ) is to with Reduced Price Promotion on the existing bus system without major develop demonstration plans for four demonstration is under way in Phoenix, modification of services. The bulk of the transit fare prepayment concepts: Ariz. (AZ-06-0002). This demonstration work involves contacting the employers intermodal/ interagency coordination; also involves the use of temporary and preparing data collection methods student pass plan; off-peak fares; and user discounts on transit fare prepayments to conducting surveys of employees, and preference. Background research and attract new ridership and to induce existing distributing the passes while emphasizing a concept development have been riders to change from cash fares to fare payroll deduction plan. A fare increase in

completed. The site selection process is prepayment. Results of the first sale, at 20 October 1978 resulted in the postponement

106 of transit fare prepayment instrunnents to employers until January 1979.

The demonstration in Sacramento will measure the impact of using various methods of marketing monthly passes through employers on prepaid pass sales and transit ridership. A three-month discount pass sale was initiated at the end of FY 78. Employees of 52 participating businesses were eligible to take advantage of a 25 percent reduction in the price of a monthly bus pass. Fare-Free Off-Peak Transit Service

Fare-free off-peak transit service is another way to increase transit ridership by acquainting non-users and people who seldom use public transportation with the availability of transit service. Fare-free off-peak service can improve the public's perception of public transportation, facilitate mobility in congested downtown areas, and increase the activity in centers Buying bus passes in Austin, Tex., is both convenient and economical. being served. Beginning in June 1977, a fare-free off-peak demonstration program was undertaken in Trenton, N.J. (NJ-52-0001 ). Preliminary results show that ridership on the bus system has increased about 50 percent in the off-peak hours, with a 10 percent overall system-wide ridership gain. The biggest impact has been on In Denver, Colo., an Off-Peak to determine the cost effectiveness of discretionary travel. Incidents of Fare-Free Transit Demonstration off-peak fare reductions, to increase the "joyriding" and vandalism were disrupting (CO-06-0010) involves fare-free service to public awareness of the transit system, and the service early in the program. However, all transit users from 6 p.m. to 6 a.m. and 8 to evaluate the impact of the reinstatement such incidents have been on the decline a.m. to 4 p.m., Monday through Friday, of fares on February 1 , 1979. Current work since the spring of 1978. Another extensive and all day Saturday, Sunday, and involves the final design of telephone and data collection effort in the fall of 1978 will holidays. The objectives of this program on-board survey instruments to measure provide an opportunity for a are to increase the productivity of the bus the impact of the demonstration on both comprehensive analysis of the impacts. fleet through increased off-peak ridership. users and non-users.

107 In Albany, N.Y., a CBD Off-Peak Fare- Research and Design implementing flexible fare structures, Free Transit Progrann (NY-06-0064) was establish whether there is improved begun during FY 78. This project will Studies operating efficiency resulting from the provide an opportunity for coordinating the implementation of these systems, and implementation and operation of a Three different studies are underway ascertain the public response to each of the attract fare-free zone with downtown business to investigate various ways to and systems. Initial concept analysis and a increase transit patronage. The first is review of current self-service fare organizations. In addition, downtown examining and evaluating alternative collection techniques began at the end of improvement programs for enhancing transit transfer policies. The second study FY 78. activity centers will be identified, and is determining the feasibility of self-service A Promotional Transit Fare Incentives interagency cooperation will be and automatic fare-billing systems. The Demonstration Design (PA-06-0047) will encouraged to stimulate activity for a stag- third study is investigating promotional develop a major urban demonstration nating downtown area. The project is also transit fare incentives, that is, a system of program of "reinforcement theory" expected to improve mobility in the giving all bus patrons a token approaches to transit promotion. downtown area; attention will be given to exchangeable for goods and services by Incentives in the form of a token determining traffic volumes and speeds. local merchants. exchangeable for goods and services by The objective of a Transfer Policy and local merchants would be given to all bus Cost Study (MA-06-0049) is to investigate patrons. Initially, a critical review will be cost, ridership, revenue, and user undertaken of the current state-of-the-art satisfaction as a consequence of of transit promotion in general and, The four stages in this project are alternative transfer policies. The wide specifically, promotion strategies evolving planning, operation, marketing, and variety of transfer strategies and charges in from the reinforcement theory. From this evaluation. In the planning stage, transit effect at various transit agencies across the research, suggestions as to which service in the fare-free zone will be country, as well as alternatives such as reinforcement theory procedures might be reviewed with the objective of providing routing, passes, and route simplification best applied to a major urban area will be higher frequency by staggering transit were investigated. A review of proposed. Finally, a site for an urban trips that are clustered. The fare-free transfer-related literature has been demonstration will be selected. operation will be in effect for 24 months. A completed, as well as identification of the fare collection strategy — at first a system research issues associated with the study for monitoring fare-paying passengers, of transit transfer policies. Representative Transit Resource then an honor system where riders would of several transit properties will be self-identify their origin and destination interviewed in detail on their transfer Productivity points— would be put into effect. A policies, in the first quarter of FY 79. Demonstrations marketing plan will focus on providing project information to various market A Self-Service/Automatic Fare Billing Two transit resource productivity segments and providing high project Demonstration Design (VA-06-0049) was demonstrations have recently begun, one visibility to potential fare-free transit users initiated to determine the feasibility of by Metro Area Transit in Omaha, Neb., within the zone. The evaluation phase will using self-service fare collection and (NE-06-0003) in September 1978, and the attempt to identify any progress in the cancellation, which would rely on the other by the Central Ohio Transit Authority areas of downtown revitalization, traffic honor system, and automatic fare billing, (OH-06-0027) in October 1978.

volumes and speeds, fare-paying that is, credit card systems on public The primary purpose of these projects passenger volume, the public image of transportation. This study seeks to is to give both the operating and transit, and intra-CBD mobility. demonstrate the value of such systems for policy-making levels of management a set

108 objectives; 2) to devise criteria for measuring individual route performance; 3) to increase the utility and availability of marketing information to management;

and 4) to improve the productivity of all resources devoted to transit operation. These projects will be part of a series of demonstrations that will eventually provide regional, state, and federal planners and program managers with uniform and specific measures of productivity and transportation objective fulfillment.

Attitude Measurement MONTHLY PASS PROGRAM A Unique and Exciting Way to The purpose of the Attitude Techniques for SAVE MONEY . . . TIME . . . ENERGY! Measurement Plus Transportation Planning and Evaluation

Ease Crowded Parking Lots . . ^ and cut down on air pollution problems study (DOT-TSC-1168) is to develop better Be a smart commuter analytical techniques for measuring public Be a JaxPASS-enger %f bus people JACKSONVILLE TBAMS«)RT»TIOM AUTHOHrTV responses and attitudes toward transportation improvements and In Jacksonville, Fla., the pre-paid monthly pas demonstrations. The study will have a program was widely advertised on posters like th one shown here. two-fold impact. It will recommend to transportation planners and systems operators specific attitudinal measurement techniques which can be used to evaluate responses to planned or implemented

transportation innovations, and it also will validate the methodological bases of attitude measurement techniques, thereby designating the range of applications in of effective analytical tools by which to which these procedures are useful. assure the efficient allocation of resources as called for in a Transit Development Plan In 1978, site evaluations were (TDP). In addition, new, inexpensive conducted in a user-side subsidy techniques and procedures for collecting demonstration in Danville, Illinois. Before and analyzing infornnation about the details and after data were collected for assessing of ridership and operating costs of each attitudes towards service changes of route will be developed. The objectives of paratransit and fixed-route transit facilities. these dennonstrations include: 1 ) to form A final report analyzing the attitudinal data specific transit system goals and collected will be forthcoming. Fare and Pricing Policies

PROJECT TITLE NUMBER FUNDING doncL/ui-c EVALUATION TECHNICAL CONTRACTOR CONTACT

TRANSIT IMPROVEMENT DEMONSTRATIONS

Fare and Service TN-06-0006 $450,000 Nov. 1978- City of Knoxville, TSC; Vince Milione Innprovennent June 1981 Tenn. Multisystems, (202) 426-4984 Demonstration Inc.

Price and Service WA-06-0010 $300,000 June 1978- City of Vancouver, TSC; Vince Milione Improvements March 1980 Wash. Systan, Inc. (202) 426-4984 Demonstration

Parl

Transit Fare MD -06-0031 $79,633 July 1977- Ecosometrics, Inc. N/A Stewart Prepayment June 1979 M cKeown (202) 426-4984

Transit Fare TX-06-0021 $125,081 May 1977- City of Austin, TSC; Vince Milione Prepayment with Oct. 1978 Tex. Crain and (202) 426-4984 Reduced Price Associates Promotion

Transit Fare AZ-06-0002 $116,963 July 1977- City of Phoenix, TSC; Stewart Prepayment with Feb. 1979 Ariz. Crain and McKeown Reduced Price Associates (202) 426-4984 Promotion

Demonstration of FL-06-0016 $185,000 Sept. 1977- Jacksonville TSC; Vince Milione Various Transit Feb. 1980 Transportation Charles River (202) 426-4984 Fare Prepayment Authority, Fla. Associates Instruments Through Employers

Transit Fare Pre- CA-06-0102 $144,300 June 1977- Sacramento TSC; Stewart payment Through Dec. 1979 Regional Systan, Inc. McKeown Employers Transit, Calif. (202) 426-4948

110 Fare and Pricing Policies

PROJECT TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE AGENCY/ EVALUATION TECHNICAL CONTRACTOR CONTACT

FARE-FREE OFF-PEAK TRANSIT SERVICE

rdre-rree utt- IN J-DZ-UUU 1 9DZD,UUU June 1977- New Jersey TSC; Vince Milione Peak Transit M arch 1978 Department of DeLeuw Cather (202) 426-4984 Service Transportation and Co.

Off-Peak Fare- CO-06-0010 $3,400,000 March 1978- Denver Regional TSC; Stewart Free Transit June 1979 Transportation DeLeuw Cather McKeown Demonstration District, Colo. and Co. (202) 426-4984

CBD Off-Peak NY -06-0064 $407,380 June 1978- Capital District TSC; Vince Milione Fa re- Free Jan. 1981 Transportation Cambridge (202) 426-4984 Transit Authority, Albany, ..Systematics, Inc. N.Y. RESEARCH AND DESIGN STUDIES

Transfer Policy MA-06-0049 $77,500 Oct. 1977- TSC; Charles N/A Stewart and Cost Study May 1978 River Associates McKeown (202) 426-4984

Self-Service/ VA-06-0049 $375,893 Sept. 1978- MITRE Corporation N/A Stewart Automatic Fare Sept. 1980 McKeown Billing Demon- (202) 426-4984 stration Design

Promotional PA-06-0047 $57,864 June 1978- Pennsylvania State N/A Vince Milione Transit Fare Incentives March 1979 University (202) 426-4984 Demonstration Design TRANSIT RESOURCE PRODUCTIVITY DEMONSTRATIONS

Transit Resource OH-06-0027 $352,000 Oct. 1978- Central Ohio TSC Stewart Productivity Feb. 1980 Transit Authority McKeown Demonstration (202) 426-4984

Transit Resource NE-06-0003 $291,500 Sept. 1978- Metro Area Transit, TSC; Vince Milione Productivity Jan. 1980 Omaha, Nebr. Cambridge (202) 426-4984 Demonstration Systematics, Inc.

111 Fare and Pricing Policies

PROJECT TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE AGENCY/ ' EVALUATION TECHNICAL CONTRACTOR CONTACT

ATTITUDE MEASUREMENT

Attitude Meas- DOT- $177,456 July 1976- TSC; Abt N/A Vince Milione urement Techniques TSC-1168 July 1978 Associates, Inc. (202)426-4984 for Transportation Plan- ning and Evaluation

Bibliography Albany CBD Fare-Free Demonstration: The San Diego Transit Corporation: The Evaluation Plan Impact of Fare and Service Changes on This list of reports contains those Proj. NY -06-0064 Ridership and Deficits, 1972-1975 published fronn January 1976 to the Cambridge Systematics, Inc. Proj. DC-52-0002 present. For each report, a National August 1978 The Urban Institute Technical Information Service (NTIS) The Consequences of Transit Fare and Service May 1977, PB 275-009/AS docunnent number, if available, is listed Policies: A Classified Bibliography The San Diego Transit Study Data Base: following the publication date. Reports Proj. DC-06-0120 Reference Manual may be ordered through NTIS by using the The Urban Institute Proj. DC-52-0002 April 1976, PB 253-101 /AS The Urban Institute order blanks provided at the back of this June 1977, PB document. Low Fare and Fare-Free Transit: Some Recent 275-010/AS Applications by U.S. Transit Systems: Transit Fare Prepayment Reports not available through NTIS Interim Report Proj. MA -06-0049 Proj. DC-52-0002 The Huron River Group, Inc. may not have been published in sufficient The Urban Institute August 1976, PB 265-227/AS quantity for general distribution. However, February 1977, PB 271-077 they may be obtained by writing to the Service and Methods Demonstration Program Plan for a Demonstration of Means for Annual Report person listed as the technical contact in the Measuring Transit Resource Productivity and Proj. MA-06-0049 project summary chart. Adjusting Services or Revising Routes in Transportation Systems Center Omaha, Nebraska November 1975, PB 251-325/AS Finally, additional reports relating to Proj. NE-06-0003 April 1977, PB 270-673 the research in this chapter will become Institute of Public Administration Vancouver, Washington: Transit Service Dem- available during the year. For upcoming Plan for Demonstration of Transit Fare Prepay- onstration Management Plan information on these reports and for ment Promoted by Employers in Jacksonville Proj. WA-06-0010 suggestions on additional reference Proj. FL-06-0016 The Urban Institute materials, call or write to the technical The Urban Institute contact associated with each project. December 1977, 5066-6-4

112 CHAPTER 10 Conventional Transit

I Service Innovations

nnovative demonstration projects for conventional transit service have the longest history of success in the Trends Service and Methods Demonstration area. For the most part, attention in and Highlights conventional transit service has been shifting from the radial corridor to suburban, downtown shopping, and business district trips. Revitalization efforts and the subsequent resurgence of many downtown areas have often been accompanied by transit projects in the CBD. Examples of this resurgence include the skywalk system in Minneapolis, Renaissance Center in Detroit, Pioneer Square and Pier 99 in Seattle, and Quincy Market-Faneuil Hall in Boston. To encourage and assist urban revitalization efforts, transit projects have been designed to study the development of auto restricted zones, transit malls, and priority treatment of buses in downtown areas. Studies and research are also being conducted to evaluate the efforts of demonstration projects. Many of these projects are designed to de-emphasize or discourage the use of automobiles in congested portions of cities. Many of the projects are also intended to improve the environment and the aesthetic atmosphere, promote economic growth, restructure traffic and pedestrian circulation, or to improve transit service.

113 Transit Malls

Transit malls usually consist of one or two streets from which automobile and truck traffic is completely or mostly banned. Sidewalks are widened, amenities added, and a narrow roadway is usually designed for efficient bus operation within the mall. Parts of the mall may be reserved for pedestrians only. Transit malls are generally planned as part of a scheme of downtown redevelopment and often include transit improvements adjacent to the mall, auto restrictions, and parking modifications. Major issues involved in planning transit malls include the environmental, aesthetic, and safety problems of mixing transit and pedestrian uses, the best physical designs for transit operations, the effects on automobile traffic, and the economic impacts on businesses located on or near the mall. A large scale revitalization project, Broadway Plaza Transit Mall (NY-06-0056),

is planned for New York City's famous and congested Times Square. Included as a

major part of the project is the redesign of Broadway, an important cross link in the area's street pattern, to include a transit mall, pedestrian plaza, and priority treatment of buses on adjacent streets. The transformation of Broadway into Broadway Plaza will include complete street closings, progressive sidewalk widenings and a transitway on Broadway between 49th and 45th Streets. As streets are closed and private vehicles diverted, an open pedestrian plaza will be created, free York City's famous Times Square might resemble this architect's rendering if the proposed Broadway of all but emergency vehicles, and a New Transit Plaza is constructed. ^ transitway approaching and abutting the plaza will be built. The plaza will be directly

114 served by transit and taxi passenger reveal any significant change in average most merchants. The anticipated major loading areas. transit travel time. traffic tie-ups on the periphery of the zone A Transit Information Center, did not materialize. The city has issued featuring a coordinated map and graphics over 70 special permits for delivery vehicles display, will serve to make the plaza a within the zone. center for transit service and tourist infor- Auto Restricted Zones A grant (TN-06-0008) was awarded in mation, and will help to attract new the last quarter of FY 78 to conduct and patrons to the transit system. In addition, The auto restricted zone (ARZ) is evaluate a program that combines the the plaza will include shops, services and similar in concept and design to the transit development of an auto restricted zone other businesses in the district. A major, mall. The major difference is that the ARZ with improvements to the City of Memphis' new, 54-story 2,000-room hotel is being generally includes a more extensive area, transit system. Improvements to Memphis' planned to front on the plaza. or, at the very least, side streets leading to transit operations will be and from a larger, centrally located and made by upgrad- ing transit stops, developing a similarly restricted roadway. An ARZ, like a downtown transit terminal Transit Mall Study transit mall, can be created through the use and instituting a high fre- quency/low fare shuttle bus service Beginning in mid-1976, UMTA funded of either parking restrictions, barriers to between the downtown ARZ and the a study of transit malls (DOT-TSC-1081 ) in traffic, or prohibition of all automobile highly populated medical center. seven different cities. The second phase of traffic. the study investigated three of those cities, After three years of study and A parallel purpose of this grant is to Minneapolis, Minn., Philadelphia, Pa., and planning of auto restricted zones, FY 78 support the downtown revitalization Portland, Ore., in detail. saw the beginning of actual demonstra- program which began with a locally spon- The study attempted to relate tions. restricted the Three auto zone projects sored pedestrian mall. cost-effectiveness of the transit mall (Boston, Mass., Memphis, Tenn., and The City of Providence, R.I. plans to projects to their individual components in Providence, R.I.) were either constructed develop an auto restricted zone in order to provide guidance in the planning or in their final planning stages. conjunction with central business district and design of future malls. Results were An auto restricted zone was revitalization and transit service examined against the objectives of transit developed in Boston to demonstrate the improvements. An UMTA grant malls in improving transit service; feasibility of the ARZ concept (R 1-06-0010) of $960,000 out of $5,000,000 increasing efficiency of transit operations; (MA-06-0089). In this program, scarce required for the total project was awarded encouraging transit ridership; discouraging street space was partially restricted in the to Providence in 1978. auto use; reducing conflicts among autos, downtown shopping district to better serve trucks, transit, and pedestrians; creating or the needs of pedestrians, transit services, improving an environment for pedestrian merchandise shipment, taxis and private With goals similar to those sought in and street activity; and promoting autos. The project has three basic Boston's ARZ program, a large pedestrian economic growth and activity. components: 1) redesigned circulation plaza will be constructed. In addition, Preliminary results of the study system for buses, 2) physical transit service improvements will be made, showed that transit malls or downtown reconstruction to reserve streets for including a revamped bus routing system "bus only" streets have a major positive pedestrians, and 3) a one-year program to to allow for through downtown routing and impact on the revitalization of downtown subsidize extended bus operations. the construction of a major 12-berth business and shopping areas. Effects on Preliminary reports on the zone, since downtown bus terminal and a small transit transit have also been good with definite its opening on September 5, 1978, indicate mall. The ARZ and transit improvement improvements in transit reliability and tran- that the program has been well received by project are scheduled to begin construction sit marketing, although the study did not pedestrians, the media, transit patrons and in 1980.

115 Vehicle Innovation framework for a program of strategies has been slow, partly due to the demonstrations which could be carried out constraint of funds. It is hoped that The use of the nation's waterways, under the Service and Methods Demon- additional funding for innovations will spur particularly to transport commuters, could strations Program. Two cities are under these efforts in FY 79. serve to reduce the pressures on existing consideration as candidates for a transit Two Service and Methods highways and mass transit facilities. A reliability demonstration grant — Demonstrations projects were either waterborne demonstration project in New Minneapolis and Oakland. planned or implemented in FY 78. These York City (NY-06-0055) will determine projects are in San Francisco, Calif., and consumer and general community Houston, Tex. acceptance of such service in the Priority Treatments for metropolitan area. In addition, information San Francisco's downtown transit will be provided on the economics of the High-Occupancy priority lane project (CA-06-01 18) is service, operational problems, and Vehicles designed to demonstrate the effectiveness recommendations for improvements in the of improved signing and pavement design of the craft. Many groups and individuals have markings for reserved bus lanes in Three high-speed surface vessels, like voiced concern over the need to improve downtown business and shopping areas. the Hovercraft, will be leased and put into air quality and conserve energy while The project also includes studies of the service to provide a variety of services simultaneously reducing government possibility of expanding the preferential design of the craft. A variety of services expenditures. This concern has led federal, street network in downtown areas and of will be tested. state, and metropolitan governments to the use of non-traditional personnel to develop plans to encourage the use of enforce compliance with lane restrictions. Innovative Studies public transportation and carpoois while The project, planned in FY 78, will begin Work in the area of transit reliability maximizing the use of existing roadway operation in FY 79 and will continue has shown that reliable transit service is systems. The Service and Methods through October 1980. even more important to travelers than Demonstrations Program has funded a The Houston Corridor Improvement travel time and travel cost. Fewer people variety of techniques to attract people to Project (TX-06-0018) is being implemented will use unreliable service if other forms of public transit. One of the most effective by the City of Houston as one of a number transportation are available, and obvious strategies has been to improve of coordinated improvements in the city's available, even if the other forms cost transit services by offering buses and transportation system. The major activity more. carpoois preferential treatment both on in this project is the construction of ten The study includes an in-depth major highways and city streets. miles of contraflow lanes for public transit analysis of service reliability and travel To assist in the implementation of vehicles on the North Freeway. The lanes behavior, reliability from the transit preferential treatment strategies, a are scheduled to open in the autumn of operator's perspective, measures of planning manual for high-occupancy 1979. A park-and-ride lot capable of reliability, causes of poor reliability and vehicle (HOV) priority facilities was accommodating 750 automobiles and strategies to improve reliability. Also published. The manual, developed for the generating 26 to 30 bus trips during rush included is an overview of future studies Service and Methods Demonstrations hour is planned for the facility. needed to gain a better understanding of Program by the Urban Consortium seems In addition, transit priority treatments the impact of reliability on travel operations to have had a good reception and is being for two other Houston corridors, the Katy and behavior. used by local planners and by many and Southwest Freeways, are currently This study will develop a report in universities as an instructional aid. under study. Other improvement projects 1979, which will present an overview of On the whole, however, include the acquisition of new equipment transit service reliability and provide a implementation of recommended to refurbish and update the bus fleet, the

116 development of new transit facilities, a carpooling program, a downtown circulation system, and an express bus service.

Dulles International Airport- Improved Access Program The purpose of this demonstration project (IT-29-2001) in the northern Virginia

suburbs of Washington, D.C., is to determine whether improved high-speed bus service can encourage some air passengers to shift from the more accessible National Airport to the relatively less accessible Dulles International Airport. Rather than institute new transit service, most of the project's budget will go for im- proved information about the existing ser- vice. In addition, a mid-point airport bus stop will be developed at the conveniently located Rosslyn Metro Station. A second purpose of this project is to test the effectiveness of such an improved bus service in encouraging passengers to change their habit of travelling by auto and taxi to one of travelling by the higher capacity bus.

I

The auto-restricted zone established in a busy shopping district of Boston, Mass., has relieved congestion in the area as these before-[top] and-after [bottom] photographs show.

117 Conventional Transit Service Innovations

Ml IIUIRPR PROJECT TITLE tVALUA 1 IUI>I TECHNICAL CONTRACTOR CONTACT

TRANSIT MALLS

Broadway Plaza NY-06-0056 $500,000 June 1976- Adnninistration TSC Joseph Transit Mall Sept. 1982 and Managennent Goodman Research Assoc. (202) 426-4984 (AMRA), Inc.

Transit Mall DOT-TSC-0181 $100,000 Apnl 1976- TSC; Grain N/A Howard Study Dec. 1978 and Associates Simkowitz (617)494-2552 AUTO RESTRICTED ZONES

Boston Auto MA-06-0089 $1,516,000 June 1978- Boston Redevelop- TSC; Cam- Joseph Restricted Zone Sept.1980 ment Authority, bridge Systema- Goodman Mass. tics, Inc. (202) 426-4984

Mennphis Auto TN -06-0008 $960,000 Sept. 1978- City of Memphis, TSC; Charles Marvin Restricted Zone Sept. 1982 Tenn. River Associates Futrell, Jr. (202) 426-4984

Providence Auto R 1-06-00 10 $960,000 June 1981- City of Provi- TSC; Charles Joseph Restricted Zone June 1982 dence, R.I. River Associates Goodman (202) 426-4984

VEHICLE INNOVATION

New York City NY -06-0055 $995,000 Sept. 1976- Tri-State TSC James Bautz Waterborne Mass June 1979 Planning Commis- (202) 426-4984 Transportation sion, N.Y. INNOVATIVE STUDIES

Transit Reliability MA-06-0049 $75,000 May 1976- TSC; Multi- N/A Joseph Study April 1978 systems, Inc. Goodman (202) 426-4984

118 Conventional Transit Service Innovations

PROJECT TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE AGENCY/ EVALUATION TECHNICAL CONTRACTOR CONTACT

PRIORITY TREATMENTS

Corridor Improve- TX-06-0018 $1,051,760 June 1975- City of Houston, TSC; Cambridge Marvin ments in Houston, Oct. 1980 Tex. Systematics, Inc. Futrell, Jr. Texas (202) 426-4984

Improved Transit CA-06-0118 $213,498 Oct. 1978- Planning Dept., TSC; Marvin Priority Lanes in San Oct. 1980 City of San Systan, Inc. Futrell, Jr. Francisco, California Francisco, Calif. (202) 426-4984

Dulles Inter- IT-29-2001 $175,500 Sept. 1979- Northern Virginia TSC; Multi- Joseph national Airport: Sept. 1980 Transportation systems, Inc. Goodman Improved Access Commission (202) 426-4984 Program

Bibliography

This list of reports contains those available during the upcoming year. For The Los Angeles Double Deck Bus published fronn January 1976 to the information on these reports and for Demonstration Project: An Evaluation present. For each report, a National suggestions on additional reference Proj. CA-06-0069 Technical Infornnation Service (NTIS) materials, call or write to the technical CACl, Inc. March 1978, PB 287-837 document nunnber, if available, is listed contact associated with each project. following the publication date. Reports New York City Double Deck Bus Demonstration Project: An Evaluation nnay be ordered through NTIS by using the The Santa Monica Freeway Diamond Lanes Proj. NY -06-0044 order blanks provided at the back of this Demonstration Project, Vol. 1, Summary CACl, Inc. docunnent. Proj. MA-06-0049 May 1978, PB 287-836 Reports not available through NTIS Systan, Inc. The Double Deck Bus Demonstration Project: may not have been published in sufficient September 1977, PB 286-567/AS Executive Summary quantity for general distribution. However, The Santa Monica Freeway Diamond Lanes Proj. MA-06-0049 they be obtained by writing to the may Demonstration Project, Vol. II, Technical CACl, Inc. person listed as the technical contact in the Report May 1978, PB 287-838 project summary chart. Proj. MA-06-0049 Finally, additional reports relating to Systan, Inc. the research in this chapter will become September 1977, PB 286-568

119 A Comparative Analysis of Results from Three Miami, Florida 1-95/NW 7th Avenue Bus/Car Phase II, Evaluation Recent Non-Separated Concurrent-Flow High Pool Systems Demonstration Project Occupancy Freeway Lane Projects: Boston, Proj. FL-06-0006 Report 11 1, Evaluation of the 1-95 Express Bus Santa Monica and Miami Metro. Dade County Transit Authority, Univ. of and High Occupancy Vehicle Prior- Proj. MA-06-0049 Fla. ity Systems, Transportation Systenns Center September 1977 J. A. Wattleworth, et al. June 1978 Report II 2, Evaluation of the Effects of the 1-95 Phase I, Evaluation Exclusive Bus/Car Pool Lane Prior- Priority Treatment for High Occupancy Report 12, Effects of NW 7th Avenue Bus ity System on Vehicular and Vehicles in the United States: A Review of Priority Systems on Bus Travel Passenger Recent and Forthcoming Projects Movements, Times and Schedule Variability, J. A. Wattleworth, et al. Proj. MA-06-0049 K.G. Courage, et al Report 1-95 Transportation Systenns Center 113, Evaluation of the Effects of the Report 13, Changes In Transit Operational Exclusive Bus/Car Pool Priority August 1978, UMTA-MA-06-0049-78-37 Characteristics on the NW 7th System on the Express Bus Sys- Southeast Expressway High Occupancy Avenue Express Bus System, tem, Vehicle Lane Evaluation Report R Wolfe, et al. J. A. Wattleworth, et al. Proj. MA-06-0049 Report 14, Modal Shift Achieved on the NW Report II 4, Evaluation of Characteristics of Transportation Systenns Center 7th Avenue Express Bus System, Users and Non-Users of the 1-95 May 1978, PB 285-209/AS J. A, Wattleworth, et al. Bus/Car Pool System, Auto Restricted Zones/Multi-User Vehicle Report 15, Effect of the Park 'n' Ride Facility G Long, et al. System Study on Usage of the NW 7th Avenue Service and Methods Demonstration Program Proj. VA-06-0042 Express Bus System, Annual Report Alan Voorhees and Associates, J. A, Wattleworth, et al. Proj. MA-06-0049

Moore-Heder, Cannbridge Systematics, Report I 6, Effects of NW 7th Avenue Bus Transportation Systems Center Inc. Priority Systems on NW 7th Apnl 1977, PB 270-673 Vol I, Auto Restricted Zones: Background and Avenue Traffic Stream Flow and July 1978 Feasibility, PB 286-31 3/ AS Passenger Movements, Streets for Pedestrians and Transit: Examples Vol II, Multi-User Vehicle Systems: Feasibility J A. Wattleworth, et al. of Transit Malls in the United States, Assessment, PB 286-314/AS Report I 7, Evaluation of Characteristics of - Final Report Phase I Vol III, Auto Restricted Zones: Plans for Users and Non-Users of the NW Proj. MA-06-0049 Five Cities, PB 286-315/AS 7th Avenue Express Bus/Car Pool Cram and Associates Vol IV, Site Selection Methodology System, August 1977, PB 278-487/AS PB 286-316/AS D. P. Reaves, et al. Urban Demonstration Technical Appendix: Boston ARZ Study Report I 8, Effect of Bus Priority Systems Goods Movement PB 286-317/AS Operation on Performance of Traf- Project Design, Phases I and II: Executive Technical Appendix: Burlington ARZ Study fic Signal Control Equipment on Summary PB 286-318/AS NW 7th Avenue, Proj. IL-06-0030 A T. Kearney, Inc. Technical Appendix: Memphis ARZ Study KG. Courage, et al. PB 286-319/AS Report 19, Economic Viability of the NW 7th May 1976, PB 254-854/AS Technical Appendix: Providence ARZ Study Avenue Express Bus Operation, The Operation and Management of the Shirley PB 286-320/AS C.E. Wallace, et al. Highway Express-Bus-on-Freeway Technical Appendix: Tucson ARZ Study Demonstration Project: Final Report PB 286-321 /AS Proj. IT-06-0024 The Northern Virginia Transportation Commis- sion September 1976, PB 260-540/AS

120 Bus Priority Systems: Simulation and Analysis Proj. VA-06-0026 MITRE Corporation February 1976, PB 251-246/AS A Manual for Planning and Implementing Priority Techniques for High Occupancy Vehicles Proj. DOT-06-60076 The Urban Consortium for Technology Initiatives June 1977

At rush hour, two lanes are reserved exclusively for buses on the Shirley Highway leading into Washington,

121 CHAPTER 11

Paratransit as a service concept has Paratransit apparently come of age and has begun to receive growing attention as an accepted part of the urban transportation network. The recognition that one kind of trans-

portation service cannot serve all markets and that services must be designed to meet the needs of particular market segments is one important reason for the growing interest in paratransit. A second major Trends reason for developing paratransit services is to make better use of existing and Highlights transportation resources in both the public and private sectors. UMTA's Service and Methods Demonstrations paratransit program is designing service models to show how these resources can be used in a coordinated fashion to serve markets more effectively than had been possible under a fixed-route system. During FY 78 steady progress toward larger, more comprehensive projects has been made in the paratransit area. Attention has focussed on effective brokerage arrangements under which a mix of transportation services are coordinated to serve both the general public and special user groups, such as the transportation handicapped. In spite of such progress, many problems remain. Labor agreements require time-consuming negotiations, and the agreements sometimes place

restrictions on service. This is not a problem as far as the demonstrations are concerned, but could affect the flexibility of future paratransit operations. There have been difficulties, too, in attempting to integrate the private taxi industry with public transit. 122 Nonetheless, the paratransit demon- route services. Also, special prearranged order to provide better service quality and strations discussed in this section show subscription services are available for more efficient operations in those areas that positive changes can be nnade in the workers, school children, and elderly and where service continued to be provided. approach to transportation problems. It is handicapped residents. Along with this, In December 1977, a major expansion hoped that these demonstrations will con- computerized scheduling and dispatching of the RITD project was approved by tinue to produce essential data and and digital communications equipment are UMTA. The service in Greece and analytical results to assist others in being tested to determine their impact on Irondequoit was continued under operation planning similar operations. service levels and productivities. of the public transit provider. In addition, PERT (Personalized Transit) service in dial-a-ride service was expanded to the the Rochester suburb of Greece pre-dated suburban communities of Brighton and Integration of the RITD-project by more than a year and a Henrietta in July 1978. A private taxi half. In April 1976, PERT service was operator was selected through competitive Paratransit and expanded to another suburb, Irondequoit, bid to provide these new services. Fixed-Route Systems with a mixture of fixed and flexible-route In addition, a special area-wide service bus services. for handicapped persons was added. By is testing a number of ways in UMTA In September 1976, PERT service in November 1978, all of the Rochester and which paratransit can supplement Greece underwent a significant redesign. metropolitan area was covered by the regular transit service. complement The many-to-many (m-m) dial-a-bus zone dial-a-lift service for the handicapped. The Flexible paratransit services are also being was reduced in size by substituting a dial-a-lift service in all areas except Greece help transportation implemented to expand route-deviation service into parts of the and Irondequoit is provided by the private too sparsely services into areas that are former m-m zone. A fixed-route shuttle taxi operator. populated to support coverage by service was instituted to connect high The expanded project will facilitate systems. regular-route transportation transit demand corridors with major retail further study of computerized scheduling are underway to in- Other demonstrations facilities and fixed-route transfer points. A and dispatching and will permit the service with fixed- tegrate dial-a-ride bus zonal fare structure in both Greece and comparison of costs between public and route service and to test the use of shared- Irondequoit was introduced to coincide private operators. ride taxicabs as feeders to regular bus with the redesign of the Greece service. The Westport (Conn.) Integrated routes. Transit Services Demonstation Project The Rochester (N.Y.) Integrated Tran- Some problems hampered the (CT-06-0007-2), which began in Apnl 1977, sit Demonstration (RITD) (NY-06-0048) is demonstration after the redesign took is designed to integrate fixed-route service an ongoing comprehensive project to place. For instance, the project was provided by the district with new demonstrate the integrated operation of continually plagued by vehicle failure and shared-ride taxi service provided by a fixed-route bus service with demand- institutional problems. Dial-a-ride produc- private operator. The major features of the responsive and other personalized bus tivity, averaging around five passengers project include expanded fixed-route ser- services to provide improved transit per vehicle hour, was below the anticipated vice, development of a shared-ride taxi service. level. In addition, route rationalization and service, implementation of a special Significant innovations which have transfer coordination were not particularly advance-request, demand-responsive ser- in attracting new ridership. been tested in the demonstration include successful vice for Westport's elderly and handicap- route rationalization (i.e., providing fixed- In hopes of attracting new ridership ped citizens, and package delivery service route or demand-responsive service where and increasing the productivity of the for Westport businesses. greatly sim- and when each is most effective and system, the fare structure was Westport Transit District, acting efficient), and transfer coordination plified in January 1977. Services were fur- The is with a local between demand-responsive and fixed- ther reduced in Greece and Irondequoit in as the broker, contracting 123 taxi operator to provide the paratransit services.

During tlie course of developing shared-ride service, legal proceedings were initiated by another local taxi operator. The U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in January 1978 reversed, in part, a previous decision of the District Court and held that Sections 3 (d) and 3 (e) of the Urban Mass Transportation Act which deal with public hearings, environmental innpact, and protection of private operators apply to Section 6 grants. However, the Court also ruled that the taxi operator in question did not qualify as a "mass transportation com- pany," and therefore was not entitled to Section 3 (e) protection. The United States Supreme Court refused to hear an appeal of the case in October 1978.

Westport's shared-ride taxi ridership has increased steadily to over five passengers per vehicle hour during FY 78. An important finding has been that the shared-ride taxi operation is providing a Rainy weather doesn't seem to dampen the spirits of these vanpoolers in Golden Gate, Calif, complementary rather than competing ser- vice to the fixed-route service. Future plans for the demonstration include ride-sharing promotion in th downtown area and other special arrangements with downtown mer- chants. The contract for operating the shared-ride taxi service, known as Features of the feeder service include coor- whether the bus system is able to increase Maxytaxy, will be rebid in FY 79. dination of transfers with bus schedules, productivity or reduce costs because of the Taxicab Feeder to Bus Service joint fares, and sheltered bus stops. taxicabs feeders, and whether regular

(LA-06-0002) is a demonstration in St. No project results are yet available. taxicab revenue or operating costs are Bernard Parish, La., a suburban area of However, the evaluation of the project will affected by the transfer service. The 100,000 people near New Orleans. The measure the level of service and the costs operational procedures that were project is testing the integration of taxicabs of the integrated services and compare developed for efficient coordination with conventional bus service. This project them to other systems that could be between the two systems will be attempts to expand transportation service implemented such as expanded fixed-route documented as well. into a suburban area by using shared-ride service or dial-a-ride bus services. The Community-Based Transit System

taxi service. The taxis act as a feeder ser- economic impact on the bus and taxi (OH-06-0022) is a small city transit vice to line-haul bus transit service. operations will be determined, including demonstration in Xenia, Ohio, established

124 as an integral part of a connmunity redevel- operators and establishing a new public Depending on existing circumstances, opment program following a tornado disas- transit system. the broker's duties include contracting with ter there in April 1974. This project will explore the GBTD's private operators, modifying existing An UMTA Service and Methods grant role as broker for an integrated transit services, establishing carpool and awarded in July 1974, plus a capital grant, transportation system, assess the vanpool programs, and/or coordinating enabled the City of Xenia to establish a economic development generated through social service agency travel. The broker transit department, purchase vehicles, and such a transit investment, and develop a acts in a coordinating role as far as operate a fixed-route service known as "X- plan of specific paratransit services to be providing service is concerned, and takes line." Demonstration funds were then used provided, at least in part, through an an active role in removing barriers to the to supplement fixed-route service with operational demonstration funded under more efficient use of existing vehicles. paratransit services. In the course of the Section 6. In conjunction with this project, a technical for Four projects were active in FY 78 demonstration the system evolved in studies grant work related to which were specifically designed to stages to a form which consisted of a mix economic development opportunities will demonstrate examples of transportation of differentially priced paratransit services be conducted in FY 79. brokerage. including advance-request, shared-ride Another new project in FY 78 was Bicycle-Transit Integration (CA-06-01 14). taxi, subscription and charter trips. The Commuter Services Brokerage This project will demonstrate the inte- Demonstration (MN-06-0008) began in The demonstration ended in July gration of fixed-route bus service with spe- 1978, and service has 1977 with the Minneapolis-St. Paul been suspended, cial services for bicycle users in Santa Metropolitan Transit pending permanent funding anticipated Commission (MTC) by Barbara, Calif. The project is designed to acting as a broker to coordinate a variety of January 1979. A final report evaluating the stimulate increased transit usage. Special ride-sharing services at three separate Xenia is expenence expected in 1979. facilities will include bicycle trailers multi-business work complexes in the A new project, Dade County (Fla.) designed to be pulled by buses on selected South Hennepin area of Minneapolis. The Integrated Transit (FL-06-00181, funded in routes and bicycle lockers to be placed at project structures, coordinates and August 1978, is designed to develop various locations for bicycle access to bus promotes carpooling, vanpooling, and detailed plans for a future demonstration of routes. subscription bus services, as well as an integrated transit and paratransit existing public transit at these sites. The system. Major features are expected to in- Transportation project is designed to develop and clude a revision of taxi regulations in Dade implement a comprehensive ride-sharing County, integration of transit and taxi ser- Brokerage program which will reduce the number of vices, including taxi feeder to fixed-route single-occupancy automobile work trips. service, and improved services for elderly A relatively new concept in transpor- and handicapped persons through coordi- feature of the demonstration dis- tation management is the use of a One nation of social service transportation. transportation broker to identify needs of tinguishing it from other brokerage projects The purpose of another new project. various market segments and match them is that the vanpool service will be operated Planning Study: Integrated Transit System with the appropriate resources available. by a single vanpool provider under contract with Economic Development Impacts to MTC. The provider will operate all

(CT-06-0008), is to assist the Greater Differences in urban areas require elements of the vanpool service including Bridgeport (Conn.) Transit District (GBTD) variations in transportation brokerage insurance, maintenance, and driver in planning an integrated system of transit models. For example, in some cases the re- training. The vanpool provider will be and paratransit services. The Greater gional transit authority might assume the offered public financial support to reduce

Bridgeport Transit District is in the process role of broker, while in other cases the city the risks of the program and to cover start- of buying out the area's four private bus could perform the broker function. up costs.

125 During FY 78, marketing was coordinate the travel demands of social the suburban Chicago area. The conducted in the three nnulti-business work service agency clients, and other transportation services, based on the centers which were thought to be commuters, with public and private needs of the individual communities, representative of nnany urban worksites transportation providers. include shared-ride taxi, taxi feeder to throughout the United States. Vanpooling As part of the city's brokerage fixed-route, subscription bus service, and has had nninimal success; eight pools were function, a vanpool program known as special services for elderly and handi- formed, but only six are currently in Knoxville Commuter Pool was capped persons. operation. This is attributed to the site implemented. The principal functions of The paratransit services are funded characteristics, i.e., diverse work the Knoxville Commuter Pool have and provided with technical schedules, many small service-oriented included surveying employers to identify and assistance the Both employers, and the need to use cars during prospective ride-sharers, matching riders, management by RTA. private and public operators provide the the day on business, plus a relatively high promoting vanpooling by making available actual services. fare structure. (The fare structure is a fleet of 51 "seed vans" for lease to currently under revision.) However, private individuals, and actively intervening The Pittsburgh Paratransit Broker carpooling promotion has been relatively to overcome institutional barriers to Demonstration (PA-06-0042) is designed to successful. Active telephone brokerage ride-sharing. A comprehensive program of coordinate paratransit services for elderly has facilitated matches. Along with these incentives to encourage ride-sharing to and and handicapped persons in the activities, bus schedules have been within the area has also been many downtown Pittsburgh, Pa. metropolitan area through distributed in response to inquiries, but initiated. In addition, assistance has been the use of a broker. The Port Authority of there is no evidence of significant bus provided to social service agencies to help Allegheny County has selected a private ridership increases. In FY 79 Commuter them lower transportation costs. firm to serve as the broker. The broker's Service will market in five new areas (with Mass. , to serve as the broker. The broker's Federal Aid to Urban Systems funds) and Carpooling and vanpooling were illegal primary functions will be to ensure the continue to provide services in the original in Tennessee until the broker lobbied availability of all necessary dispatching and three sites with funds. UMTA successfully to have the law changed by transportation recources, to provide a the legislature. In addition, project state mechanism for the flow of funds, to personnel worked with the Insurance actively market the system, and to monitor The Transportation Brokerage De- of the Services Office, a rate advisory body the entire system. monstration Project (TN-06-0006), in insurance industry, to promulgate a new project will give all social service Knoxville, Tenn., has continued since rate structure specifically for vanpools. The agencies and individual elderly and handi- 1975. A major objective of this This resulted in significantly lower rates. It capped consumers the opportunity to buy demonstration is to determine the is believed that the successful Knoxville services on a unified paratransit system at effectiveness of transportation brokerage experience has helped to increase the avail- ride-sharing rates. Allegheny County will in stimulating the development of paratran- ability of vanpool insurance in other areas be divided into service sectors for which sit services and in achieving more efficient of the country. use of available transportation resources in providers will bid. Elderly and handicapped meeting community needs. A new project begun in FY 78 was the users who are not affiliated with an Initially, the City of Knoxville RTA Paratransit Brokerage (IL-06-0048) in agency will be subsidized through a Port

contracted with the University of the Chicago, III. metropolitan area. In this Authority user-subsidy program. The Tennessee Transportation Center for the demonstration, the Regional system is scheduled to go into actual preliminary planning, operations and Transportation Authority (RTA) is operation in February 1979. (See Chapter 8 managerial activities of the project. The functioning as broker, coordinating a range for a more detailed description of the City of Knoxville is now acting as broker to of paratransit services for communities in project.)

126 district, and the group is expected to secure its own van to continue operation of

the pool. The original van is then leased to another interested group also for a limited time period. The district will provide assistance to a pool group in arranging for the purchase or lease of its own van for long-term continuation of the pool. The process of "seeding" has already begun with five vanpool groups moving to privately owned or leased vans or using vans of other van providers. However, the six-month "seeding" period appears to be a minimum, rather than a maximum, time period. The other project, Vanpool Demon- stration Program, Norfolk (VA-06-0033), provides a publicly operated, self-financed (after initial start-up costs) subschption

van program which complements and is A U. S. Navy woman catches the vanpool to work in Norfolk, Va. integrated into existing transit services. The service was started in September 1977

and is operated by the Tidewater Transpor- Vanpool The Vanpool Demonstration Program, tation District Commission of Norfolk in Golden Gate (CA-06-0095) was begun in conjunction with the U.S. Navy. Demonstrations 1977 by the Golden Gate Bridge, Highway The vanpool program leases vans to Four vanpool demonstrations are cur- and Transportation District along a major drivers who carry commuters to the area's rently being sponsored by the Service and corridor leading to San Francisco. The de- naval facilities. All drivers and riders must

Methods Dennonstrations Progrann. These monstration is aimed at reducing be civilian or military employees of the dennonstrations are designed to reach a congestion on the Golden Gate Bridge and Navy. There are five major naval bases in larger market than vanpool operations that U.S. Highway 101. the Norfolk region which may participate in are sponsored or organized by a single The district purchased 35 vans which the program. Thus, while there is one employer. Their purpose is to stimulate are being leased to companies or groups of overall employer, the Navy, multiple work public agencies to take an active role in individuals. The district also conducts sites are involved. promoting area-wide vanpooling. promotional campaigns to attract When this program was started, the The Knoxville and Minneapolis van- employers and individuals, and assists in only transit services to the naval facilities pool projects, discussed previously, are matching hders and drivers into pool were provided by small private operators, part of broader brokerage operations groups. generally using old school or intercity involving other forms of ride-sharing and One feature of the Golden Gate buses driven by employees of the naval transit improvements. The Golden Gate project is the "seed" van concept. After a facilities. Consequently, most travel to the (Calif.) and Norfolk (Va.) demonstrations limited time period of approximately six bases was by auto. The subscription are designed primanly for vanpool projects. months, the leased van is returned to the vanpool service is not intended to compete

127 with these private operators, but to 1978, offering service along 14 routes on provide technical assistance to several complement the service they provide with seven standard transit buses. The routes communities in implementing a the objective of shifting greater numbers of are designed to serve employees of two computerized fare calculation system for auto drivers to multiple-occupant vehicles. large firms employed on various shifts and shared-ride taxi. Conventional fare

Support to the private operators is at several work locations. Each bus in the systems, including meters and zone fares, provided by the formation of an association project makes several prearranged pickup generally do not work in shared-ride which will assist private haulers by stops to serve walking or park-and-ride systems. A computerized shared-ride taxi arranging loans for the purchase of new customers, and then travels express to the fare calculation system has been developed equipment and endeavor to provide them employment center. The bus then travels by Carnegie-Mellon University and will be with reduced-cost equipment, parts, gaso- empty to a second pickup point and adopted for use in selected cities. line, and insurance. repeats the operation. Ridership is still Another new project in FY 78, the Thirty vans are now in operation under small but continuing to build. Orange County (Calif.) Computerized the Norfolk vanpooling program, drawing Another project. Analysis of Demand-Responsive Transit (CA-06-0095), participants from thoughout the residential Neighborhood Transportation: An Example is planning the implementation of an Tidewater region. of an Inner City Paratransit Service automated dispatching and vehicle control (PA-06-0041 ), was designed to learn more system for the county's dial-a-ride services. Other Paratransit about unregulated neighborhood Orange County operates a dial-a-ride transportation services in areas which are Innovations service in five communities, and also a not well served or not served at all by county-wide dial-a-ride program in addition conventional transit and taxi operations. Other studies undertaken by the pro- to the county-wide fixed-route bus This analysis of neighborhood gram are intended to provide planning systems. This project is based on the transportation was undertaken in order to and technical assistance, or to test other software developed in connection with the determine the impact of unregulated promising paratransit innovations. Rochester demonstration and will permit a transportation services on a locality's One demonstration, the Employment further refinement of the system. regulated transportation systems. Center Subscription Service (CA-06-0109), Pittsburgh, Pa. was the specific site The Paratransit Planning Project is testing the concept of providing selected for this study. (VA-06-0050) is known as the Easyride short-haul subscription bus service to the The three primary objectives of the ride-sharing program. This project will El Segundo employment area of Los project were; 1 ) an analysis of define and evaluate various paratransit Angeles, Calif. transportation supply and demand; 2) an packages for use in the Newport News- In the past, the use of subscription bus analysis of alternate fare pricing and the Hampton Peninsula area of Virginia. The service has involved relatively long trip range of services; and 3) recommendations Easyride program will develop procedures distances. This has been necessary in order for future research. Four types of by which services can be financed and to make economical use of the vehicle and paratransit services were analyzed: bus and delivered with a focus on five major still charge reasonable fares. However, the airport terminal service; neighborhood peninsula employers, selected social El Segundo employment area has shorter telephone and dispatching service; flexible service agencies, and the transportation trip distances and staggered work hours and fixed-route neighborhood service; and disadvantaged. The major objectives of the which allow a vehicle to make multiple trips neighborhood supermarket service. project are to: 1 ) reduce auto use for the

during the peak period. These conditions A draft report is now being reviewed work trip; 2) investigate paratransit as a greatly increase vehicle and labor and a final report should be available in FY substitute for, or feeder to, fixed-route bus productivity, thereby reducing the cost to 79. service; and 3) to design alternative para- the user. A new project, Shared-Ride Taxi Fare transit methods and financing avenues for The El Segundo service began in June Calculation (PA-06-0048), is designed to services to the transit dependent.

128 raratransit

PROJECT TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE AGENCY/ EVALUATION TECHNICAL CONTRACTOR CONTACT

INTEGRATED PARATRAIMSIT, FIXED-ROUTE SYSTEMS

Integrated Demand- NY -06-0048 $4,298,200 Feb. 1975- Rochester-Genesee TSC; MIT; Paul Fish Responsive — Fixed- July 1979 Regional Trans- Systan, Inc. (202) 426-4984 Route Transit Systenns portation Authority, N.Y.

Integrated Taxi/ CT-06-0007-2 $819,518 July 1976- Westport Transit TSC; CACI, Inc. Mary Martha Fixed Route Transit June 1979 District, Conn. Churchman Systems (202) 426-4984

Taxicab Feeder to LA-06-0002 $325,350 May 1976- St. Bernard Parish The Urban Paul Fish Bus Service Apnl 1979 Planning Commis- Institute (202) 426-4984 sion, La.

Community Based OH -06-0022 $793,666 July 1974- City of Xenia, Ohio TSC; Multisystems, Larry Bruno Transit System July 1978 Inc.; Cambndge (202)426-4984 Systematics, Inc.

Dade County Inte- FL-06-0018 $167,162 Aug. 1978- Dade County TSC Paul Fish grated Transit June 1979 Office of Trans- (202) 426-4984 portation Admin- istration, Fla.

Planning Study: CT-06-0008 $135,000 Aug. 1978- Greater Bridgeport TSC Mary Martha Integrated Transit Aug. 1979 Transit District, Conn. Churchman System with Economic (202) 426-4984 Development Impacts

Bicycle-Transit CA-06-0114 $182,000 March 1978- Santa Barbara TSC Paul Fish Integration March 1980 Metropolitan (202) 426-4984 Transit District, Calif. TRANSPORTATION BROKERAGE

Commuter Services MN -06-0008 $335,000 Apnl 1977- Metropolitan TSC; Cambridge Mary Martha Brokerage Demon- (UMTA) Apnl 1979 Transit Commission, Systematics, Inc. Churchman stration $560,000 Minn. (202) 426-4984 (FAUS)

129 r alallcillol I

PROJECT TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE AGENCY/ EVALUATION TECHNICAL POMT Ar'T CONTRACTOR UUIM 1 MU 1

TRANSPORTATION BROKERAGE

Dissemination of TN -06-00 10 $239,834 Oct. 1978- University of Mary Martha Transportation Jan. 1980 Tennessee Churchman Brokerage Concept (202) 426-4984

Transportation TN -06-0006 $998,000 June 1975- City of Knoxville, N/A James Bautz Brokerage Demon- Dec. 1978 Tenn. (202) 426-4984 stration Project

RTA Paratransit IL-06-0048 $550,188 March 1978- Chicago Regional TSC; DeLeuw Mary Martha Brokerage March 1980 Transportation Gather and Co. Churchman

Autnority, ill. (202) 426-4984

, 1 Pittsburgh PA-06-0042 $1,250,000 July1 , , 1, ly/o-n-70 Port Authority of Charles River Lynn Sahaj Paratransit Broker July 1980 Allegheny County, Associates (202) 426-4984 Demonstration Pa. VANPOOL DEMONSTRATIONS

Vanpool Demon- CA-06-0095 $738,000 Aug. 1977- Golden Gate Bridge, TSC; Cram and Paul Fish stration Program, June 1979 Highway and Trans- Associates (202) 426-4984 Golden Gate portation District, Lailt.

Vanpool Demon- VA-06-0033 $490,000 bept. ly/b- Tidewater Trans- TSC; CACI, Inc. Lynn Sahaj stration Program, Sept. 1979 portation Commis- (202) 426-4984 Norfolk sion, Va. OTHER PARATRANSIT INNOVATIONS

Employment Center CA-06-0109 $538,100 Nov. 1977- Southern California TSC; Systan, Inc. Paul Fish Subscription Service Dec. 1979 Rapid Transit (202) 426-4984 District

Analysis of Neigh- PA-06-0041 $59,750 Jan. 1977- Carnegie-Mellon N/A Larry Bruno borhood Transportation: Dec. 1978 University (202) 426-4984 An Example of an Inner City Paratransit Service

130 Paratransit

PROJECT TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE AGENCY/ EVALUATION TECHNICAL CONTRACTOR CONTACT

OTHER PARATRANSIT INNOVATIONS

Shared-Ride Taxi PA-06-0048 $69,983 Sept. 1978- Carnegie-Mellon N/A Paul Fish

(SRT) Fare Cal- . Sept. 1979 University (202) 426-4984 culation

Orange County CA-06-0095 $134,000 May 1978- Orange County TSC Paul Fish Connputerized Feb. 1979 Transit District, (202) 426-4984 Demand-Responsive Calif, Transit

Paratransit VA-06-0050 $250,000 July 1978- Peninsula Trans- N/A Lynn Sahaj Planning Project July 1980 portation District (202) 426^984 Comnnission, Va

Bibliography Finally, additional reports relating to Guidelines for the Organization of Commuter the research in this chapter will become Van Program This list of reports contains those available during the upcoming year. For Proj. DC-06-0120 published fronn January 1976 to the The Urban Institute information on these reports and for present. For each report, a National February 1976, PB 252-304/AS suggestions on additional reference Technical Information Service (NTIS) Evolution of the Knoxville Transportation materials, call or write to the technical document number, if available, is listed Brokerage System: Interim Report contact associated with each project. following the publication date. Reports Proj, TN -06-0006 CACI, Inc, may be ordered through NTIS by using the Feasibility Study of the Employment Center October 1976, PB 270-103 order blanks provided at the back of this Bus Service Concept document. Proj. CA-06-0084 A Compendium of Provisions for a Model Reports not available through NTIS The Aerospace Corporation Ordinance for the Regulation of Public may not have been published in sufficient August 1976, PB 259-941 /AS Paratransit Proj, IL-06-0029 quantity for general distribution. However, An Analysis of Commuter Van Experience International Taxicab Association they may be obtained by writing to the Proj. DC-06-0120 February 1976, PB 253-182/AS person listed as the technical contact in the The Urban Institute project summary chart. February 1976, PB 252-304/ AS

131 Small City Transit Service and Methods Demonstration Program Interim Evaluation Report: The Minneapolis Pro| MA -06 0049 Annual Reports Ride-Sharing Commuter Services Transportation Systems Center Proj MA 06 0049 Demonstration March 1976 Transportation Systems Center Pioj MN -06-0008 1975, PB 251 Characteristics: An Overview, PB 251 501 /AS November 325/AS Len Sherman April 1977, PB 270 673 November 1978 Free-Fare, Student-Operated Transit in a University Community: Amherst, Evolution and Operations of the Reston, Massachusetts, PB 251 502 /AS Virginia Commuter Bus Service: Final Report Pro] MA 06-0049 Pilot Dial-A-Ride Project in a Sector of the City: CACI, Iru. Ann Arbor, Michigan, PB 251 503/ AS Aufjiist 1977, PB 275 792/AS

Privately Operated Subscription Bus Service to Pre-Demonstration Activities of the Westport an Industrial Site: Bremerton, Washington, Integrated Transit System: Interim Report PB 251-504/AS (^ro| MA 06 0049 Public Transit Serving a University and Town: (,A(,I, llM Chapel Hill, North Carolina, PB 251 505/AS luly 1')//, PB 271 998 AS

Free-Fare Transit in a High Density, Com Bus; A Southern California Subscription Industrialized Area: East Chicago, Indiana, Bus Service, Final Report PB 251 506/AS Pro| MA 06 0049 City-Wide Shared Ride Taxi Service: El Cajon, CACI, liH California, PB 251 50//AS M.iy 1')//, Pf^ ;V2 4/0 AS Extensive County-Wide Transit Coverage: Feasibility Study of Shared Ride Auto Transit Eugene/Springfield, Oregon, P[^ 251 508 AS i'Kil II 0() 0144

( ) h ( M in I . L) and Ntnjm.in A Low Subsidy Transit Service: Evansville, Sciiiriiiti.T 10//, P[^ 276 539 AS Indiana, PB 251 ')()9/AS Rochester, N.Y., Integrated Transit - Final Dial-A-Ride Transit in an Agricultural Commu- Evaluation Report nity: Merced, California, PB 251 f)l()/AS Proi NV 06 0048 Point Deviation Service in a Rural Community: h'liy I avi' .ind Mu had Holos/yt:,' Merrill, Wisconsin, PB 251 511 AS Sffitfiiitirr 1978 A Short-Lined Suburban Transit Service: The Knoxville Transportation Brokerage Sudbury, Massachusetts, PB 2')1 512 AS Project, Volume II: Operations and Comprehensive Transit in an Affluent Subur- Management ban Community: Westport, Connecticut, P[,,| TN Ob 0006

5 ( PB 251 13/ AS I hi ' Univf n sity )t renin 'ssce

1 iair,fi(iitati()n Center A Transit Service for a Rebuilding City: Xenia, ( )i ti ihri 10//, PB 282 248 AS Ohio, PB 251 514/AS Evaluation Plan: The Minneapolis Ride-Sharing Summary of State Aid Programs, Commuter Services Demonstration PB 251 5 1 5/ AS Piii| MN 06 0008

I I'll Sfti'iman May 19/8

132 SECTION THREE Transportation Planning and Management SECTION THREE projects to develop improved management techniques for the transit industry, as well as efforts to implement these techniques in Transportation Planning the daily operations of transit systems. The Transit Management Program is also responsible for administering the uniform and Management reporting system required under Section 15 of the Urban Mass Transportation Act. The regulation requires the development of uniform operating and financial reporting, as well as uniform accounts and objective of UMTA's planning TSM in response to UMTA's policy on record-keeping systems. Theand managennent programs is to efficient use of existing transportation The organization of the Office of achieve more effective and facilities. Funds allocated for special Planning, Management and during FY 78 economical results from federal planning studies were also expended Demonstrations is shown below. The and spending by developing better on projects designed to improve projects described in this section are information systems and improved short-range transit planning tools and funded and administered through the planning and management techniques. demonstrate the capabilities of local program offices indicated in bold outline on Through its Office of Planning agencies in conducting energy the chart. Assistance, supports special contingency planning studies. UMTA Office of Planning, planning studies described in Chapter 12 Under the Planning Methods and Sup- Managennent, and which are designed to improve the quality port Program discussed in Chapter 13, Demonstrations of information available for use in the local improved computer and manual Associate Administrator Robert H. McManus planning process and in UMTA policy techniques are being developed to assist making and investment decisions. The federal, state and local agencies in plan- objective of these studies is to improve ning, programming and budgeting Office of Planning evaluation techniques and develop improvements to their transportation sys- Assistance information which can be readily and tems. This package of techniques, known Charles H. Graves accurately transferred area collectively the from one to as Urban Transportation Director another. Planning System (UTPS), supports both During FY 78, studies to investigate national and local transportation agencies Office of Planning Methods the impact of major transit investments and is useful in evaluating alternative sys- and Support have continued to have a high priority. tem improvements. The goal of the UTPS Robert B. Dial Director Special studies have been undertaken to system is to provide essential support for determine the effects of major rail rapid UMTA's planning assistance and capital Office of Transportation transit improvements in San Francisco, support programs by continually improving Management Washington, D.C., and Atlanta. Studies local and federal planning capabilities. Brian J. Cudahy also the in the Transit have been undertaken to examine Work Management Director efficiency of various UMTA policies, such Program is described in Chapter 14. This as elderly and handicapped regulations, program is designed to assist mass transit Office of Service and and to develop Transportation System operators in making the most effective use Methods Demonstrations Management (TSM) prototype planning of their limited funds. The program studies, as well as new planning tools for undertakes research and demonstration

134 CHAPTER 12 Planning Methods and Support

Planning Methods and Support The(PMS) program provides essential support for UMTA's planning assis- tance and capital grant programs. The continuing goal of PMS is to research, Trends develop, demonstrate and disseminate and Highlights computerized and manual techniques to assist federal, state and local agencies in their planning, programming, budgeting, - rSC URBAN RESEARCH LABORATORY COMPU £e-JSRAPHICS DEMONSTRATION NO.l ITAM and implementation of improvements in their transportation systems. Inseparable from these activities has been the maturation of the Urban Trans- portation Planning System (UTPS). UTPS

is an expanding, carefully coordinated collection of computer software, technical manuals and other analytical aids developed and distributed by UMTA and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). The content of UTPS is continually evolving. Old tools are improved and new tools are added as new policy and technical requirements surface or R&D breakthroughs occur. Conducted jointly with the FHWA, the program responds to what is consistently reported as the highest priority near-term

need of state and local agencies, i.e. , for to grips JAIAT people and tools which can come with the highly complex variables and constraints involved in transportation planning. The information and information handling requirements for estimating BOST demand, evaluating alternatives, and assessing energy, environmental and economic impacts make UTPS essential. New^ NODE NAMES 135 4^

a} 7/1

1mhV|5

t -.-1 ;

After seeing the UTPS solve hypothetical problems, such as the bus routing one from a training manual shown above, planners can use the system to deal with real-life transportation problems.

136 .

Mission of the Urban The computer package consists of a 5. Technology Transfer number of related and permutable Each is discussed separately below. Transportation programs. Each program represents a The RMS program will draw on existing Planning System separate step in the local transportation software, models, and the state-of-the-art planning process which might include in general to cut costs while maintaining UTPS hand calculator techniques can network preparation, travel demand quality. estimation be used for quick-response approxinnations and assignment of travel to the network. At each step, modifications can and for less complex planning problenns. System Evaluation be to the transportation is of The procedures usually solve only special- made model System evaluation the essence option that is ized problems and consist of evaluations, to be tested: for example, planning. The RMS program will produce roads or transit lines might be to or graphs and curves to forecast or estimate added tools to greatly improve the planner's impacts. deleted from the network in the first step, ability to generate, evaluate, and select land use changed to generate more trips in transportation alternatives of both the

The UTPS computer-based package is the second, and highway capacities capital and non-capital intensive varieties. provided for examining transportation changed in the third. There are also several In addition, R&D projects related to options requiring greater planning detail programs which can be used to prepare comparing alternatives among cities are and comprehensiveness. Various plots, tables or graphs to compare results being considered. The following products combinations of highway and transit can from different alternatives. will be produced: be evaluated. The package consists of a 1. Planning case studies, number of modules which provide the 2. Improved cost and patronage analytical framework to incorporate locally Current Program Plans forecasting models, described transportation networks and 3. Land use forecasting and evalu- The RMS effort intends to accomplish land use and socio-economic data. The ation models, its mission by continually improving the process can address either short or 4. Project selection models, and UTPS package of planning tools. R&D long-range planning horizons. The intitial 5. Reference manuals. results from many sources are integrated time and cost required to use the computer into UTPS and passed on to the planning Transportation System Management are greater than for a hand analysis, but the community. This more conservative (TSM) resulting information is much more detailed approach ensures an ever-improving The most important characteristic of and comprehensive. state-of-the-art, and guarantees concrete the RMS program will be its emphasis on short-term Capabilities of the computer package benefits, at the lowest possible financial developing tools to examine assist operational include estimation of land development risk, from the RMS program. improvements and to itself in the impacts, transportation system costs, Besides the software maintenance and planning. This emphasis shows transportation system evaluation tools and travel demand forecasts, major facility and pilot-testing chores, specific technical the capture and disclosure tools, as corridor travel volumes, energy use, major objectives for FY 78 and the next two fiscal data well as in TSM air quality effects and accidents. The years can be grouped into the following Major concerns include package can be employed to answer categories. TSM multimodal cost analyses and trade-offs questions at a microscopic, detailed, 1 . System Evaluation which must be made over a range of transit street-by-street level for short-range 2. Transportation System operations and traffic engineering options. problems. For more macroscopic Management decisions, sketch planning methods are 3. Data Capture and Disclosure TSM includes projects which directly assist available at a reduced level of effort and 4. Computer Science and Opera- in the optimal exploitation of existing lower cost. tions Research transportation resources, such as network

137 data management system, computer-aided Documents land development impacts, system costs, routing and scheduling tools, and network A documentation series has been major facility and corridor volumes, levels micro-simulation models. initiated to include manual tools as well as of service and some impacts such as users' guides supporting UTPS computer energy use, major air quality effects, Data Capture and Disclosure methods. Topics include aids for small accidents and others. Recently the The planner and operator need urban area transit planning, a series on improved UTPS package has also been information to monitor the transportation specialized problems such as parking used with moderately satisfactory results system's performance. To reduce the cost accumulation and fringe parking for shorter term transit operations studies and increase the accessibility of requirements, methods for treating and, with some simplifying performance data, survey technology and demand-responsive systems, and a approximations, for the screening of census data are used. package of materials on transit station numerous long-range alternatives. More planning and design. The latter includes a appropriate programs for these latter Computer Science and Operations slide-tape presentation and a film on the activities are now under development by Research application of the USS (Station UMTA and FHWA, and will become Projects in computer science and Simulation) model. components of UTPS during the next year. operations research include a proposed The local process may then take advantage Two manuals containing invaluable project to develop an operational planning of the new UTPS capabilities to develop, data on the characteristics of urban system (OPS) for use on a mini-computer. evaluate and assist in operational planning transportation supply (CUTS II) and Others are improved software engineering, of the present transportation system. The demand (CUTD) were published. Case interactive computer graphics, and a modeling process can also predict a range studies illustrating planning for advanced mathematical programming package. of transportation system improvements to technologies were documented and any desired future year or implementation distributed to planners. (Although dual horizon. Technology Transfer mode transit was the focus, the resulting Three projects are planned to facilitate methodologies are very general and include the transfer to PIVIS program products to combined computerized/manual sketch Current Contents of transportation planners and operators. planning approaches.) A planning guide These projects, while requiring relatively was produced for a Milwaukee study. UTPS Software little funding, are significant in that they Each UTPS program relates to one or increase the acceptance and use of PMS Software more of the following analytical categories: products and, therefore, of the program During FY 78 the UTPS computerized 1. Network Analysis, itself. These projects include Urban package received major enhancements. 2. Demand Estimation, Consortium interface, development of The computer programs are very flexible, 3. Matrix Operations and Evaluation, teaching aids and user materials, and a user-oriented, and adhere to uniform, high and continual PMS program assessment. quality standards. UMTA and FHWA share 4. Sketch Planning. a commitment to distribute, maintain and Network analysis pertains to network Recent Program upgrade these programs on a continuing coding for computer input, system costing Products basis. and other network evaluation procedures. As initially constituted, the UTPS Trip generation, distribution and mode During FY 78 the PMS program computer programs primarily supported split, including both model calibration and yielded a number of planning aids that are long-range system planning, wherein the forecasting, are subsumed under demand now in local use. They include manual alternatives to be analyzed were few in forecasting. Passenger loading relates a methods, software and training materials. number, but in sufficient detail to estimate matrix of interzonal travel demand (trip

138 in all network programs. Disaggregate

demand model calibration is possible with a logit calibration program and a very powerful regression package. An enhanced gravity model program has been added. Major new data manipulation capabilities and matrix operations are possible. A UTPS/census data interface now exists. CAPM, a sketch planning model, is now available for aggregate regional highway planning.

UTPS runs on an IBM 360/370 (OS) compatible computer system only. The

programs and all documentation are provided on a 2400-foot magnetic com- puter tape supplied by the requestor. A one-time copying fee of $40.00 will be charged to profit-making organizations (subsequent versions are copied free of charge). A check or money order should be made payable to the Urban Mass Transportation Administration. There is no charge to non-profit organizations. The tape will be returned as SL, 9-track in the density specified on the order form. Allow one week, plus postal delivery time, for processing. Recipients of UTPS will

Training in the UTPS, like the session shown here in Nashville, Tenn., has been provided to over 1500 automatically be kept informed regarding transportation planners throughout the country. UTPS status and developments. Further information about the UTPS

package is available from: Dr. Robert B. Dial, UPM-20, table) to the appropriate components of involved. Sketch planning uses coarser Director the proposed systenn. Additionally, for techniques to speed up the same process Office of Planning Methods and purposes of network evaluation, the with some sacrifice in accuracy. Support process requires a good many matrix During FY 78, major new capabilities Urban Mass Transportation operations, entailing calculation, were added in the transit network Administration restructuring, modification and disclosure pathfinding process. Also, a highway U.S. Department of of the contents of the many matrix data network aggregation capability now Transportation sets required in transportation planning. permits detailed network analysis of a Washington, D.C. 20590 For example, zone-to-zone trip tables, regional sub-area at reduced computer In addition to the UTPS package, travel time matrices, fare matrices, etc. are costs. Plotting capability was incorporated other special purpose software and docu-

139 mentation have been released. Two technologies. Other items include a manual interactive graphics programs have been technique for evaluating transit corridors packaged for short-range transit planning. and a guide for utilizing the Bureau of They operate only on PDP10 computers Census data files with new UTPS with a TEKTRONIX graphics terminal. computer programs. Several mini-case Also, a discrete-event micro simulation studies will illustrate specialized model (USS) permits evaluation of applications of UTPS. A package of desk pedestrian flows with respect to the layout calculator methods for performing of a transit or multi-modal station. USS specialized TSM analysis will be available. operates on IBM 360/370 equipment. UTPS software development will be To complement the dissemination of completed for computerized and manual methods, several programs which support transit operations analysis. INET, improved training materials and courses a program which permits coding transit net- have been developed. Slide-tape presenta- works from available highway and street tions and a self-instructional text on the networks will be distributed. Through the planning process are available. FHWA and program it will be possible to affect street UMTA jointly teach four introductory congestion and various transit operations. one-week courses per year on What was formerly a complex network transportation planning, which were coding process, now becomes an redesigned in FY 78. A one-day extremely efficient process given the management introduction and a five-day highway networks which are usually well UTPS technicaj session are offered four maintained by local areas. Additional times per year. These sessions are updated improvements will be made in transit to reflect the most current state-of-the-art. costing and fare analysis methods, and the Symposia are scheduled periodically to software will be interfaced with the inform current UTPS users of new research currently available RUCUS (run-cutting products and to provide an opportunity for and scheduling techniques). mutual information exchange. Also, UTPS will be made compatible with most relevant census data files and Upcoming UTPS computer programs. Special analytical capabilities will be added. Highway Improvements network programs will permit analysis of street intersections and special traffic flow There will be several additional control concepts. A greatly enchanced products available in the near future statistical analysis program will also be resulting from research conducted in FY distributed. Both interactive graphics 78. programs will be converted to operate on A number of planning manuals will be IBM 360/370 systems. distributed. Included will be one on the During FY 79, the PMS program will Downtown People Mover (DPM), useful in initiate a major research effort to make the analyzing short tripmaking in high activity UTPS computer programs transferable to a centers for a broad range of transportation large number of computer systems.

140 Planning Methods and Support

PROJECT TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE AGENCY/ TECHNICAL CONTRACTOR CONTACT

Transportation Corridor NY-06-0068 $57,899 Oct. 1978- State University Robert Dial Sketch Planning Model Oct. 1979 of New York at (202)426-9271 Buffalo

Progrannmable Desk MA-06-0092 $98,445 July 1978- Massachusetts Tom Hillegass Calculator TSM Plan- Aug. 1979 Institute of (202) 426-9271 ning Methodology Technology

A Model Relating MA-06-0090 $141,777 May 1978- Massachusetts Tom Hillegass Transportation to Nov. 1979 Institute of (202) 426-9271 Neighborhood Change Technology

MACRO-Manual MD -06-0046 $9,892 March 1978- COMSIS, Inc. Tom Hillegass Revision March 1979 (202) 426-9271

Enhanced Transit MD-06-0041 $99,400 July 1978- University of Larry Quillian Cost Model (UCOST) July 1980 Maryland (202) 426-9271

Short-Range Transit IT-06-9020 $5,000 Multi-year Peat, Marwick, Tom Hillegass Planning continuing Mitchell and Co. (202) 426-9271

Developnnental MA-06-0039 $780,000 Multi-year TSC Gran Paules Support continuing (202) 426-9271 DPM Guideway Flow Simulation Model DPM Planning Manual Station Simulation Interactive Software General Software Development R&D Feasibility Studies Interactive Graphic WA-06-0068 $10,000 Oct. 1978- Puget Sound Council Gran Paules Transit Design Sys- Oct. 1979 of Governments, (202) 426-9271 tem Demonstration Wash.

141 rianniny iviGinous ana ouppoii

PROJECT TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE AGENCY/ TECHNICAL CONTRACTOR CONTACT

UTPS Software Devel- MD-06-0014 $220,000 Multi-year National Bureau Robert Dial opment Statistical continuing of Standards (202) 426-9271 Method

UTPS Maintenance DC-06-0227 $45,000 Multi-year FHWA Ed DeLong and Enhancennent continuing (202) 426-9271

Use of Census Data UL-UtD-U 1 /o 9DZ0, / yo Multi-year National Institute Tom Hillegass and Design of Machine continuing for Community (202) 426-9271 Independent Development Software Language for UTPS

UTPS User Aids DC-06-0240 $75,000 Sept. 1979- FHWA Lenny Goldstein Dec. 1981 (202)426-0182

UTPS Technical MD -06-0023 $47,000 Multi-year Price, Williams Gran Paules Support and continuing and Associates (202)426-9271 Dissemination

Collection of Dis- IT-06-0076 No FY 78 Multi-year FHWA Larry Quillian aggregate Data Set Funds continuing (202)426-9271

Interactive Planning IT-06-0050 No FY 78 Multi-year Peat, Marwick, Robert Dial System Design Support Funds continuing Mitchell and Co. (202)426-9271

USS Transit Station N J -06-00 10 No FY 78 Sept. 1976- Princeton Gran Paules Simulation Model Funds March 1978 University (202)426-9271

Downtown People NY-06-0063 No FY 78 Aug. 1977- Regional Plan Gran Paules Mover (DPMI Planning Funds June 1979 Association, Inc. (202) 426-9271 Manual

Application of New DC-06-0198 No FY 78 Multi-year FHWA Tom Hillegass Urban Travel Fore- Funds continuing (202) 426-9271 casting Procedures

142 Planning Methods and Support

PROJECT TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE AGENCY/ TECHNICAL CONTRACTOR CONTACT

Dissemination Sup- DC-06-0187 $164,000 Multi-year OST; Urban Gran Paules port Through Urban continuing Consortium (202) 426-9271 Consortium

Dual Mode Transit VA-06-0030 No FY 78 Multi-year Alan M. Gran Paules Planning Case Funds completed Voorhees, Inc. (202) 426-9271 Study: Orange County

Dual Mode Transit MA-06-0056 No FY 78 Multi-year Cambridge Gran Paules Planning Case Study: Funds completed Systematics, Inc. (202) 426-9271 Milwaukee

Census Software and DC-06-0208 $200,000 Multi-year Bureau of the Tom Hillegass Data Interface with continuing Census (202)426-9271 UTPS

UTPS Software Package Materials not available through NTIS Bibliography (Computer Tape) may be obtained through the technical UPM-20, Office of Planning Methods This list of reports, connputer tapes, contact listed in the project summary or and Support and audio-visual presentations contains through the UMTA office listed after each UMTA/DOT those published or nnade fronn January project title. 1978 (revised periodically) For report, a Finally, additional reports or materials 1976 to the present. each Characteristics of Urban Transportation Supply National Technical Infornnation Service relating to the research in this chapter will [CUTS] (NTIS) docunnent nunnber, if available, is become available during the upcoming (Also on UTPS Computer Tape) listed following the publication date. year. For information on these reports and UPM-20, Office of Planning Methods Reports nnay be ordered through NTIS by for suggestions on additional reference and Support using the order blanks provided at the back materials, call or write to the technical UMTA/DOT of this docunnent. contact associated with each project. 1978, PB 233-580/ AS

143 Characteristics of Urban Transportation Modeling Demand-Responsive Feeder Systems An Overview of Urban Transportation Planning Demand [CUTD] in the UTPS Framework Slide/Tape UPM-20, Office of Planning Metfiods UPM-20, Office of Planning Methods UPM-20, Office of Planning Methods and Support and Support and Support UMTA/DOT UMTA/DOT UMTA/DOT 1978, UMTA-IT-06^0049-78-1 1978, UMTA-MA-06-0049-78-9 1978 (loan)

Travel Responses to Transportation System Method for Estimating Patronage of Demand Shirley Highway Data Set Changes Responsive Transportation Systems UPM-20, Office of Planning Methods UPM-20, Office of Planning Methods UPM-20, Office of Plannrng Methods and Support and Support and Support UMTA/DOT UMTA/DOT UMTA/DOT 1978 1978, PB 265-830/AS 1978, DOT-TST-77-77 Analyzing Transit Options for Small Urban An Introduction to Travel Demand Forecasting: Communities A Self-Instructional Test UPM-20, Office of Planning Methods UPM-20, Office of Planning Methods and Support and Support UMTA/DOT UMTA/DOT 1978, UMTA-IT-06-9020-78-1,2,3 1978 3 vols. USS Transit Station Simulation Film Simplified Aids for Transportation Analysis UPM-20, Office of Planning Methods

Vol I, Annotated Bibliography and Support

Vol II, Forecasting Auto Availability and Travel UMTA/DOT Vol III, Estimating Ridership and Cost 1978 (loan) Vol IV, Transit Route Evaluation USS Transit Station Simulation User's Guide Vol V, Estimating Parking Accumulation Proj. MA-06-0010 Vol VI, Fringe Parking Site Requirements UPM-20, Office of Planning Methods UPM-20, Office of Planning Methods and Support and Support UMTA/DOT UMTA/DOT 1978 (loan) 1979, UMTA-IT-06-9020-78-1,2,3,4,5,6 USS Transit Station Simulation Slide/Tape Dual Mode Transit Planning Case Studies: Proj. MA -06-0039 Milwaukee Executive Summary UPM-20, Office of Planning Methods (Proj. MA-06-0056) and Support Orange County Executive Summary UMTA/DOT (Proj. VA-06-0030) 1978 (loan) Transit Sketch Planning Manual An Introduction to Urban Travel Demand Fore- UPM-20, Office of Planning Methods casting Slide/Tape and Support UPM-20, Office of Planning Methods UMTA/DOT and Support 1978 UMTA/DOT 1978 (loan)

144 CHAPTER 13 Projects undertaken by the Special Planning Studies Program are Special Planning Studies determined in large part by major UMTA policy directions and key issues identified in the implementation of UMTA's Technical Studies Grant Program. Each year, a portion of the funds available for

technical studies is set aside for use in a variety of special planning studies. These special projects supplement the technical studies grants by allowing for study of local issues with national significance or for the development of procedures and methods Trends having a wide application. In FY 78, a number of new special and Highlights planning studies were initiated to address concerns over the increasing cost of providing transit services and the potential transportation problems that could arise from energy supply shortages. These two concerns indicated the need for improved tools to assist local operators in making short-range planning decisions, and the need for the development of local level energy conservation contingency plans in case of an energy crisis. The increasing inclusion of accessible buses in area transportation programs suggested the need for a method of evaluating accessible fixed-route service and developing guidelines for planning more accessible fixed-route service. Other continuing projects include studies to provide better information on the

cost effectiveness of new rapid rail transit, and studies to assist local areas to meet Transportation System Management (TSM) planning requirements. Approximately half of the special study projects were undertaken by local govern- ment agencies.

145 Rail Rapid Transit tail sales, property transfers, and land value data was collected using the new study de- development, and assess the relationship sign, in preparation for the opening of the Impact Studies of these changes to the presence of system in 1979. WMATA. Finally, the policy interpretation UMTA has provided an increasing study will attempt to catalogue the amount of funds for the development of transportation-related goals and expectations held by citizens, planners, relatively new rail rapid transit systems. An Transportation assessment of how these new systems and local officials. System affect regional development and the Draft papers were developed in several Management Planning institutional environment is needed for of these impact assessment areas in FY 78. future planning decisions at the local level [TSM] A variety of reports discussing interim find- and by UMTA. ings are expected from this project in the Transportation System Management During FY 78, the Bay Area Rapid next fiscal year. (TSM) is a concept which involves the Transit (BART) Impact Study (CA-09-0042, planning, programming and implementa- In Atlanta, Ga., the Metropolitan DC-09-9010) has concentrated on identify- Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority (MARTA) tion of low-capital, short-range ing and studying various areas of impact, Impact Study (GA-09-0037, GA-09-0038) improvements designed to enhance the including impact on travel behavior, the has two components. The major efficiency of existing transportation environment, economics and finance, systems. component is a comprehensive assessment institutions and life styles, land use and The special planning studies are of the economic impacts of transportation TSM urban development, and public policy. designed to assist localities in planning a on land use and is being conducted by the In each of these areas, a final project Atlanta Regional Commission (ARC). A wide range of TSM strategies which in- report has been developed describing the second study, being undertaken by crease the efficiency of their transportation work undertaken, the specific results and systems by 1 ) identifying the institutional MARTA itself with funding passed through some of their implications. In addition, a arrangements which facilitate effective ARC, is to assess the institutional final program report summarizing the TSM planning and programming; 2) identi- experience of MARTA in all phases of results of all individual projects is being implementation. fying factors important in the implementa- prepared. tion of TSM projects; and 3) developing The Washington, D.C., Metropolitan Design for this effort was begun in technical tools for use in TSM planning. Area Transit Authority (WMATA) Impact 1977. Dunng the later part of 1977, ARC The TSM Prototype Planning Study Study (IT-09-0086, IT-09-0097, began preparing for operation of the (IT-09-0068) in Portland, Ore. is designed DC-09-7001) continued travel behavior system by conducting an initial test effort to formulate, apply and evaluate studies, an activity and development using the East Line area as a pilot corridor. procedures for systematic TSM planning in study, and a policy interpretation study. This work was completed in the spring of an urban area, and to provide a basis for The travel behavior studies include efforts 1978. Since no actual system operation the ongoing process. The work includes to make short-range forecasts of changes was underway at that time, the results set rigorous technical analyses of a wide in commuting patterns, and to compare the background for the future operations. variety of transportation problems. the results with those derived from existing Little direct impact of construction on the A similar project is the Kansas City forecast models. Mid-day travel changes land use factors studied was noted. TSM Prototype Planning Study and "induced" travel are also to be Work was also initiated on a detailed (IT-09-0103, IT-09-0078). This study seeks addressed. The activity and development study design, broadening the effort to to develop a set of procedures for TSM study will monitor changes in such indi- include a wider range of potential planning, to demonstrate these procedures cators as population and employment, re- transportation impacts. A variety of base in selected sub-areas, and to devise a

146 method for integrating these procedures into the overall planning process in the Kansas City area. During the first phase of the study, problems were identified for each study area, a set of proposed projects was developed addressing the problems identified, and a project report was written describing how the process would be integrated into a region's ongoing transportation planning process. The second phase of the study, initiated in FY

78, is designed to demonstrate the application of the proposed procedures on a regional scale. The regional TSM element report will be the final product.

The goal of the Seattle, Wash. , TSM Prototype Planning Study (WA-09-0018) is to formulate, develop and evaluate a trans- portation management program for the King County sub-region of the Seattle metropolitan area, such that immediate, low-capital improvements may be accom- plished to improve the system and resolve special problems. A key feature of this study will be the creation of the position of TSM coordinator who will be responsible for initiating and supporting the TSM process and for coordinating implementation of TSM projects throughout the subregion.

While the Seattle study used a TSM coordinator, the Middlesex County TSM Prototype Planning Study (IT-09-0089) in New Jersey will use a TSM Planning Task Force for each sub-area studied. After establishing a set of general goals for TSM in Middlesex County, a set of demonstra- tion sub-areas were identified and a task force established. This task force was a combination of local jurisdiction staff and MARTA is studying the economic impact of its newly constructed rapid Atlanta area. Above is Avondale Station on MARTA's east rail line. members of the Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO). County staff

147 Planning Transportation for Elderly and Handicapped Persons

Section 16 (a) of the Urban Mass

Transportation Act declares that it is "....national policy that elderly and handicapped persons have the same right as other persons to utilize mass transpor- tation services, (and) that special efforts shall be made in the planning and design of mass transportation facilities and services so that the availability to elderly and handi- capped persons of mass transportation which they can effectively utilize will be assured." On April 30, 1976, UMTA promulgated planning regulations for the transportation of elderly and handicapped persons. In

order to fulfill the "special efforts" require- ment, the regulations require that both the location and the transportation needs A TSM Study in Middlesex County, N.J., resulted in a new off-peak bus service to the county's largest of the elderly and handicapped be shopping center. identified, in particular, the location and needs of wheelchair users and semi-ambu- latory persons. The regulations also recommend that, members monitored the local transportation strategies. The focus of the research will be to the extent possible, quick and system to identify future problems. This on simple techniques which are easily inexpensive data gathering methods be process, together with the results of the implemented without extensive computer used for estimating the transportation local efforts, will be used to assess the capabilities. In developing alternative demand among elderly and handicapped success of the task force approach to techniques, every effort will be made to persons, with primary consideration given subsequent TSM planning in the county. provide a range of choices, with primary to self-identification techniques. However, Another continuing study is the emphasis on simplicity, use of existing there remain several issues vital to effective Development of Methods for Evaluating data, and practical relevance to the issues planning for which little information is TSM Alternatives (MA-09-9003). The to be resolved. Another key element of the available. Therefore, a number of special purpose of this research is to assist UMTA research will be to identify and summarize planning studies in this area have been in improving the capabilities of MPO's, innovative methods that may be developed initiated to 1 ) identify cost-effective ap- transit operators, and other agencies in or applied to local agencies in their own proaches to data collection, 2) develop assessing the effects of alternative TSM planning and programming activities. procedures for coordinating service, and 3)

148 ) )

provide needed information on the Planning Data Collection Study recommendations about each of these

effectiveness of various types of (CA-09-7001 ), is designed to develop a methods. transportation services for elderly and system for gathering information on the In many urban areas, a wide range of handicapped people. transportation needs of elderly and transportation services exist to serve Eight different studies connprise this handicapped persons, again, particularly elderly and handicapped persons. Yet, effort, and are designed to assist localities wheelchair users and semiambulatory per- because these services are not in nneeting the elderly and handicapped sons, and to undertake a detailed test of coordinated, the level of service provided is planning requirennents. the system proposed. This study will be not commensurate with the resources Four of the studies are related to data coordinated with the national elderly and being applied. Services are often collection. In the study entitled Use of handicapped transportation demand study duplicative, and gaps in service areas or in Existing Data in Elderly and Handicapped undertaken by the Office of Service and clientele sometimes mean that those the Transportation Planning (MD-09-9001 ), Methods Demonstrations. While the persons most in need of transportation are objectives of the project include 1 system is designed to fit local conditions not being served. identification and description of specific and local needs, the emphasis of this study sources of usable data; 2) delineation of will also be on the application and testing A continuing study, Planning for steps required to correct problems prior to of the system. Coordination of Elderly and Handicapped use of such data; 3) identification of Another project, Self-Identification Services (DC-09-9006), is being conducted

planning data that is required but is not Techniques Prototype Study by the Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW). This project is de- likely to be obtainable through existing (WA-09-7001 ), is an attempt to learn from services; and 4) development of a manual the techniques used by the City of signed to provide case studies and a for use of secondary sources for planning Tacoma, Wash, for identifying the trans- summary analysis of five demonstrations services for elderly and handicapped portation needs of the elderly and handi- which are currently underway through persons. capped and disseminating information on HEW sponsorship. Coordination concepts will be examined to assess their feasibility. The goal of the study, Data Collection available services. The project will also assist the city in incorporating data The potential impact on productivity and System for Planning Services for Elderly from the self-identification efforts into a implementation techniques will also be and Handicapped Persons (IT-09-9009), is information for elderly examined. to develop practical and effective data col- managment system and handicapped programs. The lection procedures which facilitate the Another study. Analysis of Existing self-identification data is an integral part of ongoing planning of special services for Elderly and Handicapped Transportation the city's elderly and handicapped data elderly and handicapped persons and in Services {IT-09-9006), isattemp.ing to system, and the project will enable the city particular for wheelchair users and determine what improved transportation and to evaluate the effectiveness of semiambulatory persons. The specific UMTA services, particularly those services this approach. objectives of the study include: 1 designed to accommodate wheelchair specifying the information requirements for One of the major results of the project users and semi-ambulatory persons, have special efforts planning; 2) determining will be a report describing Tacoma's accomplished. The approach of this project that portion of planning which can be methods for identifying the elderly and consists of an assessment of 20 urban

satisfied by using inexpensive data handicapped and how such information is areas in which significant improvements gathering methods and self-identification used in assessing their mobility needs and have been made. Service changes will be techniques; and 3) determining the in determining what services are provided described in detail, and an estimate of the essential primary data collection needed for to meet these needs The document will consequences in terms of cost, street special efforts planning. A related study, evaluate the success or failure of the traffic, fares, organizational arrangements, the Prototype Elderly and Handicapped methods employed and will offer financing and service levels, will be made.

149 The response of user groups to the coordination, and evaluation recommen- shortages to travel behavior. Finally, a set implementation will also be described. dations. The project will attempt to identify of strategies for each shortage scenario will Two new studies were initiated in FY the scope of all critical concerns, appro- be developed. The involvement of local 78 related to the evaluation of existing priate timing, and recommendations on agencies throughout the process will be a accessible fixed-route services and the appropriate approaches. The recommen- key aspect of this project. Reports on all development of planning guidelines for dations from this project will be based, in steps of the study are expected. new accessible, fixed-route services. A part, on experiences with accessible bus The Dallas-Fort Worth, Tex. area 12-month study in St. Louis, Mo., projects in those cities that presently have prepared an energy contingency plan using Accessible Bus Evaluation — St. Louis accessible, fixed-route service, or are regular planning funds during 1977. That

(IT-09-0102), is designed to evaluate the about to institute such service. study indicated the need for further work in deployment of 157 accessible fixed-route local participation and in the use of school buses on 17 routes. Activities in the study buses and taxis during energy include evaluations of service reliability, emergencies. Asa result, the Dallas-Fort maintenance, program economics, Energy Contingency Worth Energy Contingency Planning passenger acceptance and utilization. Prototype Study (TX-09-7001 ) was Possible coordination with an accessible, Planning Prototype initiated. This project represents the efforts demand-responsive project which will Studies of the North Central Texas Council of operate in much the same area as the fixed- Governments to investigate the potential In recent years, with the increased route, accessible service will also be role of school buses and taxis in an energy possibility of shortages in petroleum evaluated under this study. Since contingency situation. This effort will supplies, attention has focused on the experience with fixed-route, accessible ser- include consideration of the legal, institu- need for transportation contingency vice is limited and the Bi-State tional and operational aspects of this po- planning to maintain essential mobility. Development Agency in St. Louis is the tential. Studies in this area are designed to use the first to employ so many accessible vehicles The study will also incorporate local existing urban transportation planning in fixed-route service, this effort is not only government energy policy into the process. process to marshal the necessary resources timely but critical to assuring that the It is hoped that local government staff to effectively develop local level accessible vehicles have the greatest may be enlisted into a network of "energy contingency transportation plans should impact on the mobility of transportation coordinators." This will help insure a there be an energy emergency. handicapped persons. realistic and effective strategy for energy The Kansas City (Mo.) Energy contingencies. A related study, Planning for the Contingency Planning Prototype Study Phase-In of Accessible Buses (IT-09-9010), (MO-09-7001 ) represents a comprehensive is For underway. some time after delivery effort to develop a set of transportation of the initial accessible buses, in each city, strategies which could be applied in the these vehicles will only be a portion of the case of an energy emergency. The intitial Short-Range Transit total fleet. Thus, a primary of focus this step will involve an inventory of project will be the development of guide- Planning institutional constraints at all government lines for the assignment of these accessible levels. This will be followed by an The emphasis of transit planning has vehicles as each area moves toward a evaluation of the current transportation shifted from long-range planning and totally accessible, fixed-route bus system with respect to energy needs and design of capital-intensive transit system operation. usage patterns. A set of "crisis scenarios" improvements, to an emphasis on This study will include appropriate will then be developed and an assessment short-range, low-cost transit data collection, marketing, operations will be made of methods for relating energy improvements that can effectively increase

150 )

the efficiency of the existing systenn. This ongoing evaluation of existing transit ser- method for service evaluation. The Boston change in emphasis requires the transit vices; and 2) to demonstrate that the project is focusing on the needs of larger operator to mal

Bus System Monitoring System are: 1 ) to develop a service evaluation

(IT-09-9008) is a study designed to improve system which utilizes existing planning and advance transit surveillance techniques for the identification of new techniques and procedures. This study has and improved bus service opportunities;

two objectives: 1 ) to develop a model and 2) to test and verify that such a service

monitoring system which will facilitate the evaluation is a practical and effective

151 Special Planning Studies

PROJECT TITLE NUMBER rUNDINCs SCHEDULE AGENCY/ TECHNICAL CONTRACTOR CONTACT

RAIL RAPID TRANSIT IMPACT STUDIES

Bay Area Rapid Transit CA-09-0042 $540,000 March 1977- Metropolitan Richard Steinmann (BART) Impact Study DC-09-9010 March 1979 Transportation (202) 426-2360 Commission, Calif.

Washington Metropolitan DC-09-7001 $743,945 May 1977- Metropolitan Richard Steinmann Area Transit Authority IT-09-0086 July 1979 Washington Council (202) 426-2360 (WMATA) Impact Study IT-09-0097 of Governments, Washington, D.C.

Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid G A -09-0037 $231 ,592 Sept. 1977- Atlanta Regional Richard Steinmann Transit Authority (MARTA) GA-09-0038 July 1979 Commission, Ga. (202) 426-2360 Impact Study

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT PLANNING [TSM]

Portland, Oregon TSM IT-09-0068 $60,000 Nov. 1976- Columbia Regional Richard Steinmann Prototype Planning Study July 1978 Association of (202) 426-2360 Governments, Ore.

Kansas City TSM Prototype IT-09-0103 $115,000 Jan. 1977- Mid-America Richard Steinmann Planning Study IT-09-0078 March 1979 Regional Council, (202) 426-2360 Mo.

Seattle TSM Prototype WA-09-0018 $80,240 Sept. 1978- Puget Sound Council Richard Steinmann Planning Study March 1979 of Governments, Wash. (202) 426-2360

Middlesex County TSM IT-09-0089 $60,000 July 1977- Middlesex County Richard Steinmann Prototype Planning Study March 1979 Planning Board, N.J., (202) 426-2360 through Tri-State Regional Planning Commission

Developnnent of Methods MA-09-9003 $80,000 Sept. 1977- MIT, Center for Granville E. Paules for Evaluation of TSM Jan. 1979 Transportation (202)426-9271 Alternatives Studies

152 Special Planning Studies

PROJECT TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE AGENCY/ TECHNICAL CONTRACTOR CONTACT

PLANNING FOR TRANSPORTATION FOR ELDERLY AND HANDICAPPED PERSONS

Use of Existing Data in MD -09-9001 $38,100 June 1977- Verve Research Kathleen M. Koss Elderly and Handicapped Oct. 1979 Corp. (202) 426-2360 Transportation Planning

Data Collection System IT-09-9009 $220,000 Nov. 1977- To be selected Brian E. McCollom for Planning Services Dec. 1979 (202) 426-2360 for Elderly and Handi- capped Persons

Prototype Elderly and CA-09-7001 $98,014 March 1978- Comprehensive Brian E. McCollom Handicapped Planning July 1979 Planning Organiza- (202) 426-2360 Data Collection Study- tion, San Diego San Diego

Self-Identification WA-09-7001 $43,650 May 1978- City of Tacoma, Wash. Kathleen M. Koss Techniques Prototype May 1979 (202) 426-2360 Study

Planning for Coordination DC-09-9006 $60,000 Sept. 1977- HEW, Office of Kathleen M. Koss of Elderly and Handi- March 1979 Human Development (202) 426-2360 capped Services

Miiaiyoio oi cxibiirig IT riQ Qnnfi vZOU,UUU oept.CQr-,+ 1ly/Q77/- National insiiiuie Richard Steinmann Elderly and Handicapped Jan. 1980 for Advanced (202) 426-2360 Services Studies

Accessible Bus Evaluation: IT-09-0102 $103,000 March 1978- Bi-State Development Kathleen M. Koss St. Louis March 1979 Agency through West (202) 426-2360 Gateway Coordinating Council, Mo.

Planning for the Phase-In IT-09-9010 $225,000 May 1978- To be selected Kathleen M. Koss of Accessible Buses March 1980 (202) 426-2360

153 Special Planning Studies

PROJECT TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE AlabNOY/ TECHNICAL CONTRACTOR CONTACT

ENERGY CONTINGENCY PLANNING PROTOTYPE STUDIES

Kansas City Energy MO-09-7001 $75,000 May 1978- Mid-America Richard Steinmann Contingency Planning Sept. 1979 Regional Council, (909) 49fi-9?fin Prototype Study Mo.

Dailas-Fort Worth TX-09-7001 $70,000 June 1978- North Central Texas Richard Steinmann Energy Contingency Dec. 1979 Council of (202) 426-2360 Planning Prototype Study Governments SHORT-RANGE TRANSIT PLANNING

Bus System Monitoring IT-09-9008 $150,000 Jan. 1978- Multisystems, Inc.; Brian E. McCollom Systenn Dec. 1979 ATE Management and Service Co.

Transit Surveillance MA-09-7001 $130,400 June 1978- Massachusetts Bay Brian E. McCollom Prototype Study: Boston July 1979 Transportation Authority (MBTA)

Transit Surveillance VA-09-7001 $47,104 June 1978- Tidewater Trans- Brian E. McCollom Prototype Study: Norfolk July 1979 portation District (9n01 A9K 9'5Kn Commission, Va.

Course in Transit IT-09-9011 $50,000 Sept. 1978- To be selected Brian E. McCollom Operations and Planning Feb. 1979 (202) 426-2360

Bibliography may be ordered through NTIS by using the project summary chart. order blanks provided at the back of this Finally, additional reports relating to This list of reports contains those document. the research in this chapter will become published from January 1976 to the Reports not available through NTIS available during the upcoming year. For present. For each report, a National may not have been published in sufficient information on these reports and for Technical Infornnation Service (NTIS) quantity for general distribution. However, suggestions on additional reference

docunnent number, if available, is listed they may be obtained by writing to the materials, call or write to the technical folloyving the publication date. Reports person listed as the technical contact in the contact associated with each project.

154 Urban Mass Transportation Abstracts: Volume BART Impacts on Highway Traffic and Transit A Metropolitan Transportation Plan for No. 4 Ridership National Energy Contingencies Proj. TRIC-77-1 Proj. GA-09-0042 Proj. TX-09-7001 Urban Mass Transportation Administration Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Go. North Gentral Texas Gouncil of Governments December 1977, PB 278-646/AS May 1977, PB 267-675/ AS August 1977 Urban Mass Transportation Abstracts: Volume Impacts of BART on Bay Area Political TSM Prototype Process Study: Working Paper No. 3 Institutions Proj. IT-09-0103, IT-09-0078 Proj. TRIC-76-1 Proj. GA-09-0042 JBM and Associates for Mid-America Regional Urban Mass Transportation Administration Jefferson Associates Gouncil July 1976. PB 264-905/AS May 1977, PB 273-389/AS March 1978 A Selected Bibliography and Reference Impacts of BART on Bay Area Institutions of Transit Impact Monitoring Program, Results of Document in Urban Public Transportation Higher Education and Their Students East Line Pilot Project 1970-1976: Executive Proj. DC-06-0114 Proj. GA-09-0042 Summary and Technical Appendix JHK and Associates Dr. Terry Lunsford Proj. GA-09-0037, GA-09-0038 July 1976, PB 266-252/AS May 1977, PB 273-396/AS Atlanta Regional Gommission Apnl 1978 Environmental Impacts of BART: Interim The Impact of BART's Bond Issue on Regional Service Findings Public Financing Changing Transit Goals Due to METRO Rail: Proj. CA-09-0042 Proj. GA-09-0042 Draft Report Gruen Associates and DeLeuw Gather and Go. Raymond K. O'Neil and Gharles A. Long Proj, DG-09-7001, IT-09-0086, IT-09-0097 January 1976, PB 257-498/AS August 1977, PB 273-387/AS Metropolitan Washington Gouncil of the Social Governments Impacts of BART on Environment: Impacts of BART on the Competitive July 1978 Interim Service Findings Advantage and Efficiency of Bay Area Proj. GA-09-0042 Business Operations TSM Prototype Study: Final Report Gruen Associates and DeLeuw Gather and Go. Proj. GA-09-0042 Proj. IT-06-0068 March 1976, PB 257-510/AS McDonald and Smart, Inc. Golumbia Regional Council of Governments Impacts of BART on Visual Quality: Interim August 1977, PB 273-485/AS July 1978 Service Findings Standard for Bus Service Contract Payments Proj. GA-09-0042 and a System of Incentives Gruen Associates Proj. IT-09-0058 March 1976, PB 257-509/ AS Simpson and Gurtin Transportation and Travel Impacts of BART: December 1976, PB 269-054/AS Interim Service Findings An Analysis of Transportation Planning Proj. GA-09-0042 Effectiveness: Final Report Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Go. Proj. MA-09-9003 Apnl 1976, PB 261-017/AS Transportation Systems Genter Urban Densities for Public Transportation July 1977, PB 272-756/AS Proj. 11-09-0023 In-State Regional Planning Gommission Magic Carpet Evaluation Study: Final Report May 1976, PB 256-636/AS Proj. WA-09-0012 Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle Impacts of BART on Bay Area Health Care May 1977, PB 271-214 Institutions Proj. GA-09-0042 Jefferson Associates March 1977, PB 266-614/AS

155 CHAPTER 14 Management skills and techniques to improve the productivity of urban transportation are developed Transportation Management through UMTA's Transportation Management Program. In FY 78, this program began to emphasize the dissemination of information and the implementation of existing techniques through workshops, seminars, "outreach programs," and information service programs. Trends The Office of Transportation Management is divided into four units,

and Highlights each of which is responsible for a number of new and continuing programs. These four units are: 1) Human Resources Division; 2) Marketing Division; 3) Operations and Maintenance Division; and 4) Information Services Division.

IHuman Resources Division

Among the projects conducted by the Human Resources Division in FY 78 has been theTransit Industry Employee

Training Program (WV-06-001 1 ). This program will develop modular training units

for all phases of bus transit blue collar work and develop a mechanism for industry- wide distribution of these training materials.

In another educational project, the Joint FHWA/UMTA Training Agreement (DC-06-0150), UMTA and the Federal Highway Administration are working together to identify and develop training programs responsive to the needs of professionals in urban transportation fields.

Special attention is given to highway

156 Transit employees in Huntington, W. Va., field test the Emergency and Accident Procedures module developed by the AFL-CIO Appalachian Council Transit Employee Training Project after classroom training

professionals making career changes into in providing training for selected groups at develop and establish valid procedures for the field of public transit. the state and local levels. the selection of male and female The National Transit Intern Project Evaluation of the Feasibility of applicants who would have the most (DC-06-0180) is a comprehensive pilot Developing a Bus Operator Training potential for successful performance as project designed to attract and recruit Simulator (MA -06-0074) will examine the public transit bus operators. college graduates for placement in use of a simulator as a means of teaching A set of Case Studies in Human entry-level administrative and professional safe driving and other operating techniques Resources Management in Public positions in the transit industry. to bus operators. The effect of using a Transportation (PA-06-0045) will be simulator in training to conserve fuel and to developed to increase the knowledge and A project entitled State DOT Role in minimize the risk of accident or equipment awareness of public transit officials, Urban Transportation Training and damage will also be evaluated. educators, and researchers about transit Education (CA-06-0082) will analyze, Bus Operator Validated Test Battery industry human resources, management

develop, and demonstrate the state's role (MA-06-001 1 ) is a continuing project to practices, and procedures.

157 Employee Absenteeism and related project, Comprehensive Employee Marketing Division Workmen's Compensation Claims in the Assistance Program (MI-06-0019), is aimed Transit Industry (PA-06-0050) is a project at establishing a framework of policies and Programs in the Marketing Division intended to establish a baseline of transit procedures to enable public transit are concerned with assisting the transit industry experience with employee employers to address and resolve operator by developing transit marketing absenteeism and workmen's compensation personnel problems that affect worker techniques, with increased attention paid and to develop a series of productivity. This effort will also involve a to the specialized marketing requirements recommendations on ways to deal with review of current and outstanding industry of paratransit services, and by providing a employee excesses in these areas. A programs in this area. marketing skills enrichment program which

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Two samples of transit promotion efforts are shown here.

158 could lead to more effective job modules covering main course regional seminars were held to identify and performance and delivery of transit components. Each module will include an document specific actions which have services. overview of the topic area, learning occurred in the transit community to The principal objectives of one objectives for participants, suggested improve transit system productivity. ongoing project, the Transit Marketing teaching and presentation methods, A Maintenance Needs Analysis

Project (IT-06-0078) are: 1 ) to define subject content as edited from the and (OH-06-0079) project is also underway. demonstrate two-week course, application exercises a comprehensive This project will assess the existing levels methodology for marketing transit service; and case studies, and suggested reading of maintenance productivity and materials. 2) to upgrade and test state-of-the-art recommend demonstrations to solve marketing techniques, and 3) to develop Another project funded in FY 78 was certain maintenance productivity problems new techniques. Two site-specific demon- the Transit Marketing Information Ex- through improved maintenance manuals stration grants were also part of this effort, change Project (IT-06-0238). This project is and training techniques.

one in Baltimore, Md. (MD-06-0021 ), and designed to improve the exchange of exist- A continuing project. Transit Security the other in Nashville, Tenn. (TN-06-0007). ing transit marketing materials within the Demonstration (IL-06-0032), will The contractor is currently evaluating the transit community, to provide a clearing- demonstrate the effectiveness of security results and preparing a final report. Reports house for the materials, and to reduce or devices and techniques at selected on the Transit Marketing Management eliminate excessive expenditures of time, elevated rail stations of the Chicago Transit Handbook series, also a product of this effort, and dollars spent in investigating Authority (CTA) by using state-of-the-art project, are in final preparation. state-of-the-art programs and techniques. The technology. The specific objectives of this contractor is also producing two "how-to" In FY 79 a contractor will be selected to project are to; 1 ) demonstrate a method of research handbooks; to develop a compendium of marketing How Conduct a offering a sense of security to the rider Market-Wide Strategic Study and Analysis materials and to design a clearinghouse while in the stations, 2) increase CTA rider- and to Conduct a Limited Area activity. How ship, and 3) reduce Chicago Police Incentive Study. Department manpower costs associated The Transit Marketing Education with policing the selected demonstration Development Project (CA-06-01 10) is also Operations and stations. Bids for hardware acquisition continuing. The first phase of this project have been received and evaluated. involved the design, presentation and Maintenance Division Another continuing project, Public evaluation of a two-week intensive training The purpose of one project. Transit Risk Management (IT-06-0173), is course for transit marketing practitioners. Automatic Bus Diagnostic System designed to study the insurance situation This Applied Transit Marketing course was (IT-06-0102), is to develop, demonstrate among a cross section of transit properties. conducted in March 1978. It focused on all and evaluate an automated bus inspection The scope of the study includes a) in- phases of the marketing process, with system. The project was intended to surance market availability, b) scope of special emphasis on the application of measure, analyze and report data coverage, c) cost of insurance programs, marketing in transit techniques the pertinent to routine servicing of transit and d) insurance market capacities. The environment. project will investigate risk buses. Considerable time has elapsed since management as it relates to the emerging changes in urban The second phase of this project is the the initial grant was awarded in 1975. The transit systems including the economic, development of an educational transit benefits to be derived from implementation social and technical aspects. marketing curriculum based on the refined of this project must first be assessed before model developed for the Applied Transit any additional costs are incurred. The Vehicle Rehabilitation Study Marketing course. The package will be A new project in FY 78 was Regional (IT-06-0032) will examine the feasibility of

available in 1979. It will be organized in Productivity Seminars (DC-06-0023). Five purchasing rebuilt buses as an alternative

159 to purchasing new buses. This project will tion systems be done in uniform categories TRIC soon will become the repository catalogue bus rebuilding sources, analyze and with a uniform system of accounts and for all national operating data reported various rebuilt connponents (e.g., frames, records. under the provisions of Section 15. As bodies, interiors, engines, transnnissions, The Manual System for Section 15 planned staff expansion takes place during etc.), and compare the estimated cost of (IT-06-0210) will develop a handbook es- the coming year, this division will also be rebuilt versus new buses. The data tablishing procedures and a data recording developed into a general outreach arm for collected will be related to federal policies system to assist small transit operators in all UMTA offices, thereby assisting in the on purchasing mass transit equipment. meeting the Section 15 data reporting re- overall theme of making the results of past The Maintenance Manual quirements. research and demonstrations available to Project FARE, Task V (IT-06-0094) will users. Specification Project (IT-06-0235) will examine the results of a previous study in create terms for acquiring maintenance which a uniform system of accounts and manuals or job performance aids to records developed, as well as a improve maintenance productivity and was reporting system for use in response to the reduce repair errors. Section 15 mandate. This new project. A computer software project entitled Task V, will evaluate the suitability of the Run Cutting and Scheduling, (RUCUS) reporting materials. This evaluation will be (MA-06-0046), has produced a software done in consultation with transit operators. system which provides transit operators Section 15 Processing System with an automated system for

(DC-06-0201 ) is a project to develop a vehicle-scheduling and driver run-cutting. software system for maintaining a national The implementation of the RUCUS system Section 15 reporting system data base. The has usually resulted in transit operators software will also generate routine sets of being better able to cover all route quarterly and annual reports to be assignments with fewer vehicles and less distributed to members of the reporting manpower. As this project progresses, a system. In addition, the system will have system study will be conducted to the capability to respond to ad hoc modernize the existing RUCUS package. requests for information. Rail Management Information System

(MA-06-0074) is a continuing project designed to conduct a comprehensive analysis of transit operations and maintenance functions, and to assess the Information Services application of various management sys- tems. The initial emphasis of the project Division

will be directed toward light rail systems. This unit has been known as the This project will also evaluate the feasibility Transit Research Information Center of developing a simulator for training bus (TRIO and serves as UMTA's contact with drivers. the National Technical Information Service Three projects relate to Section 15 of in Springfield, Va. TRIC reviews and the Urban Mass Transportation Act which prepares abstracts for all major UMTA requires that the reporting of financial and research projects and publishes and distri- operating information by public transporta- butes these abstracts periodically.

160 C

PORTABLE DYNAMI MOTION RECORDER

lAlAlAlA ROUTE OPERATIONAL DATA AND POLICY

SERVICE LEVEL PERFORMANCE NETWORK AVAILABILITY MODEL ANALYSIS COST

HEAVY MAI NTENANCE MAINTENANCE ACTIVITY SCHEDULE MODEL

MAINTENANCE LIGHT MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT I ALTERNATIVES SCHEDULE

This operational model developed under the Transit Operations and Maintenance Management Support Program predicts the day-to-day operations of bus and rapid transit routes, and accumulates cost and performance data for future analysis.

161 1 1

TrsincrmrtAtion Mflnflnompnt 1 1 cii 1 9 1 la 11 vi 1 ivi a 1 ici^c; 1 1 1 CI 1

PROJECT TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE AGENCY/ TECHNICAL

CONTRACTOR uUlM 1 AO 1

HUMAN RESOURCES DIVISION

Transit Industry Employee WV-06-001 $1,364,651 Ongoing AFL-CIO Appalachian Charles T. Training Program (to date) Council, W. Va. Morison, Jr. (202) 426-9274

Joint FHWA/UMTA DC-06-0150 $200,000 Ongoing JHK Associates Charles T. Training Agreement Morison, Jr. (202) 426-9274

National Transit Intern DC-Ub-LnoU $272,241 Ongoing National Center for Charles T. Project Internship Morison, Jr. Programs (202) 426-9274

State DOT Role in Urban C A -06-0082 $99,276 Ongoing CALTRANS Charles T. Transportation Training Morison, Jr. and Education (202) 426-9274

Evaluation of the MA-06-0074 $75,000 Oct. 1978- TSC Charles T. Eeasibility of Devel- Sept. 1979 Morison, Jr. oping a Bus Operator (202) 426-9274 Training Simulator

Bus Operator Validated MA -06-00 11 $584,618 Ongoing Massachusetts Bay Frank E. Enty Test Battery (to date) Transportation (202) 426-9274 Authority (MBTA)

Case Studies in Human PA-06-0045 $30,150 Ongoing University of Frank E. Enty Resources Management (to date) Pennsylvania (202) 426-9274

in Public Transportation

Employee Absenteeism and PA-06-0050 $176,000 Ongoing Port Authority of Frank E. Enty Workmen's Compensation Allegheny County, (202) 426-9274 Claims in the Transit Pa. Industry

Comprehensive Employee Ml -06-00 19 $156,000 Ongoing Detroit Dept. of Frank E. Enty Assistance Program Transportation, (202) 426-9274 Mich.

162 Tran^Dortfition1 1 CI 1 1 w 1^ w 1 ICI 1 1 w II Manaaementlwivlllvl\4WIIIWIIt

PROJECT TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE AGENCY/ TECHNICAL

CONTRACTOR LfUlM 1 AO 1

Marketing Division

Transit Marketing Project IT-06-0078 $1,112,663 March 1974- Grey Advertising, Carol S. Eisen July iy/3 Inc. (202) 426-9274

Transit Marketing CA-06-0110 $65,500 . Oct. 1977- University of Carol S. Eisen Educational Developnnent Jan. 19/9 Southern California (202) 426-9274 Project

Transit Market Infornnation IT-06-0238 $50,000 To be To be selected Carol S. Eisen Exchange Project to $100,000 determined (202) 426-9274 OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE DIVISION

Automatic Bus IT-06-0102 $210,000 Ongoing Tri-State Regional A.B. Hallman Diagnostic System Planning Commission, (202) 426-9274 N.Y.

Regional Productivity DC-06-0023 $166,411 Sept. 1978- PuDlic Technology, Brian Cudahy Seminars Sept. 1979 Inc. (202) 426-9274

Maintenance Needs Analysis OH -06-0029 $88,414 Oct. 1978- Southern Ohio Regional A.B. Hallman r^^+ Oct. 119/9n-7n Transit Authority (202) 426-9274 (SORTA)

Transit Security IL-06-0032 $630,080 July 1976- City of Chicago, III. Gwen Cooper Demonstration Sept. 1979 (zUz) 4zD-y//4

Public Risk Management IT-06-0173 $164,982 Ongoing Fred S. James and Co. A.B. Hallman (202) 426-9274

A.B. Hallman Vehicle Rehabilitation IT-06-0232 $60,000 1 0 be To be selected determined (202) 426-9274

Maintenance Manual IT-06-0235 $200,000 To be To be selected A.B. Hallman Specification determined (zUz) 4zD-yz/4

RUCUS, Sims MA-06-0046 $860,000 Ongoing TSC A.B. Hallman (202) 426-9274

163 1 lanspor la lion ivianaycrneriT

PROJECT TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE AGENCY/ TECHNICAL CONTRACTOR CONTACT

OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE DIVISION

Rail System MIS MA-06-0074 $756,000 Ongoing TSC A.B. Hallman (202) 426-9274

Manual System for IT-06-0210 $159,855 To be Forward Management A.B. Hallman Section 15 determined Association (202) 426-9274

Project Fare, Task V IT-06-0094 $860,000 June 1973- Arthur Anderson and A.B. Hallman June 1979 Co. (202) 426-9274

Section 15 Processing DC-06-0201 $272,000 May 1978- International A.B. Hallman System June 1979 Business Service, (202) 426-9274 Inc. INFORMATION SERVICES DIVISION

MPO Data for IT-06-0234 To be To be selected D.M. Chapman Section 15 determined (202) 426-9274

Bibliography nnay not have been published in sufficient A Program for improving Transit Industry quantity for general distribution. However, Management Information Systems Proj. IT-06-0094 This list of reports contains those they may be obtained by writing to the Arthur Anderson and Company published fronn January 1976 to the person listed as the technical contact in the September 1976 present. For each report, a National project sunnnnary chart.

Vol I Information Systems Improvement Technical Infornnation Service (NTIS) Finally, additional reports relating to Plans Summary, PB 264-524/AS docunnent nunnber, if available, is listed the research in this chapter will become Vol.11, Systems Development Work following the publication date. Reports available during the upcoming year. For Programs, PB 264-525/AS nnay be ordered through using the information on these reports and for NTIS by Vol. Ill, Systems Design Reference Manual, order blanks provided at the back of this suggestions on additional reference PB 264-526/AS docunnent. materials, call or write to the technical con- Reports not available through NTIS tact associated with each project.

164 Final Report, PB 264-523/ AS Urban Mass Transportation Industry Uniform System of Accounts and Records and Reporting System Proj. IT -06-0094 Arthur Anderson and Company January 1977

Vol. I, General Description, PB 264-877/AS

Vol II, Uniform System of Accounts and Records, PB 264-878/ AS

Vol. Ill, Reporting System Forms and Instructions: Required, PB 264-879/AS Vol. IV, Reporting System Forms and Instructions: Voluntary, PB264-880/AS Transit Marketing Management Handbook: User Information Aids Proj. IT-06-0078 Ilium Associates, Inc. November 1975 Transit Marketing Management Handbook: Marketing Organization Proj. IT-06-0078 Lesko Associates November 1975 GnnmGTOVKjam Transit Marketing Management Handbook: Pricing SHOULDBfTBEAKXB. Proj. IT-06-0078 Grey Advertising, Inc. Apnl 1976 Transit Marketing Management Handbook: Marketing Plan Proj. IT-06-0078 Grey Advertising, Inc. April 1976 The Transit Marketing Project: Summary of Consumer Research, Baltimore MTA and Nashville MTA Proj. IT-06-0078 Grey Advertising, Inc. June 1976

mt aALTiNoitE >tn rtonx

An example of promotional materials used to attract riders in Baltimore, Md., is shown above.

165

SECTION FOUR Policy Development and Research

performs studies and analyses designed to primary purpose of research in Office of Policy, Budget, Thethe field of policy development is to explore and resolve urban transportation and Program Development promote a better understanding of problems and to aid in formulating policy Associate Administrator the emerging issues, needs and objectives and program decisions at the federal level. Lillian C. Liburdi have focused on such issues as involved in urban transportation; to Studies T monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of transportation and land use interactions, productivity, financing, energy conserva- UMTA programs; and to aid in the formu- Office of Policy lation of new policies and program direc- tion, center city and low-density service Development tions. problems, and the accessiblity of transpor- Lawrence L. Schulman

Chapter 1 5 describes studies which tation for the elderly and handicapped. Director are funded under Section 6 of the Urban The Office of Policy Research is also Mass Transportation Act to support the responsible for directing UMTA's Univer- Office of Program formulation of programs and policies. The sity Research and Training Grant Program Evaluation studies are grouped by responsible office. which is described in Chapter 16. Grants to Under the Office of Policy Develop- universities are authorized under Section

ment, projects focus on the development 1 1 of the Urban Mass Transportation Act. of policies and programs relating to Grants are awarded to universities Office of Policy Research Philip G. Hughes such issues as private versus public trans- throughout the country in an effort to Director portation services, the potential effect of support research in the field of transporta- transit projects on urban development, and tion, to provide training for transportation T transportation accessibility to the elderly professionals, and to encourage universi- University Research and and handicapped. ties to become involved in the field of Training Grant Program The Office of Evaluation conducts transportation as a source of advice, assessments of UMTA programs, such as observation and evaluation. the formula assistance and rail moderniza- The organization of the Office of

tion programs, and is involved in the Policy, Budget and Program Development Office of Budget development of performance measures is shown below. The projects described in and the analysis and evaluation of transit this section are funded and administered trends. through the program offices indicated in The Office of Policy Research bold outline on the chart.

167 CHAPTER 15 The Office of Policy, Budget and Program Development is Policy and responsible for planning, coordina- ting, and evaluating UMTA programs, as

well as developing its budget. The office is Program Development also charged with policy analysis and with helping to formulate national transporta- tion legislation and major DOT and UMTA policies, regulations and directives.

The long range goal of the office is to gain a better understanding of the issues involved in the provision, and public support, of local transportation services Trends and to improve the Capability of federal programs and policies to address these

and Highlights issues. The primary concern of the office is to develop policies and programs, guidelines and procedures which are responsive to local needs, anticipate emerging issues, and are based on effective monitoring and evaluation of transportation system performance. These activities lead to a continual assessment of current federal programs. The efforts of this office have contributed to the development of a number of recent policy and program initiatives. Among these are: the policy on major investment decisions (alternatives analysis); paratransit services; joint development and value capture strategies;

non-urbanized area assistance; rail modernization; role of private operators in public transportation; elderly and handicapped transportation needs; energy conservation; neighborhood revitalization; and transportation system management strategies. The office comprises four functional components: policy development, program evaluation, policy research, and budget. The Office of Policy Research also

168 administers the University Research and situations led the office to fund a study Another project. Assessment of the Training Grant Program described in entitled The County Role in the Provision State Use of Section 9 Funds Chapter 16. of Public Transportation in Nonurbanized (DC-06-0132), was undertaken to Areas (IT-06-0160). The study established a determine how Section 9 Planning profile of county duties and Assistance funds had been used and how Office of Policy responsibilities, assessed the role of their use related to the goals of UMTA counties in providing public transportation, programs. Comparisons between states Development and outlined the potential of increased were made to evaluate the extent to which county involvement in providing public different techniques and philosophies influ- The functions of the Office of Policy transportation. Through a number of case enced the various state programs. The Development fall into four major areas: studies,-the project also evaluated the results of the study will be used by the • Legislation. The development of county as a coordinator or administrator policy development office in its attempt to the UMTA legislative agenda and for the preparation of transit development develop and refine Section 9 planning the coordination and monitoring of programs in non-urbanized areas. grants. the legislative implementation pro- To collect additional background The development of land for commer- cess. information, another project. Survey of cial or community purposes in and around • Budget. Policy related budget ac- Public Transportation Services in Small transit facilities is called joint development, tivity and oversight and coordina- Urban Areas (DC-06-0155), was designed often with the added aspect of value tion of the initial aspects of budget to aid in the development of capture. UMTA, in an effort to help transit preparation. UMTA policies. The project, begun in FY 78, will properties and municipalities maximize • Policy Development. The survey the transportation services and the financial return on community land, implementation and management vehicles available in urban areas of funded a project entitled Joint Develop- of the overall policy development between 25,000 and 50,000 residents and ment: A Value Capture Project process within UMTA, and the in a sample of other communities with (NY-06-0214) which established a team of drafting of specific statements of populations between 10,000 and 50,000. specialists to assist cities in achieving the policy. necessary cooperation and coordination of • Program Development. The initia- A policy development issue was the different components of joint tion of new program elements or studied by UMTA in a project entitled development projects. refinements of current programs, Assessment of Conventional and and the coordination of program Innovative Methods for Financing Public In another joint development/value elements within UMTA. Transportation (IT-06-0127). In this project, capture project, an information sharing In 1978, issues studied with a view which began in FY 77, an assessment was conference on Joint Development and toward improving or developing UMTA made of the ways in which public transit Multi-Agency Funding (DC-06-0214) was policies and programs included urban and systems could be financed, including such held. Called "The Marketplace," the rural transportation funding and financing programs as tax increment assessment, three-day Washington, D.C. conference requirements, joint development projects, value capture, joint development, etc. The included representatives from 37 UMTA planning grant priorities, surveys of assessments will be published to provide participating cities, approximately 100 available transportation services in several guidelines to local officials for evaluating private developers and investment firms, different categories, and an investigation and implementing attractive methods for and UMTA and other transportation of the components that make up a funding transit programs. In FY 78, the officials. The purpose was to present and successful paratransit system. project was amended to develop a exchange information on the various Attempts to develop a strong transit mechanism for a loan guarantee program opportunities and potential for joint program in many different operating for joint development efforts. transit/urban development projects.

169 Three projects were undertaken to Office of Policy A related study. Casebook on Joint assist in the development of paratransit Development Practices (DC-06-0183), systems. One was a technical study; the Research looked into experiences throughout North other two were information and guidance America on the multiple use of transit projects. development land. This collection of case The technical study, Liability and Projects within this office embrace studies provides guidelines for public and Casualty Insurance for Paratransit studies and analyses designed to provide private organizations contemplating joint Providers (MD-06-0030), examined data and concepts which will assist in the development projects. Policy research the reasons and justifications for the sharp establishment of long-term goals and efforts in the area of urban revitalization increase in insurance rates, and for the objectives for UMTA programs. The office also included a project. Conference on decline in the general availability of that in- also administers the University Research Urban Revitalization (DC-06-0188), to surance. The study was also designed to and Training Grant Program described in permit an exchange between grass-roots provide guidance for operators in obtaining the following chapter. organizations and practitioners in the area insurance and in the broader area of risk of Major research efforts in FY 78 were in of urban revitalization. The emphasis the and management. the areas of urban revitalization, joint conference focused on neighborhood The Paratransit Implementation Gui- transit land use development, paratransit, conservation and revitalization efforts dance and Reference project (MD-06-0034) and financing. involving low-cost transportation projects. The conference also discussed assistance produced information for private The Office of Policy Research programs sponsored by other federal paratransit operators and planners developed several studies in the area of agencies. regarding the participation of taxi and other joint urban revitalization transit private paratransit carriers in local mass development. One of the studies. Another project. transportation planning. The documents, Improving Center City Environment and Developing and annotated bibliography and program Transportation (DC-06-0163), focused on Intra-Neighborhood Transportation (DC-06-0203), investigated the participation primer, feature case studies ways to improve the center city Systems approaches and financial mechanisms and focus on the structure of federal environment through a variety of necessary for the development of programs and requirements, private transportation-related improvements, neighborhood-oriented transportation participation, regulatory change, including: systems. The project was designed to help competition between potential service • auto-restricted zones, parking neighborhood organizations develop area providers, contractual arrangements, and restrictions, selective street clos- transportation needs assessments, system the coordination of special services. ings, and bans on delivery trucks designs, and to study the various self-help • A third paratransit-related project. pedestrian streets, malls, approaches to financing service. Support of Regional Workshops on Para- skywalks, and underground con- transit Implementation (DC-06-0210), was courses Two projects were undertaken to developed to conduct regional workshops • transit malls, downtown minibus improve the performance and lower the on the implementation of UMTA's para- service, and transit information costs of light rail transit (LRT). One of the transit policy. Case studies and other • moving sidewalks, people movers, projects. Means for Reducing Light Rail materials were prepared for the and other mechanized systems to Transit Cost Through Standardization of workshops. However, planning for the improve downtown circulation System Elements (IT-06-01 03-03), workshops was temporarily suspended • landscaping, use of outdoor art, investigated the possibilities and until UMTA had established its final benches, shelters, lighting, small procedures for standardizing many of the paratransit policy and implementation parks, and other downtown components of LRT systems. Such guidelines. beautification projects. components as power distribution

170 subsystems, signals and controls, at-grade research activities. Among its publications successful TSM planning methods and to intersections, switches, stations, and other are TRB News, Newsline, Paratransit develop new information on the impacts of elements which, if standardized, could be News, Land Use and Transportation TSM actions, and strategies combining mass produced, would cost less, be more Newsletter, and Light Rail Transit News- various actions. reliable, and require less maintenance. letter. A project. Communications Program: The other LRT project, Study of In addition to its annual meeting, Urban Transportation Innovations Abroad Methods of Improving LRT Service which serves as a national forum for the (DC-06-0207), was developed to facilitate ( I T-06-0 103-02), looked into methods of discussion of transportation issues, TRB the exchange of information on improving LRT service or reducing its cost. sponsored 12 conference workshops on a international developments in Specific areas of research in this study wide range of transportation issues during transportation management and urban included a self-service fare collection the year." revitalization. The project consists of two system that could reduce trip time and main activities: the development of a manpower requirements, thereby TRB activities also included a study of transit marketing and user information newsletter on public transportation inno- permitting a more equitable fare structure; aids, a review of Section 9 planning vations abroad; and the development of a pre-emptive signals at intersections; studies, and a survey of the impact of a clearinghouse for the exchange of pedestrian protective barriers; pedestrian Florida marketing demonstration. information on transportation, planning, malls; and various methods for improving and the environment. vehicle flow. A study of the energy used in the various modes of commuter transportation A project entitled Study to Identify The Office of Policy Development also was undertaken in the Energy Policy Study Relevant Criteria for Selection of Sites for conducted a study. Impacts of Foreign Rail makes modal Fixed Guideway Systems (NY-06-0061) (IT-06-0170). This study Car Competition on the U.S. Economy and sought to develop and evaluate possible comparisons of per passenger energy the Financial Health of Domestic Suppliers criteria and methodologies to identify consumption in support of the formulation (DC-06-0213). The Study, while candidate cities or travel corridors which of federal energy transportation policies. considering the implications that importing might be appropriate for fixed guideway Two projects investigating Transpor- foreign rail cars would have on federal transit systems. Such systems include rail tation System Management (TSM) were transit policy, also looked at the secondary rapid transit, light rail transit, and developed by the policy research office. impacts of balance of payments (trade downtown people movers. The concepts One of the projects. Analysis of the deficits), unemployment ratios, and a host developed in this project may be useful as Application and Impact of Transportation of other economic issues. adjuncts to UMTA's Alternatives Analysis System Management Techniques in Finally, FY 78 policy research included requirement. Revitalizing Selected Urban Areas in a study. Electric Trolley Bus Feasibility Europe (FN-06-0003), was developed in the The Office of Policy Research, in FY Study (IT-06-0193), to provide a hope of learning from successful urban 78, once again funded a number of comprehensive report on the economics, revitalization efforts in several European ongoing transportation programs of the technology and operation of the electric cities. National Academy of Science trolley bus. A report on the study will be Transportation Research Board (TRB) The other TSM project, TSM written as a guide for transit (DC-06-0216). The TRB program includes a Institutional and Planning Research decision-makers, planners and operators to wide range of specific research and (VA-06-0047), was designed to document, assist them in evaluating the feasibility of information sharing activities. from two different perspectives, the the electric trolley bus. The study can also The TRB publishes several newsletters institutional arrangements found to be be used as a basis for comparisons with to inform and encourage the transportation useful in planning TSM programs. The other modes in an alternatives analysis community to expand its interest in project also undertook to describe study.

171 Office of Program areas are available in tabular form and computer tape files. Evaluation The second survey, the National Personal Travel Survey (NTPS) (DC-06-0174) was also conducted the The Office of Program Evaluation is by responsible for conducting and Bureau of the Census for UMTA and the coordinating evaluation studies of UMTA Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). programs and assessing the effectiveness The survey has collected a week-long trip of urban transportation performance. The diary and a detailed single-day travel log for each household member. The national office is developing new approaches, methods and measures for continuous sample of 20,000 households was surveyed monitoring of transit performance and for every three months. Field work for the 1977 the evaluation of UMTA assistance NTPS was completed in FY 78, and final programs. results will become available in FY 79.

During FY 78, the office completed several evaluation studies and other special reports on such topics as UMTA's rail modernization program, formula grants for capital and operating assistance, and cost estimates for providing accessible transit services to the elderly and handicapped. Other special studies assessed the use of transit performance systems by local governments, growth trends, transit operating cost components, comparisons of automobile costs in selected urban areas and other topical analyses. Another major effort of the office was the continuation of two special travel survey programs. Developed in 1975, the Survey of Travel to Work (DC-06-0124, DC-06-0144, and DC-06-0189) was conducted by the Bureau of the Census as a supplement to the Annual Housing Survey. This survey of the nation's commuting patterns includes information on residential and workplace locations, current and prior mode of travel, time of departure, travel time and distance, satisfaction with travel mode, and other demographic and economic information. Results for the national and metropolitan

172 1^ Policvw llwV Qllvljind IIPronram1 CI 1 1 1 Dpvplonrnentw V w 1 w 1 1 1 w 1 1 t

PROJECT TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE AGENCY/ TECHNICAL — CONTRACTOR

OFFICE OF POLICY DEVELOPMENT

The County Role in IT-06-0160 $75,000 July 1976- National Associa- Michael the Provision of ' Oct. 1977 tion of Counties Steadham Public Transportation (202) 426-4058 in Non-Urbanized Areas

Survey of Public DC-06-0155 $55 000 Thp I J rhan Douglas Birnie Transportation Ser- Dec. 1979 Institute (202) 426-4060 vices in Small Urban Areas, 10,000- 200,000 Population

Assessnnent of IT-06-0127 $90,000 Seat 1976- Institute of Michael Conventional and June 1978 Public Adminis- Steadham Innovative Methods tration; Gladstone (202) 426-4058 for Financing Public Associates Transportation

An Assessment of DC-06-0132 $35,859 Sept. 1976- National League of Michael the State Use of Dec. 1977 Cities; U.S. Con- Steadham Section 9 Funds ference of Mayors (202) 426-4058

Joint Development: NY-06-0047 $60,000 Sept. 1976- Administration Green Miller A Value Capture Dec. 1977 and Management (202) 426-4058 Project Research Associates

V AlVI n A; , 1 no.

Conference on Joint DC-06-0214 $80,838 Dec. 1977- Public Technology Sal Caruso Development and Dec. 1978 Inc.; Urban (202) 426-4060 Multi-Agency Funding Land Institute

1977- Liability and Casualty MD -06-0030 $67,812 Feb. International James Stratton Insurance for Sept. 1978 Taxicab Association (202) 426-4060 Paratransit Providers

173 Pnlicx/ anfi Prnnr<)rn Dpvplnnrnpnt

PROJECT TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE AGENCY/ TECHNICAL CONTRACTOR PniVIT APT

OFFICE OF POLICY DEVELOPMENT

Paratransit Imple- MD -06-0034 $53,695 June 1977- International James Stratton mentation Guidance Sept. 1978 Taxicab Association (202) 426-4060 and Reference

Support of Regional DC-06-0210 $62,000 Sept. 1977- The Urban Insti- Douglas Birnie Workshops on Para- Dec. 1980 tute (202) 426-4060 transit Implementation

Impacts of Rural Transit IT-06-0159 $48,000 Nov. 1976- Ecosometrics, Douglas Gurin Funding Options Sept. 1977 Inc. (202) 426-4060

OFFICE OF PROGRAM EVALUATION

Survey of Travel to DC-06-0124 $1,195,000 June 1975- Bureau of the Gary Ceccucci

National Personal DC-06-0174 $219,500 Jan. 1977- Bureau of the Gary Ceccucci Travel Survey June 1978 Census (202) 426-4060

Paratransit Reporting IL-06-0035 $95,000 Sept. 1976- International Bryan Green System July 1977 Taxicab Association; (202) 426-4058 Wells Research Co.; Control Data Corp. OFFICE OF POLICY RESEARCH Means for Reducing IT-06-0103-03 $55,000 Sent 1976- Hpi pijw Cather James Yu Light Rail Transit Dec. 1979 and Co. (202) 426-0080 Cost Through Standardization of System Elements

Study of Methods of IT-06-0 103-02 $53,000 Sept. 1976- DeLeuw Cather James Yu improving LRT July 1979 and Co. (202) 426-0080 Service

174 Policv and Proaram DeveloDment

PROJECT TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE AGENCY/ TECHNICAL

CONTRACTOR CONTACT1 ^^^^ 1

OFFICE OF POLICY RESEARCH

Energy Policy IT-06-0170 $142,000 June 1978- System Design Cindy Burbank

Study ; June 1979 Concepts (202) 426-4058

TSM Institutional VA-06-0047 $145,000 June 1976- Alan M. Voorhees, Richard Cohen and Planning Re- June 1979 Inc. (202) 426-4060 search

Analysis of the FN -06-0003 $16,968 Sept. 1977- Ecoplan Inter- James Yu Application and June 1978 national (202) 426-0080 Impact of TSM Techniques in Revitalizing Selected Urban Areas in Europe

National Academy of DC-06-0216 $460,000 Sept. 1978- Transportation Judy Z. Meade Science, Transportation Sept. 1979 Research Board (202) 426-0080 Research Board (TRB)

Conference on Urban DC-G6-0188 $93,063 April 1977- The Conservation Richard Cohen Ian 1Q7Q Revitalization ruuriuduui 1 (202) 426-4060

Improving Center DC-06-0163 $55,000 Sept. 1976- Public James Yu City Environment Feb. 1978 Technology, Inc. (202) 426-0080 and Transportation

Developing intra- DC-06-0203 $109,140 July 1977- National Center Richard Cohen Neighborhood May 19/8 for Urban Ethnic (202) 426-4060 Transportation Systems Affairs

Casebook on Joint DC-06-0138 $85,000 Jan. 1977- Urban Land James Yu Development Practices July 1979 Institute (202) 426-0080

Study to Identify NY-06-0061 $60,000 Jan. 1977- Regional Plan James Yu Relevant Criteria reo. ly/o Association, (202) 426-0080 for Selection of Inc. Sites for Fixed Guideway Systems

175 r viiiuy dllU r luyiciiii ucvciupiiiciii

PROJECT TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE AGENCY/ TECHNICAL CONTRACTOR CONTACT

OFFICE OF POLICY RESEARCH

Communications DC-06-0207 $50,000 Nov. 1977- Council for Philip Hughes Program: Urban Trans- Feb. 1979 International Urban (202) 426-0080 portation Innovations Liaison Abroad

Impacts of ForGign U L -UD-Uz 1 o $4U , UUU Nov. 1977- Richard J. Barber Philip Hughes Rail Car Competition Fph 1Q7ft AAooUUId Ltro, IDC (202) 426-4058 on the U.S. Economy and the Financial Health of Domestic Suppliers

Electric Trolley IT-06-0193 $48,000 Aug. 1978- Chase, Rosen and Yvonne Griffin Bus Feasibility Sept. 1979 Wallace, Inc. (202) 426-4060 Study

Bibliography

This list of reports contains those quantity for general distribution. However, POLICY RESEARCH published from January 1976 to the they may be obtained by writing to the present. For each report, a National person listed as the technical contact in the Improving Center City Environment and Trans- portation: Local Governments' Solutions Technical Infornnation Service (NTIS) project summary chart. Proj. DC-06-0163 docunnent number, if available, is listed Finally, additional reports relating to Public Technology, Inc. following the publication date. Reports the research in this chapter will become February 1978 may be ordered through NTIS by using the available during the upcoming year. For A Study of Minority Business Participation in order blanks provided at the back of this information on these reports and for the Urban Mass Transportation industry document. suggestions on additional reference Proj. DC-06-0146 Reports not available through NTIS materials, call or write to the technical One America, Inc. may not have been published in sufficient contact associated with each project. July 1977

176 Vol. I, Analysis of Minority Business A Study of Automobile Insurance Trends and Increasing Transit Ridership: The Experience of Participation, PB 274-773/ AS Availability for the Taxicab Industry Seven Cities

Vol. II, Developing Successful IVIinority Busi- Proj. MD-06-0030 Urban Mass Transportation Administration ness Enterprise Programs for Public International Taxicab Association and November 1976, PB 271-071

Transit Properties: A Manual, Arthur D. Little, Inc. Proceedings of the First National Conference PB 274-774/ AS August 1978 on Transit Performance Vol. Ill, Public Transit Contracting Opportuni- An Analysis of Taxicab Company Insurance Proj. DC-06-0184 ties for Minority Business Enterprises: Coverage Public Technology, Inc. A Manual. PB 274-775/AS Proj. MD-06-0030 January 1978 Transit Station Area Joint Development: International Taxicab Association Transit Operating Performance and the Impact Strategies for Implementation August 1978 of the Section 5 Program Proj. NY -06-0047 Policy Toward Rail Transit Urban Mass Transportation Administration Administration and Management Research Department of Transportation November 1976 Association of New York City, Inc. Urban Mass Transportation Administration Automobile Costs in 61 Urbanized Areas February 1976 Federal Register Urban Mass Transportation Administration Economic Case Studies, PB 268-104/AS March 7, 1978 September 1978 Final Report, PB 268-103/AS Light Rail Transit: State of the Art Review The UMTA Rail Modernization Program Transportation System Management: Proj. IT-06-0103 Urban Mass Transportation Administration Bibliography of Technical Reports A DeLeuw Cather and Company July 1978 Urban Mass Transportation Administration Spnng 1976, PB 256-821 /AS Transit System Performance Indicators: An May 1976, PB 256-273/AS Transportation System Management: State of Assessment of Current U.S. Practices the Art Urban Mass Transportation Administration Proj. R I -06-0008 October 1978 POLICY DEVELOPMENT INTERPLAN Corporation The Cost of Making Urban Rail Transit September 1976, PB 266-953/AS Accessible to the Handicapped Final Report on the County Role in the Center City Environment and Transportation: Urban Mass Transportation Administration Provision of Public Transportation In Non- Local Government Solutions Urbanized Areas November 1978 Proj. DC -06-0 163 Trends in Transit Operations: 1960-1974 Proj. IT-06-0160 Bus December 1977 Wells Research National Association of Counties, Research Control Data Corporation and Foundation PROGRAM EVALUATION Co. October 1977 January 1977 Taxis, The Public and Paratransit: Selected Characteristics of Travel to Work in 21 A Coordination Primer Metropolitan Areas: 1975 Proj. MD -06-0034 Proj. DC-06-0124, DC-06-0144 International Taxicab Association and Bureau of the Census Multisystems, Inc. Series P-23, No. 68 August 1978 February 1978 Taxis and Paratransit: Publication Sources Selected Characteristics of Travel to Work in 20 Proj. MD-06-0034 Metropolitan Areas: 1976 International Taxicab Association Proj. DC-06-0124, DC-06-0144 August 1978 Bureau of the Census Series P-23, No. 72 September 1978

177 CHAPTER 16 University Research and The University Research and Training Grant Progrann is designed to Training Grant Program support and encourage university research and education projects which assist all levels of government in meeting their transportation needs. Projects funded under this program include research on the planning, design, construction, operation and evaluation of transportation systems, and training for working professionals. Trends The program promotes greater inter- action between the academic community and Highlights and local transportation authorities by en- couraging universities to become sources of advice and information on transportation-related issues. Universities are also encouraged to develop programs to help practicing professionals stay abreast of current transportation programs and technologies.

This chapter on university research is divided into ten project areas. One of the areas. Transportation System

Management, contains projects still unfinished and continued from FY 77. Two other areas. Transportation and Energy Conservation and Transportation for the Elderly and Handicapped, are new to the research program. There are seven other project areas in which studies were undertaken in FY 77 and again in FY 78. Projects awarded grants in FY 78 and unfinished projects awarded grants in FY 77 are grouped and described in the

appropriate project area. Each project is also listed in the accompanying chart. Reports published from 1976 to 1978 as part of the University Research Program are listed at the end of the chapter. Transportation Shared-Ride Taxi As Community process can be used to promote an Public Transportation {CA-11-0017) efficient and balanced allocation of federal Analysis, Planning, This study will assess the shared-ride resources. and Evaluation taxi's potential for playing a major role as a public transportation carrier in suburban or The Development of a Transportation other low density communities. Research Needs Assessment Methodology for will be based upon an analysis of Organizational Alternatives for Neighborhood Preservation Areas shared-ride taxi in Metropolitan Transportation Services California. (MD-1 1-0003)

(CA-1 1-0001) This project is designed to assist Desirable conventional transit and Predicting Citizen Acceptance of neighborhood preservation groups in paratransit innprovements have been slow Transportation Improvements: assessing the transportation needs of their to develop because of regulatory Neighborhood Organization and areas. Developed from specific case restrictions which foster geographically Cohesion As Indicators (GA-1 1-0008) studies and a wider range of neighborhood defined, monopolistic and unresponsive To facilitate the ability of government preservation projects, a technical manual transit operations. To help lower the to develop transportation improvement of instructions, information sources and barriers presented by these regulations, projects, this study will investigate the guidelines will be produced to provide a this project, as a continuation of research value of using various measures of both resource for community use. started in FY 77, will attempt to redesign neighborhood cohesion and of local organ- the structure of present transportation izations as indicators for predicting res- Long Range Directions for Urban organizations. Assisting in the ponse to planned transportation projects. Public Transportation: A Study in reassessment of these organizations will be Context (NY-1 1-0017) university groups, transit officers and Development of a Handbook on This project will attempt to develop public officials. Transportation Issues (I L-1 1-0025) plausible alternatives describing the future This project seeks to develop a structure of society. The transportation resource manual of information for public Los Angeles County Transportation implications of each alternative will be affairs, media, and marketing personnel to described and supportive public policy Commission Public Policy impact use in the preparation of speeches, press actions will be postulated. In turn, a case Study (CA-1 1-0002) releases, and brochures on urban study book for decision-makers, outlining This project will continue an transportation issues. The information will the various alternatives, implications, and evaluation started in FY 77 of the Los be packaged in a way that is expected to be consistent actions, will be developed. Angeles County Transportation interesting and understandable to the Commission's $9.8 billion work program non-professional. ($4 billion of which is federal) and its An Investigation of the Influence of impact on public policy. In order to Knowledge and Information on Mass document the effects which a program of Integrating Project Worthiness into a Transit Utilization (VA-1 1-0008) this magnitude has on public policy, the Cost-Effectiveness Framework for This study will determine the extent to study will investigate 13 individual Alternatives Analysis (IL-11-0026) which education and information about categories that either affect or are affected This project will construct a frame- mass transit services increases the use of by public policy. These categories include work for the evaluation of competing mass transit. The results of the study will such diverse areas as socio-economic alternatives analyses submitted by urban be used to develop an effective educational concerns, the environment, government areas as part of an application for financial model which will provide information and objectives, activities and programs, citizen support for fixed-guideway transit projects. promote the benefits of mass transit use to participation and political concerns. It is expected that the resulting evaluation potential riders.

179 Visualizing Congestion Patterns: A Transportation and central cities, and to achieve tangible Policy-Oriented Feasibility Assessment financial gains by optimizing federal and (WA-1 1-0002) Land Use Interactions local funds and encouraging private This study will investigate ways in investment capital. which collected data can be and displayed Transportation in Urban Development accurately and cost-effectively to show and Revitalization (MA-1 1-0033) The Feasibility of Joint Development in how urban street congestion develops and This study will investigate the Selected Transit Station Locations in diffuses. The results of the study will interrelationship between transportation the Detroit Area (MI-11-0003) provide a basis for further work in the area projects and urban development/revitaliza- This fact-finding study will attempt to of traffic in congestion data display and tion projects. Specific areas covered will evaluate the potential for joint develop- subsequent congestion policy studies. include: the influence of federal ment planning in the Detroit area. The transportation programs in encouraging ur- study will consider physical and Shopping Center Travel on Transit: ban development; the role of A administrative planning undertaken at five Review and Evaluation of Recent transportation investment in state and city station locations along proposed transit Experience in the United States urban development policies; the results of corridors. The results of the study will be (WA-1 1-0006) case studies on urban transportation-urban compiled as a set of guidelines which may This research seeks to develop policy revitalization in Massachusetts and be followed in similar studies in Detroit or options that UMTA could pursue to Michigan; and the various options available in other cities. encourage the use of transit for shopping to the DOT in encouraging a closer trips. Research conducted in this project relationship between urban transportation and urban revitalization. will include review and analysis of 20 to 30 Transportation System case studies of the experiences of shopping center and transit system An Analysis of Joint Development Management [TSM] operators who have provided transit Projects (NY-1 1-0020) Area Responses to Transportation service for shopping center patrons. The This project seeks to develop a set of System Management (TSM) resulting information could be useful to indicators that could be used to predict Requirements (MA-11-0008) transit system and shopping center changes in the economic conditions of a This study will investigate issues operators who wish to design and central business district (CBD), based upon which have proven to be critical implement transit services for shoppers. specific urban transportation-urban revitalization projects. The project also will components in the development of the attempt to determine the combination of TSM program. These issues include the Feasibility of a Complementary transit service accessibility and downtown role of transportation agencies within an Solution to the Bus Operator activity that will provide the greatest integrated group of agencies and the Scheduling Problem (WV-11-0001) stimulus for CBD development. process of TSM development. Each issue This project will investigate the feasi- and its sub-areas will be analyzed and ibility of developing a computerized system evaluated as to its potential impact on the to complement the RUNS portion of Joint Development and Value Capture eventual success of the TSM program. UMTA's Run Cutting and Schedule Research (TX-1 1-0006)

(RUCUS) computer software package. If This project will assist selected cities in The Development of an Evaluation actually developed, this system would using transit development to bring about Framework for Transportation System complement and refine the present ability large community development efforts. The Management Strategies (NE-1 1-0001) of transit management to effectively project will attempt to foster energy effi- This project will develop a framework schedule both drivers and vehicles. cient land use, to preserve and revitalize for evaluating TSM strategies by using a

180 set of performance measures related to Public Transportation and a plan to integrate paratransit services TSM objectives. Although this research in the county with conventional transit will be done in the Omaha Council Bluffs Systems and Service services in the city. area, the methodology will be structured so that it may be used in other areas as well. for Low Density Areas An Examination of the Factors Influencing the Level of Success of Monitoring the Implementation of Planning and Design Guidelines for Non-CBD Oriented Transit Lines Innovative Public Transportation Ser- Transportation System Management Operating in Low Density Areas of vices (IL-11-0012) (PA-1 1-0016) Metropolitan Regions (PA-11-0018) The research conducted in this study Based upon specific objectives This project will attempt to develop a will be carried out by monitoring, relating to particular areas, corridors, or better understanding of the conditions and documenting and evaluating the facilities, this project will develop relationships that foster success in implementation of two innovative public guidelines for TSM planning; establish the establishing, maintaining or expanding transportation systems in Illinois. One basic principles for application of technical, transit lines in low density neighborhoods system is a combination of subscription pricing, or regulatory measures; present a or small communities outside the CBD. and dial-a-ride services. The other system number of new technical solutions; and The regions to be studied include is a combination of fixed-route feeder, devise a systematic index of the references Philadelphia, San Diego and Toronto. subscription, and route-deviation services. for the existing solutions found in the literature. In addition, while emphasizing Development of Integrated Transit Integrated Paratransit Transportation transit system productivity and efficiency, Services for a Rural-Suburban County Planning for Low Travel Densities the project will develop an evaluation (VA-1 1-0009) { I L-1 1-0023) procedure for TSM projects. This project addresses the This project will have two products. requirements of implementing transit The first is a planning manual for an services that have been approved by integrated public transportation program in community consensus in low density low-density areas. The manual will present areas. The project will establish a decision- modern strategies for implementing and making process, an organizational and marketing paratransit services. The second Improving management plan for implementing product will be a computer-based method services, a financial plan, and will review of estimating ridership and identifying the Transportation in institutional, regulatory and labor issues. most inexpensive way of meeting travel Center Cities needs. Evaluating Radial Corridor Auto Transit Productivity Restraint and Transit Priority Development of Integrated Transit Measures (MA-11-0031) Services for a Rural-Suburban County and Efficiency This study will focus on a detailed (VA-1 1-0006) evaluation of various auto restraint and This project will research and design a The Cost of Work Rules (CA-11-0018) transportation for rural Virginia transit priority schemes in one or two program a This project will make a systematic Various paratransit concepts will specific radial corridors in Boston. The county. comparison and analysis of the relative study will also investigate the political and be developed including the use of a broker costs of a variety of work rules for bus institutional factors that affect the to provide paratransit services, an drivers in each of a selected sample of feasibility of implementing restraint and arrangement for the city to provide transit transit properties in California. The study priority measures. services to urbanized parts of the county. will also examine the costs and benefits of

181 peak hour ridership in relation to transit subsidies with productivity and efficiency. applying performance indicators to managennent. determine whether changes should be efficiency and Increasing Efficiency in Bus Main- made to improve Management Performance Audit tenance Operations {PR-11-0002) productivity in a transit system. The project will use applied statistics in its approach to Guidelines (IN-11-0004) This study will formulate standard problem solving. This project will develop a handbook measures of productivity in bus of guidelines for conducting an audit of maintenance operations that will allow Union-Management Programs in transit managennent performance. The management to allocate both manpower Urban Transit (WI-11-0006) guidelines will be intended to help improve and money more effectively. This project will provide a forum for transit services and to increase account- transit union and management ability to the public. The handbook will Effect of Organization Size on Transit representatives to discuss problems in describe an audit methodology Productivity and Employee labor relations and procedures for solving emphasizing new techniques to bring Satisfaction (CA-1 1-0016) these problems. Discussions will focus on problems to the surface where they can be This study will investigate the identifying problems in which both labor treated. correlation between the size of transit and management are willing to work to- properties and employee satisfaction, gether. In addition, program options will be Improving the Productivity of the based on such measures as job developed to guide UMTA in its attempt to Urban Transportation Systems performance, job satisfaction, absenteeism help labor and management resolve their (NY-11-0019) and turnover rates. Selected transit organi- conflicts. This project will identify urban mass zations in California, representing a range transportation productivity problems, of sizes and structures, will be examined in design possible solutions, and document this study. these solutions and strategies in a handbook designed for public distribution. Study of Social Service Agencies Operating Transit Systems for Low A Comprehensive Analysis of Transit Income Elderly and Handicapped to Transportation and Efficiency and Productivity (IN-11-0003) Improve Efficiency and Productivity This study will develop a uniform set (TX-1 1-0008) Energy Conservation of indicators that could be used in This project will develop techniques to analyzing the efficiency and productivity of improve the productivity and efficiency of Urban Transportation Energy transit operations. The indicators will be two demand-responsive transit systems. Accounts, Analysis and Methods established after reviewing and testing The systems are run by two social service ( I L-1 1-0027) sensitivity analyses all through concepts agencies to serve the elderly and A study of the Chicago region will be and definitions presently in use. handicapped in four rural counties in developed to analyze the relationship of Texas. energy consumption to various Measuring the Influence of Subsidies combinations of transportation services on Transit Productivity and Efficiency Development of Methodologies for the and land use patterns. In one corridor of (NE-1 1-0002) Evaluation of Bus Route Performance the region, the factors will be studied in This project will analyze data from Through the Application of Transit detail. The study will also develop a manual several transit systems to test hypothetical Performance Indicators (UT-1 1-0001) of procedures for analyzing energy use, relationships between the amount, type, This project will develop an approach transportation services, and land use source, and certainty of operating for transit planners and operators to use in relationships.

182 What Are the Total Energy Advantages Transportation Pricing include an inventory of arrangements used of Public Transportation? (NY-11-0021) to apportion local financial responsibility This project will investigate the total and Financing for public transportation in multi-jurisdic- energy effects of public transportation tional systems, ten case studies of joint including direct energy consumption, the An Examination and Evaluation of financial responsibility for public total energy burden, energy expenditure in Selected Funding Issues in Urban Mass transportation and an alternative assess- non-transportation sectors due to the Transportation (MA-11-0030) ment and review of policy implications of influences transportation has had on land the study. This study will include eight to ten use, and other factors. The study will also case studies of the ways in which transit docunnent the energy conservation fiscal issues have evolved in urban areas. advantages of public transportation. Self-Sustaining Public Transportation The study reviews the various funding Services: Analysis and Guidelines for sources available in one of the areas to Implementation {PA-11-0017) support special transportation services and This project will develop a handbook subsidie.s. In addition, the study will identifying the common characteristics of examine the effects federal and state Transportation for the self-supporting, line-haul public transpor- assistance and subsidies have had on the tation service. In comparing the services decisions and policies of three Elderly and offered profitably by bus in New York and representative urban transportation by commuter rail in Philadelphia and Handicapped agencies. Finally, analyses will be prepared Chicago, this study will investigate the Negotiating the Subway by the Elderly of potential revisions in federal and state markets served, the services offered, and and Handicapped, Metro: A Case transit assistance policies. the cost of each service. Criteria will be Study (DC-11-0006) Evaluation of Ridership, Revenue, and developed which will identify other areas This project will attennpt to determine Equity Implications of Distance-Based where such self-supporting services could whether adherence to the American Fares for Transit Systems in Medium be put into operation. National Standards Institute (ANSI) Sized Urban Regions (NY-11-0016) regulations is sufficient to guarantee This project will develop a computer accessibility of the Washington, D.C. Evaluation of the Impacts of Federal simulation model and supporting software Metro to the elderly and handicapped. Transportation Programs in Small distance-based to analyze the impact of Urban Areas (IA-11-0001) Development of Cost-Effectiveness fare schedules on revenue, ridership and This study will evaluate urban Measures and a Planning Methodology rider profiles. These tools will one embody transportation financing with particular for Transportation Services for the or mathematical models to relate more attention given to federal transportation Elderly and Handicapped (TX-11-0009) ridership revenue to a given fare and programs. Using case studies of three structure and population demographics. This project will develop data and a cities in Iowa, an analysis will be made of The model will be applicable to many methodology to help identify the costs and the impacts of financing procedures and metropolitan areas. benefits of transportation services offered constraints on transportation systems. The to the elderly and handicapped by a Local Transportation Finance: Cost effect of federal programs on state urban number of different providers under Sharing Arrangements of Towns and transportation investments, and the effect various service arrangements. The project Cities (NC-1 1-0008) these investments have on subsequent will also assist in determining the most This project will investigate the federal and state investment decisions in cost-effective providers in given local problems found in joint financing of public smaller urban areas, will also be situations. transportation services. Research will considered.

183 Transportation Transportation Planning System (UTPS). The workshop will be designed to assist Education and Training local and state planners in the use of UTPS computerized and manual procedures to Administrative Experiences and analyze TSM options and long-range Innovations in Urban Mass alternatives for their areas. The goal of the Transportation Systems (GA-11-0006) program is to train planners to make This project will develop 12 to 16 technical analysis more responsive to case studies illustrating significant policy alternatives and more sensitive to administrative experiences and innovations the informational needs of involved in the development of the decision-makers. Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority. The studies will focus on Dissemination of the Transportation management processes and operational Brokerage Concept {TN-11-0002) innovations, critical incidents in program This project provides an intensive development, and political technical and training program for transportation interactions. professionals and academicians in the brokerage concept of providing A Training Program for Minorities in transportation services. The program will Transportation Engineering consist of one four-week training session. {GA-1 1-0009) This grant will provide continued support for training minorities and women in the field of transportation engineering. The program will also help to develop and expand a program of student internships in urban transportation projects. Student Intern Training and Research Program (HI-11-0002) This grant will provide support to students of urban transportation by allow- ing them to gain practical working experience in an urban transportation- oriented agency. The program is intended to provide a vehicle for minority students to enter the transportation profession.

Workshop on interactive Applications of UMTA/FHWA Planning Tools for the Analysis of Policy Issues (NJ-1 1-0007) This project will develop a one-week workshop in advanced uses of the Urban

184 University Research and Training Grant Program

PROJECT TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE GRANTEE TECHNICAL CONTACT

TRANSPORTATION ANALYSIS, PLANNING, AND EVALUATION

Organizational CA-1 1-0001 $141,366 June 1977- U. of California, Bert Arrillaga Alternatives for June 1979 Berkeley (202) 426-4984 Metropolitan Services Prof. M. Webber Prof. M. Landau

Los Angeles County CA-1 1-0002 $149,064 June 1977- California State U., Cindy Burbank Transportation Conn- Aug. 1979 Long Beach (202) 426-0080 mission Public Policy Prof. P. Shaw Impact Study

Shared-Ride Taxi as CA-1 1-0017 $56,445 Sept. 1978- U. of California, Doug Birnie Community Public Aug. 1979 Irvine (202) 426-4060 Transportation Prof. G. J. Fielding

Predicting Citizen GA-1 1-0008 $61,857 July 1978- Clark College Arthur Politano Acceptance of Trans- June 1979 Prof. L. Earvin (202) 426-0281 portation Improvements: Prof. N. Jackson Neighborhood Organization and Cohesion as Indicators

Development of a IL-11-0025 $69,444 Aug. 1978- U. of Illinois, Yvonne Griffin Handbook on Transpor- Aug. 1979 Chicago Circle (202) 426-4060 tation Issues Dean A. Voorhees C. Johnson

Sal Caruso Integrating Project IL-1 1-0026 $58,966 Oct. 1978- Northwestern U. (202) 426-4060 Worthiness Into a Sept. 1979 Prof. J. Schofer Cost-Effectiveness Prof. M. Turnquist Framework for Alternatives Analysis

185 University Research and Training Grant Program

PROJECT TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE GRANTEE TECHNICAL CONTACT

The Development of MD- 11-0003 $76,496 June 1977- U.of Maryland Richard Cohen a Transportation June 1978 Prof. R. Bish (202) 426-4060 Needs Assessnnent Prof. T. Molinazzi Methodology for Neighborhood

r 1 ebt?! Vd UUI I Mlt^do

Long Range Direc- NY-1 1-0017 $62,602 June 1977- Polytechnic Institute Jimmy Yu tions for Urban Aug. 1978 of New York (202) 426-0080 Public Transportation: Prof. L. Pignataro

AA OlUUy lit ^^UIILt-Al. Prof. A. Weiner

An Investigation of V A- 11-0008 $67,492 July 1977- Virginia Union College Ron Mason the Influence of July 1978 J. Gunnell (202) 426-2285 Knowledge and Infor- J. Sharpe mation on Mass

1 raribH uiiiizdiion

Visualizing Congestion WA-1 1-0002 $26,353 June 1977- U. of Washington Granville Paules Patterns: A Policy-Oriented June 1978 Prof. J. Schneider (202) 426-9271 Feasibility Assessment

Shopping Center WA-1 1-0006 $60,381 July 1978- U. of Washington Marvin Futrell Travel on Transit: June 1979 Prof. J. Schneider (202) 426-4984 A Review and Evalu- ation of Recent Experience in the U.S.

Feasibility of a WV- 11-0001 $61,738 July 1978- West Virginia U. A.B. Hallman Complementary Solu- Sept. 1979 Prof. R.Ward (202)426-9157 tion to the Bus Operator Scheduling Problem

186 University Research and Training Grant Program

PROJECT TITLE NUMBER FUNDING TECHNICAL CONTACT

TRANSPORTATION AND LAND USE INTERACTIONS

Transportation in MA- 11 -0033 $98,466 Sept. 1978- Massachusetts Institute Jimmy Yu Urban Developnnent Aug. 1979 of Technology (202) 426-0080 and Revitalization Prof. R. Gakenheimer Prof. D. Roos

An Analysis of Joint NY- 11 -0020 $56,295 June 1978- State U. of New York, Richard Steinmann Developnnent Projects May 1979 Buffalo (202) 426-2360 Prof. R. Paaswell

Joint Development TX- 11-0006 $399,995 June 1976- Rice Center for Green Miller and Value Capture June 1979 Community Design (202) 426-4060 Research and Research Carl Sharpe, Director

Feasibility of Joint M 1-1 1-0003 $57,799 June 1977- Wayne State U. Green Miller Development in Selected Aug. 1978 Prof. S. Khasnabis (202) 426-4060 Transit Station Locations in the Detroit Area

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT [TSM]

Area Responses to MA- 11-0008 $74,175 June 1977- Massachusetts Institute Richard Cohen Transportation System Oct. 1978 of Technology (202) 426-4060 Management (TSM) Prof. R. Gakenheimer Requirements Prof. D. Roos

The Development of NE-1 1-0001 $57,315 June 1977- U. of Nebraska, Richard Cohen an Evaluation Frame- Aug. 1978 Lincoln (202) 426-4060 work for Transportation Prof. P. Lima System Management Strategies

187 Univpr^itv Research and Trainina Grant Proararn

PROJECT TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE GRANTEE TECHNICAL

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT [TSM]

Planning and Design PA-1 1-0016 $78,855 June 1977- U. of Pennsylvania Richard Cohen

A 1 in 1 Q7Q vj 1 1 tt-o \\J\ u ucu Mug . 1 y /O r roT. v . v ucnic (202) 426-4060 Transportation System Management (TSM)

IMPROVING TRANSPORTATION IN CENTER CITIES

Evaluating Radial MA-11-0031 $89,910 June 1977- Harvard U. Bert Arrillaga Corridor Auto Sept. 1978 Prof. J. Gomez-lbanez (202) 426-4984 Restraint and Transit Priority Measures

PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS AND SERVICES FOR LOW DENSITY AREAS

Monitoring the IL-1 1-0012 $89,994 Sept. 1977- Northwestern U. Jim Bautz Implementation of Oct. 1978 Prof. J. Hauser (202) 426-4984 Innovative Public Prof. F. Koppelman Transportation Services

Integrated Paratransit IL-1 1-0023 $75,882 June 1977- U. of Illinois, Ruth Scott Transportation Aug. 1978 Chicago Circle (202) 426-4060 Planning for Low Prof. A. Sen Travel Densities C. Johnson

Development of VA-11-0006 $79,109 June 1977- U. of Virginia Michael Steadham Integrated Aug. 1978 Prof. L. Hoel (202) 426-4060 Transit Services Prof. M. Demetsky for a Rural- Suburban County

188 University Research and Training Grant Program

PROJECT TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE GRANTEE TECHNICAL CONTACT

PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS AND SERVICES FOR LOW DENSITY AREAS

An Examination of PA-11-0018 $60,933 July 1978- U. of Pennsylvania Douglas Gurin the Factors Influ- June 1979 Prof. A. Tomazinis (202) 426-4060 encing the Level of Success of Non-CBD Oriented Transit Lines Operating In Low Density Areas of Metropolitan Regions

Developnnent of VA-1 1-0009 $74,618 July 1978- U. of Virginia Douglas Gurin Integrated Transit June 1979 Prof. L. Hoel (202) 426-4060 Services for a Rural- Prof. M. Demetsky Suburban County

TRANSIT PRODUCTIVITY AND EFFICIENCY

The Cost of Work CA-1 1-0018 $78,575 July 1978- U. of California, Jinn Stratton Rules Sept. 1979 Irvine (202) 426-4060 Prof. C. Lave

A. B. Hallman Management I N-1 1-0004 $68,046 Sept. 1978- Indiana U. Performance Audit Aug. 1979 Prof. George Smerk (202)426-9157 Guidelines

Improving the NY-11-0019 $49,276 July 1977- John Jay College N. C. Jasper Productivity of the July 1978 of Criminal Justice, (202) 426-0081 Urban Transportation Center for Productive System Public Management M. Holzer, Director

A Comprehensive IN-1 1-0003 $68,842 June 1977- Purdue U. Gary Ceccucci Analysis of Transit Aug. 1978 Prof. K. Sinha (202) 426-4060 Efficiency and Productivity

189 University Research and Training Grant Program

PROJECT TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE GRANTEE TECHNICAL CONTACT

TRANSIT PRODUCTIVITY AND EFFICIENCY

Measuring the Influ- NE- 11-0002 $40,960 Aug. 1977- U. of Nebraska, Cindy Burbank ence of Subsidies on Sept. 1978 Omaha (202) 426-0080 Transit Productivity Prof. J. Gleason and Efficiency

Increasing Efficiency PR-1 1-0002 $69,014 June 1977- U. of Puerto Rico Bryan Green in Bus Maintenance Sept. 1978 Prof. L. Martin-Vega (202) 426-4060 Operations

Effect of Organiza- CA-1 1-0016 $61,234 July 19//- U . Of Lalitornia, Fred Williams tional Size on Transit Sept. 1978 Irvine (202) 426-4060 Productivity and Em- Institute of Trans- ployee Satisfaction portation Studies G. Fielding, Director

Study of Social Ser- TX- 11-0008 $51,800 June 1978- Prairie View A&M U. Pat Cass vice Agencies Opera- May 1979 H. Bonner (202) 426-4984 ting Transit Systems M. Hawkins for Low Income Elder- ly and Handicapped to Improve Efficiency and Productivity

Development of Meth- UT-1 1-0001 $55,073 Oct. 1978- U. of Utah Brian Cudahy odologies for the Sept. 1979 Prof. T. Stone (202) 426-9274 Evaluation of Bus Route Performance through the Appli- cation of Transit Performance Indi- cators

190 University Research and Training Grant Program

PROJECT TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE GRANTEE TECHNICAL CONTACT

TRANSIT PRODUCTIVITY AND EFFICIENCY

Union/Management WI-1 1-0006 $73,815 June 1978- U. of Wisconsin, Frank Enty Programs in Urban Aug. 1979 Madison (202) 426-9274 Transit Prof. J. Stern Prof, S. Rubenfeld TRANSPORTATION AND ENERGY CONSERVATION

Urban Transportation IL-1 1-0027 $79,425 July 1978- U. of Illinois, Cindy Burbank Energy Accounts, June 1979 Urbana-Champaign (202) 426-0080 Analysis and Methods Prof. D. Boyce Prof. M. Romanes

What Are the Total NY-1 1-0021 $70,494 Oct. 1978- Polytechnic Cindy Burbank Energy Advantages of Sept. 1979 Institute of New York (202) 426-0080 Public Transportation? Prof. W. McShane TRANSPORTATION FOR THE ELDERLY AND HANDICAPPED

Negotiating the Subway DC-1 1-0006 $74,824 July 1978- Howard U. Nat Jasper by the Elderly June 1979 Prof. D. Coleman (202) 426-0081 and Handicapped, E. White Metro: A Case Study

Development of Cost- TX-1 1 -0009 $68,671 Sept. 1978- U. of Texas, Jack Bennett Effectiveness Measures Aug. 1979 Austin (202) 426-4060 and a Planning Prof. S. Rosenbloom Methodology for Trans- portation Services for the Elderly and Handicapped TRANSPORTATION PRICING AND FINANCING

An Examination MA- 11-0030 $51,783 June 1977- Massachusetts Jimmy Yu and Evaluation of Oct, 1978 Institute of (202) 426-0080 Selected Funding Technology Issues in Urban Prof. D. Roos Mass Transportation University Research and Training Grant Program

PROJECT TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE GRANTEE TECHNICAL CONTACT

TRANSPORTATION PRICING AND FINANCING

Evaluation of Rider- NY-1 1-0016 $49,099 June 1977- State U. of Bert Arrillaga ship. Revenue, and Aug. 1978 New York, Albany (202) 426-4984 Equity Innplications Prof. L. Mohan of Distance-Based Fares Prof. D. Ballou for Transit Systenns in Medium-Sized Urban Regions

Local Transportation NC-1 1-0008 $70,000 July 1978- North Carolina A&-T Cindy Burbank Finance: Cost Sharing June 1979 State U. (202) 426-0080 Arrangennents of Prof. A. Kidder Towns and Cities

Self-Sustaining PA-1 1-0017 $70,000 July 1978- U. of Pennsylvania John Carulo Public Transportation June 1979 Prof. E. Morlok (215)597-4179 Services: Analysis Prof. P. Vinton and Guidelines for Implementation

Evaluation of the I A-1 1-0001 $73,347 June 1977- U. of Iowa, Douglas Gurin Impacts of Federal Aug. 1978 Institute of (202) 426-4060 Transportation Urban Research Programs in Small K. Dueker, Director Urban Areas. TRANSPORTATION EDUCATION AND TRAINING

Administrative G A- 11-0006 $74,751 June 1977- U. of Georgia Philip Hughes Experience and June 1978 Prof. R. Golembiewski (202) 426-0080 Innovations in Urban Mass Transportation Systems

192 University Research and Training Grant Program

PROJECT TITLE NUMBER FUNDING SCHEDULE GRANTEE TECHNICAL CONTACT

TRANSPORTATION EDUCATION AND TRAINING

1978- Judy Meade A Training Program GA-11-0009 . $67,170 Sept. Atlanta U. Center for Minorities in Aug. 1979 C. Espy, Director (202) 426-0082 Transportation Engineering

Student Intern Hl-1 1-0002 $55,878 Sept. 1978- U. of Hawaii Philip Hughes Training and Aug. 1979 Prof. C. Papacostas (202) 426-0080 Research Progrann

Workshop on Inter- NJ-1 1-0007 $76,972 Aug. 1978- Princeton U. Robert Dial active Applications July 1979 Prof. J. Lutin (202) 426-9271 of UMTA/FHWA Prof. A. Kornhauser Planning Tools for the Analysis of Policy Issues

Dissemination of the TN-11-0002 $90,036 May 1978- U. of Tennessee, Jim Bautz Transportation March 1979 Transportation Center (202) 426-4984 Brokerage Concept K. Heathington, Director

Bibliography may not have been published in sufficient UMTA University Research and Training quantity for general distribution. However, Program Abstracts Proj. UPP-30 This list of reports contains those they may be obtained by writing to the Urban Mass Transportation Administration published fronn January 1976 to the person listed as the technical contact in the February 1978, PB 278-646/ AS present. For each report, a National project summary chart. Technical Information Service (NTIS) Finally, additional reports relating to TRANSIT MANAGEMENT, PRODUCTIVITY, in will become docunnent number, if available, is listed the research this chapter AND EFFICIENCY during the upcoming year. For following the publication date. Reports available Bus Actuated Signal Preemption Systems: may be ordered though NTIS by using the information on these reports and for A Planning Methodology order blanks provided at the back of this suggestions on additional reference Proj. WI-n-0003 document. materials, call or write to the technical University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee Reports not available through NTIS contact associated with each project. May 1976, PB 265-797

193 Improving Urban Mass Transportation The Legal Framework for Collective Bargaining IMPROVING TRANSPORTATION IN CENTER Productivity in the Urban Transit Industry CITIES Proj, MA- 11-0026 Proj. WI-1 1-0004 Transit's Role in the Creation of the Polycentric Harvard University University of Wisconsin, Madison City: An Initial Assessment February 1977, PB 266-920 November 1976, PB 266-1 10 Proj. WA-1 1-0005 Design for a National Urban Transportation University of Washington Reporting System TRANSPORTATION FOR THE ELDERLY AND August 1977, PB 275-043 Proj. PA-11-0002 HANDICAPPED Urban Corridor Trip Distribution Models: A University of Pennsylvania 1976, Study of the Chicago Area Using the Census PB 259-002 Assuming Responsibility for Mobility of Elderly UTPP Data and Handicapped: The Role of Transit Proper- The Role of Security in Marketing Urban Mass Proj. I L-1 1-0008 ties, Transit Planners, and Social Transportation Service University of Illinois, Chicago Circle Agencies in L- Small Cities. Proj. I 11-0008 September 1977, PB 275-161 Proj. NC-1 1-0004 University of Illinois, Chicago Circle North Carolina A&T State University Factors Influencing the Success of Company- February 1977, PB 271-224 July 1976, PB 267-231 Based Carpooling Programs Factors Influencing the Adoption of Proj. NC-1 1-0004 Management Innovation in the CTA North Carolina A&T State University 1-0002 Proj. WI-1 TRANSPORTATION AND LAND USE May 1976, PB 259-434 Marquette University INTERACTIONS Taxicab Characteristics in Small and July 1976, PB 226-154 Potential for Betterment District Financing and Medium-Size Cities Development of Performance Indicators for Joint Development Applications to Surface Proj. NC-1 1-0003 Transit: Final Report Transit University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill A- Proj. CA-1 1-0014 Proj. W 11-0005 January 1976, PB 251-984 University of California University of Washington, Seattle Vanpools for Urban Transportation — Their December 1977, PB 278-678 July 1977, PB274-618/AS Legislative Base, Promotion and Potential Transit Performance Measures: Their Proj. WA-1 1-0005 TRANSPORTATION PRICING Significance in Local Funding Allocation AND University of Washington, Seattle A- FINANCING Proj. W 11-0005 June 1977, PB 279-590 University of Washington Estimation of the Operating Cost of Mass Urban Design and Usage Factors of June 1977, PB 276-141 Transit Systems Paratransit Vehicles and Facilities Transit Authority Boards of Directors: Proj. NY-1 1-0012 Proj. NY-n-0011 Membership, Organization, Functions, and State University of New York, Stony Brook Pratt Institute Performance September 1976, PB 262-729/TBS Apnl 1976, PB 255-541 Proj. PA-1 1-0010 Sources of Non-Federal Support for Public Pennsylvania State University Transportation Programs in Non-Urbanized October 1976, PB 265-744 Areas The Effects of Labor Strikes on Bus Transit Use Proj. NC-1 1-0004 Proj. IN- 11-0003 North Carolina A&T State University, Purdue University Greensboro URBAN TRANSPORTATION 267-077 TECHNOLOGIES December 1976, PB June 1978, PB 284-410 Labor Relations in Urban Transit Monetization of Transportation Impacts: Policy Vehicle Follower Longitudinal Control for Proj. WI-1 1-0004 Evaluation Methodology Automated Guideway Transit University of Wisconsin, Madison L- Proj. I 11-0008 Proj. MN-1 1-0002 August 1977, PB 274-059 University of Illinois, Chicago Circle University of Minnesota April 1978, PB 284-585 February 1977, PB 264-554/TBS

194 Analysis and Design of Steering Controllers for A Computerized Bus Transit Management Employer Vanpool Programs: Factors in Their Automated Guideway Transit Vehicles Information System Using Credit Card Fare Success or Failure Proj. MA- 11-0023 Collection Information Proj. WA- 11-0005 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Proj. NY-1 1-0001 University of Washington Septennber 1976, PB 261-327 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute June 1977, PB 276-955 Apnl 1976, 255-982 Analytical Models for Guideway Surface PB Urban Freight Consolidation: Legal, Irregularities and Terrain Smoothing A Modal Split Model for High Density Urban Attitudinal, and Operational Considerations Proj.' TX-1 1-0001 Corridors Associated with Implementation

University of Texas, Arlington Proj. I L-1 1-0008 Proj. OH-1 1-0001 January 1976, PB 256-847 University of Illinois, Chicago Circle Ohio State University, Columbus March 1978, PB 284-745 May 1978, PB 286-547 Elementary Analysis — Manual Methods Trip The Location and Sizing of Urban Freight Distribution Modeling Terminals with Multiple Planning Periods: The

TRANSPORTATION ANALYSIS, PLANNING. Proj. I L-1 1-0008 Urban Terminal Investment Model [UTIM] AND EVALUATION University of Illinois, Chicago Circle Proj. OH-1 1-0001 March 1978, PB 285-179/AS Ohio State University, Columbus The Census and Transportation Planning: Sur- Market Segmentation Analysis: The Potentials December 1977, PB 286-490 vey of Evaluations and Recommendations as to of Cartographic Analysis and Census Data Methodology for Determining the Usefulness of 1970 Census Data In Urban A

Proj. I L-1 1-0008 Transportation Planning Characteristics of Small Shipments University of Illinois, Chicago Circle Proj. 1-0001 Proj. V A- 11-0003 OH-1 March 1978, PB 285-056 Ohio State University, Columbus Virginia Polytechnic Institute and 279-649 State University Methodology for identifying Urban July 1976, PB January 1976, PB 254-802 Transportation Technology Alternatives Management of Vehicular Traffic Facilities for

Proj. I L-1 1-0008 Better Transit Movement: Some Aspects Accessibility Applications in Urban University Of Illinois, Chicago Circle Proj. NY-1 1-0009 Transportation March 1977, PB 271-225 Polytechnic Institute of New York Proj. VA- 11-0002 December 1976, PB 267-942 Virginia Polytechnic Institute and Preliminary Systems Design for a State University Multi-Purpose Transit Planning and RAM: A Normative Tool for Transit Route January 1977, PB 269-240 Management Information System Planning Proj. WA- 11-0005 Proj. NY-1 1-0009 User Documentation for the Metropolitan University of Washington Polytechnic Institute of New York Accessibility Program March 1976, PB 255-178 September 1977, PB 275-213 Proj. VA-1 1-0002 Interactive Spatial Analysis and Display Utilization Income Groups Virginia Polytechnic Institute and An Taxicab by Lower State University System Proj. NC- 11-0004 A- 11-0005 January 1977, PB 269-239 Proj. W North Carolina A&T State University University of Washington, Seattle October 1976, PB 269-581 The Significance of Telecommunications as a July 1977, PB 280-693 Establishing Innovative Taxicab Services: Partial Substitute for Transportation Utilizing Geographic Basefiles for Proj. PA- 11-0013 A Guidebook 1-0005 Carnegie-Mellon University Transportation Analysis: A Network Basefile Proj, NC-1 University of North Carolina Septennber 1976, PB 284-718/AS System Proj. WA- 11-0005 August 1977, PB 278-647 Advanced Dial-A-Ride Algorithms Research University of Washington Project June 1977, PB275-586/AS Proj. MA- 11 -0024 Massachusetts Institute of Technology March 1976, PB 254-752

195

I

Appendices APPENDIX A delivery is provided by the NTIS telephone UMTA's Public Information Service Rush Order Service, (703) 557-4700, for an UMTA conducts an active public Sources of UMTA additional charge of $10.00 per document if information program through its Office of mailed or $6.00 if picked up at NTIS offices in RD&D Information Public Affairs. Announcements are made of Springfield, Va., or downtown Washington, important project milestones, usually through D.C. press releases. Anyone wishing to receive such National Technical Information Service press releases should write to the Office of Reports on UMTA research and Public Affairs. The office also publishes a development described in this volume are avail- UMTA Abstracts number of brochures, available upon request, able to the public through the National UMTA publishes an annual guide to its describing various UMTA programs and Technical Information Service (NTIS). NTIS is research reports entitled Urban Mass Transpor- policies. the principle repository and disseminating tation Abstracts. These volumes contain UMTA's activities are also reported agency for all reports issued in conjunction with abstracts of reports sponsored by UMTA which regularly in a magazine published by the federal research and development activities. To are available from NTIS. Each volume is and Department of Transportation and entitled order reports from NTIS, use the order indexed by author, title, project number, Transportation USA. This magazine is available numbers ("PB" numbers) listed after each subject. The abstracts are of reports done through the Superintendent of Documents. report citation in the chapter bibliographies. under UMTA research, development and lack of order number following the demonstration grants, technical studies grants, The an Congressional Hearings citation means that the report had not yet been and university research and training grants. The Each year UMTA, like all other federal entered into the NTIS system when this following volumes are available from NTIS: agencies, appears before the Senate and publication went to press. Volume I, October 1972, PB 213-212; Volume House Appropriations Committees to request Inquiries about the availibility or price of II, September 1973, PB 225-368/AS; Volume funds for the following fiscal year. reports should be addressed to NTIS, not to III, July 1976, PB 264-905/AS; Volume IV, An abundance of factual and statistical UMTA. The NTIS Order Desk telephone December 1977, PB 277-290/ AS. data concerning UMTA's present program, number is (703) 557-4650. Copies of the form and plans for the future are submitted. used for ordering NTIS documents are The Transit Research Information Center Committee members elicit additional reproduced at the back of this document. Another repository for UMTA reports is information through questioning. The entire Photocopies of the form may be used for the Transit Research Information Center (TRIO transcript, constituting a comprehensive record ordering reports. Payment must accompany which operates within UMTA's Office of of UMTA's activities, is published and may be orders. Prices vary in proportion to the size of Planning, Management and Demonstrations. obtained by writing to the two committees: the document and may be ascertained by TRIG maintains a full collection of all Subcommittee on Transportation, Committee phoning NTIS at the telephone number listed UMTA-sponsored reports. Although TRIC does on Appropriations, United States Senate, above. Most reports in NTIS are also available not stock copies of reports for distribution, it Washington, D.C. 20510; and Subcommittee on microfiche. Microfiche copies have a will provide, upon request, a one-page on Transportation, Committee on uniform price of $3.00 per volume for orders technical abstract of any report. It is also Appropriations, United States House of sent within the United States and $4.50 for possible to request abstracts of all UMTA Representatives, Washington, D.C. 20515. orders sent from abroad. reports related to a specific topic. TRIC Payment for either standard or microfiche publishes and distributes monthly abstracts of The Department of Transportation [DOT] copies is acceptable in cash, by check, postal new UMTA reports. Anyone wishing to receive Library money order, GPO coupons, or American these abstracts on a regular basis should DOT'S library began operation in 1969 Express. Postage stamps are not valid as address a request to: when the libraries of the Bureau of Public payment. It is possible to establish an account UMTA Roads, the Coast Guard and the Federal at NTIS, from which payments are withdrawn Office of Transportation Management Aviation Administration were consolidated. when documents are ordered. Transit Research Information Center The Bureau of Public Roads' library had The NTIS purchase price includes postage 400 Seventh Street, SW extensive materials on urban mass at the fourth class rate. Three to five weeks Room 6432 transportation and the collection has been must be allowed for delivery. Much faster Washington, D.C. 20590 substantially enriched since it was taken over

198 ) by DOT. The library maintains all reports who has been notified that a record he has APPENDIX B produced by UMTA's R&D progrann and requested cannot be disclosed, may apply in Urban Mass Transportation Grants and contains approximately 500,000 volumes and writing to the Administrator, Urban Mass Contracts: Application and pamphlets and 170 drawers of vertical file Transportation Administration, for Procurement Procedure material. The library receives more than 1 ,500 reconsideration of the request. The decision of periodical titles. Most materials are available for the Administrator is final. Introduction interlibrary loan. The Department of Transportation issues a Correspondence with UMTA publication entitled Contracting with the UMTA Files UMTA is responsive to letters of inquiry. Department of Transportation ( DOT P 4200. 1 In conformance with the Freedom of Infor- Letters addressed to the Administrator will be which provides information intended for mation Act, UMTA has established within the routed to the appropriate offices for reply. organizations desiring to do business with the Office of Public Affairs a document inspection UMTA headquarters and most offices are government. facility. This facility is open to the public during located in the Nassif Building at 400 Seventh The document is available free of charge regular working hours. The following records Street, SW, Washington, D.C. 20590. The from the Procurement Operations Division are available for inspection at the facility: Office of Civil Rights, the Office of Technology (M-43), Office of the Secretary, Department of • Any final opinions and orders made in Development and Deployment, two divisions of Transportation, 400 Seventh Street, SW, the adjudication of cases and issued the Office of Administration and two divisions Washington, D.C. 20590. While neither the within the administration; of the Office of Planning, Management and pamphlet nor this appendix is a substitute for • Any policy or interpretation issued Demonstrations are located in the Transpoint the official rules and regulations governing within the administration, if that policy Building, 2100 Second Street, SW, procurement, they should provide useful or interpretation can reasonably be ex- Washington, D.C. 20590. The Office of the background information and serve as initial pected to have precedential value in Secretary of Transportation and the DOT guides in a somewhat complex field. any case involving a member of the library are located in the Nassif Building. public; • Any administrative staff manual or in- Methods of Funding struction to the staff which affects any Most of UMTA's research and member of the public; development is performed by organizations • An index to the material described equipped with expert staff and appropriate above. instruments and tools. If the organization is another federal agency, its services are paid for Any person desiring to inspect such a record by the interagency transfer of funds. If it is a or to obtain a copy must submit a written public body (e.g., a city, a public or private request, specifying the record, to the Director university, or a nonprofit institution), the of Public Affairs, Rm. 9330, Urban Mass Trans- funding is usually provided under a grant portation Administration, Nassif Building, 400 contract. To engage the services of private industry or comimercial establishments, Seventh Street, SW, Washington, D.C. 20590. UMTA enters into procurement contracts in Each request for a copy must be accompanied accordance with federal procurement by the appropriate fee. Prices for various kinds regulations. of copies are given in 49 C.F.R., Part?, Section 7.95. Photocopies are 25 cents for the first page and 5 cents for each additional page. The fees Grants prescribed may be paid by check, draft or The award of grants is essentially a postal money order, payable to the Treasurer of two-step process involving the Administrator's the United States. approval of the project and the amount of the Any person to whom a record is not made grant deemed necessary to accomplish it, available within a reasonable time after followed by the execution of a grant agreement submission of a written request, or any person which becomes the basic document describing

199 the mutual obligations of the government and specialties of these firms has been issued. Any applicants. On the contrary, every proposal will the grantee with respect to the project. company or individual may be placed on the be reviewed and responded to as promptly as

Interagency transfer of funds involves only the Bidders' List upon request. Copies of the possible. It must be recognized, however, that

Administrator's approval and the execution of application form for the Bidders' Mailing List budgetary and program constraints make it an interagency working agreement. These are available at all government procurement necessary to select for further consideration methods of funding are relatively offices, and a copy is attached to the DOT only the most promising projects which appear uncomplicated; the project work can begin, pamphlet. Contracting wit/i t/ie Department of to be soundly conceived and most relevant to with assurance of funding, as soon as the Transportation. The completed form should be the needs of the budgeted program. Proposals grantee or other agency is notified of the mailed to Program and Operational Support selected for further consideration will usually approval. Division (UAD-72), Urban Mass Transportation require substantial documentation as the basis Administration, Department of Transportation, for detailed review including, as appropriate, a Contract Procurement 2100 Second Street, SW, Washington, D.C. comprehensive analysis of engineering and The contract procurement process is more 20590. economical implications. complex, since it is circumscribed by an No one whose address is on the Bidders' UMTA's Evaluation of Proposals extensive body of federal contract law, federal List, however, should feel assured of receiving The primary criteria employed in procurement regulations, decisions of the notification of all RFP's that may be of interest evaluating proposed R&D projects (both Comptroller General, and numerous court to him. Notifications are made selectively to solicited and unsolicited) are: decisions. The purpose of these regulations firms which have claimed special skills or • Potential contribution to R&D program and rulings is to ensure that the basic principle resources closely related to the topics covered plan and objectives; of fair and open competition for government by the RFP, and there is much latitude in the • Potential for wide national application; contract work is maintained. Since UMTA's interpretation of nomenclature of the • Extent of the potential information to R&D program has increasingly emphasized thousands of specializations that may be be developed; new and improved technology, it has tended to involved in various R&D projects directed • Degree of innovation incorporated; look mostly to private industry for its project toward the problems of urban mass and procurement work and to rely heavily on the transportation. • Potential for eventual funding support contract method. by UMTA's Capital Assistance Procurements for the federal government Unsolicited Proposals Program. are accomplished either by formal advertising UMTA's R&D program has been UMTA has drawn up a set of guidelines for or by negotiation. Most UMTA procurements formulated after several years of study and the content and format of applications. These for R&D programs use negotiation. The experience. It is the product of a thorough will be mailed, on request, to potential negotiation process involves a Request for planning process which continually updates applicants. Proposals (RFP), designed to generate and refines the programs. Each project is part competition that will obtain industry's best of a unified program which is translated into a Subcontracting efforts toward achieving UMTA's objectives. budget, months prior to the execution of any Another possible means of participating in Each UMTA RFP is also designed to enable project. UMTA's procurements is by subcontracting. In potential suppliers to compete on an equal For these reasons, the lead time between many instances, an UMTA prime contractor basis; each includes such items as scope of the birth of a concept and the initiation of wishes to use another firm for professional work, delivery schedules, types of contracts, project implementation is lengthy. It is, services, construction or equipment. Thus, if a closing date, technical evaluation factors, and therefore, improbable that even a highly firm considered itself well qualified to perform expected terms and conditions. competent and very promising unsolicited one aspect or part of a project for which

RFP's and Bidders' Mailing List proposal would fit immediately into UMTA's another firm has been chosen, the first R FP's estimated at $5,000 or more are R&D program or that there would be mentioned firm could approach the prime synopsized in the Commerce Business Daily. In uncommitted funds to finance it. contractor and offer its goods or services on a addition UMTA's Procurement office notifies The above statement of impediments in subcontract basis. by mail a large number of businesses on its the proposal-to-project path are not intended to The Commerce Business Daily is a source Bidders' Mailing List when an RFP involving the discourage serious and well qualified of information about contract awards. These

200 are published, for the most part, for the benefit circular (C4900.1 ), "Application Instructions for serving minority groups; of potential subcontractors. University Research and Training Program," • Degree of involvement with local urban both of which can be requested from UMTA. transportation problems; and Cost Sharing They include a suggested format and detailed • Extent to which the institution is willing In Sonne cases when a grant or instructions for preparing an application. to share the costs of the project. procurement contract is awarded, financial Proposals should be submitted to A proposal that does not result in a grant participation by the performing organization Department of Transportation, Urban Mass may be retained by UMTA. However, it will not may be required. This is intended to serve the Transportation Administration, University be made available outside UMTA without the mutual interests of the federal government and Research and Training Division, 400 Seventh consent of those who signed the proposal or the performing organization by helping to Street, SW, Washington, D.C. 20590. their successors in office, except to the extent assure efficient utilization of the resources that disclosure thereof may be required by a available for the conduct of research projects court of competent jurisdiction. Proposals may Evaluation of URT Proposals and by promoting sound planning and prudent be withdrawn by the applicant at any time prior Proposals submitted to UMTA will be fiscal policies by the performing organizations. to final action by UMTA. reviewed and evaluated by persons selected The requirement for cost sharing is determined Additional information may be obtained by from within the Department of Transportation. on an individual project basis. The proportion calling (202) 426-0080. It is essential that proposals be complete and of federal funding support to be supplied to an organized according to the specified format as authorized R&D project is determined by the set forth in the above-mentioned brochure to Administrator of the Urban Mass Transporta- permit equitable evaluation. Each proposal will tion Administration. be reviewed as an entity, but elements of the University Research and Training [U RT] Grants budget may be negotiated with the applicant. University Research and Training (URT) Thus, amounts less than those requested may Grants are made to public and private nonprofit be approved. institutions of higher learning performing re- UMTA will use the following factors when search and offering training in urban deciding on grant awards: • transportation fields, such as economics, social Relevance of the program to urban sciences, engineering, physical sciences, law, transportation; public administration, and urban or • Merits of the scientific and technolo- metropolitan planning. gical aspects of the research program and research methodology; • program with the URT Proposals Compatibility of the institution's and DOT's goals of In the late summer UMTA normally issues meeting future manpower require- an announcement in the Commerce Business ments in urban mass transportation; Daily inviting submittal of grant proposals. This • Quality of the performing staff; announcement will provide any specific or • yearly policy guidance necessary. It will also Consistency of budget estimates with provide a deadline submittal date. the type and level of the proposed work; A formal proposal must be submitted • Geographical location of the applicant outlining in detail the proposed research or institution (an effort will be made to en- training program, as well as a detailed courage the establishment of research delineation of the organization, staff, faculty, and training programs throughout the and budget. When necessary, UMTA country to ensure broad relevance to personnel can provide informal assistance in metropolitan problems); interpreting the guidelines and preparing the • Extent to which opportunities are pro- formal application. UMTA prepares each year vided for participation of minority an announcement brochure and also has a groups and colleges and universities

201

Indices 1

AGENCY/CONTRACTOR INDEX Agency/Contractor Page Agency/Contractor Page A Abt Associates, Inc. 42,112 Champaign-Urbana Mass Transit District, III. 101 Administration and Managennent Research Charles River Associates 102, 110, 111, 118, 130 Associates (AMRA), Inc. 118,173 Chase, Rosen and Wallace, Inc. 176 Advanced Management Systems 14 Chicago, III., City of 163 Aerospace Corp. 54 Chicago Regional Transportation Authority 130 AFL-CIO Appalachian Council, W. Va. 162 Chicago Urban Transportation District 42 Allegheny County Port Authority, Pa, 102 Columbia Regional Association of Governments, Oreg. 152 Amencan Public Transit Association (APIA) 40, 41 53, 74 , Comprehensive Planning Organization, San Diego 153 Anderson, Arthur, and Co. 164 COMSIS,lnc. 141 ARI, Inc. 101,102 Conservation Foundation, The, Washington, D.C. 175 ATE Management and Service Co. 154 Control Data Corp. 174 Atlanta Regional Commission, Ga. 152 Council for International Urban Liason, Washington, D.C. 176 Austin, Tex., City of 1 10 Cram and Associates 41, 101, 102, 110, 118, 130 Automated Management Systems 86

B D Baltimore, Md., City of 67 Barber, Richard J. Associates, Inc. 176 Dallas-Fort Worth Airport, Tex. 68 Battelle Columbus Laboratory 53,84 Dallas, Tex., City of id Bechtel Corp. 43 Danville, III., City of 102 Berkley, Lawrence, Laboratories 40 Dave Systems, Inc. 25 Bi-State Development Agency, St. Louis, Mo. 153 DeLeuw Gather and Co. 41, 54, 86, 111, 130, 174 Boeing Aerospace 53 Delon Hampton and Associates 42 Denver Regional Boeing Co. 41 Transportation District, Colo. 1 1 Boeing Vertol Co. 40,41 Detroit Department of Transportation, Mich. 162 Bolt, Beranek and Newman, Inc. 41 Detroit, Mich., City of 66 Booz, Allen and Hamilton 14 Dunlap and Associates 53 Boston Dynatrend, Inc. Redevelopment Authority, Mass. 1 18 66 Brockton Area Transit Authority, Mass. 102 Budd Co. 40 E C Ecoplan International 175 CACLInc. 129,130 Ecosometrics, Inc. 110,174 California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) 14, 85, 162 Ensco, Inc. 42 California Institute of Technology 54 California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory 43 Calspan Corp. 41 _ 43 F Cambridge Systematics, Inc. 84, 111, 118, 119, 129, 143 Capital District Transportation Authority, Albany, N. Y. Ill First Data Corp. 24,25 Carnegie-Mellon University 24, 102, 130, 131 Forward Management Association 164 Central Ohio Transit Authority 111 Foster Miller Associates, Inc. 43, 86 204 1

Agency/Contractor Page Agency/Contractor Page

L

Garrett AiResearch 40 Lawrence, Mass. City of 102

General Motors Corp. 53 Lea, N . D. , and Associates 40, 84 Georgia Institute of Technology 54 Lea, N.D., Transportation Research Corp. 86 Gill, Dudley W. and Associates 86 Little, Arthur D., Inc. 86 Gladstone Associates 173 Los Angeles, Calif., City of 66 Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District, Calif. 130 M Gould Information Identification, Inc. 25

Greater Bridgeport Transit District, Conn. • 129 Madison, Wis., City of 110 Grey Advertising, Inc. 101,163 Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) 154, 162 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) 24, 43, 54, 129, 141 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, H Center for Transportation Studies 152 Memphis, Tenn., City of 118 Haley and Aldrich, Inc. 43 Mercer County, N.J. 101 Harris, F.R. 66,67 Metro Area Transit, Omaha, Nebr. Ill Holmes and Narver 42 Metropolitan Atlanta Regional Transit Houston, Tex., City of 66,119 Authority (MARTA), Ga. 43 Metropolitan Dade County, Office of Transportation Administration, Fla. 41, 129 I Metropolitan Transit Authority (MTA), Baltimore, Md. 43 IBM Corp. 53 Metropolitan Transportation Commission, Calif. 152 Illinois Institute of Technology 41 Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments, Indianapolis, Ind., City of 67 Washington, D.C. 152 Input/Output Computer Services 85 Miami, Fla., City of 66 Institute of Public Administration 173 Mid-America Regional Council, Mo. 152, 154 International Business Services, Inc. (IBS) 164 Middlesex County Planning Board, N.J. 152 International Management Resources, Inc. 24 Minicars, Inc. 85 International Taxicab Association 173, 174 Minneapolis Metropolitan Transit Commission 129

MITRE Corp., METREK Division 25, 40, 53, 54, 66, 84, 85, 1 1 Mobility Systems 54, 66 J Montgomery, Ala., City of 102

Multisystems, Inc. 24, 101 , 1 10, 1 18, 1 19, 129, 154 Jacksonville, Fla., City of 67 Jacksonville Transportation Authority 110 N James, Fred S., and Co. 163 162 JHK Associates National Association of Counties 173 53, 54 Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Lab National Center for Internship Programs 162 K National Center for Urban Ethnic Affairs 175 National Institute for Advanced Studies 153 National Institute for Community Development 142 Kaman Avidyne ' 42 Kinston, N.C., Cityof 102 National League of Cities 173 Knoxville, Tenn., Cityof 110,130 New Jersey Department of Transportation 1 1

205 Agency/Contractor Page Agency/Contractor Page

New York City Planning Commission 101 Smith, Frank C. and Associates 53 Norfolk, Va., City of 67 Smithsonian Institution, The 86 North Central Texas Council of Governments 154 Southern California Rapid Transit District (SCRTD) 25, 130

Nortfiern Virginia Transportation Commission 1 19 Southern Ohio Regional Transit Authority (SORTA) 163 SRIInternational 84,86 O State University of New York, Buffalo 141 St. Bernard Parish Planning Commission, La. 129 Onyx Corp. 86 St. Louis, Mo., City of 67 Orange County Transit District 131 St. Paul, Minn., City of 66 Otis Elevator Co. 53 Systan, Inc. 24, 1 10, 119, 129, 130 P System Design Concepts 175 Systems Architects, Inc. 25 Pacific Consultants 42 Systems Technology Associates, Inc. 40 Palm Beach County Transportation Authority, Fla. 101 Parsons, Brinkerhoff, Quadeand Douglas 43 PB Decision Group 40 T Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Co. 141 , 142 Tacoma, Wash., City of 153 Peninsula Transportation District Commission, Va. 131 Tidewater Transportation Commission, Va. 130, 154 Pennsylvania State University 111 TRAAC Associates Phoenix, Ariz., City of 110 41 Transportation Assistance, Inc. Port Authority of Allegheny County, Pa. 130,162 15, 24, 85, 102 Transportation Research and Analysis Corp. 67 Port Authority of New York and New Jersey 55 Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Portland Cement Association 42 Sciences 175 Tri-County Metropolitan Transportation District of Oregon 101 Port of Seattle, Wash. 54 15, Tn-State Regional Planning Commission, N.Y. 163 Price, Williams and Associates 142 55, 101, 118, 152, Princeton University 142 Providence, R.I. City of , 118 U Public Technology, Inc. 163, 173, 175 Puget Sound Council of Governments, Wash. 141 , 152 University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana 42,43 University of Maryland 24 R University of Michigan 74 University of Pennsylvania 162 Regional Plan Association, Inc. 142, 175 University of Southern California 163 Rice Center 84 University of Southern California, Rochester-Genesee Regional Transportation Authority, N.Y. 129 Institute of Safety and Systems Management 74 Rohr Industries 53 University of Tennessee 130 Roosevelt Island Development Corp. 15 University of Virginia 53 Rouse, W. V. and Co. 85 University of Wisconsin 15 S Urban Consortium for Technology Initiatives 143 Urban Institute, The 129, 173, 174 Sacramento Regional Transit, Calif. 110 Urban Land Institute 173, 175 San Francisco, Calif., City of 119 Urbitran Associates 85 Santa Barbara Metropolitan Transit District, Calif. 129 U.S. Conference of Mayors 173

206 Agency/Contractor Page V

Vancouver, Wash., City of 110 Vera Institute of Justice 102 Verve Research Corp. 153 Voorhees, Alan M., Inc. 143,175 Vought Corp. 53 W

Warshawer, Alan A., and Associates 85 Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority, (WMATA), Washington, D.C. 43,85 Wells Research Co. 174 Westport Transit District, Conn. 129 West Virginia Board of Regents (WVBOR) 68 West Virginia Departnnent of Welfare 102 Wilson, Ihrig and Associates 41 X

Xenia, Ohio, City of 129

FEDERAL AGENCIES

Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce 143, 174 Civil Aeromedical Institute, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) 41 Civil Engineering Research Center, Bureau of Reclamation, Department of the Interior 42 Department of Transportation (DOT) 67 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Department of Transportation 142 General Services Administration 86 National Bureau of Standards, Department of Commerce 67, 85, 142 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), Department of Transportation 85 Naval Underwater Systems Center, Department of the Navy 86 Office of Human Development, Department of Health, Education and Welfare 153 Office of the Secretary, Department of Transportation 25, 143 Transportation Safety Institute, Department of Transportation 74 Transportation Systems Center (TSC),

Department of Transportation 14, 15, 24, 25, 41 , 42, 43, 53 66,67, 74,84,86, 101, 102 110, 111, 112, 118, 119, 129, 130 131, 142, 162, 163, 164

207 PROJECT INDEX

Project Project Title Page Project Project Title Page

AL-06-0003 User Side Subsidy for the Elderly and Handicapped 102 CA-09-7002 Downtown People Mover Preliminary Engineering Grant 66 AL-06-0006 International Transit Compendium 86 CA-09-7003 Downtown People Mover Preliminary Engineering AZ-06-0002 Transit Fare Prepayment with Reduced Price Promotion 1 10 Grant 66

CA-03-0131 Downtown People Mover Preliminary Engineering CA-1 1-0001 Organizational Alternatives for Metropolitan Services 185 Grant 66

CA-1 1 -0002 Los Angeles County Transportation Commission Public CA-06-0082 State DOT Role in Urban Transportation Training and Policy Study 185 Education 162 CA-1 1-0016 Effect of Organizational Size on Transit Productivity CA-06-0088 Technical Development 54 AMTV and Employee Satisfaction 190 CA-06-0091 Independent PRT Studies 54 CA-1 1-0017 Shared Ride Taxi as Community Public Transportation 185 CA-06-0094 Systems, Phase IIA Design, Industries AGRT ROHR 53 CA-1 1-0018 The Cost of Work Rules 189 CA-06-0095 Orange County Computerized Demand Responsive CO-06-0008 AGRT Systems, Phase IIA Design, Otis Elevator Co. 53 Transit 131 CO-06-0010 Off-Peak Fare-Free Transit Demonstration 111 CA-06-0095 Vanpool Demonstration Program, Golden Gate 130 CT-06-0007 Integrated Taxi/Fixed Route Transit'Systems 129 CA-06-0098 Safety of Wheelchair Loading and Securement Systems 85 CT-06-0008 Planning Study: Integrated Transit System with Economic Impacts 129 CA-06-0102 Transit Fare Prepayment Through Employers 110 DC-06-0023 Regional Productivity Seminars 163 CA-06-0103 Wheelchair Access Evaluation 14

DC-06-0121 Railcar Standardization • 40 CA-06-0105 Development of a Safety Program Plan 74 DC-06-0123 System Safety and System Assurance Support 74 CA-06-0108 AGT Hydrostatic Drive Studies 54 DC-06-0124 Surveyof Travel to Work 174 CA-06-0109 Employment Center Subscription Service 130 DC-06-0132 An Assessment of the State Use of Section 9 Funds 86,173 CA-06-0110 Transit Marketing Educational Development Project 163 DC-06-0138 Casebook on Joint Development Practices 175 CA-06-01 12 Downtown People Mover Preliminary Engineering Grant 66 DC-06-0142 AGRT Systems, Phase IIA Technical Studies, American Public Transit Association 53 CA-06-01 14 Bicycle-Transit Integration 129 DC-06-0144 Surveyof Travel to Work 174 CA-06-0116 Planning Support 40 DC-06-0150 Joint FHWA/UMTA Training Agreement 162 CA-06-01 18 Improved Transit Priority Lanes in San Francisco, Calif. 119 DC-06-0154 ATIS Prototype Demonstration 85

CA-06-01 19 Technical Support for Phase II AVM System 25 DC-06-0155 Survey of Public Transportation Services in Small CA-06-0175 Elderly and Handicapped 41 Urban Areas, 10,000-200,000 Population 173

CA-09-0042 Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) Impact Study 152 DC-06-0158 Chemical Grout Test Section 43

CA-09-7001 Prototype Elderly and Handicapped Planning Data DC-06-0160 Low Cost Ride-Sharing Computer System for Collection Study: San Diego 153 Knoxville, Tenn. 24

208 Project Project Title Page Project Project Title Page

DC-06-0163 Improving Center City Environment and Transportation 175 DC-06-0211 Study of Loran-C Land Reception and Stability 25

DC-06-0167 Stockholm Inclined Elevator Assessment 86 DC-06-0213 Impacts of Foreign Rail Car Competition on the U.S. DC-06-0174 National Personal Travel Sun^/ey 174 Economy and the Financial Health of Domestic Suppliers 176 DC-06-0175 Paratransit Technical Support and Independent Studies 24 DC-06-0214 Conference on Joint Development and Multi-Agency DC-06-0178 Use of Census Data and Design of Machine Funding 173 Independent Software Language for UTPS 142 DC-06-0215 Safety and Product Qualification Training Program 74 DC-06-0179 Subway Exhibit and Catalogue 86 DC-06-0216 National Academy of Science, Transportation ' DC-06-0180 National Transit Intern Project 162 Research Board (TRB) 175 DC-06-0182 Tunnel Standardization 42 . DC-06-0227 UTPS Maintenance and Enhancement 142 DC-06-0186 National Design Practices Manuals 41 DC-06-0240 UTPS User Aids 142 DC-06-0187 Dissemination Support through Urban Consortium 143 DC-09-7001 Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority DC-06-0188 Conference on Urban Revitalization 175 (WMATA) Impact Study 152

DC-06-0189 Surveyof Travel to Work 174 DC-09-9006 Planning for Coordination of Elderly and Handicapped Services 153 DC-06-0193 Software Maintenance and Distribution 24 DC-09-9010 Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) Impact Program 152 DC-06-0196 AMTV Market Estimates 86 DC-1 1 -0006 Negotiating the Subway by the Elderly and DC-06-0198 Application of New Urban Travel Forecasting Handicapped, Metro: A Case Study 191 Procedures 142 DOT-TSC-0181 Transit Mall Study 118 DC-06-0199 Low Cost Van Pool Computer System for DOT-TSC-1168 Attitude Measurement Techniques for Transportation Knoxville, Tenn. 24 Planning and Evaluation 112 DC-06-0200 Crash Protection System for Handicapped Passengers FL-03-0050 Downtown People Mover Preliminary Engineering in School and Transit Buses 85 Grant 66 DC-06-0201 Section 15 Processing System 164 FL-06-0015 Total Accessibility Demonstration, Palm Beach, Fla. 101 DC-06-0203 Developing Intra-Neighborhood Transportation FL-06-0016 Demonstration of Various Transit Fare Prepayment Systems 175 Instruments Through Employers 110 DC-06-0204 Gas Turbine Bus 14 FL-06-0017 Double Tee Girders Full Scale Test 41 DC-06-0205 Project Definition for Battery Bus Evaluation 15 FL-06-0018 Dade County Integrated Transit 129 DC-06-207 Communications Program: Urban Transportation FL-09-7001 Downtown People Mover Technical Feasibility Study 67 Innovations Abroad 176 FL-09-7002 Downtown People Mover Preliminary Engineering DC-06-0208 Census Software and Data Interface with UTPS 143 Grant 66 DC-06-0209 Muck Utilization 43 FN-06-0003 Analysis of the Application and Impact of TSM DC-06-0210 Support of Regional Workshops on Paratransit Techniques in Revitalizing Selected Urban Areas in Implementation 174 Europe 175

209 Project Project Title Page Project Project Title Page

GA-06-0007 Rock Station and Tunnel Test Section 43 IN-1 1-0004 Management Performance Audit Guidelines 189

GA-06-0009 Engineering Modification and Test of Transette 54 IT-06-0026 Advanced Subsystem Development Program (ASDP) 40

GA-09-0037 Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit 152 IT-06-0026 Advanced Concept Train 40

GA-09-0038 Autfiority (MARTA) Impact Study 152 IT-06-0050 Interactive Planning System Design Support 142

GA-1 1-0006 Administrative Experience and Innovations in Urban IT-06-0076 Collection of Disaggregate Data Set 142 Mass Transportation Systems 192 IT-06-0078 Transit Marketing Project 163 GA-1 1-0008 Predicting Citizen Acceptance of Transportation IT-06-0084 Paratransit: Large Regional Analysis 24 Improvements: Neighborhood Organization and Cohesion as Indicators 185 IT-06-0094 Project Fare, Task V 164

GA-1 1-0009 A Training Program for Minorities in Transportation IT-06-0102 Automatic Bus Diagnostic Systems 163 Engineering 193 IT-06-0103 Study of Methods of Improving LRT Service HI-1 1-0002 Student Intern Training and Research Program 193 02 174

IA-1 1-0001 Evaluation of the Impacts of Federal Transportation IT-06-0103 Means for Reducing Light Rail Transit Cost Through Programs in Small Urban Areas 192 -03 Standardization of System Elements 174

IL-06-0032 Transit Security Demonstration 162 IT-06-0125 Self-Cancelling Ticket 86

IL-06-0034 User-Side Subsidy Demonstration 102 IT-06-0126 Accelerating Walkways 55

IL-06-0035 Paratransit Reporting System 174 IT-06-0127 Assessment of Conventional and Innovative Methods for Financing Public Transportation 173 IL-06-0039 Total Accessibility Demonstration, Champaign-

Urbana, III. 101 IT-06-0131 Railcar Standardization 40 Transit Track Noise Test Section IL-06-0042 42 iT-06-0132 Impact of Fare Collection on Bus Design 14 Paratransit Brokerage IL-06-0048 RT A 130 IT-06-0135 Assessment of Domestic AGT Systems 84 1-0012 Monitoring the Implementation of Innovative Public IL-1 IT-06-0148 AGT Vehicle Longitudinal Control and Reliability 53 Transportation Services 188 IT-06-0150 AGT Vehicle Lateral Control and Switching 53 IL-1 1-0023 Integrated Paratransit Transportation Planning for Low Travel Densities 188 IT-06-0152 AGT Guideway and Station Technology 54 IT-06-0153 of Inner City Transportation 102 IL-1 1-0025 Development of a Handbook on Transportation Issues 185 Study IT-06-0154 for the Handicapped IL-1 1-0026 Integrating Project Worthiness into a Cost Coordinated Services 101 Effectiveness Framework for Alternatives Analysis 185 New York City IT-06-0157 Independent Assessment 84 lL-1 1-0027 Urban Transportation Energy Accounts, Analysis and Morgantown Methods 191 lT-06-0159 Impacts of Rural Transit Funding Options 174

IN-09-0017 Downtown People Mover Technical Feasibility Study 67 IT-06-0160 The County Role in the Provision of Public in Areas 173 IN-1 1-0003 A Comprehensive Analysis of Transit Efficiency and Transportation Non-Urbanized

Productivity 189 IT-06-0164 Escalator Modification Kit 86

210 Project Project Title Page Project Project Title Page

IT-06-0165 AGT Socio-Economic Research Program: Markets 84 IT-G9-0G78 Kansas City TSM Prototype Planning Study 152

IT-06-0167 AGT Research Dissemination 85 IT-G9-0G86 Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority IT-06-0168 Generic Alternatives Analyses 85 (WMATA) Impact Study 152 IT-G9-GG89 Middlesex County TSM Prototype Planning Study 152 IT-06-0169 AGRT Systems, Phase II, Availability Analysis 53 IT-G9-GG97 IT-06-0170 Energy Policy Study 175 Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA) Impact Study 152 IT-06-0172 Stockholm Inclined Elevator Assessment 86 IT-09-01G2 Accessible Bus Evaluation: St. Louis 153 IT-06-0173 Public Risk Transit Management 163 IT-G9-0103 Kansas City TSM Prototype Planning Study 152 IT-06-0175 Railcar Standardization ' 40 IT-G9-9GG6 Analysis of Existing Elderly and Handicapped Services 153 IT-06-0176 AGT Socio-Economic Research, Technical Support 84 IT-G9-9GG8 Bus System Monitoring System 154 IT-06-0180 Downtown People Mover Technical Support 66 IT-09-9GG9 Data Collection System for Planning Services for IT-06-0181 Downtown People Mover Technical Support 66 Elderly and Handicapped Persons 153 IT-06-G182 Downtown People Mover Technical Support 66 IT-G9-901G Planning for the Phase-In of Accessible Buses 153 IT-06-0183 Downtown People Mover Technical Support 66 IT-09-9011 Course in Transit Operations and Planning 154

IT-06-0186 AGRT Systems, Pre-Phase MB Technical Studies 53 IT-G9-2GG1 Dulles Airport: Improved Access Program 119 IT-06-0188 Further Domestic (AGT) Assessments 84 LA-G6-GG02 Taxicab Feeder to Bus Service 129

IT-06-G189 Aerobus Assessments 84 MA-G6-0G11 Bus Operator Validated Test Battery 162

IT-06-0190 AGRT Systems, Pre-Phase IIB Technical Studies 53 MA-G6-GG25 Alleviation of Pressure Pulse Effects for Trains Entering Tunnels 43 IT-06-0193 Electric Trolley Bus Feasibility Study 176 MA-06-0G25 Design Recommendations for Concrete Tunnel Liners 43 IT-06-0204 Paratransit Vehicle Prototype Procurement 14 MA-G6-GG25 Development of an Extruded Tunnel Lining System 43 IT-06-0206 Battery Bus Test and Evaluation 15 MA-G6-G025 Economic Factors 42 IT-06-0209 Metric Conversion Planning 86 MA-G6-0G25 Elderly and Handicapped 41 IT-G6-0210 Manual System for Section 15 164 MA-G6-GG25 Elevated Structures 41 iT-06-G214 Downtown People Mover Technical Support 67 MA-G6-GG25 Fracture Control in Tunnel Blasting 43 iT-G6-G216 Downtown People Mover Communications 67 MA-06-0G25 Handbook of Urban Rail Noise and Vibration Control 41 IT-G6-0232 Vehicle Rehabilitation 163 MA-G6-0G25 Improved Design Procedures for Tunnel Supports 43 IT-06-G234 MPO Data for Section 15 164 MA-G6-GG25 In-Service Test and Evaluation of Wheel-Rail Noise IT-06-G235 Maintenance Specification Manual 163 Control Treatments of SEPTA 41 IT-06-G238 Transit Market Information Exchange Project 163 MA-G6-G025 LRV Cost Reduction 40

IT-06-9G2G Short-Range Transit Planning 141 MA-G6-G025 Materials Handling Systems Study 42 IT-G9-GG68 Portland, Oregon TSM Prototype Planning Study 152 MA-G6-GG25 MBTA Site Exploration 43

211 Project Project Title Page Project Project Title Page

MA -Od-0025 Smokeless Cable 41 MA-06-0054 Shared Ride Taxi Requirements 25

MA -06-0025 Socio-Economic Impacts 42 MA-06-0056 Dual Mode Transit Planning Case Study; Milwaukee 143 -06-0025 MA Standard Specifications for Concrete Ties for Rapid MA-06-0060 Mass Transit Safety and Product Qualification 74 Transit 42 MA-06-0060 16(b>2 Vehicle Problems and Qualifications 74 MA -06-0025 Steerable Truck 41 MA-06-0060 WMATA Technical Assessment 40 MA 06-0025 Subway Environmental Simulation: Emergency

Ventilation 43 MA-06-0066 Evaluation of Diesel Taxi , 15

MA -06-0025 Track Geometry Measurement System 40 MA-06-0067 Assessment of Domestic AGT Systems 84 MA -06-0025 Transit Track System Study 42 MA-06-0069 Assessment of AIRTRANS, VAL, Minitram and Cabinlift/Cabintaxi 84 MA -06-0025 Tunnel Design and Construction 42 MA-06-0071 Rochester Demonstration Support: Control MA -06-0025 Tunneling Technology Workshops and Seminars 42 Procedures Design 24 -06-0025 Tunnel Liners and Sealants MA 42 M A-06-0074 Evaluation of the Feasibility of Developing a Bus MA -06-0025 Vehicle Crashworthiness 41 Operator Training Simulator 162

MA -06-0025 Vehicle-Induced Forces 42 MA-06-0074 Rail Systems MIS 164

MA -06-0039 Developmental Support 141 MA-06-0076 User Subsidy for the Elderly 102

MA -06-0041 Phase II, Systems Management of Multi-User AVM MA-06-0078 Coordination of Human Service Transportation 102 Demonstration Project 25 MA-06-0081 Downtown People Mover Technical Support 66 -06-0046 Sims MA RUCUS, 163 MA-06-0081 DPM Winterization Program 67 -06-0048 ACT, Development of Measures of Service Availability MA 53 MA-06-0084 Paratransit: Large Regional Analysis 24 -06-0048 Systems Safety and Passenger MA ACT Security 53 MA-06-0085 AGT Platooning and Entertainment 54 MA -06-0048 AGT Systems Operations Studies 53 MA-06-0086 Technology Sharing Support 86 -06-0049 Evaluation of Accessible Full-Size Services MA Bus 101 MA-06-0089 Boston Area Restricted Zone 118 -06-0049 Transfer Policy and Cost Study MA 111 MA-06-0090 A Model Relating Transportation to Neighborhood MA -06-0049 Transit Reliability Study 118 Change 141

MA -06-0051 Fire Safety in Transit Systems 74 MA-06-0092 Programmable Desk Calculator TSM Planning Methodology 141 MA -06-0054 Laboratory Facility 25 MA-06-0093 14 r\r^ r\r\r' a Flywheel Energy Storage MA -06-0054 Paratransit Cost — Benefit Analysis 24 MA-09-7001 Transit Surveillance Prototype Study: Boston 154 MA -06-0054 Paratransit Pilot System Software 25 MA-09-9003 Development of Methods for Evaluation of TSM -06-0054 Program Support: Paratransit Integration MA 25 Alternatives 152 MA -06-0054 Review and Assessment of Paratransit Operating MA-1 1-0008 Area Responses to Transportation System Experience 24 Management (TSM) Requirements 187

212 1

Project Project Title Page Project Project Title Page

MA-1 1-0030 An Examination and Evaluation of Selected Funding MI-06-0019 Comprehensive Employee Assistance Program 162 Issues in Urban IVlass Transportation 191 M 1-09-0038 Downtown People Mover Preliminary Engineering MA-1 1-0031 Evaluating Radial Corridor Auto Restraint and Transit Grant 66 Priority Measures 188 M 1-09-0039 Downtown People Mover Preliminary Engineering MA-1 1-0033 Transportation in Urban Development and Grant 66 Revitalization 187 M 1-1 1-0003 Feasibility of Joint Development in Selected Transit MD-06-0014 UTPS Software Development Statistical Method 142 Station Locations in the Detroit Area 187

MD-06-0023 UTPS Technical Support and Dissemination . 142 MN-03-0017 Downtown People Mover Preliminary Engineering Grant MD-06-0024 General Bus Procurement Specifications 14 66 MN-06-0008 Commuter Services Brokerage Demonstration MD-06-0024 Transbus RampMockup 14 129 MN-06-0009 Downtown People Mover Preliminary Engineering MD-06-0025 AGRT Systems, Phase IIA Technical Studies, Grant Johns Hopkins University 53 66 MN-09-0024 Downtown People Mover Preliminary Engineering MD-06-0027 Computer Algorithm for Subscnption Bus Scheduling 24 Grant 66 MD-06-0029 Precast Concrete Liners Test Section 43 MO-09-0014 Downtown People Mover Technical Feasibility Study 67 MD-06-0030 Liability and Casulty Insurance for Paratransit MO-09-7001 Kansas City Energy Contingency Planning Prototype Providers 173 Study 154 MD-06-0031 Transit Fare Prepayment 110 NC-06-0063 User Subsidy for the Elderly and Handicapped 102 MD-06-0032 UTD Special Reports and Discussion Papers 86 NC-1 1-0008 Local Transportation Finance: Cost Sharing MD-06-0034 Paratransit Implementation Guidance and Reference 174 Arrangements of Towns and Cities 192 MD-06-0035 Flammability Studies of Materials Used in DPM's 67 NE-06-0003 Transit Resource Productivity Demonstration 111 MD-06-0037 ATIS Technical Support 85 NE-1 1-0001 The Development of an Evaluation Framework for MD-06-0038 AGT Independent Control Studies 54 Transportation System Management Strategies 187

MD-06-0039 Precast Concrete Liners Test Section 43 NE-1 1-0002 Measuring the Influence of Subsidies on Transit Productivity and Efficiency 190 MD-06-0041 Enhanced Transit Cost Model (UCOST) 141 N J-06-0008 Elderly and Handicapped Social Service Coordination MD-06-0046 MACRO-Manual Revision 141 Demonstration 101 MD-06-0082 General Bus Procurement Specifications 14 NJ-06-0010 USS Transit Station Simulation Model 142 MD-09-0014 Downtown People Mover Technical Feasibility 67 Study NJ-1 1-0007 Workshop on Interactive Applications ofUMTA/FHWA

MD-09-9001 Use of Existing Data in Elderly and Handicapped Planning Tools for the Analysis of Policy Issues 193 Transportation Planning 153 N J-52-0001 Fare-Free Off-Peak Transit Service i 1 MD-11-0003 The Development of a Transportation Needs NY-06-0047 Joint Development: A Value Capture Project 173 Assessment Methodology for Neighborhood Preservation Areas 186 NY-06-0048 Integrated Demand Responsive— Fixed Route Transit Systems 129 M 1-03-0063 Downtown People Mover Preliminary Engineering Grant 66

213 1

Project Project Title Page Project Project Title Page

N Y-06-0053 Vera Institute Experimental Transportation for the PA-06-0035 Ride Sharing Paratransit Agency Study 102 Elderly and Disabled 102 PA-06-0040 Shared Ride Taxi Fare Collection System 24 NY-06-0054 Research on the Transportation Problems of the PA-06-0041 Analysis of Neighborhood Transportation: An Example Transportation Handicapped 101 of an Inner City Paratransit Service 130 NY-06-0055 New York City Waterborne Mass Transportation 118 PA-06-0042 Implementation of an Agent/ Broker to Coordinate NY-06-0056 Broadway Plaza Transit Mall 118 Paratransit Services 102

NY-06-0057 Review of Local Alternatives Analyses of AGT PA-06-0042 Pittsburgh Paratransit Broker Demonstration 130 Case Studies 85 PA-06-0045 Case Studies in Human Resources Management in NY-06-0061 Study to Identify Relevant Cnteria for Selection of Public Transportation 162 Sites for Fixed Guideway Systems 175 PA-06-0046 ASDP Unpowered Testing 40 NY-06-0063 Downtown People Mover (DPM) Planning Manual 142 PA-06-0047 Promotional Transit Fare Incentives Demonstration NY-06-0064 CBD Off-Peak, Fare-Free Transit 111 Design 111

NY-06-0068 Transportation Corridor Sketch Planning Model 141 PA-06-0048 Shared Ride Taxi (SRT) Fare Calculation 131 NY-1 1-0016 Evaluation of Ridership, Revenue, and Equity PA-06-0050 Employee Absenteeism and Workmen's Compensation Implications of Distance-Based Fares for Transit Claims in the Transit Industry 162 Systems in Medium Sized Urban Regions 192 PA-1 1-0016 Planning and Design Guidelines for Transportation NY-1 1-0017 Long Range Directions for Urban Public System Management (TSM) 188 Transportation: A Study in Context 186 PA-1 1-0017 Self-Sustaining Public Transportation Services: NY-1 1-0019 Improving the Productivity of the Urban Transportation Analysis and Guidelines for Implementation 192 System 189 PA-1 1-0018 An Examination of the Factors Influencing the NY-1 1-0020 An Analysis of Joint Development Projects 187 Level of Success of Non-CBD Oriented Transit Lines Operation in Density NY-1 1-0021 What Are the Total Energy Advantages of Public Low Areas of Metropolitan Regions 189 Transportation? 191

OH-06-0022 Community Based Transit System 129 PR-1 1-0002 Increasing Efficiency in Bus Maintenance Operations 190 Life-Cycle Costing: General Feasibility 86 OH-06-0023 AGRT Systems, Phase !IA Technical Studies, RI-06-0007 Study Battelle 53 RI-06-0010 Providence Auto Restricted Zone 118 OH-06-0025 Evaluation of U.S. Applicability of Battle-Frankfurt TN-06-0006 Fare and Service Improvement Demonstration 110 Citizen Participation Technique for AGT Planning 84 TN-06-0006 Transportation Brokerage Demonstration Project 130

OH-06-0027 Transit Resource Productivity Demonstration 1 1 TN-06-0008 Memphis Auto Restricted Zone 118 OH-06-0029 Maintenance Need Analysis 163 TN-06-0010 Dissemination of the Transportation Brokerage OR-06-0004 An Elderly and Handicapped Service Approach for a Concept 130 Medium Sized City 101 TN-1 1-0002 Dissemination of the Transportation Brokerage OR-06-0005 Bus Noise Reduction 115 Concept 193

PA-06-0034 Elderly and Handicapped 41 TX-03-0035 Downtown People Mover Preliminary Engineering Grant 66

214 Project Project Title Page Project Project Title Page

TX-06-0018 Corridor Improvements in Houston, Texas 119 VA-06-0045 Bus Life-Cycle Procurement 14

TX-06-0020 AIRTRANS Upgrading 68 V A-Od-0047 TSM Institutional and Planning Research 1 /b

TX-06-0021 Transit Fare Prepayment with Reduced V A -05-0049 Self-Service/ Automatic Fare Billing Demonstration Price Promotion 110 Design 111

TX-06-0024 Downtown People Mover Preliminary Engineering VA-06-0050 Paratransit Planning Project 131 Grant 66 VA-06-0051 Elderly and Handicapped Program Plan 85 TX-06-0025 Planning and Analysis for Special Service VA-06-0052 ATIS Data Base Integration 85

Transportation Coordination , 101 VA-06-0053 ASDP Propulsion Assessment 40 TX-06-0026 DPM Aesthetic Evaluation 84 VA-06-0054 Voice Response 85 TX-09-0088 Downtown People Mover Preliminary Engineering ATIS Grant 66 VA-06-0055 DPM Maintenance Guideline Development 67

TX-09-7001 Dallas-Fort Worth Energy Contingency Planning VA-09-0035 Downtown People Mover Technical Feasibility Study 67 Prototype Study 154

VA-Oy-7001 Transit Surveillance Prototype Study: Norfolk 1 !D4 TX-1 1-0006 Joint Development and Value Capture Research 187 V A- 11-0006 Development of Integrated Transit Services for a 1 00 TX-1 1-0008 Study of Social Service Agencies Operating Transit Rural Suburban County loo Systems for Low Income Elderly and Handicapped V A- 11-0008 An Investigation of the Influence of Knowledge and to Improve Efficiency and Productivity 190 Information on Mass Transit Utilization lob

TX-1 1 -0009 Development of Cost Effectiveness Measures and a VA-1 1-0009 Development of Integrated Transit Services for a Planning Methodology for Transportation Services Rural Suburban County 189 for the Elderly and Handicapped 191 WA-06-0008 AGRT Systems, Phase IIA Design, Boeing Aerospace 53 UT-1 1-0001 Development of Methodologies for the Evaluation of Bus Route Performance through the Application of WA-06-0009 VDAS Failure Monitoring 54 Transit Performance Indicators 190 WA-06-0010 Price and Service Improvements Demonstration 1 lU VA-06-0023 AGRT Systems, Phase IIA Techinical Studies, MITRE VvA-06-00do Interactive Graphic Transit Design System Corp. 53 Demonstration 141 VA-06-0026 TechnicalSupportforPhasellAVM System 25 WA-09-0018 Seattle TSM Prototype Planning Study 152 VA-06-0030 Dual Mode Transit Planning Case Study: Orange WA-09-7001 Self-Identification Techniques Prototype Study loo County 143 WA-1 1-0002 Visualizing Congestion Patterns: A Policy Oriented VA-06-0033 Vanpool Demonstration Program, Norfolk 130 Feasibility Assessment lob VA-06-0035 Non-Contact Suspension Technology: Magnetic W A- 11-0006 Shopping Center Travel on Transit: A Review and Levitation 54 Evaluation of Recent Experience in the U.S. 186 VA-06-0037 Downtown People Mover Technical Support 66 W 1-06-0005 Flywheel Energy Storage: Management Systems VA-06-0041 ACT Independent Studies 54 Evaluation 15

215 Project Project Title Page WI-06-0006 Parking Pricing Demonstration 110

WI-1 1-0006 Union/Management Programs in Urban Transit 191

WV-03-0006 Morgantown People Mover System: Phase II 68

WV-06-0005 Morgantown People Mover System: Phase II 68

WV-06-0006 Morgantown People Mover System: Phase II 68

WV-06-0008 West Virginia TRIP program 102

W\/-06-0011 Transit Industry Employee Training Program 162

WV-1 1-0001 Feasibility of a Complementary Solution to the Bus Operator Scheduling Program 186

216 1 SUBJECT INDEX accelerating walkways, 52 technology information sharing, 48, 52 Transbus, 8, 9, 93 ACCESS system, 98 wayside technology, 51 wheelchair access to, 9 accessible bus see also Advanced Group Rapid Transit, see also accessible bus, high occupancy demonstrations, 92-95 Downtown People Mover, fixed guideway vehicles, Transbus, transit, transportation phase-in planning, 150 transit, Personal Rapid Transit Bus and Paratransit Technology, Office of, 7 see also bus, Transbus Automated Guideway Transit Applications, carpools, 126 accident reporting system, 71 Office of, 7 see also high occupancy vehicles, paratransit see also safety auto-restricted zones, 115 computer Advanced Concept Train (ACT), 29-30 demonstrations, 115 models in bus and paratransit programis, 21 Advanced Group Rapid Transit (AGRT), 47-49 policy research in, 170 software AIRTRANS, 62, 63 Automated Mixed Traffic Vehicles paratransit pilot system, 20 Urban Technology Program, 64-65 (AMTV), 77, 82 for Rochester demonstration, 19-20 alternatives analyses, 77-78, 179 Automated Transit Information System use in American National Standards Insitute (ANSI), (ATIS), 76, 78-79 alternatives analyses, 137 regulations of, 183 Automatic Vehicle Monitoring bus and paratransit integration, 123 American Public Transit Association (APTA) (AVM), 18-19, 22 bus scheduling, 123 on assessment team, 30 battery bus, 1 demand analyses, 137 in joint safety program, 70-72 Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) demand-responsive transit, 123, 128 Automated Guideway Transit Impact study, 146 dial-a-ride systems, 19-20 (AGT), 47-48, 49-52, 58-59 bicycle integration with transit, 125 Downtown People Mover assessments of, 77 brokerage aesthetic assessment, 78 computer simulation program, 50 demonstrations, 125-126 paratransit cost-benefit analysis, 137 conference on, 48 in elderly and handicapped services, 98 planning, 137-140 construction technology, 51 in paratransit, 125-126, 181, 184 ride-sharing programs, 123, 128 cost analyses, 52 Bureau of the Census, 172 see also Automated Transit Information definition of, 47 bus System (ATIS), Urban Transportation design guidelines and standards, 50 accessible bus, 150 Planning System (UTPS) Downtown People Mover Advanced Design Bus, 9 Coordinated transportation services (DPM), 47, 52, 59-63 air conditioning systems in, 12 demonstrations of, 95-98 environmental impacts of, 52 alternative propulsion systems for, 10-11 for the elderly and handicapped, 95-98 guideway and station technology, 51 automatic vehicle monitoring cost(s) hydrostatic drive, 51 (AVM), 18-19, 22 accounting system, 96-97 lateral switching, 51 communications system for, 22 analyses of Automated Guideway Transit, 52 linear induction motor (LIM), 49, 52 driver training, 157 life-cycle, 82 longitudinal system control, 51 maintenance manual for, 160 of light rail transit, 170-171 malfunction detection, 49 noise reduction, 11-12 operating, 20 moving belt system, 52 passive lifts, 9 of work rules, 181-182 Otis test vehicle, 49 priority treatment of, 116-117 demand-responsive systems, 20 passenger safety, 50 procurement, 9 passenger security, see also dial-a-ride, paratransit 50 rehabilitation of, 159-160 Personal Rapid Transit, dial-a-ride 50 route performance evaluation, 182 potential advanced reservations, 21 of, 47 scheduling, 180 reliability studies, 51 computer use in, 18, 19-20, 123 service, high speed, 117 19-20 socio-economic research in, 77-78 demonstrations, service, subscription, 125-126 49-52 diesel taxicab evaluation, 11 Supporting Technology Program, system monitoring, 151 217 Downtown People Mover (DPM) incentives, 106, 107 life-cycle costing, 82 aesthetic evaluation, 78 prepayment, 106-107 LIFT, 94-95

communications project, 59-63 pncing, 104-105, 128, 181, 183 light rail transit (LRT), 170-171 demonstration sites, 59-65 reduction, 106 performance specifications, 31

feasibility studies, 62 Federal Highway Administration see also rail (FHWA), 140 history of, 59 135, 138, management technical support for, 59-62 Federal Railroad Administration (ERA), 70-71 information systems, 160 see also Automated Guideway Transit, financing public transportation, 183 performance audit guidelines, 182 Morgantown People Mover fire safety, 33, 72 -union programs, 182 see also safety EASYRIDE, 97-98, 128 see also Transportation Systems fixed guideway transit, 171 elderly and handicapped Management (TSM) alternative analyses, 179 accessibility marketing, 158-159 site selection, 171 to bus, 9, 93-95, 149-150 of brokerage services, 126 see also Automated Guideway Transit to rail vehicles, 33 market flywheel to Transbus, 9 estimates of Automated Mixed Traffic in Advanced Concept Train (ACT) vehicle, 29 to transit, 19, 148-149, 183 Vehicles (AMTV), 82 in bus energy storage program, 10-11 to transit stations, 79, 149 research, 105, 109 cost-effective transit, 183 gas turbine engine, 10 metric conversion, 83 paratransit services, 123 handicapped Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit planning services for, 149 see elderly and handicapped, paratransit Authority (MARTA), 184 program plan, 79 Health, Education and Welfare, Morgantown People Mover (MPM) safety studies, 80-81 Department of, 97-98 assessment, 77 self-identification study, 149 high occupancy vehicle (HOV), description of, 63-64 survey of special transportation for, 94-95 priority treatments for, 116-117 National Aeronautics and Space transportation services assessment, 149 human factors Administration (NASA), 82 transportation services brokerage, 98 absenteeism and compensation claims National Fire Protection demonstration, 123 in transit, 158 Association (NFPA), 73 transportation services coordination, 149 attitude measurement, 109 National Highway Traffic Safety see also accessible bus, paratransit, cost of work rules for bus drivers, 181-182 Administration (NHTSA) Stockholm inclined elevator management case studies, 182 in joint program for elderly and electric trolley bus feasibility study, 171 organization size and handicapped safety, 80 energy employee satisfaction, 182 in joint program to reduce bus noise, 11-12 contingency planning, 150 Human Resources Division, 156-158 National Technical Information use in commuter transportation, 171 INET, 140 Service (NTIS), 2 use in public transportation, 183 international programs, 171 needs assessments Energy, Department of (DOE), 10 preservation areas, assessments of foreign automated for neighborhood 179 environment, center city, 170 guideway transit systems, 77 for transportation systems, 170 see also land use New Systems and Automation, Office of, 7 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 11-12 internships, 157 noise in joint program to reduce bus noise, 11-12 for minorities, 184 bus, reduction of, 11-12 National Transit Intern Project, 157 fare on elevated rail structures, 34

collection, 105-107 labor, union-managment programs, 182 urban rail demonstration design, 106, 108 land use, 169, 180 assessment of, 34-35 -free of-peak programs, 107-108 European techniques in, 171 abatement techniques, 33-34 -free zone, 105 urban revitalization, 169, 171 paratransit improvement demonstration, 105 transit mall's effect on, 115 advance request, 125

218 1

brokerage, 21, 98, 125-126, 184 coordinated services, 170 bus, 71 commuter services, 125 data collection, 172 school, 80 with transit, compared conventional 20 types of services, 168-172 for elderly and handicapped, 79-81 computer technology, 18, 19-21 Planning Assistance, Office of, 134 fire, 33, 73 coordination, 95-98 Planning Methods and in mass transit systems, 72-73 cost-benefit analysis, 20 Support (PMS), 135, 137, 138 product qualification for, 72 dispatching, 125-126, 128 Planning Methods and Support, Office of, 134 rapid rail, 33, 72 128 EASYRIDE, policy development, 169-170 systems reviews for, 71-72 in inner city analysis, 128 Policy Development, Office of, 167 training, 157 insurance, 126, 170 policy research, 170-171 in transit vehicles, 72-73 integration with fixed route systems, Policy Research, Office of, 167 tunnel, 33 18, 19-21, 123-125, 181 priority techniques, 116-117 Safety and Product Qualification, Office of, 7 implementation, 170 Program Evaluation, Office of, 172 Section 3 (d) and 3 (e) large regional analysis for, 20-21 rail, 28-39 see Urban Mass Transportation Act legal problems in, 124, 126 Advanced Subsystems Development Section 6 in low density areas, 181 Program (ASDP), 30 see Urban Mass Transportation Act as neighborhood systems, 170 light, 31 Section 9 PERT, 123 light rail vehicle (LRV), 31 see Urban Mass Transportation Act policy development, 169, 170 PCC cars, 32 Section 1 regulations governing, 124, 126 management information system, 160 see Urban Mass Transportation Act in rural areas, 100 noise Section 16 (b) 2 subscription bus service, 126, 128 abatement, 33-34 see Urban Mass Transportation Act taxi as, 123-124 on elevated structures, 34 Section 504 user subsidy on, 98-100, 128 rapid, 29 see Rehabilitation Act of 1973 vanpool as, 127-128 impact studies, 146 security, training in, 71 vehicle development, 10 subsystems development program Service and Methods Demonstrations, wheelchair access to, 10 (STARS), 30-31 Office of, 90-91 workshops in, 170 track and wayside technology, 36 shared-ride see also elderly and track geometry measurement subscription bus, 21 handicapped, transportation system (TGMS), 31 taxi, 20, 170 park-and-ride, 105 tunnels, 36-39 fare collection system, 128 parking pricing demonstrations, 106 vehicles vanpool, 19, 21 PERT, 123 Advanced Concept Train (ACT-1), 29-30 Social Security Act, Title XX of the, 95 Personal Rapid Transit (PRT), 50 State-of-the-Art Car (SOAC), 29-30 Socio-Economic and Special Projects, planning procurement, 32-33 Office of, 7 elderly and handicapped see also Light Rail Transit, transit, tunnels socio-economic research transportation 148-150 Rail and Construction Technology, Office of, 7 Automated Guideway Transit (AGT), 77-78 for energy emergencies, 150 regulatory reform, 169, 170 Downtown People Mover, 78 a fare-free transit program, 108 Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Section 504 of, 9, 79 special users integrated service, 123-125 Rochester demonstration, 123 see elderly and handicapped methods in Transportation Systems RUCUS, 140, 160, 180 standardization Management, 171 of light rail vehicles, 32-33 safety metric conversion, 83 of rail cars, 32-33 in automated systems, 50 for paratransit systems, 170 • of tunnels, 39 APTA program, in, 70-72 short-range transit, 150-151 STARS, 30-31 Automatic Vehicle Monitoring studies see also rail (AVM) contributions to, 22

219 State-of-the-Art Car (SOAC), 29-30 insurance, 159 Transportation Systems Center (TSC), 1 Stockholm inclined elevator, 81 maintenance, 160 safety programs, 70, 72-73 management-union taxicab programs in, 182 technology sharing program, 83 marketing, 109, 158-159 diesel, 11 Transportation System Management (TSM) operations, 159-160 as a feeder service, 124 area responses to, 180 planning, 146-148, 150-151 in paratransit service, 123-124 computer programs, 137-138, 140 pricing improvements, 104-106 shared-nde, 123-124, 179 evaluating strategy, framework for 180-181 productivity, 108-109, 181-182 integration dennonstrations, 124-125, 128 planning studies, 146-148, 181 Technology Development and Deployment, reliability, 116 policy studies, 171 in small urban areas, 169 Office of, 6-7 Transportation Test Center (TTC), 1, 34 social service operation of, 182-183 technology sharing and communications, 83 Rail Dynamics Laboratory, 34-35 station location, 180 ticket, self-cancelling, 82 Tri-Metropolitan Transportation District of transfer policies, 108 Title XX of Social Security Act Oregon (TRIMET), 95 utilization, impact see Social Security Act of information on, 179 Transportation Remuneration Incentive waterborne, track 116 Program (TRIP), 100 see also transportation rail, 28-39 trolley bus TRADE, 95 transit malls see electric trolley bus Broadway Plaza, 1 14-1 training 15 tunnels, 36-39 policy research in, 170 agreements, 148, 151 University Research and Training Grant study of, 115 of bus drivers, 157 Program, Office of, 167 Transit Reliability Information Program, 72 for minorities in Urban Mass Transportation Act transportation transportation engineering, 184 Section 3 (d) and 3 (e), 124 alternatives analyses, 179 in transit decision-making, 184 Section 6, 1 brokerage, 125-126 for transit marketing practitioners, 159 Section 9, 1, 2, 169, 171 in center cities, 180, 181 in transit planning, 148 Section 11,1,2 costs, 137, 140 in transit safety, 71 Section 16 (a) 2, 148 developing intra-neighborhood, 170 in transportation brokerage, 184 Section 16 (b) 2, 72-73 effect on public policy by, 168-172, 179, 180 in the Urban Transportation Planning urban revitalization financing, 169, 183 System (UTPS), 140, 184 see land use improving productivity in urban, 182 see also internships Urban Transportation Planning in the inner city, study of, 181 Transbus System (UTPS) 138-140 issues, 178-179 access ramp, 9 courses, 140, 184 in low density areas, 181 accessibility demonstrations, 93 user-subsidy implementation of, 181 decision, 93 attitude measurement in, 109 management, 159-160 design specifications, 9 demonstrations, 98-100 needs assessment, 179 see also accessible bus, bus organization of, vanpools, 125-128 transit 179 personnel problems in, 156-158 computer system, 19 cost, 182-183 pricing, 183 Veterans Administration, 79 county involvement in, 169 program impacts, 179 development plan, 109 walkways, 52 role in urban revitalization, 170 development in rural/suburban areas, 181 Washington Metropolitan Area rural, 169, 181 evaluation, 146-147, 151 Transit Authority (WMATA) systems, self-supporting, 183 financing, 169, 183 accessiblity of, 183 training programs, improvement demonstrations, 105-106 157, 159, 184 Automated Transit Information System Transportation Management, Office of, 134 integration with paratransit, 181 (ATIS) prototype demonstration for, 78 Transportation Research Board (TRB), 171 economic impact study, 146 in low density areas, 181 Transportation Safety Institute, 71 220 technical assessment of, 31 tunnel study, 38 waterborne transit, 116 wayside technology, 51, 36 wheelchair access, 9, 93-95 see also elderly and handicapped workshops in advanced use of Urban Transportation Planning System (UTPS), 184 in Automated Guideway Transit technology, 52 in joint development/value capture projects, 168-169 in life-cycle costing, 82 in paratransit implementation, 170 in transportation brokerage, 184 in urban revitalization, 170

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Prepared by Technology Sharing Office U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Research and Special Programs Administration Transportation Systems Center Kendall Square Cambridge, MA 02142 (617) 494-2486