Manual of Bacteriology

m 4-1 /fo3 L CORNELL UNIVERSITY. THE THE GIFT OF ROSWELL P. FLOWER FOR THE USE OF THE N. Y. STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE ,,,. ^ 1897 8394-1 v3 Cornell University Library OR 41.M95 1903 Manual of bacteriology, 3 1924 000 225 965 Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924000225965 MANUAL OF BACTERIOLOGY \ > rhe?yi><^- MANUAL OF BACTERIOLOGY BY ROBERT MUIR; M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P.Ed. PROFESSOR OF PATHOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW, AND JAMES RITCHIE, M.A., M.D., B.Sc. T READER IN PATHOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD, AMERICAN EDITION (WITH ADDITIONS), REVISED AND EDITED FROM THE THIRD ENGLISH EDITION BY NORMAN MAC LEOD HARRIS, M.B. (Tor.) ASSOCIATE IN BACTERIOLOGY, THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, BALTIMQRE. WITH ONE HUND/t^D &= i^ENlPC^LLUSTRATIONS. LIBRARY. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY. LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., Ltd. 1903 T Jill rights reserved. -7 . "^ '%C; No. X5 G^ Copyright, 1903, By the macmillan company. Set up and electrotyped February, 1903. Norivood Press J. S. Cushing & Co. — Berwick & Smith Norwood, Mass., U.S.A. PREFACE TO THE AMERICAN EDITION. In presenting this the American edition of the well-known and appreciated work of Doctors Muir and Ritchie, the endeavour has been made to add to the value of the book by giving adequate expression to the best in American laboratory methods and research, and, at the same time, to augment the general scope of the work -without eliminating the personal impress of the authors. Therefore occasional alterations and additions of greater or lesser magnitude have been made throughout the book in general, but more especially in Chap- ters II, III, IV, XV, and XVII ; whilst the chapter on Fungi, deleted from the last English edition, has been retained and enlarged. The section of the Manual dealing with the bibliography has also been extended to cover as far as possible the advances in work made in this country and abroad. Some photographic reproductions and a few engravings of apparatus have been added to those of the English edition, for which hearty thanks is due Doctors A. C. Abbott, T. C. Gil- christ, and Charles Potter, and Messrs. Charles Lentz & Sons, and W. B. Saunders & Co. for their kindness in furnishing the same. The Editor takes this opportunity of expressing his indebtedness to Professor William H. Welch for many helpful suggestions in the preparation of the edition. N. MAC L. H. The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, November, 1902. PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION. In this edition the whole subject has been carefully revised, and, as formerly, we have aimed at making the bearings of bacterial action on general pathological processes an outstand- ing feature. The advances in bacteriology during the last three years have been neither few nor of small importance, and to incor- porate these and at the same time maintain the work as a convenient hand-book for the student, has been no easy task. In endeavouring to accomplish it, we have condensed various portions and omitted others which appear now to be of sub- sidiary importance. Thus, although much new matter has been introduced, the former length of the volume has been but slightly increased. Additions have been made to most of the chapters and several new subjects are treated of, amongst which may be mentioned the bacteriology of the air, soil, and water, to which a new chapter has been devoted. The chapter on Immunity has been modified and extended so as to include the recent important researches on the subject. A number of new illustrations will be found to have been added, and we trust that these will tend towards the elucidation of the text. One result of later research in bacteriology has been to bring into prominence the fact that, in nearly every' instance, each so-called pathogenic organism is a member of a group of bacteria possessing closely allied characters. Hard and fast lines as to distinguishing features can now be less definitely drawn, and accordingly an intelligent conception on the part of the student is more than ever necessary. We have therefore in many instances merely stated the known facts, when we have considered that these do not justify an advance being made to a definite conclusion. January, 1903. ' PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION. In preparing this edition we have made no change in the original plan of the book. The text, however, has been carefully revised, and the results of the more recent researches have been incorporated. Some parts have been condensed, but, in consequence of the introduction of new subject-matter and of additional illustrations, the size of the book as a whole has been considerably increased. We trust that these alterations will be found to be in the direction of improvement. May, 1899. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. The science of Bacteriology has, within recent years, be- come so extensive, that in treating the subject in a book of this size we are necessarily restricted to some special departments, unless the description is to be of a superficial character. Ac- cordingly, as this work is intended primarily for students and practitioners of medicine, only those bacteria which are asso- ciated with disease in the human subject have been considered. We have made it a chief endeavour to render the work of practical utility for beginners, and, in the account of the more important methods, have given elementary details which our experience in the practical teaching of the subject has shown to be necessary. In the systematic description of the various bacteria, an attempt has been made to bring into prominence the evidence of their having an etiological relationship to the corresponding diseases, to point out the general laws governing their action as producers of disease, and to consider the effects in particular instances of various modifying circumstances. Much research on certain subjects is so recent that conclusions on many points must necessarily be of a tentative character. We have, therefore, in our statement of results aimed at drawing a distinction between what is proved and what is only probable. In an Appendix we have treated of four diseases ; in two of these the causal organism is not a bacterium, whilst in the other two its nature is not yet determined. These diseases have been included on account of their own importance and that of the pathological processes which they illustrate. Our best thanks are due to Professor Greenfield for his kind advice in connection with certain parts -of the work. We have also great pleasure in acknowledging our indebtedness to Dr. Patrick Manson, who kindly lent us the negatives or preparations from which Figs. 143-148 have been executed. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. ix As we are convinced that to any one engaged in practical study, photographs and photomicrographs supply the most useful and exact information, we have used these almost exclu- sively in illustration of the systematic description. These have been executed in the Pathological Laboratory of the University of Edinburgji by Mr. Richard Muir. The line drawings were prepared for us by Mr. Alfred Robinson, of the University Museum, Oxford. To the volume is appended a short Bibliography, which, while having no pretension to completeness, will, we hope, be of use in putting those who desire further information on the track of the principal papers which have been published on each of the subjects considered. June, 1897. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. General Morphology and Biology. PAGE Introductory — Terminology — Structure of the bacterial cell — Reproduction of bacterial of bacteria-—^ Spore formation — Motility-— Minuter structure protoplasm — Chemical composition of bacteria — Classification — Food supply — Relation of bacteria to moisture, gaseous environment, tempera- ture, and light — Conditions affecting bacterial motility — Effects of bac- • teria in nature — Methods of bacterial action — Variability among bacteria I CHAPTER II. Methods of Cultivation of Bacteria. Introductory — Methods of sterilisation — The preparation of culture mediae The use of the culture media — The methods of the separation of aerobic organisms — The principles of the culture of anaerobic organisms — Mis- cellaneous methods — General laboratory rules 27 CHAPTER III. Microscopic Methods — General Bacteriological Diagnosis — Inoculation of Animals. The microscope — Examination of hanging-drop cultures — Film preparations — Examination of bacteria in tissues — The cutting of sections — Staining principles — Mordants and decolorisers — Formula of stains — Gram's method and its modifications — Stain for tubercle and leprosy bacilli — Staining of spores and flagella — Observation of agglutination and sedi- mentation — Routine bacteriological examination — Methods of inoculation — Autopsies on animals 87 CHAPTER IV. Bacteria in Air, Soil, and Water. Antiseptics. Air: Methods of examination — Results. Soil: Methods of examination — Varieties of bacteria in soil. Water ; Methods of examination — Bacteria in water — Bacterial treatment of sewage. Antiseptics: Methods of investigation — The action of antiseptics — Certain particular antiseptics . 123 xn CONTENTS. CHAPTER V. Fungi: Non-pathogenic and Pathogenic. — PAGB Mucorinse — Ascomycetas—• Perisporiace£e • Yeasts and torulse — Blastomycetic dermatitis — Morphology — Cultural characters ..... 148 CHAPTER VI. Relations of Bacteria to Disease — The Production of Toxins by Bacteria.

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