Ueber Das Staphylotoxin

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Ueber Das Staphylotoxin [Aus dem kSnigl, preuss. Institut fiir experim. Therapie zu Frankfurt a/M.] (Director: Geh. Med.-Rath Prof. Dr. P. Ehrlich.) Ueber des Staphylotoxin. Ton Dr. ]Wax Neisser und Dr. Friedrieh Weehsberg. :~itglied des Instttuts. Yon bakteriologischer Seite wird fiber die Staphylokokken seit liingerer Zeit nicht mehr viel gearbeitet; ist doch auch die Zfichtung der Staphylo- kokken so leicht, dass schon in den ersten Zeiten der Bakterio]ogie die Staphylokokken Gegenstand der ausffihrlichsten Untersuchungen seitens Bakteriotogen, Klinikern und Pathologen gewesen stud. Und doch sind noch so manche Cardinalfragen unbeantwortet. So finden wit Staphylococci aurei im Eiter, auf der gesunden Haut, auf gesunden und kranken Schleimh~uten, in der Vaccine, in der Luft u. s. w,, and immer wieder erhebt sich die Frage: Ist des jedesmal der typische Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus, ja giebt es fiberhaupt eine circumscripte Species Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus, oder abet haben wit es, wie vielleicht bet den Streptokokken, mit verschiedenen, for den Menschen pathogenen A_rten zu thun? -- eine Frage, die in ihren therapeutischen un4 hygienisehen Consequenzeu gleich wichtig ist. Uud dieselbe Unsieher- heir besteht in vielleieht noch grSsserem ~Waasse fOr die weissen Staphy]o- kokken, hueh diese findet~ man sehr h~iuiig als augenscheinlich harmlose Saprophyten, bis man bet manchen Befunden wieder an ihre pathologische Bedeutung gemahnt wird. Auffallend wenig hat man sieh bisher nfit dem Gifte der Staphylo- kokken besch~ftigt. Wohl hat man gekochte oder ausgef~llte Bouillon- Vollculturen auf ihre Gfftigkeit untersucht (und ihre Wirkung nicht sehr betr~chtlich befunden), abet die Filtrate der Staphylokokken sind bisher 300 ~[AX ~]~ISSER UND ]~RIEDRICH ~[ECHSBERG: in systematischer Weise noch nicht yon sehr zahlreichen Forschern unter- sucht worden, so dass Frosch und Kolle in den Fliigge'schen Mikro- organismen im Jahre 1896 noch schreiben konnten: Von einer Secretion giftiger oder eitererregender Substanzen hat sich bei den Staphylokokken nichts nachweisen lassen. Erst van de u lenkte die • wieder auf das Staphylo- kokkengift, als es ibm gelang, das yon ihm entdeckte, bei Staphylokokken- infect~onen auftretende Leukocytengift (Leukocidin) auch in den keim- freien Staphylokokkenfiltraten nachzuweisen. Van de Velde fund auch schon, dass nicht nut weisse BlutkSrperchen, sondern auch die H~imato- blasten des Knochenmarks, ja auch manche Nervenzellen, durch dieses Staphylokokkengift zerstSrt wfirden. In neuerer Zeit hat Krauss 1 kurz constatirt, class in der That manche rothen BlutkSrperchen dutch Staphylokokkenfiltrate aufgelSst wtirden. In seiner Monographie hat sich dannv. Lingelsheim ~ unter anderem auch mit den Staphylokokkengiften besch~ftigt. Er best~tigt zun/ichst die Angaben van de Velde's bezfiglich des Leukocidins und giebt an, dass das Staphylokokkengfft im subcutanen Gewebe starke ent- zfindungserregende und nekrotisirende Eigenschaften entfaltet, deren Zu- sammenhang mit dem Leukocidin er noch often l~isst. Auch auf die inneren Organe wirkt dieses Gift, was sich in trfiber Schwellung der Nieren uud beginnender fettiger Degeneration des Herzens u. s. w. docu- mentirt. Bei diesem Stande der Dinge schien es uns lohnend zu sein, in systematischer Weise das Staphylotoxin sensu strictiori, also die Staphylo- kokkenfiltrate zu untersuchen, zumal da gerade aus dem Studium der Toxine und ihrer Antitoxine eine Reihe theoretisch hSchst wichtiger Er- kenntnisse hervorgegangeu sind. I. Das Hitmolysin der Staphylokokken. Man kann sioh leicht davon iiberzeugen, dass tier Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus ein H~molysin bildet, indem man eine Serie Reagens- rShrchen, die mit 2 oem Bouillon beschickt sind, mit dem Staphylococcus impft. Vom 3. oder 4. Tage an untersucht man dann t~ghch ein RShrchen * ;Fiener klin, BZoohensehrifl 1900. Nr. 3. 2 letiologie und TheraTie der StaThylokokken-InfeeHonen. BeEin-Wien 1900. ~BER DAS STAPHYLOTOXIN. 301 dutch Zugabe eines Tropfens defibrinirten Kaninchenblutes. Nach zwei- stfindigem Aufenthalt im Brutsehrank und naeh weiterem 18stfindigen Yerweilen im Eisschrank sieht man dann die LSsung der BlutkSrperchen. Dieses tt~molysin geht in die Fltissigkeit fiber und ist dutch Filtration leicht in keimfreiem Zustand zu erhalten. Macht man mit abfallenden Mengen dieses keimfreien Filtrates Reihen, so findet man leicht die Grenzen der ,,eompleten" LSsung und die Grenze, we keine Spur der LSsung mehr vorhanden ist. Ms ,complete" L5sung (Lc) ist im Folgenden stets die- jenige Probe bezeiehnet, bei welcher ein Umschfitteln keinerlei corpus- eul~re Elemente mehr erkennen l~sst. Dann folgt ,,fast complet", wenn noch ganz geringe Stromareste vorhanden, dann ,,ineomplet", wenn ein deutlich zusammenhiingendes Sediment zu constatiren war. Es folgt dann ,ganz roth", ,starke Kuppe", ,Kuppe", ,Spur", ,,0". Beret an die systematisehe Untersuehung verschiedener Staphylo- kokkenfiltrate gegangen werden konnte, war die Beantwortung mehrerer Vorfragen n5thig. Einmal mussten die optimalen Bedingungen ffir die Entstehung des Gifte's gefunden werden, andererseits war es erforderhch, sieh fiber die Empfindlichkeit und die genfigende Constanz des Indicators (Erythr0cyten) zu vergewissern. Einfluss der Alkalit~t der Bouillon auf die Production des Staphylolysins. Es galt zun~chst festzustellen, welcher hlkaht~tsgrad der Bouillon ffir die H~molysinproduction am vortheilhaftesten sei, und es wurde deshalb, wie fibrigens stets bei unseren hiesigen N~hrbSden, der Alkaht~tsgrad titrimetrisch in folgender Weise festgestellt: Aus der in gewShnlieher Weise hergestellten Bouillon wurden vor dem Filtriren einige RShrchen mit je 10 ccm beschickt und mit Phenol- phthalein versetzt. Zur Titrirung wurde ein Gemiseh yon Normal-Kali- und Normal-Natronlauge zu gleiehen Theilen, das im Verh~ltniss 1:10 mit Wasser verdfinnt wurde, benutzt. Die deutliche Rotht~rbung war die Grenze. Dutch Umreehnung wurde diejenige Menge Normallauge ge- funden, welGhe ftir den ganzen Kolben erforderhch gewesen w~ire, um flit Phenolphthalein Rothumschlag hervorzurufen. Von dieser berechneten Menge wurde abet nut ein ahquo~r Bruchthefl zugesetzt. Und zwar bedeutet demnaoh eine 1/6 Bouillon eine so.lohe, welcher yon der zur vSlligen Neutrahsirung (ffir Phenolphthalein) nothwendigen Menge Normal- Natron-Kalilauge nut 1/6 zugesetzt war. Der Einfluss der Alkaht~t der Bouillon auf die Bildung des Hhmolysins erhellt aus folgender Tabelle I. 302 ~[AX i-~EISSER UND FR.r~.DRICH WECHSBERG: Tabelle I. Einfache complet ]Ssende Dose (LG) verschiedener St~mme bei verschiedener Alkalit~t der Bouillon. Alkalit~i~ Alkalit~ AlkMR~ Alkalitiit Stature V6 3/8 11 (5t~gig) 0.05 0.05 0.05 0"25 11 ( 9 ,, 0.075 0"025 0.05 0"075 11 (13 ,, 0.05 0.075 > 1.o 12 (13 ,, 0.075 0.05 0.075 0"1 ~3 (13 ,. 0.075 1-o 1.o 1~ (13 ,, ) deu~Mch liisend, abet in in der Menge yon 1.0 der Menge yon 1"0 cc~ keine Spur LSsung noch nicht complet Es wurde deshalb gewShnlich eine 2/s- hSohstens eine a/6Bouillon benutzt. Bemerkt werde noch, dass der Alkaliti~tsgehalt der Bouillon, so bedeutend er zwar ffir die Production des H~molysins ist, ffir die Wirkung des H~molysins auf die rothen BlutkSrperehen yon verh~ltniss- mKssig nebens~ichlicher B edeutung ist. 1L~n kann n~mlich einem einmal producirten H~molysin in relativ weiten Grenzen Alkali oder S~ure (oder Kochsah) zusetzen, ohne die LSsung der ErythroGyten wesentlich zu be- einflussen. Blutart. Die Frage, welche Arten yon BlutkSrperchen ffir das Staphylolysin am empfindlichsten, also am besten als Indicator zu verwenden seien, lless sigh nicht dadurch entscheiden, dass man einfach verschiedene Blu~- arten dem Staphylolysin zusetzte. Es zeigte sich nKmlich, dass manche Serumarten die AuflSsung der Ei'ythrocyten verhinderten, die aber eintrat, wenn man das den BlutkSrperchen anhaftende Serum durch Centrifugiren und Waschen mit physiologischer NaC1-LSsung entfernte. In diesen F~illen hinge dann aber die AuflSsung der ungewaschenen Erythrocyten einerseits yon der EmpfindllGhkeit dieser BlutkSrperehen, andererseits yon dem Schutze, den ihnen das anhaftende Serum gew~hrt, also von zwei, yon einander wahrscheinlich unabh~ingigen Factoren, ab. Es war deshalb ein glficklicher Zufall, dass KaninohenerythroGyten an sigh die empfind- lichsten der yon uns untersuchten Arten bildeten, und dass ausserdem das normale Kaninchensermn den Erythrocyten so gut wie gar keinen Schutz gegen die AuflSsung gewiihrte. Die folgende Tabelle II giebt eine Uebersicht fiber die Empfindlichkeit verschiedener (serumfreier) BlutkOrperchen gegenfiber dem StaphylGlysin: ~BER ])AS ~TAPHYLOTOXIN. 303 he oD .~ :m 304 MA~ ~F,ISSER UND FRI:EDRICH WF,,CHSBERCJ: Es wurden deshalb spiiterhin ausschliesslich KaninchenblutkSrperchen benutzt, auch schon deshalb, weft es, wie erw~hnt, nicht n5thig war, die KaninchenblutkSrperchen zu centrifugiren und zu waschen. Die folgende Tabelle III zeigt, dass die Empfindlichkeit der genuinen und der gewaschenen Kaninchenerythrocyten eine gleich grosse war. Tabelle III. Einwirkung ~ines Staphylotoxins auf gewaschene und nicht gewaschene BlutkSrperchen verschiedener Kaninchen. BlutkSrperchen BlutkSrperchen BlutkSrperchen yon Kaninchen I yon Kaninchen II yon Kaninchen III Toxinmenge nicht nicht nicht gewaschen gewaschen gewaschen gewaschen gewaschen gewaschen c0m 1"0 complet complet complet comple~ complet complet 0.75 0"5 ~9 ~P ~J J~ a~ 0-25 ,J 0"1 ,, fast fast fast ~9 complet complet complet 0.075 fast ,, fast fast complet complet complet 0.05 incomplet incomplet incomplet incomplet incomplet [
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