World Events : How Shall We Then Live?
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CONCERNS in TYPOGRAPHY & CULTURE: a Case-Study Based on the Kotas of the Nilgiris INTRODUCTION Enveloped in Urban Settings
CONCERNS IN TYPOGRAPHY & CULTURE: A case-study based on the Kotas of the Nilgiris INTRODUCTION Enveloped in urban settings with languages and literacy being easily available to us, it is difficult for us to imagine that there do exist people, cultures and communities, who are still trying to figure ways of creating visual expressions to their verbal language! This paper introduces us to a script which was born in 2010 in the Neilgherries-The Kota script. In the middle of the vast Indian sub-continent amidst the glorious serenity of the south, lies the land of forgotten tribes who have made the high hills their abode since the past thousands of years. The convergence of the Western and Eastern ghats in an area which has been christened by the British as ‘Neilgherry’ provides these native tribes a home for their kind to flourish and prosper with all that the Nilgiri has to offer. These hills are the abode of some communities which live in perfect harmony with nature. But now, due to external factors such as globalization and urbanization they find themselves resisting the pressures of the outside world and are trying to preserve their ancient culture so that it does not fade with the onslaught of time. The CONTEXT of CULTURE Anthropologists conceived the modern concept of culture toward the end of the 19th century. The first really clear and comprehensive definition came from the British anthropologist Sir Edward Tylor. Writing in 1871, he defined culture as “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society” (Tylor 1871/1958,p.1). -
Some Principles of the Use of Macro-Areas Language Dynamics &A
Online Appendix for Harald Hammarstr¨om& Mark Donohue (2014) Some Principles of the Use of Macro-Areas Language Dynamics & Change Harald Hammarstr¨om& Mark Donohue The following document lists the languages of the world and their as- signment to the macro-areas described in the main body of the paper as well as the WALS macro-area for languages featured in the WALS 2005 edi- tion. 7160 languages are included, which represent all languages for which we had coordinates available1. Every language is given with its ISO-639-3 code (if it has one) for proper identification. The mapping between WALS languages and ISO-codes was done by using the mapping downloadable from the 2011 online WALS edition2 (because a number of errors in the mapping were corrected for the 2011 edition). 38 WALS languages are not given an ISO-code in the 2011 mapping, 36 of these have been assigned their appropri- ate iso-code based on the sources the WALS lists for the respective language. This was not possible for Tasmanian (WALS-code: tsm) because the WALS mixes data from very different Tasmanian languages and for Kualan (WALS- code: kua) because no source is given. 17 WALS-languages were assigned ISO-codes which have subsequently been retired { these have been assigned their appropriate updated ISO-code. In many cases, a WALS-language is mapped to several ISO-codes. As this has no bearing for the assignment to macro-areas, multiple mappings have been retained. 1There are another couple of hundred languages which are attested but for which our database currently lacks coordinates. -
India Country Name India
TOPONYMIC FACT FILE India Country name India State title in English Republic of India State title in official languages (Bhārat Gaṇarājya) (romanized in brackets) भारत गणरा煍य Name of citizen Indian Official languages Hindi, written in Devanagari script, and English1 Country name in official languages (Bhārat) (romanized in brackets) भारत Script Devanagari ISO-3166 code (alpha-2/alpha-3) IN/IND Capital New Delhi Population 1,210 million2 Introduction India occupies the greater part of South Asia. It was part of the British Empire from 1858 until 1947 when India was split along religious lines into two nations at independence: the Hindu-majority India and the Muslim-majority Pakistan. Its highly diverse population consists of thousands of ethnic groups and hundreds of languages. Northeast India comprises the states of Arunāchal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghālaya, Mizoram, Nāgāland, Sikkim and Tripura. It is connected to the rest of India through a narrow corridor of the state of West Bengal. It shares borders with the countries of Nepal, China, Bhutan, Myanmar (Burma) and Bangladesh. The mostly hilly and mountainous region is home to many hill tribes, with their own distinct languages and culture. Geographical names policy PCGN policy for India is to use the Roman-script geographical names found on official India-produced sources. Official maps are produced by the Survey of India primarily in Hindi and English (versions are also made in Odiya for Odisha state, Tamil for Tamil Nādu state and there is a Sanskrit version of the political map of the whole of India). The Survey of India is also responsible for the standardization of geographical names in India. -
Minority Languages in India
Thomas Benedikter Minority Languages in India An appraisal of the linguistic rights of minorities in India ---------------------------- EURASIA-Net Europe-South Asia Exchange on Supranational (Regional) Policies and Instruments for the Promotion of Human Rights and the Management of Minority Issues 2 Linguistic minorities in India An appraisal of the linguistic rights of minorities in India Bozen/Bolzano, March 2013 This study was originally written for the European Academy of Bolzano/Bozen (EURAC), Institute for Minority Rights, in the frame of the project Europe-South Asia Exchange on Supranational (Regional) Policies and Instruments for the Promotion of Human Rights and the Management of Minority Issues (EURASIA-Net). The publication is based on extensive research in eight Indian States, with the support of the European Academy of Bozen/Bolzano and the Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, Kolkata. EURASIA-Net Partners Accademia Europea Bolzano/Europäische Akademie Bozen (EURAC) – Bolzano/Bozen (Italy) Brunel University – West London (UK) Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität – Frankfurt am Main (Germany) Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group (India) South Asian Forum for Human Rights (Nepal) Democratic Commission of Human Development (Pakistan), and University of Dhaka (Bangladesh) Edited by © Thomas Benedikter 2013 Rights and permissions Copying and/or transmitting parts of this work without prior permission, may be a violation of applicable law. The publishers encourage dissemination of this publication and would be happy to grant permission. -
Ambiguity in Chhattisgarhi Language – Introduction and Prevention
© 2021 JETIR July 2021, Volume 8, Issue 7 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) Ambiguity in Chhattisgarhi language – Introduction and Prevention 1Pragya Bhagat, 2Dr.Chandrakant S. Ragit 1Department of information and language Engineering, Mahatma Gandhi Antarrashtriya Hindi Vishwavidyalaya, Wardha , Maharashtra, India 2 Pro-vice Chancellor and Director, Department of information and language Engineering, Mahatma Gandhi Antarrashtriya Hindi Vishwavidyalaya, Wardha , Maharashtra, India Abstract: We use sentences to express our sentiments. Sentences need to be grammatical in order to communicate. These grammatical sentences address the language. The use of words present in sentences to represent different situations is called ambiguity of the word. This research paper highlights the ambiguity and redressal of the words of natural language (Chhattisgarhi). In this research paper, we have compiled and analyzed data from various fields of Chhattisgarh language to understand the ambiguity present in Chhattisgarhi language and then highlighted their redressal. The main objective of this paper is to make aware of the ambiguity present in the Chhattisgarhi language and the rule based method used for its solution. This system is effective only for the prevention of word level ambiguity. Index Terms – ambiguity, Chhattisgarhi language, contextual rules, knowledge base I. INTRODUCTION All organisms express their dialogue through language. But the language used in dialog observation itself reveals many features. One of the different characteristics of the language is ambiguity. It is because of this characteristic of language that sometimes dialogue is also responsible for wrong transmission due to the multi meaning of the word present in the language. This feature of language is found in every natural language. -
Chapter One: Social, Cultural and Linguistic Landscape of India
Chapter one: Social, Cultural and Linguistic Landscape of India 1.1 Introduction: India also known as Bharat is the seventh largest country covering a land area of 32, 87,263 sq.km. It stretches 3,214 km. from North to South between the extreme latitudes and 2,933 km from East to West between the extreme longitudes. On this 2.4 % of earth‟s surface, lives 16% of world‟s population. With a population of 1,028,737,436 variations is there at every step of life. India is a land of bewildering diversity. India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the Figure 1.1: India in World Population south, the Arabian Sea on the west and the Bay of Bengal on the east. Many outsiders explored India via these routes. The whole of India is divided into twenty eight states and seven union territories. Each state has its own cultural and linguistic peculiarities and diversities. This diversity can be seen in every aspect of Indian life. Whether it is culture, language, script, religion, food, clothing etc. makes ones identity multi-dimensional. Ones identity lies in his language, his culture, caste, state, village etc. So one can say India is a multi-centered nation. Indian multilingualism is unique in itself. It has been rightly said, “Each part of India is a kind of replica of the bigger cultural space called India.” (Singh U. N, 2009). Also multilingualism in India is not considered a barrier but a boon. 17 Chapter One: Social, Cultural and Linguistic Landscape of India Languages act as bridges because it enables us to know about others. -
Hindi to Chhattisgarhi Translator
www.ijcrt.org © 2018 IJCRT | Volume 6, Issue 1 March 2018 | ISSN: 2320-2882 Hindi to Chhattisgarhi Translator 1Shubham Kumar sahu, 2Anupriya dutta , 3Manish Kumar sinha, 4Sachin ther Department of Information Technology, Bhilai Institute of technology ,Durg ,Chhattisgarh , India Abstract: - A natural language translator translates one language into another with the help of certain logic, rules and algorithms. Our work will translate Hindi language to Chhattisgarhi and vice-versa. We will also need a POS tagger for this which we have already created earlier and for making this work correctly we have taken help from linguistic expert from a university in Chhattisgarh who teaches Chhattisgarhi there. We have used an online tool Lingojam to make possible our translator is completely online and tool based. Keywords:-Translator, Chhattisgarhi, Hindi, lingojam I. INTRODUCTION To make a translator first we need to understand the basic structure of sentence of both the languages, here the best part is the script of the both the languages is same that is Devanagari , and the structure of the sentence is also 70-80% is the same so we don’t need a language parser for making a translator here, and only few parts are there where structure of the sentence is not same , there the lingojam tools provide re-ordering and arranging of sentences but for that the words should be tagged and for that we can use a POS(parts of speech) tagger for Chhattisgarhi and Hindi language both. Our work is completely new and nothing has been done for Chhattisgarhi language 1.1 ABOUT LINGOJAM It’s an Open Source Toolkit for Statistical Machine Translation.it is developed by Australian company. -
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Asia No. Language [ISO 639-3 Code] Country (Region) 1 A’ou [aou] Iouo China 2 Abai Sungai [abf] Iouo Malaysia 3 Abaza [abq] Iouo Russia, Turkey 4 Abinomn [bsa] Iouo Indonesia 5 Abkhaz [abk] Iouo Georgia, Turkey 6 Abui [abz] Iouo Indonesia 7 Abun [kgr] Iouo Indonesia 8 Aceh [ace] Iouo Indonesia 9 Achang [acn] Iouo China, Myanmar 10 Ache [yif] Iouo China 11 Adabe [adb] Iouo East Timor 12 Adang [adn] Iouo Indonesia 13 Adasen [tiu] Iouo Philippines 14 Adi [adi] Iouo India 15 Adi, Galo [adl] Iouo India 16 Adonara [adr] Iouo Indonesia Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Russia, Syria, 17 Adyghe [ady] Iouo Turkey 18 Aer [aeq] Iouo Pakistan 19 Agariya [agi] Iouo India 20 Aghu [ahh] Iouo Indonesia 21 Aghul [agx] Iouo Russia 22 Agta, Alabat Island [dul] Iouo Philippines 23 Agta, Casiguran Dumagat [dgc] Iouo Philippines 24 Agta, Central Cagayan [agt] Iouo Philippines 25 Agta, Dupaninan [duo] Iouo Philippines 26 Agta, Isarog [agk] Iouo Philippines 27 Agta, Mt. Iraya [atl] Iouo Philippines 28 Agta, Mt. Iriga [agz] Iouo Philippines 29 Agta, Pahanan [apf] Iouo Philippines 30 Agta, Umiray Dumaget [due] Iouo Philippines 31 Agutaynen [agn] Iouo Philippines 32 Aheu [thm] Iouo Laos, Thailand 33 Ahirani [ahr] Iouo India 34 Ahom [aho] Iouo India 35 Ai-Cham [aih] Iouo China 36 Aimaq [aiq] Iouo Afghanistan, Iran 37 Aimol [aim] Iouo India 38 Ainu [aib] Iouo China 39 Ainu [ain] Iouo Japan 40 Airoran [air] Iouo Indonesia 1 Asia No. Language [ISO 639-3 Code] Country (Region) 41 Aiton [aio] Iouo India 42 Akeu [aeu] Iouo China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, -
Text Pre-Processing and Parts of Speech Tagging for Kannada Language
Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology Issn No : 1006-7930 Text pre-processing and parts of speech tagging for Kannada language Saritha Shetty Department of Master of Computer Applications NMAM Institute of Technology, Nitte, Karnataka, India Email- [email protected] Savitha Shetty Department of Computer Science and Engineering, NMAM Institute of Technology, Nitte, Karnataka, India Email- [email protected] Abstract - The technique of assigning various parts of speech for each word in a text file is referred as Parts of Speech Tagging. This paper propounds assigning of POS for Kannada Language words by Hidden Markov Model. This paper also focuses on Kannada Language detection and Text pre-processing. POS tagger has been developed using Python programming panguage. Tkinter is used as an interface. Data accumulation for training and testing of the system is done from wikipedia, Kannada e-papers. 18000 words are trained and they are tested with 1000 words. The contrast amidst project generated output and physically tagged data results in correctness of accuracy for POS tagging. The correctness of 95% is achieved from the experimental outcome of the proposed System. Keywords – Hidden Markov Model, Text pre-processing, Lemmatization, Stemming, POS tagging I. INTRODUCTION Language is a medium through which human beings communicate with each other. There are around 7000 languages. Kannada is a language that is preponderantly used by people of Karnataka for communication. It is one among the 1750 languages spoken in India. Over 43.7 million people are the native speakers of this language. There is a special place for Kannada literature in Indian literature. -
The Indo-Aryan Languages: a Tour of the Hindi Belt: Bhojpuri, Magahi, Maithili
1.2 East of the Hindi Belt The following languages are quite closely related: 24.956 ¯ Assamese (Assam) Topics in the Syntax of the Modern Indo-Aryan Languages February 7, 2003 ¯ Bengali (West Bengal, Tripura, Bangladesh) ¯ Or.iya (Orissa) ¯ Bishnupriya Manipuri This group of languages is also quite closely related to the ‘Bihari’ languages that are part 1 The Indo-Aryan Languages: a tour of the Hindi belt: Bhojpuri, Magahi, Maithili. ¯ sub-branch of the Indo-European family, spoken mainly in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and the Maldive Islands by at least 640 million people (according to the 1.3 Central Indo-Aryan 1981 census). (Masica (1991)). ¯ Eastern Punjabi ¯ Together with the Iranian languages to the west (Persian, Kurdish, Dari, Pashto, Baluchi, Ormuri etc.) , the Indo-Aryan languages form the Indo-Iranian subgroup of the Indo- ¯ ‘Rajasthani’: Marwar.i, Mewar.i, Har.auti, Malvi etc. European family. ¯ ¯ Most of the subcontinent can be looked at as a dialect continuum. There seem to be no Bhil Languages: Bhili, Garasia, Rathawi, Wagdi etc. major geographical barriers to the movement of people in the subcontinent. ¯ Gujarati, Saurashtra 1.1 The Hindi Belt The Bhil languages occupy an area that abuts ‘Rajasthani’, Gujarati, and Marathi. They have several properties in common with the surrounding languages. According to the Ethnologue, in 1999, there were 491 million people who reported Hindi Central Indo-Aryan is also where Modern Standard Hindi fits in. as their first language, and 58 million people who reported Urdu as their first language. Some central Indo-Aryan languages are spoken far from the subcontinent. -
Tribal and Modern Voices in South Indian Kota Society
Richard K. Wolf Harvard University Tribal and Modern Voices in South Indian Kota Society The Kotas number about two thousand and live on the Nilgiri plateau in South India. Kotas refer to themselves by various terms that implicate indig- enous status, including “tribals,” ādivāsīs, and “mountain peoples.” Although in some situations Kotas stress their tribal status and in others they emphasize their modernity, most do not consider these to be in opposition. The ways Kotas view themselves today in relation to their forefathers, their spirits of the dead, their gods, and tribal and non-tribal others, are in various ways discern- able in Kota song texts and musical styles. Analysis of performance style and texts of Kota mourning songs, devotional songs, and popular styles provides nuanced perspectives on how Kotas position themselves socially and culturally in the contemporary world. keywords: Kota—Nilgiris—Tamil—tribal—music—indigeneity—modernity Asian Ethnology Volume 73, Numbers 1–2 • 2014, 61–89 © Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture s the articles in this special issue illustrate, the question of what constitutes A indigeneity in any part of the world is entangled with issues of who has the right to define and apply the term. To anthropologists, indigeneity is entangled with a technical notion of tribe and a concomitant set of social, political, and cul- tural structures. To those outside the academy, indigeneity conjures up a range of images associated with a community’s long-standing habitation in a place. To the state, indigenous groups are potent symbols of history and place that reso- nate internationally. -
Emotional Dimensions of Ritual Music Among the Kotas, a South Indian Tribe 1Iiiiiiil..1Iiiiii@
Emotional Dimensions of Ritual Music among the Kotas, a South Indian Tribe 1IIiiiiil..1IiiiII@ Richard K. Wolf Ethnomusicology, Vol. 45, No.3. (Autumn, 2001), pp. 379-422. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0014-1836%28200123%2945%3A3%3C379%3AEDORMA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-7 Ethnomusicology is currently published by Society for Ethnomusicology. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/journals/sem.html. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is an independent not-for-profit organization dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of scholarly journals. For more information regarding JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. http://www.jstor.org/ Sun Oct 8 15:06:372006 VOL. 45, No.3 ETHNOMUSICOLOGY FALL 2001 Emotional Dimensions of Ritual Music Among the Kotas, a South Indian Tribe RICHARD K. WOLF / Harvard University I. Theoretical Introduction ome, the prefix "ethno," in Ethnomusicology, implies that we have T the potential to delineate an indigenous way of thinking or represen tation, something fundamental about a cultural system, which can enhance our understanding of how music is related to the culture in which is it em bedded.