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Estimating the Overall Economic Value of the Benefits Provided by the Natura 2000 Network Commission Contract 07.0307/2010/581178/SER/B3

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Estimating the Overall Economic Value of the Benefits Provided by the Natura 2000 Network Commission Contract 07.0307/2010/581178/SER/B3 Estimating the Overall Economic Value of the Benefits provided by the Natura 2000 Network Commission Contract 07.0307/2010/581178/SER/B3 Final REPORT by Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP) P ten Brink, T Badura, S Bassi, S Gantioler, and M Kettunen Together with GHK M Rayment, M Pieterse and E Daly Ecologic Institute H Gerdes, M Lago, S Lang Metroeconomica A Markandya, P Nunes, H Ding, EFTEC R Tinch, I Dickie 19 September 2011 Revised November 2011 Finalised DeceFebruarymber 2011 2010 I 1 V M E Recommended citation: ten Brink P., Badura T., Bassi S., Daly, E., Dickie, I., Ding H., Gantioler S., Gerdes, H., Kettunen M., Lago, M., Lang, S., Markandya A., Nunes P.A.L.D., Pieterse, M., Rayment M., Tinch R., (2011). Estimating the Overall Economic Value of the Benefits provided by the Natura 2000 Network. Final Report to the European Commission, DG Environment on Contract ENV.B.2/SER/2008/0038. Institute for European Environmental Policy / GHK / Ecologic, Brussels 2011 Acknowledgements: We would like to thank the reviewers Dr Mike Christie, Stephen Nicol and Dr. Unai Pascual, for their insightful and stimulating comments throughout the study. We would like to thank Johan Lammerant and his study team from Arcadis Belgium , EFTEC and ECNC for the useful inputs on the parallel project ‘Recognising Natura 2000 Benefits And Demonstrating The Economic Benefits Of Conservation Measures’, and Blandine Chenot and her study team from BIO Intelligence Service, Ecotrans, OÄR and Dunira Strategy for the useful inputs on the parallels study ‘ Estimating the economic value of the benefits provided by the tourism/recreation and employment supported by Natura 2000’. Disclaimer: The contents and views contained in this report are those of the authors, and do not necessarily represent those of the European Commission. This report is submitted by: Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP) London Office: Brussels Office: 15 Queen Anne’s Gate Quai au Foin/Hooikaai, 55 London SW1H 9BU, UK 1000 Brussels United Kingdom Belgium Contacts: Patrick ten Brink Senior Fellow, IEEP Tel (dir.): +32 2 296 53 76 E-mail: [email protected] The Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP) is an independent not-for-profit institute. Based in London and Brussels, the Institute’s major focus is the development, implementation and evaluation of EU policies of environmental significance, including agriculture, biodiversity, climate and energy, fisheries, governance, industrial pollution, eco-innovation, regional development, resource efficiency, sustainable consumption and production, transport and waste. IEEP also produces the award winning ‘Manual of European Environmental Policy’. Website: http://www.ieep.eu. 2 SYNTHESIS REPORT (Separate electronic report) TABLE OF CONTENTS Summary Report Part A: Aims and Approach I. Introduction: The Natura 2000 network and its benefits II. Methodology for assessing EU wide benefits of Natura 2000 Part B: Deriving an aggregate total value of services from Natura 2000 III. The total Value of the Natura 2000 network - a first assessment Part C: The value of different Ecosystem services from Natura 2000 IV. Overview of Ecosystem Services V. Natura 2000’s fundamental role in climate mitigation - The Carbon storage and sequestration benefits of Natura 2000 VI. Natura 2000 as a tool for security: Natural hazards benefits and climate adaptation VII. Natura 2000 as a motor of the economy / oil of society - The tourism and recreation benefits VIII. Natura 2000 and ‘free’ resources for / value for money in the economy and society: Water purification and supply benefits (and waste) IX. Natura 2000 and food: Marine protected areas and fish, and terrestrial protected areas, pollination and agriculture X. Natural 2000 and our health, identity and learning Part D: Realising the Benefits of Natura 2000 XI. Realising the Benefits: restoration and conservation for biodiversity and co-benefits. Part E: Summary of results, conclusions, recommendations and way forward XII. Summary of results and future needs XIII. The way forward: road map for valuation REFERENCES ANNEX I GLOSSARY OF TERMS ANNEX II OVERVIEW OF EXISTING VALUATION SITE-BASED STUDIES ANNEX III EXAMPLES OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES 3 Main Report 1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................... 6 1.1 AIMS, OBJECTIVES AND TASKS OF THE STUDY ..................................................................................... 6 1.2 STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT ........................................................................................................ 11 1.3 DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS: VALUE AND BENEFITS OF PROTECTED AREAS ................................................. 11 2 BACKGROUND: THE BENEFITS OF NATURA 2000 AND THEIR ASSESSMENT ............................. 13 2.1 THE EU NATURE DIRECTIVES AND NATURA 2000 NETWORK – AIMS AND STATUS .................................... 14 2.1.1 The main objectives of the EU Nature Directives ......................................................... 14 2.1.2 The Natura 2000 network .......................................................................................... 15 2.1.1 The biodiversity value of the Natura 2000 network ..................................................... 20 2.2 EXISTING EVIDENCE OF THE BENEFITS AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES OF THE NATURA 2000 NETWORK ............... 23 3 METHODOLOGY FOR ESTIMATING THE OVERALL VALUE OF BENEFITS .................................... 30 KEY METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES ............................................................................................................. 30 3.1 METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK................................................................................................. 32 3.2 INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO VALUE ESTIMATION ...................................................... 37 3.3 ASSESSING OVERALL BENEFITS - ALTERNATIVE METHODS .................................................................. 40 3.4 THE POLICY SCENARIOS: GROSS AND ADDITIONAL BENEFITS OF NATURA 2000 ......................................... 43 3.5 SPATIAL VARIATIONS IN BENEFITS AND VALUES ................................................................................ 46 3.6 NON-LINEARITY AND THRESHOLDS................................................................................................ 50 3.7 AGGREGATION AND SCALING-UP .................................................................................................. 52 3.8 VARIATIONS IN BENEFIT ESTIMATION METHODS ............................................................................... 54 3.9 AVOIDING DOUBLE COUNTING..................................................................................................... 55 3.10 TRADE-OFFS AND OPPORTUNITY COSTS ..................................................................................... 55 3.11 DISCOUNTING AND TIME VALUE OF SERVICES .............................................................................. 56 4 OVERALL ASSESSMENT OF THE BENEFITS OF NATURA 2000 – PART 1: TERRITORIAL, SITE- BASED AND HABITAT-BASED APPROACHES...................................................................................... 58 4.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 59 4.2 SITE-BASED ESTIMATES OF NATURA 2000 BENEFITS ......................................................................... 59 4.2.1 Overview of approach ................................................................................................ 59 4.2.2 Available Benefits Estimates ....................................................................................... 59 4.2.3 Estimating the benefits for the EU27 .......................................................................... 62 4.3 HABITAT-BASED ESTIMATES OF NATURA 2000 BENEFITS ................................................................... 64 4.3.1 Overview of approach ................................................................................................ 64 4.3.2 Available Benefits Estimates ....................................................................................... 65 4.3.3 Estimating the benefits for the EU27 .......................................................................... 66 5 OVERALL ASSESSMENT OF THE BENEFITS OF NATURA 2000: PART 2: ECOSYSTEM SERVICE APPROACH ....................................................................................................................................... 68 5.1 OVERVIEW OF THE ECOSYSTEM SERVICE-BASED VALUATION OF NATURA 2000 ........................................ 69 5.2 CLIMATE REGULATION: CARBON STORAGE ...................................................................................... 71 5.2.1 What is the service: Description of the climate regulation service................................ 72 5.2.2 Where are the benefits: spatial distribution of the service of carbon storage ............... 73 5.2.3 How to estimate the benefits: methodological approach ............................................ 76 5.2.4 Benefit assessment: preliminary estimate of the benefits ............................................ 77 5.2.5 Conclusions and recommendations for future analysis ................................................ 87 5.3 MODERATION OF EXTREME EVENTS (AVALANCHE REGULATION, STORM DAMAGE CONTROL, WILD FIRE MITIGATION, FLOOD CONTROL) ...........................................................................................................
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