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ICCROM and the Conservation of Cultural Heritage

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ICCROM and the Conservation of Cultural Heritage ICCROM COnseRvatIOn ICCROM studIes 11 ICCROM and the Conservation and the Of Cultural Heritage Conservation a hIstORy Of the ORganIzatIOn’s fIRst 50 yeaRs, 1959-2009 O f Cultural Heritage p u b l i s h e d b y i c c r o m Via di San Michele, 13 I-00153 Rome, Italy [email protected] www.iccrom.org ICCROM History book cover.indd 1 26-09-2011 13:08:54 iCCroM Conservation studies 11 ICCROM and the Conservation of Cultural Heritage a history of the organization’s first 50 years, 1959-2009 Jukka Jokilehto ICCROM History book.indd 1 26-09-2011 12:56:24 ICCROM and the Conservation of Cultural Heritage. A history of the Organization’s first 50 years, 1959-2009 by Jukka Jokilehto. ICCROM Conservation Studies 11, ICCROM, Rome. ISBN 978-92-9077-229-3 © 2011 ICCROM International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property via di San Michele, 13 00153 Rome, Italy www.iccrom.org Designed by Maxtudio, Rome Printed thanks to the generosity of the State Administration of Cultural Heritage, People’s Republic of China and National Heritage Center of Tsinghua University, Beijing. ICCROM History book.indd 2 26-09-2011 12:56:25 Contents Foreword by the Director-General vii Foreword by the chairperson of ICCROM Council ix Acknowledgements xi List of illustrations xii Abbreviations used xviii The context for creation of an International 1 Conservation Centre 1 The historical context 2 Early international conservation initiatives 3 The League of Nations 3 International Museums Office (IMO) 3 International Congress of Modern Architecture (CIAM) 4 The institutional context after the Second World War 5 UNESCO 5 International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works (IIC) 6 International Council of Museums (ICOM) 6 International Committee for Monuments at UNESCO 7 International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) 8 2 The foundation of ICCROM 9 The context of UNESCO’s early work 9 The two proposals by ICOM in 1948 10 Proposal by the Advisory Committee for Monuments (ACM) 12 Establishment of the Rome Centre 14 The period of the Provisional Council (1958-1960) 16 Appointment of the Provisional Council 16 Appointment of staff: the directorship of Harold Plenderleith 17 Initial activities of the Rome Centre 18 3 The Rome Centre (1960-1970) 22 International context 22 Administration of the Rome Centre 23 Member States and the budget 23 The first regular Council (1960) 24 Personnel 26 Premises 26 ICCROM History book.indd 3 26-09-2011 12:56:25 Planning of activities 27 Proposed long-term programme (1966) 28 training of specialists in conservation 29 development of the Centre’s documentation 29 organization of specialist missions 30 Policy for activities (1969) 30 Principal initiatives in the 1960s 31 Technical co-operation 31 nubian monuments 32 floods in venice and florence (4 november 1966) 32 Documentation 34 Publications 34 the Library 35 Conferences 36 the venice Meeting in 1964 36 Training 36 scholarships and visitors 36 regular training courses in rome 37 Research 39 Reflection on the period 1960-1970 40 4 International Centre for Conservation (1971-1977) 42 International context 42 International Centre for Conservation (1971-1977): the directorship of Paul Philippot 43 Administration 43 Personnel 43 Member States and the Council 44 Premises 45 Development of policies 46 Policies of the Centre, December 1971 46 Scheme for future developments (1975-1985/90) 47 Activities 48 Library and documentation 48 Research 49 science and techniques of conservation 49 Conservation theory 50 Publications 52 Training: regular annual courses in Rome 53 architectural conservation 54 Mural paintings 56 fundamental principles of conservation 56 security, climate control and lighting in museums 59 stone conservation in venice 59 training typology 59 iv ICCROM History book.indd 4 26-09-2011 12:56:25 Regional activities and technical co-operation 60 technical assistance 61 Reflection on the period 1971-1977 62 5 ICCROM comes of age (1977-1988) 63 International context 63 The name ‘ICCROM’: the directorship of Bernard Feilden (1977-1981) 63 The new name and administrative reform 64 resources 66 iCCroM award 67 Theory in practice 67 Documentation 69 Training and Research 69 International collaboration 75 Reflection on the period 1977-1981 78 A network of people (1981-1988): the directorship of Cevat Erder 79 Administration and policies 80 Training and documentation 82 International and regional collaboration 87 PreMa Programme for sub-saharan africa 88 other training outside iCCroM 88 Wood conservation course 90 Reflection on the period 1981-1987 90 6 New global challenges (1988-2005) 91 Period of conflicts and catastrophes 91 Quo vadis ICCROM? (1988-1992): the directorship of Andrzej Tomaszewski 92 Reviewing ICCROM policies 93 Budget, premises and Statutes 95 associate Membership 96 Administration and computerization 97 Development of programme activities 97 Reflection on the period 100 “The crossroads of people, ideas and actions at the service of cultural heritage conservation worldwide” (1992-2000): the directorship of Marc Laenen 100 Administration 101 Member states 101 finances 101 Premises 102 data management 102 “What is ICCROM today?”: a management review 103 Programme strategies 104 International collaboration 107 v ICCROM History book.indd 5 26-09-2011 12:56:25 Working towards regional initiatives 109 PreMa 110 PreMo 111 arC and ituC 111 naMeC 112 gaia and terra 112 science and technology 113 Reflection on the period 1988-2000 116 Refining the quality (2000-2005): the directorship of Nicholas Stanley-Price 116 Challenges of the period 117 Administration and strategic developments 120 Long-term financial strategy 120 in-house or regional activities? 121 specific policies 123 ICCROM’s Strategic Directions 125 iCCroM forum 127 Collections and museums 128 evaluation of course programmes 130 technical services 135 Reflection on the period 2000-2005 136 7 Working towards the future 137 International context 137 Verification of strategies and programmes: the directorship of Mounir Bouchenaki 138 Programme development 142 A word to conclude 148 Notes 150 Annexes 159 ANNex 1 ICCROM Member states 159 ANNex 2 ICCROM Council Members (1960-2010) 161 ANNex 3 The Founding statutes of 1956 163 ANNex 4 “The Rome Centre” - Ten Years After, by H. Daifuku (1969) 166 ANNex 5 List of books published by ICCROM 170 vi ICCROM History book.indd 6 26-09-2011 12:56:26 Foreword by the Director-General I arrived at ICCROM in March 2006, at a moment in which I felt it was appropriate to begin celebrating its 50th anniversary. For it was in 1956 that UNESCO held its General Conference in New Delhi, India, where it was decided to establish an intergovernmental organization, the International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property. Fifty years later, with the support of the ICCROM Council, we decided to turn this commemoration into a four-year celebration of milestones, ending in 2009 with the 50th anniversary of the ‘Rome Centre’ (as ICCROM was then called) becoming operational. My predecessors, the late Andrzej Tomaszewski, Marc Laenen and Nicholas Stanley-Price had begun the process of documenting the history of ICCROM, an activity that Jukka Jokilehto and other colleagues were actively involved with through the years. Following their lead, in 2008, I encouraged the endeavours of the ‘ICCROM History Working Group’ – composed of Rosalia Varoli Piazza, Valerie Magar, Jukka Jokilehto, Gaël de Guichen, Calogero Bellanca and myself – to continue making contacts with former staff, course participants and partners, to gather information and stories that could culminate in a publication, created in the same spirit as the volume produced for the 60th anniversary of UNESCO. The gathering of this information, together with Jukka’s own research and memory, and the interviews that he conducted with several important figures in ICCROM’s development, have given this publication the richness that will mark it as an important contribution to the history of conservation and restoration of cultural heritage. There have been several important aspects to the development of ICCROM and its global significance in the field: the advent of the concept of architectural heritage; the creation of a link between science and conservation through, for instance, the establishment of the laboratory; the pioneering of preventive conservation for museums and archives; and the creation of a vast international network of professionals and institutions practicing, studying, and teaching conservation and restoration. Over the past five decades, the ICCROM family has expanded to include teachers and experts – many of them ICCROM course alumni – who are leaders in their professions. They collaborate regularly on our projects and courses, and contribute to the ever-growing fabric of knowledge and experience in the conservation of both immovable and movable heritage. ICCROM can also be proud of being the force behind the creation of cultural heritage centres in developing countries, such as the Ecole du Patrimoine Africain (EPA) in Benin and the Centre for Heritage Development in Africa (CHDA) in Kenya. This history of ICCROM puts into context some of the important doctrinal advances in the theory of conservation, such as the Venice Charter of 1964, the principles of Cesare Brandi, and the Nara Document on Authenticity (1994). Since 1972 ICCROM has been an Advisory Body to the World Heritage Convention, a contribution widely acknowledged as having shaped conservation practice worldwide and across professional fields. It has actively participated in groundbreaking discussions on philosophies and methodologies of the protection of cultural heritage, alongside other organizations such as UNESCO, ICOM, and ICOMOS. Jukka successfully demonstrates how ICCROM did not work within a restricted community, but brought new ideas and training schemes to the international platform, enhancing its role as a centre of excellence for training and capacity building, the achievements of which are visible all over the world.
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