582 THE INTER-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS

REGIONAL REPRESENTATIVES Regional Representative of the Director-General for Regional Representative of the Director-General for Asia and the Far East: Ahsan-ud-Din North America: Harold Vogel Regional Representative of the Director-General for Regional Representative of the Director-General for Africa: Gabriel Akim Deko Latin America: Hernán Santa Cruz Regional Representative for Europe: P. L. Yates Regional Representative of the Director-General for Director, FAO Liaison Office with United Nations: the Near East: A. R. Sidky Joseph L. Orr

HEADQUARTERS AND REGIONAL OFFICES

HEADQUARTERS Food and Agriculture Organization Viale délie Terme di Caracalla Rome, Italy Cable Address: FOODAORI ROME

REGIONAL AND OTHER OFFICES FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Far East FAO Regional Office for Latin America (Northern Maliwan Mansion Zone) Phra Attit Road Oficina Regional de la FAO Bangkok, Thailand (Apartado Postal 10778) Hamburgo 63—4° Piso FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Far East Mexico 1, D.F., Mexico (Western Zone) 225 Jor Bagh Regional Office for the Near East New Delhi 3, India (Box 2223) Isis Building, 7 Sharia Lazoghli, Garden City FAO Regional Office for Africa Cairo, United Arab Republic P.O. Box 1628 Accra, Ghana FAO Regional Office for North America FAO Regional Office for Latin America 1325 C Street, S.W. Oficina Regional de la FAO Washington 25, D.C., U.S.A. (Casilla 10095) Cano y Aponte 995 FAO Regional Office for Europe Santiago de Chile Palais des Nations Geneva, Switzerland FAO Regional Office for Latin America (Eastern Zone) FAO Liaison Office with United Nations Escritorio Regional de la FAO United Nations, Room 2258 Rua Jardim Botanico, 1008 42nd Street and First Avenue Rio de Janeiro, Brazil New York 17, N.Y., U.S.A.

CHAPTER IV THE UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION (UNESCO)

A considerable expansion was brought about countries by the end of 1962. Countries joining in the activities of the United Nations Educa- UNESCO during the year were: Mauritania on tional, Scientific and Cultural Organization 11 January; Tanganyika on 7 March; Sierra (UNESCO)1 during 1963, particularly by the 1 For further information, particularly about the twelfth session of the UNESCO General Con- functions and organization of UNESCO, and its ac- tivities prior to 1962, see previous volumes of Y.U.N., ference, which met from November 9 to Decem- reports of UNESCO to the United Nations, and an- ber 12. nual reports of the Director-General to the General UNESCO's membership had risen to 113 Conference. THE UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION 583 Leone on 28 March; Yemen on 2 April; Algeria Three regional conferences of ministers of on 15 October; Mongolia on 1 November; Tri- education were held during 1962: in Santiago, nidad and Tobago on 2 November; Jamaica on Chile, for Latin America; in Paris, France, for 7 November; Rwanda on 7 November; Uganda Africa; and in Tokyo, Japan, for Asia. These on 9 November; and Burundi on 16 November. meetings dealt not only with gaps in national With Professor Paulo de Berredo Carneiro of budgets for meeting educational expenditure but Brazil serving as its President, the Conference also with provision by UNESCO of advisory voted a $39 million budget for 1963-64, as com- and operational functions for many projects in pared to $32.5 million for the two previous the educationally less developed parts of the years. In addition, during the current two-year world. period, UNESCO was to receive an estimated It was noted that in many countries the in- $13.3 million from the United Nations Expand- crease in school-age population had been greater ed Programme of Technical Assistance and ad- than the increased provision for education, ditional sums from the United Nations Special pointing to the inevitable rise in the number of Fund, for which UNESCO acts as executing uneducated, illiterate adults in the years to agency in large-scale projects involving second- come. Assistance to member States for improv- ary and technical education and scientific re- ing their education at all levels continued to be search. In 1962, 26 such projects were carried a fundamental task of UNESCO, involving, on, and commitments were made for 16 more. among other things, expert help for long-term The General Conference elected René Maheu educational planning, an essential need for pro- (France) as Director-General, to replace Dr. moting economic and social development. Vittorino Veronese (Italy), who resigned in Again, in 1962, Africa, with its large number 1961. It modified the composition of UNESCO's of newly independent countries, received the Executive Board, raising its membership from major share of UNESCO's educational budget 24 to 30 to keep pace with the increase in —a little under $600,000 of its regular budget UNESCO's membership. and some $1.7 million of United Nations tech- The General Conference also approved the nical assistance funds. Nearly all of the $1.5 construction of additional office space for million received for Africa from the Special UNESCO in the form of underground facilities Fund during the 1961-62 budget period was de- at a cost of $5,615,000, payable over 11 years voted to laying the foundation for a $7.5 million and to be financed partly from UNESCO's own programme for the eventual creation of some 12 resources and partly from bank loans to be teacher training institutes throughout Africa. guaranteed by the French Government. This activity was supplemented by an emer- The General Conference, in its decisions on gency programme for the development of educa- UNESCO's programme activities, voted to con- tion in Africa, which was created in 1960 and tinue key functions in six fields—education, the for which about $2.2 million had been pledged natural sciences, the social sciences, cultural by the end of 1962. This chiefly covered school activities, mass communication and interna- buildings, text-book production, the supply of tional exchanges—but added new features in- teachers, and basic surveys for educational plan- tended to meet needs that have arisen in mem- ning. It was under this programme that near- ber States. ly 60 secondary, technical and other senior teachers were supplied to Algeria at the request EDUCATION of the new Government. A total of $16.7 million of UNESCO's oper- UNESCO also increased its assistance to ational budget of $45 million during the two- African regional centres concerned with educa- year period ending in 1962 was devoted to the tion, either with the provision of more funds development of education. Of this educational or experts or both. These included: the school budget, $5 million came from the United Na- construction bureau at Khartoum in the Sudan, tions Expanded Programme of Technical Assist- which was seeking practical solutions to the ance and $5.1 million from the United Nations problems of school buildings in Africa, publiciz- Special Fund. ing what could be learned from such pilot build- 584 THE INTER-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS ing projects, and providing technical training carried out through the United Nations Relief for African architects and engineers ; a text-book and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the production centre at Yaounde, Cameroon, which Near East (UNRWA). was equipped during 1962 to produce 120-page The UNESCO General Conference in 1962 text-books at the rate of 2,500 per day; and approved the establishment of an International the UNESCO regional education centre at Institute for Educational Planning in Paris, Accra, Ghana. France, and gave UNESCO the task of pre- During 1962, UNESCO, in co-operation with paring a world-wide literacy campaign as a con- the Government of Madagascar, convened two tribution to the United Nations Development conferences at Tananarive. One considered the Decade. development of higher education in Africa, and the other dealt with curricula in secondary NATURAL SCIENCES education, in view of the large number of new In the natural sciences, the UNESCO General African nations developing their own school Conference approved a new preparatory pro- systems. gramme in scientific hydrology which was des- UNESCO's activities in the Congo (Leopold- tined to lead, by 1965, to an "international ville) continued during the year within the hydrologie decade"—a scientific study of prob- framework of the United Nations Operation lems responsible for the world's growing water in the Congo, which also remained chiefly re- shortage. sponsible for the financing of all programmes in During 1962, UNESCO continued to carry the Congo. out its surveys of the world's major seismic A major operation was to help the Congolese zones in order to improve seismological observa- Government in its recruitment of teachers from tory networks and standards of earthquake-proof overseas. Towards the end of the year, more construction. Following the disastrous earth- than 400 of the 500 sought had arrived. quake in Iran in September 1962, UNESCO UNESCO also increased its technical assistance sent an emergency scientific mission to the in the form of experts, nearly 80 of whom were stricken area. in service in the Congo during 1962, over half The UNESCO-sponsored Inter-Governmental of them in the Central and Provincial Ministries Océanographie Commission took over full re- of Education and in the National Pedagogical sponsibility in 1962 for co-ordinating the Inter- Institute. A plan for travelling teams of experts national Indian Ocean Expedition, involving to run refresher, in-service training courses for the participation of 40 ships and 20 nations. primary school teachers was also put into effect The Commission also approved a co-operative towards the end of the year, with two teams in investigation of the tropical Atlantic, to be the field. carried out in 1963. In all, UNESCO used a In Asia in 1962, UNESCO operated four two-year budget of some $450,000 to co-ordinate regional centres: an education office in Bang- $10 million worth of océanographie research. kok, Thailand; a school building centre in During 1962, UNESCO continued its pro- Bandung, Indonesia; a centre to train educa- gramme of stimulating research aimed at prob- tional planners at New Delhi, India; and a lems affecting the arid lands and the humid centre to train teacher educators at Manila, tropics. In UNESCO's arid zone work, stress the Philippines. The 10-year major project in was placed on problems of soil salinity and also, education for Latin America (due for com- at a symposium held at Lucknow, India, in pletion in 1966) was continued, with more December, on problems raised by the physio- emphasis on secondary and higher education. logical and psychological adaptation of men In the Arab States, the main feature of to life in hot, dry climates under conditions UNESCO's activity were the Beirut (Lebanon) of modern technological development. centre for training educational personnel, a In the basic sciences, UNESCO continued regional training centre for education for com- to aid international organizations working in munity development near Cairo, United Arab brain research and cell biology research. It Republic, and the education of Arab refugees, operated science co-operation offices in Latin THE UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION 585 America, the Middle East, and South and ordinated a number of archaeological expedi- South-East Asia. The UNESCO General Con- tions. ference also approved the appointment of a In July, UNESCO convened the first meeting science co-operation officer for Africa. In these of representatives of Governments adhering to areas, UNESCO also operated science teaching the Convention for the Protection of Cultural and scientific research projects under the United Property in the Event of Armed Conflict. By the Nations Expanded Programme of Technical end of 1962, this Convention had been ratified Assistance and the Special Fund. by 49 countries. A programme aimed at developing libraries SOCIAL SCIENCES led to a series of seminars: in Cairo on docu- In 1962, UNESCO kept up its aid to a mentation services in the Arab States; in Men- Latin American social science faculty at San- doza, Argentina, on university libraries in Latin tiago, Chile, and to the research centres at Rio America; and at Enugu, Nigeria, on public li- de Janeiro, Brazil, and at New Delhi, India, on braries in Africa. social and economic development in southern Four new albums in the UNESCO World Art Asia. At its headquarters, UNESCO continued Series were brought out in 1962, a year which to operate an analysis unit studying the role of also saw the appearance of four albums of this education, science, technology and mass com- series in low-cost paper-back versions. Index munication in economic development. Translationum was published in a new edition, The fifteenth session of the UNESCO-spon- listing 31,000 translations in 58 countries, and sored International Social Science Council was 17 volumes were published in the UNESCO held at Bellagio, Italy, from 16 to 19 April. Series of Representative Works as translations Other meetings organized by UNESCO in this from Arabic, Burmese, Bengali, Chinese, Japan- field included a study cycle on urbanization in ese, Persian and Viet-Namese into English and Africa, held at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; a meet- French. ing of experts in London, England, to prepare economics text-books adapted to the needs of MASS COMMUNICATION African countries; and a seminar in Mexico During 1962, UNESCO completed a four- on sociological research and problems of rural year survey, carried out at the request of the life in Central America. United Nations, of the "information famine" in A programme of publications in the fields the world's three main technological underde- of human rights, statistics, problems of rural life veloped regions—Africa, Asia and Latin Amer- and the social aspects of industrialization was ica. Results of this survey showed that about continued. Among subjects treated by the Inter- 70 per cent of the population of the world, or national Social Science Journal in 1962 were some 2,000 million people, still lacked adequate communication and information, changes in information facilities. "Adequate" facilities, ac- family structures, and the economic aspects of cording to a UNESCO minimum standard ac- education. cepted by the United Nations, consists of at least 10 copies of a daily newspaper, five radio CULTURAL ACTIVITIES receivers and two cinema seats for 100 persons. UNESCO continued in 1962 its subventions More than 100 countries and territories were for major associations in the arts, letters and below this minimum. humanities, including the International Council In September 1962, the United Nations Gen- for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies, the In- eral Assembly marked the culmination of this ternational Music Council, the International survey by unanimously adopting a resolution Theatre Institute, the International Council for urging Governments and all interested organiza- the Plastic Arts and the International Council tions to help the developing countries build up of Museums. their information media, which have an import- During the year, it also continued its activi- ant part to play in education and economic pro- ties to save the Nubian monuments in the gress generally. (See also pp. 341-45, on FREE- United Arab Republic and the Sudan and co- DOM OF INFORMATION.) 586 THE INTER-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS Training courses under UNESCO auspices tion of equipment required by mass communica- were continued at "centres of higher studies in tion personnel or by experts, scholars, physicians journalism" at the Universities of Quito (Ecua- and artists; the other dealt with the temporary dor) and Strasbourg (France). admission of materials for display or use at Representing a new initiative to bring exhibitions, fairs, and so forth, and granted UNESCO's work to the attention of a wider facilities to those of an educational, scientific public was the co-production with the United or cultural nature; Nations of a series of television films on the application of science and technology in develop- INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGES ing countries. Presented as an introduction to Over 2,000 grants and fellowships were ad- the United Nations Development Decade, the ministered by UNESCO's international ex- three completed programmes were made avail- change service in 1962, including 1,500 directly able to networks in member States for their use financed by UNESCO. This service covered ex- or adaptation. changes of teachers and students, as well as During 1962, six more countries became travel grants for workers and leaders of youth parties to the Agreement on the Importation movements. New editions were brought out of of Educational, Scientific and Cultural Mate- UNESCO's two main handbooks on interna- rials, bringing to 40 the number of States ap- tional educational opportunities, Study Abroad plying this agreement. Two conventions formu- and Vacations Abroad. A centre for briefing lated by the Customs Co-operation Council, in international experts, established outside Paris, consultation with UNESCO, entered into force continued to operate in 1962. in 1962. One facilitated the temporary importa-

ANNEX I. MEMBERSHIP AND CONTRIBUTIONS (Membership as of 31 December 1962; contributions as set for 1963-64)

CONTRIBUTION CONTRIBUTION Amount (in Amount (in MEMBER Percentage U.S. Dollars) MEMBER Percentage U.S. Dollars) Afghanistan 0.05 19,000 Dahomey 0.04 15,200 Albania 0.04 15,200 Denmark 0.55 209,000 Algeria* — — Dominican Republic 0.05 19,000 Argentina 0.96 364,800 Ecuador 0.06 22,800 Australia 1.58 600,400 El Salvador 0.04 15,200 Austria 0.43 163,400 Ethiopia 0.05 19,000 Belgium 1.14 433,200 Federation of Malaya 0.12 45,600 Bolivia 0.04 15,200 Finland 0.35 133,000 Brazil 0.98 372,400 France 5.67 2,154,600 Bulgaria 0.19 72,200 Gabon 0.04 15,200 Burma 0.06 22,800 Germany, Fed. Rep. of 5.44 2,067,200 Burundi 0.04 15,200 Ghana 0.08 30,400 Byelorussian SSR 0.50 190,000 Greece 0.22 83,600 Cambodia 0.04 15,200 Guatemala 0.05 19,000 Cameroon 0.04 15,200 Guinea 0.04 15,200 Canada 2.98 1,132,400 Haiti 0.04 15,200 Central African Republic 0.04 15,200 Honduras 0.04 15,200 Ceylon 0.08 30,400 Hungary 0.53 201,400 Chad 0.04 15,200 India 1.94 737,200 Chile 0.25 95,000 Indonesia 0.43 163,400 China 2.50 950,000 Iran 0.19 72,200 Colombia 0.25 95,000 Iraq 0.08 30,400 Congo (Brazzaville) 0.04 15,200 Ireland 0.13 49,400 Congo (Leopoldville) 0.06 22,800 Israel 0.14 53,200 Costa Rica 0.04 15,200 Italy 2.14 813,200 Cuba 0.21 79,800 Ivory Coast 0.04 15,200 Cyprus 0.04 15,200 Jamaica 0.05 19,000 Czechoslovakia 1.12 425,600 Japan 2.17 824,600 THE UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION 587

CONTRIBUTION CONTRIBUTION Amount fin Amount (in MEMBER Percentage U.S. Dollars) MEMBER Percentage U.S. Dollars) Jordan 0.04 15,200 Spain 0.82 311,600 Korea, Rep. of 0.18 68,400 Sudan 0.06 22,800 Kuwait 0.04 15,200 Sweden 1.24 471,200 Laos 0.04 15,200 Switzerland 0.91 345,800 Lebanon 0.05 19,000 Syria 0.05 19,000 Liberia 0.04 15,200 Tanganyika 0.04 15,200 Libya 0.04 15,200 Thailand 0.15 57,000 Luxembourg 0.05 19,000 Togo 0.04 15,200 Madagascar 0.04 15,200 Trinidad and Tobago 0.04 15,200 Mali 0.04 15,200 Tunisia 0.05 19,000 Mauritania 0.04 15,200 Turkey 0.38 144,400 Mexico 0.71 269,800 Uganda 0.04 15,200 Monaco 0.04 15,200 Ukrainian SSR 1.89 718,200 Mongolia 0.04 15,200 USSR 14.29 5,430,200 Morocco 0.13 49,400 United Arab Republic 0.24 91,200 Nepal 0.04 15,200 United Kingdom 7.23 2,747,400 Netherlands 0.96 364,800 United States 30.56 11,612,800 New Zealand 0.39 148,200 Upper Volta 0.04 15,200 Nicaragua 0.04 15,200 Uruguay 0.10 38,000 Niger 0.04 15,200 Venezuela 0.50 190,000 Nigeria 0.20 76,000 Viet-Nam, Rep. of 0.15 57,000 Norway 0.43 163,400 Yemen 0.04 15,200 Pakistan 0.40 152,000 Yugoslavia 0.36 136,800 Panama 0.04 15,200 Paraguay 0.04 15,200 Total 100.00 38,000,000 Peru 0.09 34,200 Philippines 0.38 144,400 Amount (in Poland 1.22 463,600 ASSOCIATE MEMBER U.S. Dollars) Romania 0.30 114,000 Mauritius 3,800 Rwanda 0.04 15,200 Qatar 3,800 Saudi Arabia 0.06 22,800 Singapore 3,800 Senegal 0.05 19,000 Sierra Leone 0.04 15,200 Total 11,400 Somalia 0.04 15,200 * The contribution of Algeria has been excluded from this list, pending the determination of its per- centage by the United Nations. NOTE : For 1963 and 1964, UNESCO's member States were to contribute $38 million. An additional $1 million was to be derived from miscellaneous sources of income.

ANNEX II. OFFICERS AND OFFICES (As of 31 December 1962) MEMBERS OF EXECUTIVE BOARD Chairman: C. Edward Beeby (New Zealand) A. Eteki-Mboumoua (Cameroon), Juvenal Hernan- Vice-Chairmen : Albert Rakoto-Ratsimamanga (Mada- dez (Chile), Julien Kuypers (Belgium), Mariano gascar), S. M. Sharif (Pakistan), Silvio Zavala Picón Salas (Venezuela), Gian Franco Pompei (Mexico) (Italy), Otto von Simson (Federal Republic of Members: Georges Averoff (Greece), Moshé Avidor Germany), Dame Mary Guillan Smieton (United (Israel), Rodolfo Baron Castro (El Salvador), Kingdom), Tatsuo Suyama (Japan), Ottilia A. de Julien Cain (France), Samuel J. Cookey (Nigeria), Tejeira (Panama), Bedrettin Tuncel (Turkey), Atilio Dell'Oro Maini (Argentina), Hilding Eek Tudor Vianu (Romania) (Sweden), Mohammed El Fasi (Morocco), William

PRINCIPAL OFFICERS OF THE SECRETARIAT Director-General: René Maheu (France) Assistant Directors-General: Malcolm Adiseshiah, Deputy Director-General: (Vacant) Pavel I. Erchov, Alvin Roseman 588 THE INTER-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS HEADQUARTERS AND OTHER OFFICES

HEADQUARTERS NEW YORK OFFICE UNESCO House UNESCO Place de Fontenoy c/o United Nations Headquarters, Room 2201 Paris, 7e, France New York 17, N.Y., U.S.A. Cable Address: UNESCO PARIS Cable Address: UNESCORO NEWYORK

HAVANA REGIONAL OFFICE Centro Regional de la UNESCO en el Hemisferio Occidental Calle 5a No. 306, Vedado La Habana, Cuba

CHAPTER V THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO)

By the end of 1962, the membership of the S. V. Kurashov, Minister of Health of the World Health Organization (WHO)1 had risen USSR. to 114 (including one associate member). Three States—Mongolia, Western Samoa and COMMUNICABLE DISEASES Algeria—joined as full members on 18 April, MALARIA ERADICATION 16 May and 8 November, respectively. Uganda The number of malaria cases in the world and Jamaica were admitted as associate mem- dropped from about 250 million in 1955, when bers on 21 May; both countries subsequently the WHO global eradication campaign was became independent, but by the end of 1962 launched, to about 140 million in 1962. Out- had not yet acceded to full membership.2 Tan- standing advances were achieved in 1962 in ganyika, a former associate member, became a India, for example, where, in areas inhabited full member on 15 March, after having attained by over 148 million people, the campaign reach- ed the consolidation phase. In this phase, house- independence. Ruanda-Urundi, another former to-house spraying with DDT or other insecti- associate member, became two independent cides is stopped, since transmission of the States, Burundi and Rwanda, which were ad- disease has been interrupted, and the main mitted to full membership on 22 October and emphasis is on examining and, if necessary, 7 November, respectively. treating every case of fever in the population. The fifteenth World Health Assembly met at To win support for its world-wide anti- Geneva, Switzerland, in May and adopted a malaria programme, WHO arranged a phila- programme of work for 1963 with an effective telic campaign in which over 100 postal ad- working budget of $29,956,000, the largest in ministrations took part under the slogan "The the agency's history. world united against malaria." The Assembly decided to speed up WHO's programme of assistance to newly independent QUARANTINABLE DISEASES States, particularly in Africa, and to set up a The 1962 Mecca Pilgrimage was again free special account within the Voluntary Fund for of quarantinable disease. Health Promotion to receive donations for this 1 For further information, particularly about WHO's purpose. Contributions made in 1962 to this functions and organization, and activities prior to special account for accelerated assistance to 1962, see previous volumes of Y.U.N., and also the newly independent and emerging States totalled Official Records of the World Health Organization, $8,818. containing reports, with relevant documents, of the Organization and its governing bodies. During the Assembly, the foundation stone of 2 Jamaica and Uganda became full members in the new headquarters building in Geneva was March 1963, on depositing their respective instruments laid by the President of the 1962 Assembly, Dr. of accession to the WHO Constitution.