DOCSLIB.ORG

329 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 PK Gupta, Concepts And

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Index A Activated charcoal, 318 Abralin, 269 Active/facilitated transport, 29 Abric acid, 269 Active transport, 39, 53 Abrin, 269, 275 Acute toxicosis, 7 Absorption, 29–33, 302 Acyl glucuronides, 54 Absorption, distribution, metabolism Addictive drug, 303 (biotransformation) and elimination Addition/additive effect, 19 (ADME), 27, 38 Additive, 122 Abuse, 327 Additive effect, 20 Abused drugs, 156–159 Adenosine agonist, 58 Acaricide, 62 Adenosine antagonist, 58 Acceptable daily intake (ADI), 297 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 47, 53 Accidental, 75 Adjuvants, 14 ingestion, 144 Adrenaline, 184 poisoning, 10 β-Adrenergic blockers, 151 Accumulation, 17, 92 β-Adrenergic receptor, 151 Acepromazine, 145, 149, 152 α-Adrenergic receptor-blocking agents, 145 Acetaldehyde, 43, 74 Adrenergic receptor sites, 157 Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, 139 Adulterants, 157 Acetaminophen, 55, 148 Adverse biological response, 52 Acetic acid, 64 Affinity, 18, 128 Acetohydroxyacid synthase, 62 Aflatoxicosis, 203–206 Acetone, 74 Aflatoxin 8, 9-epoxide, 223 Acetylation, 28, 42 Aflatoxins, 204 Acetylation products, 34 Agathic acid, 238 Acetylcholine (ACh), 58, 61, 64, 65, 169, 224 Agent Orange, 4 Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), 47, 61, 80 Agonist, 18, 19, 55, 194 inhibition, 60 β2-Agonist, 130 inhibitors, 47, 63 Agricultural chemicals, 61 5-Acetyl-2,3-dihydro-2-isopropenyl- Agrochemicals, 59, 64–67, 69 benzofuran, 239 Albendazole, 23 Acetyl ICA, 238 Albuterol, 130 ACh receptors, 69 Alcohol dehydrogenase, 139 Acid dissociation constant, 39 Alcohols, 121, 123–125, 134 Acids, 129 Aldehyde dehydrogenase, 36, 38 Aconine, 253 Aldosterone, 152 Aconitine, 253, 270 Alfalfa hay, 182 Aconitum napellus, 253, 254 Algal poisoning, 193, 200 Acrolein, 47, 129 Algal toxins, 195 Acrylonitrile, 39 Algicides, 62 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 329 PK Gupta, Concepts and Applications in Veterinary Toxicology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22250-5 330 Index Aliphatic alcohols, 123 Anatoxin-a, 194 Aliphatic hydrocarbons, 123 Anatoxins, 182, 193, 200 Alkali disease, 107, 117 Androctonus, 168 Alkali milkvetch, 231 Androgen, 80 Alkaline, 117 Angel’s trumpet, 251 Alkaloid poisoning, 214 Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), 150 Alkaloids, 227, 243 Animal-derived products, 301 Alkyl benzene, 141 Animal health, 1 Allergens, 57 Animal kingdom, 166 Allergic host reactions, 171 Animal products, 302 Allergic reactions, 54, 166 Antacids, 46, 147 Allethrin, 70 Antagonism/antagonistic effect, 18 Alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist, 58 Antagonist, 19, 55, 58, 152 Alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist, 58 Antagonistically, 122 Alpha 2 agonist, 81 Anthracene, 122 Alpha-amanitin, 55 Anthraquinones, 266 Alpha-bungarotoxin, 58 Antibiotic resistance, 305 Alpha receptors, 224 Antibiotics, 191 Alpha toxin, 198 Anticoagulant Rodenticides, 71, 72 Alprazolam, 153 Anticoagulants, 60, 80, 313 Aluminum, 130 Anticoccidial, 191 Aluminum hydroxide, 147 Anti-Degnala liquor, 219 Aluminum phosphide, 61, 80, 118 Antidepressants, 153, 154 Alveolar macrophages, 57 Antidiarrheal, 159 Amanita, 268 Antidotal treatment, 60, 67 Amanita phalloides, 268 Antidotes, 2, 80 Amanitins, 49, 269 Antiemetics, 152 Amaranthus spp., 263 Antifreeze, 123 Amblyomma, 169 Antigenically, 188 Amblyomma variegatum Fabricius, 169 Antihistamines, 144–146 Ambush predator, 196 Anti-inflammatory, 305 American hellebore, 271 Antimicrobial drug resistance, 303 Amines, 166 Antimicrobials, 305 Amino acids, 49, 269 Antioxidants, 244 γ-Aminobutyric acid, 152 Anti-parasitic, 305 Aminophyline, 67 Antitussives, 144 Amitraz, 81 Antivenin, 183 Amitriptyline, 154 Antivenoms, 169 Amlodipine, 151 Ants, 171, 173, 182 Ammodendrine, 233 Aphanizomenon, 193 Ammonia, 32, 129, 313 Apocynaceae family, 252, 253 Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate, 93 Apomorphine, 72–74 Amphetamines, 157 Apoptosis, 45, 46, 51, 52, 56 Amygdalin, 39, 261 Apparent volume of distribution (Vd), 28 Anabaena, 193 Apple of Peru, 251 Anaerobic, 188 Aquatic systems, 302 Anagyrine, 233 Aquilinum, 246, 247 Analgesia, 41 Araceae, 259 Analgesics, 75, 144, 147, 148 Arachnids, 167–170 Analytical chemistry, 309 Arandi, 254 Analytical methods, 314–315 Area under the plasma drug concentration- Analytical procedures, 310 time curve (AUC), 28 Analytical toxicology, 317 Argas, 169 Anaphylactic, 54 Argasidae, 169 Anaphylaxis, 54, 166 Arid, 117 Index 331 Arizona bark scorpion, 168 B Arsenic, 83, 118, 327 Bacitracin, 191 Arsenicals, 62 Baclofen, 57, 155 Arsenic intoxication, 86 Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN), 206 Arsenic pentoxide, 116 Barbed, 171 Arsenic trioxide, 116 Barbiturates, 12, 149, 153 Arsenites, 85 Barbiturate toxicity, 13 Arsine, 116 Basophilic stippling, 99 Arsinilic acid, 116 Bauple nut, 293 Arthus reaction, 23 B cells, 57 Aryl hydrocarbon receptor, 55 Beard doughs, 293 Aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist, 40 Beauty mineral, 118 Ascorbic acid, 148 Bedlington Terrier, 117 Aspergillus flavus, 204, 221 Bees, 171, 173, 182 Aspergillus fumigatus, 221 Belladonna leaves, 11 Aspergillus niger, 204 Benazepril, 150 Aspergillus nomius, 204 Bentonite, 216 Aspergillus parasiticus, 204, 221 Benzalactone, 80 Aspergillus spp., 221 Benzaldehyde, 47 Aspergillus toxicosis, 206 Benzene, 40, 48, 123, 139–141 Aspirin, 43, 55 Benzimidazole fungicides, 211 Aster, 106 Benzocaine, 145 Astragalus, 106, 228–231 Benzodiazepines, 57, 80, 152, 153 Astragalus bisulcatus, 231 Benzopyrene, 40, 48 Astragalus emoryanus, 230 Benzoylmethylecgonine, 157 Astragalus miser var. hylophylus, 230 Benzphetamine, 157 Astragalus miser var. oblongifolius, 230 Beryllium, 84 Astragalus miser var. serotinus, 230 Beta toxin, 197–199 Astragalus pattersonii, 231 Bhang, 248 Astragalus pectinatus, 231 BHC, 68 Astragalus praelongus, 231 Bicarbonate, 75 Astragalus pterocarpus, 230 Bicuculline, 57 Astragalus racemosus, 231 Bidentate ligands, 84 Astragalus tetrapterus, 230 Bilateral malacia, 108 Atenolol, 151 Bile acid transport blockers, 195 ATPase, 46 Bile acid transporter, 55 ATPase activity, 174 Binding agents, 14 Atriplex, 106 Bioaccumulate, 131 Atropa belladonna (belladonna leaves), 11 Bioaccumulation, 8, 302 Atrophic vaginitis, 209 Bioactivation, 36, 39 Atropine, 11, 80, 252, 327 Bioactivation reactions, 36 Atropine flush, 75 Bioavailability, 39, 302 Atropine poisoning, 75 Biochemistry, 2 Atropine sulfate, 60, 67 Biological, 301 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Biological variation, 15, 16 (ADHD), 131 Biologic factors, 10–13 Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Biology, 2 Hohenheim, 3 Biomagnification, 102 Autumn crocus, 249 Biomagnified, 131 Avena spp., 263 Biotin, 148 Average daily intake (ADI), 304 Biotoxin, 7 Avocado fruit, 291 Biotransformation, 28, 34, 41, 42 Avocado poisoning, 290–291 Biphenyls, 302, 314 Axons, 197 Bipyridinium compounds, 63 332 Index Bipyridyl herbicide, 81 Bufo marinus, 174 Bipyridylium, 63 Bufo regularis, 174 Bipyridyls, 62 Bufotenines, 174 Bird repellents, 62 Bufotoxins, 174 Bitter almond smell, 325 Buprenorphine, 159 Bitter lupines, 214 Bupropion, 154 Biuret, 32 Burtonian line, 113 Black blister beetle, 173 Burton line, 118 Black henbane, 245 Bush nut, 293 Black nightshade, 245 Butabarbital, 153 Black patch disease, 218 Buthus spp., 168 Black widow, 183 Buttercup, 271 Black widow spiders, 167 Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), 244 Bleaches, 122, 134 Blind staggers, 115, 117 Blister beetles, 174 C Blister beetle poisoning, 173, 174 Cadmium, 115, 118 Blister beetles, 166 Cadmium poisoning, 87 β-Blockers, 145 Caffeine, 145, 157, 292 Blood-brain barrier, 38 Calcification, 115 Blood organ barriers, 38 Calcipotriene, 155 Blood-testes barrier, 38 Calcium, 77, 135, 148 Blue-green algae, 187 Calcium aluminosilicates, 216 Blue-green algae poisoning, 193–195 CalciumATPase, 80 Blue rocket, 253 Calcium carbonate, 147 Bobtail disease, 108 Calcium channel blockers, 151 Boron, 77 Calcium channels, 55 Botulinum action, 224 Calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic Botulinum antitoxin, 190 acid (CaEDTA), 99 Botulinum serotypes, 200 Calcium homeostasis, 139 Botulinum toxins, 187–190, 197, 198, 200 Calystegins, 245 Botulism, 182, 188–190 Cancer, 48 Bracken fern, 246, 247 Canine dysautonomia, 189 Brain membranes, 42 Cannabaceae family, 248, 249 Brassicaceae family, 258 Cannabinoids, 248 Brassica rapa, 263 Cannabis sativa, 158, 248, 249 British Anti Lewisite (BAL), 87 Cantharidin, 173 Brodifacoum, 71 Cantharidin poisoning, 173, 174 Bromadiolone, 71 Cantharidin toxicosis, 184 Bromethalin, 72, 314 Cap mushrooms, 49 Brominated bisphenols, 131 Capsaicinoids, 245 Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), 121, Capsicum annum, 245 131, 132 Captafol, 70 Bromocriptine, 58 Captan, 70 1-Bromopropane, 123 Captopril, 150 Broom snakeweed, 240, 241 Carbamates (CMs), 47, 60, 61, 80, 306, 314 Brown recluse, 183 Carbamates (CMs) insecticides, 63–68 Brown spiders, 168 Carbamazepine, 40 Brucine, 267 Carbon disulfide, 36, 61 Bubalus bubalis L., 219 Carbon monoxide (CO), 39, 121, 126–127, BuChE, 77 134 Bufo alvarius, 174 Carbon tetrachloride, 36, 123, 137 Bufo blombergi, 174 Carcinogenesis, 36 Bufogenins, 174 Carcinogenic, 9 Index 333 Carcinogenicity, 39, 303 Chemoinformatics, 6 Carcinogenic, mutagenic and reprotoxic Chenopodium spp., 263 (CMR), 6 Chick edema factor, 4 Carcinogens, 246 Chili pepper, 245 Cardenolide, 182 Chlorates, 62, 313 Cardiac glycosides, 253 Chlordiazepoxide, 153 Cardiotoxicity, 180 Chlorinated ethylenes, 123 Cardiovascular medications, 150–152 Chlorinated hydrocarbon compounds, 68 Carisoprodol, 155 Chlorinated hydrocarbons, 60, 141, 313 Carnivores, 32 Chlorinated solvents, 123 Carrier-mediated transport, 29 Chlorine, 47, 77, 129 Castilleja, 106 Chlorine
Recommended publications
  • 4/23/2015 1 •Psychedelics Or Hallucinogens

    4/23/2015 1 •Psychedelics Or Hallucinogens

    4/23/2015 Hallucinogens •Psychedelics or This “classic” hallucinogen column The 2 groups below are quite different produce similar effects From the classic hallucinogens Hallucinogens Drugs Stimulating 5HT Receptors Drugs BLOCKING ACH Receptors • aka “psychotomimetics” LSD Nightshade(Datura) Psilocybin Mushrooms Jimsonweed Morning Glory Seeds Atropine Dimethyltryptamine Scopolamine What do the very mixed group of hallucinogens found around the world share in common? •Drugs Resembling NE Drugs BLOCKING Glutamate Receptors •Peyote cactus Phencyclidine (PCP) •Mescaline Ketamine All contain something that resembles a •Methylated amphetamines like MDMA High dose dextromethorphan •Nutmeg neurotransmitter •New synthetic variations (“bath salts”) •5HT-Like Hallucinogens •LSD History • Serotonin • created by Albert Hofmann for Sandoz Pharmaceuticals LSD • was studying vasoconstriction produced by ergot alkaloids LSD • initial exposure was accidental absorption thru skin • so potent ED is in millionths of a gram (25-250 micrograms) & must be delivered on something else (sugar cube, gelatin square, paper) Psilocybin Activate 5HT2 receptors , especially in prefrontal cortex and limbic areas, but is not readily metabolized •Characteristics of LSD & Other “Typical” •Common Effects Hallucinogens • Sensory distortions (color, size, shape, movement), • Autonomic (mostly sympathetic) changes occur first constantly changing (relatively mild) • Vivid closed eye imagery • Sensory/perceptual changes follow • Synesthesia (crossing of senses – e.g. hearing music
  • Evaluation of Perennial Ryegrass Straw As a Forage Source for Ruminants

    Evaluation of Perennial Ryegrass Straw As a Forage Source for Ruminants

    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Michael J. Fisher for the degree of Master of Science in Animal Sciencepresented on July 28, 2003. Title: Evaluation of Perennial Ryegrass Strawas a Forage Source for Ruminants. Redacted for Privacy Abstract approved: David W. Bohnert We conducted two experiments evaluating perennialryegrass straw as a forage source for ruminants. Experiment 1 evaluated digestion and physiological variables in steers offered perennial ryegrass straw containing increasing levels of lolitrem B. Sixteen ruminally cannulated Angus X Hereford steers (231 ± 2 kg BW)were blocked by weight and assigned randomly to one of four treatments (TRT). Steerswere provided perennial ryegrass straw at 120% of the previous 5-daverage intake. Prior to straw feeding, soybean meal (SBM) was provided (0.1% BW; CP basis) tomeet the estimated requirement for degradable intake protein. Low (L) and high(H) lolitrem B straws (<100 and 1550 ppb, respectively) were used to formulate TRT diets: LOW (100% L); LOW MIX (67% L:33% H); HIGH MIX (33% L:67% H); HIGH(100% H). Intake and digestibility of DM and OM, and ruminal pH, total VFA, andNH3-N were not affected by increasing lolitrem B concentration (P> 0.13). Ruminal indigestible ADF (IADF) fill increased linearly (P= 0.01) and JADF passage rate (%/h) decreased linearly (P = 0.04) as lolitrem B level increased. Experiment2 evaluated performance and production of 72 Angus X Herefordcows (539 ± 5 kg BW) consuming perennial ryegrass straw containing increasing levels of lolitremB during the last third of gestation. Cowswere blocked by body condition score (BCS) and randomly assigned to one of three TRT.
  • Factors Influencing Pesticide Resistance in Psylla Pyricola Foerster and Susceptibility Inits Mirid

    Factors Influencing Pesticide Resistance in Psylla Pyricola Foerster and Susceptibility Inits Mirid

    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF: Hugo E. van de Baan for the degree ofDoctor of Philosopbv in Entomology presented on September 29, 181. Title: Factors Influencing Pesticide Resistance in Psylla pyricola Foerster and Susceptibility inits Mirid Predator, Deraeocoris brevis Knight. Redacted for Privacy Abstract approved: Factors influencing pesticide susceptibility and resistance were studied in Psylla pyricola Foerster, and its mirid predator, Deraeocoris brevis Knight in the Rogue River Valley, Oregon. Factors studied were at the biochemical, life history, and population ecology levels. Studies on detoxification enzymes showed that glutathione S-transferase and cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase activities were ca. 1.6-fold higherin susceptible R. brevis than in susceptible pear psylla, however, esterase activity was ca. 5-fold lower. Esterase activity was ca. 18-fold higher in resistant pear psylla than in susceptible D. brevis, however, glutathione S-transferase and cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase activities were similar. Esterases seem to be a major factor conferring insecticideresistance in P. Pvricola. Although the detoxification capacities of P. rivricola and D. brevis were quite similar, pear psylla has developed resistance to many insecticides in the Rogue River Valley, whereas D. brevis has remained susceptible. Biochemical factors may be important in determining the potential of resistance development, however, they are less important in determining the rate at which resistance develops. Computer simulation studies showed that life history and ecological factors are probably of greater importancein determining the rate at which resistance develops in P. pvricola and D. brevis. High fecundity and low immigration of susceptible individuals into selected populations appear to be major factors contributing to rapid resistance development in pear psylla compared with D.
  • 2015-16 59. On-Line Learning Bipolar Medications

    2015-16 59. On-Line Learning Bipolar Medications

    Pharmacology/Therapeutics II Block II Handouts – 2015‐16 59. On‐Line learning Bipolar Medications ‐ Schilling 60. On‐Line Learning Anti‐Depressants ‐ Schilling 61. On‐Line Learning Sedative Hypnotics ‐ Battaglia 62. On‐Line Learning Treatment of Insomnia ‐ Battaglia 63. On‐Line Learning AntiPsychotics ‐ Schilling 64. On‐Line Only Drugs of Abuse, tolerance & Dependence – Bakowska 65. Active Learning Session: Mood Disorders & Treatment – Schilling 66. Active Learning Session – Anxiety Disorders – Schilling 67. Active Learning Session – Psychotic Illness & Treatment – Schilling 68. Drugs to Treat Rheumatoid Arthritis & Gout ‐ Clipstone Pharmacology & Therapeutics Bipolar Medications February 15, 2016 David Schilling, M.D. Bipolar Disorder Medications Goals & Objectives: Describe the pharmacologic profiles of major drugs/drug classes used in the treatment of bipolar disorder. These drugs include: Lithium, Divalproex (Depakote), Carbamazepine (Tegretol), Lamotrigine (Lamictal) 1. List the major drugs/drug classes used in the treatment of bipolar disorder 2. Describe the mechanism of action of each of the major drugs/drug classes used in the treatment of bipolar disorder 3. Describe the principle pharmacokinetic properties of the major drugs used to treat bipolar disorder. This includes: half-life & time to steady state, trough levels, metabolic auto-induction, P450 system induction, therapeutic index 4. Describe the pharmacodynamics (common adverse effects) of the major drugs used to treat bipolar disorder. 5. Describe the pharmacodynamics (serious adverse effects) of the major drugs used to treat bipolar disorder. This includes: lithium toxicity, agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia, hepatic failure, exfoliative dermatitis, pancreatitis, Steven’s Johnson syndrome 6. Identify the laboratory tests that may be used to monitor for common and serious major adverse effects of the major drugs used to treat bipolar disorder.
  • Interactions of Insecticidal Spider Peptide Neurotoxins with Insect Voltage- and Neurotransmitter-Gated Ion Channels

    Interactions of Insecticidal Spider Peptide Neurotoxins with Insect Voltage- and Neurotransmitter-Gated Ion Channels

    Interactions of insecticidal spider peptide neurotoxins with insect voltage- and neurotransmitter-gated ion channels (Molecular representation of - HXTX-Hv1c including key binding residues, adapted from Gunning et al, 2008) PhD Thesis Monique J. Windley UTS 2012 CERTIFICATE OF AUTHORSHIP/ORIGINALITY I certify that the work in this thesis has not previously been submitted for a degree nor has it been submitted as part of requirements for a degree except as fully acknowledged within the text. I also certify that the thesis has been written by me. Any help that I have received in my research work and the preparation of the thesis itself has been acknowledged. In addition, I certify that all information sources and literature used are indicated in the thesis. Monique J. Windley 2012 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many people who I would like to thank for contributions made towards the completion of this thesis. Firstly, I would like to thank my supervisor Prof. Graham Nicholson for his guidance and persistence throughout this project. I would like to acknowledge his invaluable advice, encouragement and his neverending determination to find a solution to any problem. He has been a valuable mentor and has contributed immensely to the success of this project. Next I would like to thank everyone at UTS who assisted in the advancement of this research. Firstly, I would like to acknowledge Phil Laurance for his assistance in the repair and modification of laboratory equipment. To all the laboratory and technical staff, particulary Harry Simpson and Stan Yiu for the restoration and sourcing of equipment - thankyou. I would like to thank Dr Mike Johnson for his continual assistance, advice and cheerful disposition.
  • Nightshade”—A Hierarchical Classification Approach to T Identification of Hallucinogenic Solanaceae Spp

    Nightshade”—A Hierarchical Classification Approach to T Identification of Hallucinogenic Solanaceae Spp

    Talanta 204 (2019) 739–746 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Talanta journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/talanta Call it a “nightshade”—A hierarchical classification approach to T identification of hallucinogenic Solanaceae spp. using DART-HRMS-derived chemical signatures ∗ Samira Beyramysoltan, Nana-Hawwa Abdul-Rahman, Rabi A. Musah Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Albany, 1400 Washington Ave, Albany, NY, 12222, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Plants that produce atropine and scopolamine fall under several genera within the nightshade family. Both Hierarchical classification atropine and scopolamine are used clinically, but they are also important in a forensics context because they are Psychoactive plants abused recreationally for their psychoactive properties. The accurate species attribution of these plants, which Seed species identifiction are related taxonomically, and which all contain the same characteristic biomarkers, is a challenging problem in Metabolome profiling both forensics and horticulture, as the plants are not only mind-altering, but are also important in landscaping as Direct analysis in real time-mass spectrometry ornamentals. Ambient ionization mass spectrometry in combination with a hierarchical classification workflow Chemometrics is shown to enable species identification of these plants. The hierarchical classification simplifies the classifi- cation problem to primarily consider the subset of models that account for the hierarchy taxonomy, instead of having it be based on discrimination between species using a single flat classification model. Accordingly, the seeds of 24 nightshade plant species spanning 5 genera (i.e. Atropa, Brugmansia, Datura, Hyocyamus and Mandragora), were analyzed by direct analysis in real time-high resolution mass spectrometry (DART-HRMS) with minimal sample preparation required.
  • Hypochlorous Acid Handling

    Hypochlorous Acid Handling

    Hypochlorous Acid Handling 1 Identification of Petitioned Substance 2 Chemical Names: Hypochlorous acid, CAS Numbers: 7790-92-3 3 hypochloric(I) acid, chloranol, 4 hydroxidochlorine 10 Other Codes: European Community 11 Number-22757, IUPAC-Hypochlorous acid 5 Other Name: Hydrogen hypochlorite, 6 Chlorine hydroxide List other codes: PubChem CID 24341 7 Trade Names: Bleach, Sodium hypochlorite, InChI Key: QWPPOHNGKGFGJK- 8 Calcium hypochlorite, Sterilox, hypochlorite, UHFFFAOYSA-N 9 NVC-10 UNII: 712K4CDC10 12 Summary of Petitioned Use 13 A petition has been received from a stakeholder requesting that hypochlorous acid (also referred 14 to as electrolyzed water (EW)) be added to the list of synthetic substances allowed for use in 15 organic production and handling (7 CFR §§ 205.600-606). Specifically, the petition concerns the 16 formation of hypochlorous acid at the anode of an electrolysis apparatus designed for its 17 production from a brine solution. This active ingredient is aqueous hypochlorous acid which acts 18 as an oxidizing agent. The petitioner plans use hypochlorous acid as a sanitizer and antimicrobial 19 agent for the production and handling of organic products. The petition also requests to resolve a 20 difference in interpretation of allowed substances for chlorine materials on the National List of 21 Allowed and Prohibited Substances that contain the active ingredient hypochlorous acid (NOP- 22 PM 14-3 Electrolyzed water). 23 The NOP has issued NOP 5026 “Guidance, the use of Chlorine Materials in Organic Production 24 and Handling.” This guidance document clarifies the use of chlorine materials in organic 25 production and handling to align the National List with the November, 1995 NOSB 26 recommendation on chlorine materials which read: 27 “Allowed for disinfecting and sanitizing food contact surfaces.
  • (Antimuscarinic) Drugs?

    (Antimuscarinic) Drugs?

    © July - August 2018 How well do you know your anticholinergic (antimuscarinic) drugs? nticholinergic drugs, prescribed for a variety of clini- Acal conditions, are amongst the most frequently used prescription drugs in BC (Table 1). Also referred to as “an- timuscarinics,” such drugs specifically block muscarinic receptors for acetylcholine (ACh).1 Muscarinic ACh recep- tors are important in the parasympathetic nervous system that governs heart rate, exocrine glands, smooth muscles, clude drugs whose active metabolites are potent- as well as brain function. In contrast, nicotinic ACh recep- ly antimuscarinic,5 or which often cause typical tors stimulate contraction of striated muscles. This Letter is AC adverse effects such as dry mouth or urinary intended to remind clinicians of commonly used drugs that retention.6 People taking antihistamines, antide- have anticholinergic (AC), or technically, antimuscarinic pressants, antipsychotics, opioids, antimuscarinic properties, and of their potential adverse effects. inhalers, or many other drugs need to know that Beneficial and harmful effects of anticholinergic drugs have blockade of ACh receptors can cause bothersome been known for centuries. In Homer’s Odyssey, the nymph or even dangerous adverse effects (Table 3). pharmacologist Circe utilized central effects of atropinics Subtle and not-so-subtle toxicity in the common plant jimson weed (Datura stramonium) to cause delusions in the crew of Odysseus. Believing they Students often learn the adverse effects of anticho- had been turned into pigs, they could be herded.2 linergics from a mnemonic, e.g.: “Blind as a bat, Sometimes a drug is recommended specifically for its an- mad as a hatter, red as a beet, hot as a hare, dry as ticholinergic potency.
  • Determination of Aconitine in Body Fluids by Lc/Ms/Ms

    Determination of Aconitine in Body Fluids by Lc/Ms/Ms

    [ A APPLICATIONPPLICATION NOTENOTE ] DETERMINATION OF ACONITINE IN BODY FLUIDS BY LC/MS/MS Justus Beike1, Lara Frommherz1, Michelle Wood2, Bernd Brinkmann1 and Helga Köhler1 1 Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Röntgenstrasse, Münster, Germany 2 Clinical Applications Group, Waters Corporation, Simonsway, Manchester M22 5PP, UK. INTRODUCTION The method was fully validated for the determination of aconitine from whole blood samples and applied in two cases of fatal poisoning. Plants of the genus Aconitum L (family of Ranunculaceae) are known to be among the most toxic plants of the Northern Hemisphere and are widespread across Europe, Northern Asia and North America. Two plants from this genus are of particular importance: the blue-blooded Aconitum napellus L. (monkshood) which is cultivated as an ornamental plant in Europe and the yellow-blooded Aconitum vulparia Reich. (wolfsbane) which is commonly used in Asian herbal medicine1 (Figure 1). Many of the traditional Asian medicine preparations utilise both the aconite tubers and their processed products for their pharmaceutical properties, which include anti-inflammatory, analgesic and cardio- Figure 1: Aconitum napellus (monkshood) (A) and tonic effects2-4. These effects can be attributed to the presence of Aconitum vulparia (wolfsbane) (B). the alkaloids; the principal alkaloids are aconitine, mesaconitine, hypaconitine and jesaconitine. The use of the alkaloids as a homicidal agent has been known for METHODS AND INSTRUMENTATION more than 2000 years. Although intoxications by aconitine are rare in the Western Hemisphere, in traditional Chinese medicine, the Sample preparation use of aconite-based preparations is common and poisoning has Biological samples were prepared for LC/MS/MS by means of a been frequently reported.
  • Drugs That Can Cause Delirium (Anticholinergic / Toxic Metabolites)

    Drugs That Can Cause Delirium (Anticholinergic / Toxic Metabolites)

    Drugs that can Cause Delirium (anticholinergic / toxic metabolites) Deliriants (drugs causing delirium) Prescription drugs . Central acting agents – Sedative hypnotics (e.g., benzodiazepines) – Anticonvulsants (e.g., barbiturates) – Antiparkinsonian agents (e.g., benztropine, trihexyphenidyl) . Analgesics – Narcotics (NB. meperidine*) – Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs* . Antihistamines (first generation, e.g., hydroxyzine) . Gastrointestinal agents – Antispasmodics – H2-blockers* . Antinauseants – Scopolamine – Dimenhydrinate . Antibiotics – Fluoroquinolones* . Psychotropic medications – Tricyclic antidepressants – Lithium* . Cardiac medications – Antiarrhythmics – Digitalis* – Antihypertensives (b-blockers, methyldopa) . Miscellaneous – Skeletal muscle relaxants – Steroids Over the counter medications and complementary/alternative medications . Antihistamines (NB. first generation) – diphenhydramine, chlorpheniramine). Antinauseants – dimenhydrinate, scopolamine . Liquid medications containing alcohol . Mandrake . Henbane . Jimson weed . Atropa belladonna extract * Requires adjustment in renal impairment. From: K Alagiakrishnan, C A Wiens. (2004). An approach to drug induced delirium in the elderly. Postgrad Med J, 80, 388–393. Delirium in the Older Person: A Medical Emergency. Island Health www.viha.ca/mhas/resources/delirium/ Drugs that can cause delirium. Reviewed: 8-2014 Some commonly used medications with moderate to high anticholinergic properties and alternative suggestions Type of medication Alternatives with less deliriogenic
  • Studies on the Most Traded Medicinal Plants from the Dolpa District of Nepal

    Studies on the Most Traded Medicinal Plants from the Dolpa District of Nepal

    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Toyama Repository STUDIES ON THE MOST TRADED MEDICINAL PLANTS FROM THE DOLPA DISTRICT OF NEPAL Mohan B. Gewali Division of Visiting Professors Institute of Natural Medicine University of Toyama Abstract The traditional uses, major chemical constituents and prominent biological activities of the most traded medicinal plants from Dolpa district of Nepal are described in this article. Cradled on the laps of the central Himalayan range, Nepal (147,181 Km2) is sandwiched between two Asian giants, India on the South and China on the North. Nepal is divided into 14 zones and 75 districts. The Karnali zone, which has a border with Tibet region of China, is made up of five districts. Dolpa district (7,889 km²) is one of them. Dolpa district’s topography starts from the subtropical region (1575 meter) and ends in the nival region (6883 meter) in the trans-Himalayan region. The district has a population of about 29545 with Hindu 60%, Buddhist 40% including 5.5% ancient Bonpo Religion. Major ethnic groups/castes belonging to both Hindu and Buddhist religions include Kshetri, Dangi, Rokaya, Shahi, Buda, Thakuri, Thakulla, Brahmins, Karki, Shrestha, Sherpa and other people of Tibetan origin. The languages spoken are Nepali, Dolpo and Kaike. Dolpo is a variant of the Tibetan language. Kaike is considered indigenous language of Tichurong valley. In the Dolpa district, the traditional Tibetan medical practices are common. The traditional Tibetan practitioners called the Amchis provide the health care service. The Amchis have profound knowledge about the medicinal herbs and the associated healing properties of the medicinal plants found in the Dolpa district.
  • Lunesta: Uses, Dosage, Side Effects ­ Drugs.Com

    Lunesta: Uses, Dosage, Side Effects ­ Drugs.Com

    4/5/2017 Lunesta: Uses, Dosage, Side Effects ­ Drugs.com Lunesta ﴿Generic Name: eszopiclone ﴾e ZOP i klone Brand Names: Lunesta What is Lunesta? Lunesta ﴾eszopiclone﴿ is a sedative, also called a hypnotic. It affects chemicals in your brain that may be unbalanced in people .﴿with sleep problems ﴾insomnia Lunesta is used to treat insomnia. This medicine causes relaxation to help you fall asleep and stay asleep. Lunesta may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide. Important information Lunesta may cause a severe allergic reaction. Stop taking this medicine and get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. Lunesta will make you fall asleep. Never take this medication during your normal waking hours, unless you have at least 8 hours to dedicate to sleeping. Some people using this medicine have engaged in activity such as driving, eating, or making phone calls and later having no memory of the activity. If this happens to you, stop taking Lunesta and talk with your doctor about another treatment for your sleep disorder. Lunesta can cause sie effects that may impair your thinking or reactions. You may still feel sleepy the morning after taking the medication. Until you know how this medication will affect you during waking hours, be careful if you drive, operate machinery, pilot an airplane, or do anything that requires you to be awake and alert. Do not drink alcohol while you are taking this medication. It can increase some of the side effects, including drowsiness.