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329 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 PK Gupta, Concepts And

329 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 PK Gupta, Concepts And

Index

A Activated charcoal, 318 Abralin, 269 Active/facilitated transport, 29 Abric , 269 Active transport, 39, 53 , 269, 275 Acute toxicosis, 7 Absorption, 29–33, 302 Acyl glucuronides, 54 Absorption, distribution, Addictive , 303 (biotransformation) and elimination Addition/additive effect, 19 (ADME), 27, 38 Additive, 122 Abuse, 327 Additive effect, 20 Abused , 156–159 Adenosine , 58 , 62 Adenosine antagonist, 58 (ADI), 297 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 47, 53 Accidental, 75 Adjuvants, 14 , 144 Adrenaline, 184 , 10 β-Adrenergic blockers, 151 Accumulation, 17, 92 β-Adrenergic , 151 Acepromazine, 145, 149, 152 α-Adrenergic receptor-blocking agents, 145 Acetaldehyde, 43, 74 Adrenergic receptor sites, 157 Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, 139 Adulterants, 157 Acetaminophen, 55, 148 Adverse biological response, 52 , 64 Affinity, 18, 128 Acetohydroxyacid synthase, 62 Aflatoxicosis, 203–206 , 74 8, 9-epoxide, 223 Acetylation, 28, 42 , 204 Acetylation products, 34 Agathic acid, 238 (ACh), 58, 61, 64, 65, 169, 224 Agent Orange, 4 Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), 47, 61, 80 Agonist, 18, 19, 55, 194 inhibition, 60 β2-Agonist, 130 inhibitors, 47, 63 Agricultural chemicals, 61 5-Acetyl-2,3-dihydro-2-isopropenyl- Agrochemicals, 59, 64–67, 69 benzofuran, 239 Albendazole, 23 Acetyl ICA, 238 Albuterol, 130 ACh receptors, 69 dehydrogenase, 139 Acid constant, 39 , 121, 123–125, 134 , 129 Aldehyde dehydrogenase, 36, 38 Aconine, 253 , 152 , 253, 270 Alfalfa hay, 182 napellus, 253, 254 Algal poisoning, 193, 200 , 47, 129 Algal , 195 Acrylonitrile, 39 Algicides, 62

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 329 PK Gupta, Concepts and Applications in Veterinary , https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22250-5 330 Index

Aliphatic alcohols, 123 Anatoxin-a, 194 Aliphatic hydrocarbons, 123 Anatoxins, 182, 193, 200 Alkali disease, 107, 117 Androctonus, 168 Alkali milkvetch, 231 , 80 Alkaline, 117 Angel’s trumpet, 251 poisoning, 214 Angiotensin-converting (ACE), 150 , 227, 243 -derived products, 301 Alkyl , 141 Animal health, 1 Allergens, 57 Animal kingdom, 166 Allergic host reactions, 171 Animal products, 302 Allergic reactions, 54, 166 Antacids, 46, 147 Allethrin, 70 Antagonism/antagonistic effect, 18 Alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist, 58 Antagonist, 19, 55, 58, 152 Alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist, 58 Antagonistically, 122 Alpha 2 agonist, 81 Anthracene, 122 Alpha-amanitin, 55 Anthraquinones, 266 Alpha-, 58 Antibiotic resistance, 305 Alpha receptors, 224 Antibiotics, 191 Alpha , 198 Anticoagulant , 71, 72 , 153 Anticoagulants, 60, 80, 313 Aluminum, 130 Anticoccidial, 191 Aluminum hydroxide, 147 Anti-Degnala liquor, 219 Aluminum phosphide, 61, 80, 118 , 153, 154 Alveolar macrophages, 57 Antidiarrheal, 159 Amanita, 268 Antidotal treatment, 60, 67 , 268 , 2, 80 Amanitins, 49, 269 , 152 Amaranthus spp., 263 Antifreeze, 123 Amblyomma, 169 Antigenically, 188 Amblyomma variegatum Fabricius, 169 , 144–146 Ambush predator, 196 Anti-inflammatory, 305 American hellebore, 271 Antimicrobial , 303 , 166 Antimicrobials, 305 Amino acids, 49, 269 Antioxidants, 244 γ-Aminobutyric acid, 152 Anti-parasitic, 305 Aminophyline, 67 Antitussives, 144 , 81 Antivenin, 183 , 154 Antivenoms, 169 , 151 Ants, 171, 173, 182 Ammodendrine, 233 Aphanizomenon, 193 , 32, 129, 313 Apocynaceae family, 252, 253 tetrathiomolybdate, 93 , 72–74 , 157 Apoptosis, 45, 46, 51, 52, 56 , 39, 261 Apparent (Vd), 28 Anabaena, 193 of Peru, 251 Anaerobic, 188 Aquatic systems, 302 Anagyrine, 233 Aquilinum, 246, 247 Analgesia, 41 Araceae, 259 Analgesics, 75, 144, 147, 148 Arachnids, 167–170 Analytical , 309 Arandi, 254 Analytical methods, 314–315 Area under the plasma drug concentration-­ Analytical procedures, 310 time curve (AUC), 28 Analytical toxicology, 317 Argas, 169 Anaphylactic, 54 Argasidae, 169 Anaphylaxis, 54, 166 Arid, 117 Index 331

Arizona bark , 168 B Arsenic, 83, 118, 327 Bacitracin, 191 , 62 , 57, 155 Arsenic intoxication, 86 Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN), 206 Arsenic pentoxide, 116 Barbed, 171 Arsenic trioxide, 116 , 12, 149, 153 Arsenites, 85 , 13 , 116 Basophilic stippling, 99 Arsinilic acid, 116 Bauple nut, 293 Arthus reaction, 23 B cells, 57 Aryl hydrocarbon receptor, 55 Beard doughs, 293 Aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist, 40 Beauty , 118 Ascorbic acid, 148 Bedlington Terrier, 117 Aspergillus flavus, 204, 221 Bees, 171, 173, 182 Aspergillus fumigatus, 221 Belladonna , 11 Aspergillus niger, 204 Benazepril, 150 Aspergillus nomius, 204 Bentonite, 216 Aspergillus parasiticus, 204, 221 Benzalactone, 80 Aspergillus spp., 221 Benzaldehyde, 47 Aspergillus toxicosis, 206 Benzene, 40, 48, 123, 139–141 , 43, 55 Benzimidazole , 211 Aster, 106 , 145 Astragalus, 106, 228–231 , 57, 80, 152, 153 Astragalus bisulcatus, 231 Benzopyrene, 40, 48 Astragalus emoryanus, 230 Benzoylmethylecgonine, 157 Astragalus miser var. hylophylus, 230 Benzphetamine, 157 Astragalus miser var. oblongifolius, 230 Beryllium, 84 Astragalus miser var. serotinus, 230 Beta toxin, 197–199 Astragalus pattersonii, 231 Bhang, 248 Astragalus pectinatus, 231 BHC, 68 Astragalus praelongus, 231 , 75 Astragalus pterocarpus, 230 , 57 Astragalus racemosus, 231 Bidentate ligands, 84 Astragalus tetrapterus, 230 Bilateral malacia, 108 Atenolol, 151 Bile acid transport blockers, 195 ATPase, 46 Bile acid transporter, 55 ATPase activity, 174 Binding agents, 14 Atriplex, 106 Bioaccumulate, 131 belladonna (belladonna leaves), 11 , 8, 302 Atrophic vaginitis, 209 Bioactivation, 36, 39 , 11, 80, 252, 327 Bioactivation reactions, 36 Atropine flush, 75 , 39, 302 Atropine poisoning, 75 , 2 Atropine sulfate, 60, 67 Biological, 301 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Biological variation, 15, 16 (ADHD), 131 Biologic factors, 10–13 Aureolus Bombastus von Biology, 2 Hohenheim, 3 , 102 Autumn crocus, 249 Biomagnified, 131 Avena spp., 263 , 148 Average daily intake (ADI), 304 Biotoxin, 7 Avocado , 291 Biotransformation, 28, 34, 41, 42 Avocado poisoning, 290–291 Biphenyls, 302, 314 Axons, 197 Bipyridinium compounds, 63 332 Index

Bipyridyl , 81 Bufo marinus, 174 Bipyridylium, 63 Bufo regularis, 174 Bipyridyls, 62 Bufotenines, 174 Bird repellents, 62 , 174 Bitter almond smell, 325 , 159 Bitter lupines, 214 , 154 Biuret, 32 Burtonian line, 113 Black blister beetle, 173 Burton line, 118 Black henbane, 245 Bush nut, 293 Black nightshade, 245 , 153 Black patch disease, 218 Buthus spp., 168 Black widow, 183 Buttercup, 271 Black widow , 167 Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), 244 Bleaches, 122, 134 Blind staggers, 115, 117 Blister beetles, 174 C Blister beetle poisoning, 173, 174 , 115, 118 Blister beetles, 166 , 87 β-Blockers, 145 , 145, 157, 292 Blood-brain barrier, 38 Calcification, 115 Blood barriers, 38 Calcipotriene, 155 Blood-testes barrier, 38 , 77, 135, 148 Blue-green algae, 187 Calcium aluminosilicates, 216 Blue-green algae poisoning, 193–195 CalciumATPase, 80 Blue rocket, 253 Calcium carbonate, 147 Bobtail disease, 108 blockers, 151 Boron, 77 Calcium channels, 55 Botulinum action, 224 Calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic Botulinum antitoxin, 190 acid (CaEDTA), 99 Botulinum serotypes, 200 Calcium homeostasis, 139 Botulinum toxins, 187–190, 197, 198, 200 Calystegins, 245 Botulism, 182, 188–190 Cancer, 48 Bracken fern, 246, 247 Canine dysautonomia, 189 Brain membranes, 42 Cannabaceae family, 248, 249 Brassicaceae family, 258 , 248 Brassica rapa, 263 sativa, 158, 248, 249 British Anti (BAL), 87 Cantharidin, 173 Brodifacoum, 71 Cantharidin poisoning, 173, 174 Bromadiolone, 71 Cantharidin toxicosis, 184 , 72, 314 Cap mushrooms, 49 Brominated bisphenols, 131 Capsaicinoids, 245 Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), 121, Capsicum annum, 245 131, 132 Captafol, 70 , 58 , 70 1-Bromopropane, 123 Captopril, 150 Broom snakeweed, 240, 241 (CMs), 47, 60, 61, 80, 306, 314 Brown recluse, 183 Carbamates (CMs) , 63–68 Brown spiders, 168 , 40 , 267 disulfide, 36, 61 Bubalus bubalis L., 219 (CO), 39, 121, 126–127, BuChE, 77 134 Bufo alvarius, 174 , 36, 123, 137 Bufo blombergi, 174 Carcinogenesis, 36 Bufogenins, 174 Carcinogenic, 9 Index 333

Carcinogenicity, 39, 303 Chemoinformatics, 6 Carcinogenic, mutagenic and reprotoxic Chenopodium spp., 263 (CMR), 6 Chick edema factor, 4 , 246 , 245 Cardenolide, 182 Chlorates, 62, 313 Cardiac glycosides, 253 , 153 , 180 Chlorinated , 123 Cardiovascular , 150–152 Chlorinated hydrocarbon compounds, 68 , 155 Chlorinated hydrocarbons, 60, 141, 313 Carnivores, 32 Chlorinated solvents, 123 Carrier-mediated transport, 29 , 47, 77, 129 Castilleja, 106 Chlorine bleaches, 122, 135 Castor bean, 254, 275 , 123, 137, 140 Catalase, 139 Chlorophacinone, 71 Catecholamines, 174 Chlorophenols, 62 Category approach, 6 Chlorophenoxy, 62 Cationic detergents, 140 Chlorophenoxy , 62 Cations, 84 Chlorophyll, 245 C cinerariaefolium, 69 Chlorothalonil, 70 CCl4, 48 Chlorothiazide, 152 Ceiling dose, 23 Chlorpheniramine, 146 Cell death, 56 , 149, 152 Cell injury, 46 Chocolate poisoning, 291–292 Cell-mediated, 54 Chocolate toxicosis, 291 Cell-mediated immunity, 57 Cholecalciferol, 72 Cell proliferation, 46 Cholecalciferol toxicosis, 72, 73 Cellular dysfunction, 48 , 64 Cellular respiration, 49 nerve terminals, 197, 199 Center for Veterinary (CVM), 304 Cholinergic receptors, 81 Centipedes, 170, 171 , 36, 38, 63, 313 (CNS), 47 Cholinesterase inhibitors, 60 Centruroides sculpturatus, 168 , 84, 114 Centruroides spp., 169 , 89 Cephaloridine, 55 Chronic toxicosis, 7, 203 Cephalosporium, 215 Chrysanthemum , 69 Cephalothin, 55 Chrysarobin, 266 Cephalothorax, 167 Cicuta spp., 237, 238 Ceruloplasmin, 117 , 237 , 146 , 146 Channels, 181 Circumstantial evidence, 310 Charcoal, 72, 86 Cirrhosis, 40 Check for poisoning, 312 Citric acid, 81 ChE enzyme, 60 Classification of , 8 ChE inhibitor, 61 Classifications, 8, 61–62, 166, 167 , 84 Claviceps paspali, 217 Chelators, 103 Claviceps purpurea, 207, 212 Chemical analysis, 312 Claviceps spp., 221 Chemical antagonism, 18 , 28 Chemical carcinogenesis, 46 Cleft lip, 139 Chemical factors, 13, 14 , 146 Chemical mixtures, 302 Climbing nightshade, 245 Chemical risk assessment, 2 Clinical signs, 310 Chemicals, 48, 301 Clinical toxicology, 2, 25 Chemistry, 2 , 154 334 Index

Clonazepam, 153 COX-2 inhibitor, 156 , 57 Craniofacial malformations, 139 , 153 Cresols, 122 Clostridia, 188 CroFabTM, 183 argentinense, 188 Crotalidae, 175 Clostridium baratii, 188 Crotalids, 175–177 , 188, 200 Crotalid , 176 Clostridium butyricum, 188 Crotin (), 269 Clostridium paspali, 217 Crotonoside (glycoside), 269 , 200 Crude creosote, 122 Clostridium perfringens , 187, Crude oil, 139 190–193 Currants, 296 Clostridium purpurea, 224 Cyan-cytochrome oxidase, 263 , 199, 200, 224 -cytochrome c oxidase bond, 263 Clotting time, 80 Cyanide gas, 121, 129, 134 , 58 , 39, 47, 49, 313, 327 CM poisoning, 60 Cyan-methemoglobin, 263 Coagulopathies, 180 Cyanobacteria, 182, 200 Coal-tar product poisoning, 133 Cyanobacterial toxins, 187, 193–195 Coat tar products, 121 Cyanocobalamin, 148 , 84 Cyanogenic glycosides, 227, 259, 261–263 Cobalt deficiency, 88–89 α-Cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl, 70 , 58, 157, 158 , 193, 194 , 157 , 155 Codeine, 40, 41 Cyclododecanes, 131 Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC), 303 Cyclooxygenase (COX), 147 Colchicines, 249, 270 Cyclosporin, 195 Colchicum autumnale L, 249–251 , 70 Collection of samples, 311 Cylindrocarpon, 215 Colubridae, 175 Cylindrospermopsin, 193 Compositeae, 259 Cylindrospermopsis, 193 Computer models, 6 Cymopterus watsoni, 244 γ-Coniceine, 236 CYP2C9, 41 , 236 CYP2C19, 40 , 236 CYP2D6, 40, 41 , 81, 235, 236 CYP2D6 poor metabolizer, 41 Conjugation, 28, 34, 40, 42, 43 CYP2E1, 139 Conjugation/synthetic reactions, 38 CYP3A4, 55 Constitutively active receptor (CAR), 55 , 70 Contact dermatitis, 23 , 70 Contamination of food, 301 Cytochrome c oxidase, 49 Convert nonprotein , 32 Cytochrome P450, 36, 40 Coolie breeds, 23 , 41 CO , 122 Cytosolic receptor, 55 , 77, 83, 115, 118, 148, 327 Cytotoxic, 54 Copper deficiency, 93, 94, 112 Cytotoxicity, 55 Copper poisoning, 92–94 Coral snake, 177 Corrosives, 8, 25, 122, 134 D Corticosteroids, 130, 140, 155 Dactinomycin, 36 Corynebacterium , 200 Dallis grass, 217 Coumachlor, 71 Daltons, 29 Coumafuryl, 60, 71 , 160, 251, 252 Coumarin, 60, 71 Datura alba, 251 Covalent binding to DNA, 39 Datura arborea, 251 Index 335

Datura metaloides, 251 Dihalomethane, 39 Datura nigra, 251 Dihydroagathic acid, 238 Datura poisoning, 252 Dihydrolantadene A, 256 , 160, 245, 251, 275 1,8-Dihydroxy-3-methyl-9-anthrone, 266 Datura wrightii, 245 Diisopropylphosphorofluoridate, 68 DDE, 80 , 151 Dealkylation, 43 , 146 Decongestants, 144, 145 Dimercaprol (BAL), 87, 116, 327 Decontamination, 318 2,3-Dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonate (DMPS), 87 Deferoxamine, 97 2,3-Dimercaptopropanol, 87 Definitions, 61–62 Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), 87 Degnala disease, 218–219 1,1-Dimethyl-4,4-bipyridinium , 63 Delaney clause, 4 Dimethyldithiocarbamates, 70 Deliberate poisonings, 144 Dimethyl sulfoxide, 110 Delivery, 48 3,7-Dimethylxanthine, 292 Delphinium spp., 232, 233 DIMPLE, 317 Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, 98 2,4-Dinitrophenol, 140 , 70 Dinitrophenols, 62 Delta-9- (THC), 158, 248 Dinoflagellate , 196 Demecolcine, 249 Dioxin, 57 de minimis, 297 Diphacinone, 71 Dendrobatidae family, 174 , 146 Dendrodochiotoxicosis, 216 (Dtx), 200 Dental fluorosis, 96 Diquat, 63 Deoxynivalenol (DON), 210, 215 Diquat poisoning, 80 Deracoxib, 156 Disposition, 27–44 Dermacentor, 169, 184 Dispositional antagonism, 19 Derris plant, 68, 69 Disruption, 303 Descurainia pinnata, 258, 259 Dissociation constant (pKa), 29 Desmobromethalin, 72 Distal phalanx necrosis, 50 Detection, 314 Distribution, 33–34, 37 Detergents, 122, 135, 136 Diterpene acids, 240 , 40, 110 Diterpene alkaloids, 253 Dextroamphetamine, 157 Dithio-carbamates, 70, 81 β-D-glycosides, 230 Dithiocarbamic acid, 70 Diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), 210, 215 Diuretics, 152 Diagnosis (D), 309, 317 d-, 69 Diagnosis of toxicosis, 310–315 DMSA (succimer), 116 Diagnostic toxicology, 309 DNA adducts, 48, 56 Diaphoresis, 318 DNA mutations, 48, 56 , 70, 149, 292 DNA repair, 46 Dibenzofurans, 133 , 213 Dibromochloropropane, 61 Dopamine, 57, 157 Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloro-ethane (DDT), , 57 131, 132, 302 Dopamine D2 receptors, 212 Diclofenac, 48 Dose-response relationship, 2, 14–15 Dicoumarol, 313 D-penicillamine, 94, 116 , 302 , 158 Diethylpropion, 157 Drug residue, 303 (DES), 54 Ducklings, 204 Difethiolone, 71 Duration of action (Tc), 14, 15 Diffusion, 43, 53 Duration of exposure, 39 Digitoxigenin, 253 Durra, 259 , 145 Dysrepair, 48 336 Index

E Equine leukoencephalomalacia, 213 Echothiopate, 80 , 207, 224 , 37 Ergonovine, 58, 207, 224 Ecstasy, 157 Ergot, 207, 217 , 15–17 Ergot alkaloids, 207, 221, 224 Eggs, 301 , 207 Eimeria infections, 191 , 203, 207–209, 224 Elapidae, 175 Ergot poisoning, 208 Elapids, 177, 178 Ergovaline, 212 Elapid snake, 177 Erythroxylon coca, 157 Electron transfer, 47 Erythroxylon monogynum, 157 Electrophiles, 36, 39 Escherichia coli (E. coli), 197 Elemental sulfur, 39 Esmolol, 151 Elements, 84 17β-, 210 Elimination/disappearance, 37 , 80 Embryo-fetal toxicity, 54 Estrogenic effects, 210 Emodin, 266 Estrogenism, 209–211 Emory milkvetch, 230 , 55 Emulsifiers, 74 , 154 Enalapril, 150 , 40, 43, 123, 137, 141, 145, 161, 327 Encephalopathy, 138 Ethanol toxicosis, 123, 124 Endemic fluorosis, 94 Ethoxyquin, 244 Endocytosis, 39, 53 , 123 fungus, 212 Ethylene bisdithiocarbamate, 70 Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), 42 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 109, , 81 327 Endotoxins, 188 Ethylene dibromide, 61 Enolic acid–derivative, 156 Ethylene glycol, 141, 313 Enterotoxemia, 187, 190–193, 200 Ethylthiourea (ETU), 71 , 295 Etodolac, 155 Envenomating bite, 167 , 259 Environmental chemicals, 301 Euphorbiaceae family, 254 Environmental cycling, 102 European Centre for the Validation of Environmental factors, 2 Alternative Methods (ECVAM), 7 Environmental pollutants, 57 European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), 7 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 305 Eurotia, 106 Environmental risk, 25 , 34, 35 Environmental toxins, 54 , 188 Enzyme induction, 36, 40, 55 Exotoxin A, 200 Enzyme inhibition, 36, 38 , 188 , 166 Expectorants, 144 Enzyme synthesis, 36 Exposure assessment, 4 Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis, 110 Exposure-response assessment, 4 Ephedra sinica, 149 External environmental factors, 302 Ephedrine, 144, 145, 149, 157 Extracorporeal techniques, 318 Epicauta, 173 Extremely hazardous, 8 Epicauta occidentalis, 173 Epicauta pennsylvanica, 173 Epicauta temexia, 173 F Epicauta vittata, 173 Fabaceae family, 266, 267 Epinephrine, 130, 184 Facial eczema, 203, 211 EPN, 68 Facilitated, 43 Epoxide hydrolase, 41 Facilitated diffusion, 53 Epoxides, 39 Factors affecting, 10–14 Equine agalactia/reproductive syndrome, 213 Factors affecting toxicity, 1 Index 337

Factors related to exposure, 13 Forming nitrosyl hemoglobin, 128 Fagopyrin, 244 Four-winged milkvetch, 230 Fagopyrum sagittatum, 244 Free radicals, 36, 39, 117 , 146 Fuller’s, 327 Fate of , 27–44 Fumigant, 61 Father of medicine, 26 B1 (FB1), 213 Father of toxicology, 26 (FB2), 213 Federal , and Fumonisin B3 (FB3), 213 Act (FIFRA), 9 Fumonisin toxicosis, 213, 214 Federal legislations, 4 Functional antagonism, 18 Feed, 301 Functional group, 28 Fenpropanthrin, 70 Fungicidal toxin, 290 Fentanyl, 159 Fungicides, 62, 70, 71, 133 , 70 Furans, 302 Ferrochelatase, 98 Furocoumarins, 244 Fertilizers, 77, 81 , 152 Fescue foot, 212, 213 Fusarium, 215 Fescue grass, 212 Fusarium estrogenism, 209–211 Fescue lameness, 212, 213 Fusarium graminearum, 209 Festuca arundinacea, 212 Fusarium moniliforme, 213 Fill in the blanks, 1 Fusarium proliferatum, 213 Fire ants, 184 Fusarium spp., 209, 221 First-order kinetics, 37 Fusarium verticillioides, 213 meal, 197 5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), 149, 174 Flaccid , 182 G Flavoring agents, 14 GABA, 80 Flixweed, 259 GABA (A) agonist, 58 Fluoride, 83, 118, 313 GABA (B), 58 Fluoride toxicoses, 94–95 Galerina, 268 Fluorine, 94, 122 Gambierdiscus Toxicus, 197 Fluorite, 94 Gangrene, 219 Fluoroacetamide, 71 Gangrenous, 224 Fluoroacetate, 81 Ganja, 248 Fluorosis, 115 Garlic-like, 117 5-Fluorouracil, 155 Gaseous ammonia, 121, 129 Fluorspar, 94 Gases, 121–142 , 153 Gastrointestinal drugs, 146, 147 Fluvalinate, 70 Gastrolobium spp., 94 , 153 Gemfibrozil, 41 Folic acid, 148 , 2, 26 Folinerin, 253 Gen- , 327 Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 210 Gila monsters, 178 Folpet, 70 Glaucoma, 140 Food chain, 302 Glucuronic acid, 41 Food-feedstuffs, 26 Glucuronidase, 55 Food , 289–299 Glucuronidate, 148 Food poisoning, 295 Glucuronidation, 28 Food-producing , 301 Glucuronide conjugation, 42 Forced dieresis, 161 Glucuronides, 34 Forensic sample, 312 Glucuronyl transferase, 34, 148 laboratories, 315 Glutamyl β-cyanoalanines, 262 Formaldehyde dehydrogenase, 139 γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase, 170 Formamidines, 61 Glutathione (GSH), 117 Formic acid, 184 Glutathione (GSH) conjugation, 139 338 Index

Glycine, 34, 58, 199 Hematotoxicity, 139 Glycoalkaloids, 245 Heme biosynthesis, 98 Glycol , 123 Hemlock, 81 Glycols, 121, 123–125 , 161 Glycol toxicity, 125 Hemoglobin, 128 Glycosidases, 261 Hemolysin, 170 Glycyrrhizin, 269 Hemolysis, 180 Goiter, 90–91, 262 , 161 Gold, 84 Hemotoxic, 180 Golden , 106 Hemotoxicity, 180 Graded, 15 Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, 29 Gradual, 15 Hen Test, 81 Gramineae, 259 Hepatic enzymes, 34 Gram-positive, 188 Hepatocellular, 139 Grapes, 294–295 Hepatocellular carcinoma, 40, 223 Grass staggers, 217 Hepatogenic photosensitization, 246 Greyhounds, 12 Hepatomegaly, 200 Griffonia , 149 Hepatotoxic agents, 36 Grindelia, 106 Hepatotoxic cyclopeptides, 268 Growth promoters, 305 Hepatotoxicosis, 195, 244 Guarana, 144, 149 Hepatotoxins, 193 Gumweeds, 106 , 68 Gutierrezia, 106 Heptachlor epoxide, 68 Gutierrezia spp., 240, 241 Herbal supplements (toxicity), 144, 149, 150 Gyria spp., 106 Herbicides, 61, 62, 313 Herbicide toxicity, 62–70 Herbivores, 32 H Hereditary, 26

H1 receptors, 146 , 160 H2 blockers, 147 Heteroptera, 171, 173 Haemaphysalis, 169 Hexachlorobenzene, 131 Half-life of elimination (T1/2), 28 Hexachlorocyclohexanes, 131 Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons, 123 Hexavalent chromium, 89 Halogeton, 241, 242 Highly hazardous, 8 Halogeton glomeratus, 241, 242 , 22, 25 , 58 , 146, 170, 197 , 145 History, 310 Haloxon, 68 Hobo , 183 Haplopappus, 106 Hodgkin’s disease, 138 Haplopappus heterophyllus, 239, 240 Homer, 22 Hard ticks, 169 Honey, 301 Harmful, 8 Hormesis, 19 Harmful algal bloom (HAB), 196 Hornets, 171, 173 Hashish, 158, 248 Host factors, 10–13 Hawaii nut, 293 Household chemicals, 134 identification, 4 Household hazards, 134–136 Hazards, 25, 301 Household products, 122 Hazelnuts, 296 HT-2 toxin, 210 Health hazard, 301 Huffing , 138 Heavy chain, 188 Humoral immune responses, 57 Heavy oils, 122 Hyalomma, 169 Heloderma cinctum, 178 Hyaluronidase, 170, 176 Heloderma horridum, 178 Hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicates Heloderma suspectum, 178 (HSCAS), 206 Index 339

Hydrocarbons, 129 Inorganic arsenicals, 85 Hydrochlorothiazide, 152 Insecticides, 61, 133, 305 Hydrocyanic acid, 261 Insecticide toxicosis, 60 cyanide, 61, 261 , 171, 173 Hydrogen peroxide, 72 In silico methods, 6

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), 84, 121, 122, 127, 128 Interaction, 15–20, 26 Hydrolysis, 28, 34, 40 Intestinal normal flora, 303 Hydrolytic enzymes, 46 Intoxication, 7, 161 , 159 , 18 Hydroxocobalamin, 130 , 19, 55 Hydroxyamines, 39 In vitro test, 6 Hydroxychlorodiphenyl ethers, 133 Iodide uptake, 262 Hymenoptera, 171, 173, 184 Iodine, 118, 148 Hyoscine, 252 Iodine deficiency, 90–91 , 252 Iodine toxicity, 89–91 niger, 245 Iodophor teat dip, 91 Hypaconitine, 253, 270 Ionization, 39 Hypericin, 244 Ionized, 29, 42 Hypericum extracts, 55 Ionophores, 191, 313 Hypericum perforatum, 244 Ion trapping, 316 Hypernatremia, 109 Iron, 77, 83, 148, 149, 161 Hyperplasia, 47 Iron toxicoses, 96–97 Hyperplastic thyroid glands, 90 Ironweed, 106 Hypersensitive, 23 Irritant oils, 259 Hypersensitivity, 23 Isoallyl thiocyanates, 259 Hypersensitivity reactions, 23, 54, 182, 303 Isocupressic acid, 238 Hypertrophy, 47 , 74 Hypophosphite, 80 Isovaleryl indanedione, 60, 71 Hypothyroidism, 262 , 23 Ivermectin toxicity, 11 Ixodes, 169 I Ixodes holocyclus, 170 Icterogenin, 256 Ixodidae, 169 Identification, 314 Identification of poisons (I), 317 Illegal drug residues, 302 J Illicit drug, 248 Jamestown weed, 251 Illicit substances, 157 Jimson weed, 245, 251 Imbricatoloic acid, 238 Jowari, 259 Imidazolines, 144 Juvenile hormones, 306 Imidazolinones, 62 Immune complex, 54 Immunization, 190 K Immunotoxic nuclear receptors, 132 Kadethrin, 70 Inactivate tumor suppressors, 48 Kerosene, 139 Indanedione, 60, 71 Ketones, 129 Indolalkylamines, 174 King Cobra, 177 Indolizidine alkaloid , 229 Koolies, 11 Indomethacin, 156 Kuchila plant, 271 Induction, 42 Induction/inhibition of metabolizing enzymes, 36 L Ingestion, 302 Labdane acids, 238 , 137 Labdane derivative, 238 Inhalation, 302 Laboratory examinations, 310 340 Index

Laboratory Information Management Systems Lolium perenne, 217 (LIMS), 311 , 159 Lamb dysentery, 191–192 , 146 Lambsquarter, 263 , 153 Lantadene A, 256 Loxosceles reclusa, 168 Lantana camara, 256 Loxosceles spp., 168 Lantana montevidensis, 256 LSD, 158, 327 Lantana poisoning, 256–258 Lung cancer, 40 Larkspurs, 232, 233 Lupines, 233, 234 Latrodectus mactans, 167, 197 Lupinus spp., 233, 234 Latrodectus spp., 167 Lyases, 261 α-, 184 Lycopersicon esculentum, 245 Law enforcement (L), 317 Lyme disease, 181 Laxatives, 46 Lypolytic enzyme, 269

LD1/ED99, 16 Lead, 57, 83, 115, 118, 313, 327 Lead-like, 104 M , 97–99, 113 Macadamia integrifolia, 293 , 275 Macadamia nuts, 293, 294 Legal action, 312 Machaeranthera, 106 Leguminosae family, 233 Macrocyclic, 215 Leguminoseae, 259 Macromolecules, 206 Leiurus, 168 , 70, 77, 115, 148, 217 Leiurus quinquestriatus, 184 Magnesium hydroxide, 147 Lepidoptera envenomation, 181 Ma huang, 144, 149 Lepiota, 268 Malicious poisoning, 10, 75, 114 , 68 Malicious/suicide poisonings, 61

Lethal dose-50 (LD50), 7, 22 repellents, 62 Lethality, 7 Management and treatment of poisoning (M), Lethal synthesis, 42 317 Liciacea, 249 Mancozeb, 70 Light chain, 188 Maneb, 70 Lime-sulfur, 75, 84 Manganese, 77 Lime-sulfur poisoning, 111–113 Manganese ethylenebisdithiocarbamate, 70 Lincomycin, 191 Manganese toxicity, 100–101 , 13, 68 Mannitol, 110, 152 Lipids, 49 MAO inhibitors, 145 Lipid soluble, 29 Margin of exposure (MOE), 22 Lipophilic drug, 42 Margin of safety, 16, 17, 22 Liquid silver, 97 Marihuana, 248 Liquorice, 269 Marijuana, 158, 159, 248 Lisdexamfetamine, 157 Maroochi nut, 293 Lisinopril, 150 Mathematics, 2 Listeria monocytogenes, 296 Maximal efficacy, 16 Lithium, 135 Maximum nontoxic dose (MNTD), 8 toxins, 256 Maximum residue level (MRL), 303 Lizards, 178, 179 Maximum residue limits, 303 Locked jaw, 182 Maximum tolerated dose/minimum toxic dose , 182, 228, 229 (MTD), 8 Log dose-response curves, 16 Meadow saffron, 249 Logos, 2 Measurement, 314 , 217 Meat, 301 Lolium arundinaceum, 212 (MOA), 45, 46, 85 Lolium multiflorum, 263 Mechanism of toxicity, 45–58 Index 341

Meclizine, 146 Mexican beaded lizard, 178 Median (MLD), 22 Microbes, 32, 33 Medicine, 2 Microbial, 301 Meese’s lines, 114 Microbial toxins, 188 Melittin, 184, 197 Microcystins, 182, 200 Meloidae family, 173 Microcystis, 193 Meloid beetles, 173 Micronutrients, 77, 83–119 Meloxicam, 156 Microsomal enzymes (MFO), 36, 38, 42 Mentzelia, 106 Microsomes, 41, 42 , 40 Microtubule-depolymerizing, 249 Mephobarbital, 153 Micruroides euryxanthus, 177 Mercapturic acid synthesis, 28 Micrurus antivenin, 178 Mercuric salts, 115 Micrurus fulvius, 177 Mercurous salts, 115 Milk, 301 Mercury, 83, 115, 313 Milk of magnesia, 147 , 101–103 Milk vetch, 106 Metabolic activation, 17 Milkvetches, 229, 230 Metabolic change, 37 Millipedes, 170, 171 Metabolism, 34 Milo, 259 Metabolites, 302 , 113, 118 Metabolizing enzymes, 38, 43 Miosis, 81 Metal, 301 , 154 Metal-binding , 87 Misaconitine, 253, 270 Metaldehyde, 74 Mites, 167–170 Metal ion complex, 84 Mithazaha/mitha vish, 253 Metallic mercury, 115 MJB Orfila, 25 Metalloproteases, 170 , 46–47 Metallothionein (CdMT), 84, 87, 118 Mode of toxic action, 52 Metal-protein interactions, 84 Moderately hazardous, 8 , 62, 83–119 Modern toxicology, 2, 5 , 157 Moldy corn toxicosis, 206 Methane, 134 Moleean, 254 , 74, 123, 140, 141, 161, 327 poisoning, 74 Methanol toxicosis, 124 , 74, 133 Methemoglobin, 263 Molybdenum, 83, 115, 118, 313 Methemoglobinemia, 130 Molybdenum poisoning, 104–106 , 70, 155, 292 Molybdos, 104 Methylation, 28 Monkshood, 253

Methyl (CH3Br), 61, 80, 141 Monoamine oxidase, 36, 38 Methyl cellosolve, 123 Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, 154 3-Methylcholanthrene, 40 Monocrotaline, 243 Methylene blue, 130, 265 Monooxygenases or mixed function oxidases Methylene chloride, 123 (MFO), 42 Methylene dichloride, 123 Monoterpenes, 240 7,8-Methylenedioxylycoctonine (MDL), 232 , 34, 40, 41, 160 Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), Multiple-choice questions, 1, 22–24, 40–41, 157 45, 54–56, 59, 75–79, 113–116, Methylmercury, 101, 118 138–141, 161, 162, 181–183, , 157 197–198, 271–274, 297–298, 306, N-(methylsuccinimido) anthranoyllycoctonine 322–325 (MSAL), 232 Multiple-dose activated charcoal (MDAC), 316 Methylxanthines, 145 Multiple routes of exposure, 302 Methylxanthines theobromine, 292 Multivitamins, 148, 149 Metoprolol, 151 , 57 342 Index

Muscle contraction, 48 acetylcholine (ACh), 47 Muscle relaxants, 155 N7-guanine, 223 Muscle rigidity, 182 , 148 Muscrinic, 67 Nickel, 84 , 268, 269 , 58, 61, 62, 68 Mushroom toxins, 55, 227 Nicotine (), 270 Mutagenic, 9 Nicotine antagonist, 57 Mutagenicity, 303 Nicotine plant, 69 , 246 Nicotinic, 67, 194 Mycotoxic lupinosis, 203, 214–215 Nicotinoids, 61 , 313 , 151 Myelogenous leukemia, 139 Nightshades, 263 Myiasis, 211 Nitotinic, 81 Myoglobinemia, 178 Nitrate (NO3), 32, 259, 263–265, 313 Myotoxins, 176 Nitrate- and nitrite-accumulating , 227 Myriapoda, 170, 171 Nitrate poisoning, 263 Myrotheciotoxicosis, 216 Nitrenium , 39 Myrothecium, 215 Nitrite (NO2), 32 Nitrite-accumulating plants, 263–265 Nitro-containing Astragalus, 229, 230 N Nitrogen, 77, 134 , 158 Nitrogen species, 46 Nabumetone, 156 3-Nitro-1-propanol (NPOH), 230 N-acetylcysteine (NAC), 73, 148, 327 3-Nitropropionic acid (NPA), 230 Naja philippinensis, 177 Nitroso and azoxy derivatives, 39 Naked ladies, 249 Nitro spp., 228 Naphthalene, 140 , 146 Narcosis, 56 N-methyl ammodendrine, 233 Na-thiosulfate, 116 N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, 98 Natural insecticides, 60, 81 N-methylmorpholine, 266 Natural plant extracts, 68, 69 N-methyltryptophan, 269 Necrosis, 45, 50, 56 Nodularia, 193 Necrotic enteritis, 191–193, 200 Nodularin, 182 Negligence, 144 Nonanticoagulant Rodenticide, 72 , 62 Non-conjugation phase, 38 , 81 Nondepolarizing, 178 Neonics, 81 Nonionic detergents, 140 Neotyphodium coenophialum, 212 Non-ionized, 29, 39 Neriin, 253 Nonmacrocyclic, 215 Nerium oleander, 253 Non-microsomal enzymes, 38 Nerium spp., 252 Nonopiate derivative, 148 , 81 Nonprotein nitrogen (NPN), 32 Nervous disease, 217 Nonruminants, 33 Neuromuscular blockade, 178 anti-inflammatory drugs Neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), 58, 60, 63, (NSAIDs), 147, 148, 156 169 , 210 Neuropathy toxidromes, 262 Nonsteroidal prescription drugs, 155, 156 Neurotoxic, 193 Non-synthetic phase, 38 Neurotoxic alkaloids, 200 No observed level (NOAEL), 8, Neurotoxicants, 60, 100 21, 297, 304 Neurotoxic esterase (NTE), 67 No observed effect level (NOEL), 21 , 188, 197 Noradrenaline, 80 Neurotransmission, 48 Norditerpenoid alkaloids, 232 Neurotransmitter, 152 Norepinephrine, 57, 151, 157 Index 343

Nortriptyline, 154 Oxalates, 241, 314 Nostoc, 193 , 153 Nucleic acids, 206 Oxicam derivative, 156 Nucleophiles, 36, 39 Oxidation, 28, 34, 40, 42, 43 Nucleoproteins, 206 Oxidative phosphorylation, 46, 47, 56 Nucleotides, 49 Oxidative stress, 48

Nutritional toxicology, 25 Oxides of nitrogen (NOx), 121, 128, 134 Oxychlordane, 68 , 41 O therapy, 75 A (OTA), 206 Oxylobium spp., 94 (OTA) toxicity, 206, 207 Oxymetazoline, 144 Ochratoxin toxicity, 203 Oxytocic effect, 224 OC insecticides, 76 Oxytropis species, 228–231 Off-label use of , 144 Oil fog, 134 Oleander plants, 252, 253 P , 253 Paintbrush, 106 Omnivores, 32 Painter’s syndrome, 137 Oncogenes, 48 2-PAM, 76 Oonopsis, 106 P-aminobenzoic acid, 43 OP compounds, 60, 67, 81 P-aminophenol, 148 Opiate receptors, 159 , 148 Opiates, 159, 160 , 159 OP-induced delayed (OPIDN), PA-producing genera, 242 67, 68, 81 Paracelsus, 3, 22, 25 Opisthosoma, 167 Paracetamol, 327 poppy, 159 Paralyzed tongue, 259 OP poisoning, 67, 81 , 34 Opposite response, 20 Paraquat, 55, 63, 77, 81, 327 Organic anion transporter, 55 , 34, 68, 327 Organic cation transporter, 55 Parathyroid hormone, 41 Organic combustion, 129 PARERE, 7 Organic compounds, 121, 131 , 153 Organic fertilizer, 255 , 18, 224 Organic mercury compounds, 115 , 43 Organochlorine compound, 81 Paspalum dilatatum, 217 Organochlorine , 47 Paspalum plants, 217 Organochlorines, 61, 306 Paspalum staggers, 217, 218 Organohalogens, 122 Passifloraceae, 259 Organomercurial, 62 Passive diffusion, 29, 42 (OPs), 47, 61, 80, 306, 314 Patterson milkvetch, 231 Organophosphorus (OPs) compounds, 60, 66 Paullinia cupana, 149 Organophosphorus (OPs) insecticides, 34 PCB poisoning, 12 Ornithodoros, 169 Pemoline, 157 Oscillatoria, 193 Penicillium purpurogenum, 223 Osmotic diuretics, 152 Penicillium rubrum, 223 Osteomalacia, 40 (PCP) poisoning, 133, 134 Otobius, 169 Pentagastrin, 146 Overdose, 161 , 153 Overeating disease, 192–193 Peptides, 166 Overgrown hooves, 118 Perchloroethylene, 123 Over-the-counter (OTC), 144 Perfluorinated agents, 121 Over-the-counter drugs, 144–150 Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), 131, 132 344 Index

Perfluorooctane sulfonate/sulfonic acid Photosensitizing plants, 244 (PFOS), 131 Phthalimides, 62 Perfusion-limited lipophilic drugs, 42 Phylloerythrin, 245 Periods, 303 Physics, 2 Peripheral component, 37 Physiochemical properties, 39 Perivascular cuffing, 110 Physiological toxicokinetic models, 37 Permeability, 43 , 2 , 290, 291 , 146, 252 Persistent halogenated aromatic products, 121 Phytomendadione, 80 Persistent halogenated aromatics (PHAs), 132 Phytonadione, 72 Persistent residues, 306 Phytopathogenic fungi, 203 poisoning, 75 Phytotoxin, 255, 269 Pesticides, 59, 61, 64–67, 69, 301 Pica, 111 Petroleum, 121 Picraconitine, 253 Petroleum toxicity, 125, 126 Pindone, 60, 71 Pfiesteria piscicida, 196 Pinocytosis, 29, 30 P-glycoprotein, 55 Pinus spp., 238, 239 pH, 29, 39 Piperidine alkaloids, 233 , 55 Piperonyl butoxide, 14, 60, 69, 81 (PD), 10 Piperonyl cyclonene, 69 , 2 Piroxicam, 156 (PK), 10 Pithomyces chartarum, 211 Phase I biotransformation reactions, 40 Pit vipers, 175 Phase I reactions, 28, 38 pKa, 39 Phase II reactions, 34, 38, 43 Placental barrier, 38 , 158 Planktothrix, 193 Phendimetrazine, 157 Plant nutrients, 77 Phenmetrazine, 157 Plants, 68–70 , 55, 153 Plants and animal sources, 301 Phenolic compounds, 122 Plants containing cyanogenic glycosides, 259 , 34, 314 Plant toxins, 7 tranquilizers, 152 Plasma membrane, 38 , 67, 76, 149 , 55 , 70 Platinum, 84 Phentermine, 157 Plumbum, 97 Phentolamine, 145 Pneumothorax, 138 Phenylarsenic poisoning, 86 Poaceae, 259 Phenylephrine, 144 , 2, 3, 7, 23, 25 Phenylmercuric acetate, 103 Poison absorption, 315 Phenylpropanolamine (PPA), 144, 151, 152, Poison elimination, 315, 316 157 Poison hemlock, 235, 236 , 163 Poisoning, 7, 161 Phomopsis leptostromiformis, 214 Poisonous, 165–179 Phosphide, 61 Poisonous animal, 179 Phosphide salts, 130 Poisonous plants, 2, 227–269 , 80 Poisonous weed, 241 Phosphine gas, 60, 73, 121, 130 Polioencephalomalacia (PEM), 112 Phospholipase, 168 Polyamine transport system, 55 Phospholipase A2, 170 Polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), 122, 131 , 77, 91–92, 118, 134, 148 Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), Photoallergic reactions, 23 131, 132 Photodynamic agents, 244 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 11, 122, Photoreactive agent, 244 131, 132 Photosensitization, 211 Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, 302 Index 345

Polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), 131 Prothrombin time, 80 Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dibenzofurans Protoplasmic, 80 (PCDFs), 122, 132 Prunasin, 261 Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), Prussic acid, 261 122, 131, 132 Pseudoaconitine, 253 Polymer fume fever, 134 Pseudoephedrine, 144, 145 Polymeric glucomannans, 206 aeruginosa, 200 Polymorphic, 40 Psoriasis, 40 Polypeptides, 166 Ptaquiloside, 246 Polyphenolic derivatives, 244 Pteridium, 246, 247 Polyvalent botulinum antitoxin, 199 Public health significances, 303 Ponderosa pine needles, 238, 239 Pulpy kidney, 199 Poor metabolizers, 40 Pulpy kidney disease, 192–193, 200 Porcine pulmonary edema (PPE), 213 Puromycin, 36 Postganglionic , 197 Pyelonephritis, 262 Potassium, 77 , 14, 61, 69, 80, 81, 160, 306 , 15 insecticides, 70 Potency of , 16 , 61, 160 Potentiation/potentiative effect, 19 Pyrethroid synergist, 81 Potentiator, 60 , 68 Poultry hemorrhagic syndrome, 206 -2-aldoxime methochloride, 60, 67 PPAR- receptor, 55 Pyridoxine, 148 Pralidoxime, 327 Pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA), 242 Prazosin, 145 Pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA)-containing plants, Preanesthetic agents, 152 242–244 Pregnane X receptor, 55 Prescription drugs, 150–159 Prevention and treatment, 309 Q Primary photosensitization, 244 Quantal (all-or-none), 15 Primary photosensitizers, 244 Quantitative structure activity relationship Primary routes of exposure, 38 (QSAR), 6 , 153 Queensland nut, 293 Prince’s plume, 106 Questions and answers, 1, 21–26, 37–44, Principles of therapy, 315–317 52–59, 75–82, 113–119, 136–141, Principles of toxicology, 1 160–162, 179–183, 195–196, , 43 220–225, 269–274, 295–296, Process of necrosis, 51 304–306, 317–322 Products containing alcohols, 122 Quicksilver, 101 Prognosis (P), 317 , 40 Programmed cell death, 46 Quinolizidine alkaloids, 233 Proinflammatory cytokines, 55 Quinones, 166 , 152 hydrochloride, 146 Propanolol, 151 R , 145, 175 Raindrop pigmentation, 118 Propylene glycols (PG), 123 Raisins, 294–295 Prosoma, 167 , 146 Prostaglandin synthetase, 147 family, 253 Protein adducts, 48, 56 Rathi, 275 Protein dysfunction, 48, 56 poison, 81 Protein phosphatases, 194 Rayless goldenrod, 239, 240 Protein target, 48 Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome Proteolytic enzymes, 199 (RADS), 140 Prothrombin, 223 Reactive aldehydes, 129 346 Index

Reactive group, 38 , 47, 61, 62, 68, 81 Reactive metabolites, 36, 139 Routes of exposure, 31–32, 136 Reactive oxygen, 46 Rubratoxin B, 223 (ROS), 46 Rubratoxins, 223 Read-across approach, 6 Rumex spp., 263 Receptor antagonism, 19 Ruminal alkalosis, 33 Receptors, 2, 15–20, 26, 152, 210 Ruminants, 33 Red clover, 218 Rumino-reticular environment, 33 Redox cycling mechanism, 63, 77 Rye, 224 Reduction, 28, 34, 40 Ryegrass, 217 Reduviidae, 182 Ryegrass staggers, 203, 217 Reference dose (RfD), 23 Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), S 6 Sacred datura, 245 Regulation of receptors, 55 S-adenosyl methionine (SAM-e), 73 Regulatory toxicology, 2, 25 Safe concentration, 304 Renal excretion, 42 Safety, 26 Repair, 48 Safety evaluation, 3 , 58, 67 , 43 Residual effects (Td), 14, 15 Saline laxative, 75 Residue hazards, 301–304 Salmonella, 197 Residues in tissues, 302 Salmonella spp., 296 , 70 bush, 106 Resorcylic acid lactones (RALs), 210 Salt poisoning, 83, 109–110 Respiratory blockers, 47 Sankhyal, 85–87 Respiratory distress syndrome, 140 , 49 Restricted use, 9 Satratoxin, 215 Retinoic acid receptors, 54 Sawhorse, 224 Rhinella marinus, 174 Sawhorse stance, 182 Rhipicephalus, 169 , 194 Rhizoctonia leguminicola, 218 Science of toxicology, 2 Rhodanese, 262 Sclerotia, 212 Riboflavin, 148 Sclerotium, 217 , 255, 275 Scolopendra spp., 170 Ricin poisoning, 255 Scope of toxicology, 5, 6 Ricinus communis, 254–256 , 252 Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA), 275 α-Scorpion, 168 Rifampin, 40, 195 β-Scorpion, 168 Riphicephalus, 184 ß-methylamino alanine (BMAA), 193 Risk, 25 , 167–170, 183 Risk assessments, 3–5, 37 , 153 Risk factor, 23 Secondary photosensitization, 245, 246 Risk management, 4 Secondary photosensitizers, 245 Risk paradigm, 4, 5 Secret poison, 83 RNA polymerase II, 55 Selegiline, 154 RNS, 46 Selene, 106 Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 181 Seleniferous Astragalus, 231 Rodenticide poisoning, 71–73 Seleniferous , 107 Rodenticides, 60–62, 71, 77, 81, 314 (Se), 83, 114, 117, 118, 231, 314 Roridin, 215 Selenium poisoning, 106–108, 231 Rosaceae, 259 Selenium spp., 228 Rosagenin, 253 Selenium uptake, 231 Rosary pea, 275 Selenosis, 231 Index 347

Semecarpus anacardium, 269 spp., 263 Semiarid, 117 Solenopsin, 184, 197 Seminiferous tubule atrophy, 139 Solpugids, 167–170 Senecio, 242 Solvents, 74, 75, 121–142 Senna occidentalis, 266, 267 Solvent toxicity, 123–126 Sensitizing, 9 Somalkar, 85–87 Serotonin, 80, 157, 166, 170, 174 Soot, 134 Serotonin agonist, 57 Sorbitol, 140 Serotonin antagonist, 58 Sorghum, 259 Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 153 Sorghum spp., 259 Serotypes, 188, 197 Sources of poisoning, 9, 10 , 153 Sour gas, 122, 127 , 69 Species differences, 32–34 glucoside, 246 Species variation, 2 Sewer gas, 122, 127 Specific , 315 Shampoos, 122, 135, 136 Specific target site, 56 Sideranthus, 106 Specimens, 314 Silent killer, 126 Spectacle-eye appearance, 105 Silo filler’s disease, 128 Spermatotoxicity, 139 Silverleaf nightshade, 245 Spiders, 167–170, 182 Silymarin, 195 , 152 Sinsemilla, 248 Sporidesmin, 211 Slaframine toxicosis, 218 Spreading factor, 176 aids, 153, 154 Stachybotryotoxicosis, 216 Slightly hazardous, 8 Stachybotrys, 215 Slope, 15 Stanleya, 106 Smoke inhalation, 121, 129, 130, 134 , 295 Snake poisoning, 175–178 Staphylococcus aureus toxins, 196 Snakes, 166, 182 hormones, 41 Snake , 166 Stink damp, 122, 127 Snakeweed, 106 Stinking milkvetch, 231 Soaps, 122, 135, 136 Structure activity relationship (SAR), 6 Socrates, 22 , 60, 71, 267, 271, 314 Sodium, 314 , 227, 267, 268 Sodium arsenate, 80 Strychnos nux-vomica, 267, 271 Sodium arsenite, 80 Subacute, 7 Sodium bentonites, 206 Sub-chronic, 7 Sodium bicarbonate, 74–75 Submission of samples, 312 Sodium bisulfite, 216 Succinyl ICA, 238 blockers, 194 Sudden sniffing death syndrome (SSDS), 137 Sodium fluoroacetate, 314 Sugar alcohols, 140 Sodium hypochlorites, 135 Suicidal poisonings, 75 Sodium-iodide symporter, 262 Sui/needle, 275 Sodium nitrite, 163, 327 Sulfates, 314 Sodium nitroprusside, 39 Sulfation, 28, 42 Sodium sulfate, 70 Sulfhydryl enzymes, 114 Sodium thiosulfate, 118, 263, 276, 327 Sulfhydryl groups, 85 Sodium trihydrate, 156 Sulfmethemoglobin, 113 family, 251 Sulfonation, 28 , 245 Sulfur, 62, 75, 77, 84, 111–113, 118 , 245 Sulfur derivatives, 70 Solanum dulcamara, 245 , 61 Solanum elaeagnifolium, 245 , 26 , 245 Sulfur trioxide, 134 348 Index

Summer syndrome, 208 Theobroma cacao, 291 Sunburn, 211 Theobromine, 292 Super toxic, 21, 26 Theophylline, 58 Supportive treatment, 315, 316 , 22, 26 Swainsonine, 229 Thermal injury, 134 Swamp gas, 122, 127 Thiamine, 148 Sweat lupines, 214 Thiamine deficiency, 246 Sweet poison, 253 , 153 Sympathomimetic amines, 144 Thin-layer chromatography, 223 Synergism/synergistic effect, 19 Thiocyanate, 262 Synergist, 60 Thiomolybdates, 104 Synergistic effect, 20 Thiopental, 153 Synergistically, 122 Thiosulfate, 130 Synthesis reactions, 34 Thorn apple, 245, 251 Synthetic pyrethroids, 80 Threshold dose, 21–23 Thrombocytopenia, 138 Thyroid gland, 90 T Thyroid hormones, 41, 90 , 81 Thyroxine, 91 Talking pigs, 183 Ticks, 166–170 Tansy mustard, 258 Ticks paralysis, 166, 169, 170 Tarantula, 183 Timber milkvetch, 230 Target , 48 Time-effect relationship, 14 Target organs, 17 Time of (Ta), 14 Taxine A, 265 Time to peak effect (Tb), 14, 15 Taxine B, 265 Timolol, 151 Taxus spp., 265, 266 Tincture of iodine, 91 Teart scours, 105 Tiny-leaved milkvetch, 231 Tecadenoson, 58 Tissue necrosis, 36 Teeth and bones, 118 Tissue residue, 302 Teflon® particles, 134 Tissue toxicity, 36 Teflon® pyrolysis products, 134 Titanium tetrachloride, 134 Terata, 236 Tityus spp., 169 Teratogenesis, 36 , 155 Teratogenic effects, 53 Toad poisoning, 174, 175 Teratogenicity, 303, 327 Toe necrosis syndrome, 50 Terbutaline, 130 Tolerance, 26, 303 , 146 Tolguacha, 251 , 173 , 140 Tetanus, 199, 224 Topical agents, 155 Tetanus antitoxin, 198, 199, 224 Topical preparations, 149 Tetanus toxin, 200, 224 Total dissolved solids (TDS), 314 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-pdioxin (TCDD), Toxalbumin, 180, 269 4, 40, 60, 62, 122 Toxic, 8 Tetrachloroisophthalonitrile, 70 Toxic agents, 7, 8 Tetrachlorophenols, 133 Toxicant-metabolizing enzymes, 28 Tetraethyl pyrophosphate, 68 Toxicants, 7, 10–14, 23 Tetrahydrozoline, 144 Toxicant toxicity (ADME-Tox), 28 , 70 Toxicant transport (ADME-T), 28 , 197 Toxication, 39 Tetrodotoxin closes voltage-gated Na1 Toxic effects, 1 channels, 48 Toxic gases, 121, 126–130 , 327 from human drugs, 143–159 Thallium salts, 60, 71 Toxicity, 85–87 Index 349

Toxicity class 1, 9 1,3,7-Trimethylxanthine, 292 Toxicity class II, 9 Triorthocresyl phosphate, 60, 67 Toxicity class III, 9 Triterpenoids, 256 Toxicity class IV, 9 Triticum spp., 263 Toxicity of yew, 265, 266 Trivalent chromium, 89 Toxicity rating, 7–9 alkaloids, 245 Toxicity testing, 6, 302 True bugs, 171, 173 Toxicodynamics, 22, 37 True/false statements, 1 Toxicoinfectious, 189 Trumpet vine, 251 Toxicokinetic principles, 36–37 T-2 toxin, 210, 215 Toxicokinetics, 22, 28 Tumor formation, 39 Toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic (TKTD), 37 Tumorigenesis, 194 Toxicologic hazards, 121–142 Tung nut, 271 Toxicology, 2, 22, 25 poults, 204 Toxicology examination, 312–314 Two-compartment system, 37 Toxicon, 2 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 60, 62 Toxicosis, 2, 7 Two-grooved milkvetch, 231 Toxicovigilance, 25 Type A enterotoxemia, 191 Toxic Pfiesteria complex, 196 Toxic reaction, 26 Toxic substances, 9 U Toxinology, 22, 25, 166 UDP glucuronyltransferases, 41 Toxinosis, 196 UGT2B7, 55 Toxins, 2, 23 Ulobiridae, 167 Toxoid, 190 Uncertainty factor, 23 , 159 Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation, 47 Tranquilizers, 152, 305 Ureas, 32, 62, 81, 152, 314 Transcuperin, 117 Urinary alkalinization, 316 Translocation, 29–31 Urinary alkalization, 318 Transport , 117 , 154 Treatment of toxicosis, 2 V Tremetone, 239 Valproic acid, 40 Tremorgenic diterpenes, 218 Vapors, 121–142 Tremorgenic mycotoxins, 203, 220 Variables of dose-response curves, 15–17 , 152 Vegetable oils, 70 Triaryl phosphates, 60, 67 Venom, 166 Triaryl-PO4, 314 Venomous animal, 179 Triazines, 63 Venomous , 166, 167 , 153 Venomous elapid snakes, 177 (TCE), 123 Venomous lizards, 178 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (methylchloroform), 123 Venomous organisms, 165–179 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), Venomous snakes, 175, 176 60, 62 Venoms, 7 Trichodesma, 215 , 151 , 32 Verbenaceae family, 256 toxicosis, 203, 215–216 Verrucarin, 215 Trichothecium, 215 Verticimonosporium, 215 , 132 Veterinary clinical toxicology, 309–317 Tricothecenes, 221 Veterinary drug residues, 302 Tricyclic antidepressants, 154 Veterinary drugs, 301 Trientine hydrochloride, 94 Veterinary medicines, 302 Trifolium pratense, 218 Veterinary pharmaceuticals, 303 Triiodothyronine, 91 Veterinary toxicology, 1, 2, 7 350 Index

Vinblastine, 249 Withdrawal times, 303, 304 Violative residues, 302 Wolf’s , 253 Viper, 175 Wooden horse, 224 Viperidae, 175 Wooden tongue, 259 Virginiamycin, 191 Wood preservative, 133 Vitamin, 314 Woody aster, 106 Vitamin A, 116, 148 Wrong dosage, 144

Vitamin B1, 148 Vitamin B2, 148 Vitamin B3, 148 X Vitamin B6, 148 interactions, 36 Vitamin B12, 84, 148 , 23, 25, 27, 314 Vitamin B12 deficiency, 88–89 , 72 Vitamin C, 148 Xylitol, 145, 294 Vitamin D, 116 Xylometazoline, 144 Vitamin E, 116, 117 Xylorhiza, 106 Vitamin K, 71, 80, 223

Vitamin K1, 60, 72, 80 Vitamin K epoxide reductase, 80 Y Vitis species, 294 Yohimbine, 58 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 123 Volume of distribution, 42 , 215 Z Vulvovaginitis, 209–211 , 154 , 210 Zero-order kinetics, 37 W , 77, 83, 115, 130, 148, 314 Warfarin, 40, 60, 62, 71, 72, 81, 313 Zinc ethylenebisdithiocarbamate, 71 Wasps, 171, 173 Zinc oxide, 134, 149 Water bloom, 194 Zinc phosphide, 60, 71, 73, 77, 81, 314 Water hemlock, 237 Zinc sulfate, 47 Whip scorpions, 167–170 Zinc toxicosis, 108–109 Wilbur, 183 Zineb, 71 Winged milkvetch, 230 Ziram, 81 Winter fat, 106 , 154 Withdrawal symptom, 303 Zootoxins, 166

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