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00 Dissertation in Full.Docx UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles The War People The Daily Life of Common Soldiers 1618-1654 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by Lucian Edran Staiano-Daniels 2018 © Copyright by Lucia Eileen Staiano-Daniels 2018 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION The War People The Daily Life of Common Soldiers 1618-1654 by Lucia Eileen Staiano-Daniels Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Los Angeles, 2018 Professor David Sabean, Chair This dissertation aims to depict the daily life of early seventeenth-century common soldiers in as much detail as possible. It is based on intensive statistical study of common soldiers in Electoral Saxony during the Thirty Years War, through which I both analyze the demographics of soldiers’ backgrounds and discuss military wages in depth. Drawing on microhistory and anthropology, I also follow the career of a single regiment, headed by Wolfgang von Mansfeld (1575-1638), from mustering-in in 1625 to dissolution in 1627. This regiment was made up largely of people from Saxony but it fought in Italy on behalf of the King of Spain, demonstrating the global, transnational nature of early-modern warfare. My findings upend several assumptions about early seventeenth-century soldiers and war. Contrary to the Military Revolution thesis, soldiers do not appear to have become more disciplined during this period, nor was drill particularly important to their daily lives. Common soldiers also took an active role in military justice. ii The dissertation of Lucia Eileen Staiano-Daniels is approved. Geoffrey Symcox Kathryn Norberg Jason Throop David W Sabean, Committee Chair University of California, Los Angeles 2018 iii Table of Contents List of Figures v List of Tables v Glossary vi The People x Money, Dates, and Measurements xiv Vita xvi Introduction: The War People 1 Chapter 1: Righteous Guys 14 Chapter 2: The Kind of People I Know You Will Like 46 Chapter 3: The Spinner-Lords of St Gallen 87 Chapter 4: No Flag Flies over an Honorless Man 120 Chapter 5: Masters in the Things of War 146 Chapter 6: To Be Happy Doing What You Want 185 Chapter 7: Making It in This Thing 222 Chapter 8: And To My Son the Breaking Wheel 262 Chapter 9: Those Who Remain 293 Conclusion: A Beautiful Regiment 327 Bibliography 332 iv List of Figures 2.1: Origins of Saxon soldiers, all decades of Thirty Years' War 50 2.2: Origins of Saxon soldiers, 1620s 51 2.3: Origins of Saxon soldiers, 1630s 52 2.4: Origins of Saxon soldiers, 1640s 53 2.5: Origins of members of the Mansfeld Regiment, 1625-1627 83 5.1: Tribunal signatures, Kaltoffen/Sonntag case, November 10, 1624 156 5.2: Tribunal signatures, Triptis case, 10 Jan 1625 162 7.1: Common infantry pay in gulden/month by specialization, 233 1619-1625 7.2: Common infantry pay by specialization and social background, 228 1619-1625 9.1: Steiner’s copy of sympathetic magic in the Mansfeld legal 317 documents List of Tables 2.1: Number of soldiers with non-German origins in the Saxon army 56 by decade 2.2: Number and percentage of soldiers by population of hometown 63 and branch of service 2.3: Number and percentage of nobles in Saxon cavalry, 1620s 65 2.4: Number and percentage of nobles in Saxon cavalry, 1630s 66 2.5: Number and percentage of nobles in Saxon cavalry, 1640s 66 2.6: Number and percentage of nobles in Saxon infantry, 1620s 69 v 2.7: Number and percentage of nobles in Saxon infantry, 1630s 70 2.8: Number and percentage of nobles in Saxon infantry, 1640s 70 3.1: Total value of missing cloth as enumerated by Schobinger and 94 Beyer, 3 Dec 1625 3.2: Total value of cloth that Steiner found in Winckelmann 103 Company, 11 Jan 1626 5.1: Assessores, Kaltoffen/Sonntag case, 21 Oct 1624 154 5.2: Transcription of tribunal signatures, Kaltoffen/Sonntag case, 157 November 10, 1624 5.3: Transcription of tribunal signatures, Triptis case, 10 Jan 1625 163 5.4: Tribunal, Camargo case, April 16, 1626 165 5.5: Tribunal, Wincklemann/Steter case, 9 June 1627 166 5.6: Tribunal, von Zwemer/von Bißing case, May 1631 167 5.7: Punishments in the Mansfeld Regiment 175 7.1: Infantry Officers’ Pay, 1619-1625 231 7.2: Common infantry pay in gulden/month by specialization, 232 1619-1625 7.3: Common infantry pay by specialization and social background, 236 1619-1625 7.4: Cavalry Officers’ Pay, Hoffahne Rolls 1624 240 7.5: Infantry Officers’ Pay, 1631 245 7.6: Cavalry Officers’ Pay, Franz Albrecht von Sachsen’s Regiment, 246 1632 9.1: Infantry strength in Mansfeld Regiment, September 1626-July 310 1627 vi Glossary Alfarez A Spanish rank, second in command of a Spanish company, combining the duties of Fähndrich and Lieutenant Arquebusiers Unarmored cavalrymen armed with a small long-barreled firearm Artikellbrief, Articles of War The document establishing a regiment, containing a list of rules for it. Bestallung, pl. Bestallungen Contract to order mercenary troops; often specifies payment. Compagnie, Compagnia Infantry company Cornet Cavalry flag bearer (See Fähndrich) or cavalry company Cram, Kram Of a soldier: Possessions, goods. Stuff. Of a civilian: House or shop Cuirassiers Cavalrymen armored in ¾ plate and armed with pistols Defensionsfändel Regional militia Doppelsöldner Pikeman; more rarely, any soldier who is paid more than usual Dragoons Mounted infantry who dismount to fight. The lowest branch of the service. Fähndrich Infantry flag bearer. See Cornet. Fahnenschmied Cavalry smith Feldwebel A medium-ranking company level infantry officer, responsible for deployment on the field Fendtlein, Fendlein, Fändlein, Fänlein, Infantry company Fähnlein Fourier A medium-ranking company level infantry officer, responsible for scouting out locations and provisioning on the march Führer A medium-ranking company level infantry officer. Their duties include tending the flag when the Fähndrich can’t. Gefreiter corporal Senior squad leader. One per infantry company. Listed first on the muster roll. Gefreiter, gefreyter Squad leader. One per every four infantrymen. vii Gemeinwebel A low-ranking company level infantry officer, possibly equivalent to sergeant Gerichtsgeschworener Member of a military tribunal Gerichtsschreiber Trial secretary Gewehr “Weapon.” Pike Hauptmann, pl. Hauptleute Infantry captain Impresarius Recruiting agent Jung The servant of a cavalry trooper Knecht When used for infantry: Landsknecht, common soldier. A term of respect. When used for cavalry: the servant of a cavalry trooper. Kriegscommissarius “Military commissioner” appointed by the head of state to oversee things like the mustering and payment of troops. Signs off on pay documents. Kriegsrecht Military law Kurtzgewehr “Short weapon.” Halberd Lancepassade An experienced soldier Life Company The colonel or head of state’s personal company Musterschreiber Company or regimental secretary. Recordkeeper. Oberst Colonel, commander of the most prestigious company in a regiment. Oberst-Lieutnant, Lieutenant Colonel Second in command of a regiment and commander of its second-most-prestigious company. Oberst-Wachtmeister Third in command of a regiment, commander of the third-most-senior company in a regiment Prima plana The first page of an infantry muster roll, and thus “the officers” Provost One of a regiment’s two top legal authorities. Convenes trials and helps determine punishments. Responsible for law enforcement within the regiment. Reformed officer Someone who used to hold a position in a reformed company or regiment. He is given the position of a pikeman but paid more than most pikemen, until they can find somewhere else to place him. viii Regiment 1. A body of infantry composed of more than one company and headed by a colonel. 2. Rules, system, regulations. The military legal order. To “come before the regiment” is to go to court. 3. Rod of office, “baton.” Rittmeister Cavalry captain Rotte Squad: four men and a squad leader Runtertzscher, rodelero A soldier who fights with a sword and a round shield; sword-and-buckler man Salva guardia Letter of safe-conduct, pass Schultheiss Bailiff. One of a regiment’s two top legal authorities. Convenes trials and helps determine punishment. Helps investigate crimes. Secretarius Secretary Seitengewehr “Sidearm.” Sword. Soldateska A derogatory term for mercenaries as a group. Söldner A neutral term for a mercenary or mercenaries. Squadron, escuadron Cavalry company To reform a unit To dissolve it Wachtmeister Company or regimental officer, responsible for setting watch in camp and on the march Wagenmeister Wagon master, responsible for the baggage train War People, People Kriegsvolk, Kriegsleute. The word members of the military community use for themselves. A positive term for soldiers. ix The People The Mansfeld Regiment (Das Mansfeldisches Volck) (1625-1627) Wolfgang von Mansfeld (Wolf): Colonel of the Mansfeld Regiment Michael Meder: Feldscher of his Life Company Mattheus Steiner: Regimental Bailiff and Secretary Hans Wolf von Schingo: Regimental Provost (until Dec 1626) Gottfried Reichbrodt: Regimental Provost (after Dec 1626) Theodoro de Camargo: Lieutenant Colonel, Infantry Victoria Guarde: his wife Margaretha de Pelegrinis: her maid Wilhem Stum: her page Anna Luisa Ségers Peter Georg Hoff Juan Gammert: his Flag-Bearer Theodoro de Camargo: his son Vratislav Eusebius von Pernstein: Lieutenant Colonel, Cavalry Eustachius Löser (Stach): Lieutenant Colonel, Cavalry Wolfgang Winckelmann: Infantry Third-In-Command and Regimental Quartermaster Hieronymus Sebastian Schutze: Flag Bearer David von Bernleben: Flag Bearer
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