Nightshade”—A Hierarchical Classification Approach to T Identification of Hallucinogenic Solanaceae Spp
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4/23/2015 1 •Psychedelics Or Hallucinogens
4/23/2015 Hallucinogens •Psychedelics or This “classic” hallucinogen column The 2 groups below are quite different produce similar effects From the classic hallucinogens Hallucinogens Drugs Stimulating 5HT Receptors Drugs BLOCKING ACH Receptors • aka “psychotomimetics” LSD Nightshade(Datura) Psilocybin Mushrooms Jimsonweed Morning Glory Seeds Atropine Dimethyltryptamine Scopolamine What do the very mixed group of hallucinogens found around the world share in common? •Drugs Resembling NE Drugs BLOCKING Glutamate Receptors •Peyote cactus Phencyclidine (PCP) •Mescaline Ketamine All contain something that resembles a •Methylated amphetamines like MDMA High dose dextromethorphan •Nutmeg neurotransmitter •New synthetic variations (“bath salts”) •5HT-Like Hallucinogens •LSD History • Serotonin • created by Albert Hofmann for Sandoz Pharmaceuticals LSD • was studying vasoconstriction produced by ergot alkaloids LSD • initial exposure was accidental absorption thru skin • so potent ED is in millionths of a gram (25-250 micrograms) & must be delivered on something else (sugar cube, gelatin square, paper) Psilocybin Activate 5HT2 receptors , especially in prefrontal cortex and limbic areas, but is not readily metabolized •Characteristics of LSD & Other “Typical” •Common Effects Hallucinogens • Sensory distortions (color, size, shape, movement), • Autonomic (mostly sympathetic) changes occur first constantly changing (relatively mild) • Vivid closed eye imagery • Sensory/perceptual changes follow • Synesthesia (crossing of senses – e.g. hearing music -
Protabase Record Display Datura Stramonium L
Protabase Record display www.prota.org Datura stramonium L. Protologue Sp. pl. 1: 179 (1753). Family Solanaceae Chromosome number 2n = 24 Vernacular names Thorn apple, green thorn apple, Jimson weed, Jamestown weed, devil’s apple, devil’s trumpet, stramonium (En). Pomme épineuse, stramoine, datura, feuille du diable, herbe du diable (Fr). Figueira do inferno, pomo espinhoso, erva dos bruxos, palha verde, estramonio (Po). Muranha (Sw). Origin and geographic distribution Datura stramonium is native to the Americas and has been introduced in many tropical, subtropical and even temperate regions. It is a naturalized weed in many African countries, but is probably seriously under-reported. Uses Datura stramonium and Datura metel L. have largely similar medicinal uses throughout the world. The most widely known use of Datura stramonium and of other Datura species is for relieving asthma, cough, tuberculosis and bronchitis by smoking the dried leaves, roots or flowers. ‘Asthma cigarettes’ have been shown to be very effective in some cases, but in other cases they had little or no effect. Cigarettes made with the leaves are also used to treat Parkinson’s disease. A decoction or infusion of leaves is given as a sedative to mental and schizophrenic patients. The leaves are applied as a dressing to cure rheumatic pain, swellings, wounds, gout, burns, ingrown toe-nails, fungal infections, tumours and ulcers. Dried pulverized leaves are dusted on wounds or applied after mixing the powder with fat or Vaseline. In DR Congo pounded fresh root and fresh leaves are soaked in water and the liquid is given in enema as an abortifacient. -
Appendix Color Plates of Solanales Species
Appendix Color Plates of Solanales Species The first half of the color plates (Plates 1–8) shows a selection of phytochemically prominent solanaceous species, the second half (Plates 9–16) a selection of convol- vulaceous counterparts. The scientific name of the species in bold (for authorities see text and tables) may be followed (in brackets) by a frequently used though invalid synonym and/or a common name if existent. The next information refers to the habitus, origin/natural distribution, and – if applicable – cultivation. If more than one photograph is shown for a certain species there will be explanations for each of them. Finally, section numbers of the phytochemical Chapters 3–8 are given, where the respective species are discussed. The individually combined occurrence of sec- ondary metabolites from different structural classes characterizes every species. However, it has to be remembered that a small number of citations does not neces- sarily indicate a poorer secondary metabolism in a respective species compared with others; this may just be due to less studies being carried out. Solanaceae Plate 1a Anthocercis littorea (yellow tailflower): erect or rarely sprawling shrub (to 3 m); W- and SW-Australia; Sects. 3.1 / 3.4 Plate 1b, c Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade): erect herbaceous perennial plant (to 1.5 m); Europe to central Asia (naturalized: N-USA; cultivated as a medicinal plant); b fruiting twig; c flowers, unripe (green) and ripe (black) berries; Sects. 3.1 / 3.3.2 / 3.4 / 3.5 / 6.5.2 / 7.5.1 / 7.7.2 / 7.7.4.3 Plate 1d Brugmansia versicolor (angel’s trumpet): shrub or small tree (to 5 m); tropical parts of Ecuador west of the Andes (cultivated as an ornamental in tropical and subtropical regions); Sect. -
The Natural History of Reproduction in Solanum and Lycianthes (Solanaceae) in a Subtropical Moist Forest
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications in the Biological Sciences Papers in the Biological Sciences 11-28-2002 The Natural History of Reproduction in Solanum and Lycianthes (Solanaceae) in a Subtropical Moist Forest Stacey DeWitt Smith University of Nebraska - Lincoln, [email protected] Sandra Knapp Natural History Museum, London Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/bioscifacpub Part of the Life Sciences Commons Smith, Stacey DeWitt and Knapp, Sandra, "The Natural History of Reproduction in Solanum and Lycianthes (Solanaceae) in a Subtropical Moist Forest" (2002). Faculty Publications in the Biological Sciences. 104. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/bioscifacpub/104 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Papers in the Biological Sciences at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications in the Biological Sciences by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Bull. nat. Hist. Mus. Lond. (Bot.) 32(2): 125–136 Issued 28 November 2002 The natural history of reproduction in Solanum and Lycianthes (Solanaceae) in a subtropical moist forest STACEY D. SMITH Department of Botany, 132 Birge Hall, 430 Lincoln Drive, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI 53706-1381, U.S.A. SANDRA KNAPP Department of Botany, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD CONTENTS Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................ -
The Mandrake and the Ancient World,” the Evangelical Quarterly 28.2 (1956): 87-92
R.K. Harrison, “The Mandrake And The Ancient World,” The Evangelical Quarterly 28.2 (1956): 87-92. The Mandrake and the Ancient World R.K. Harrison [p.87] Professor Harrison, of the Department of Old Testament in Huron College, University of Western Ontario, has already shown by articles in THE EVANGELICAL QUARTERLY his interest and competence in the natural history of the Bible. Here he examines one of the more curious Biblical plants. The mandrake is one of the plants which still grows widely in the Middle East, and which has claimed magical associations from a very remote period. It is generally assigned the botanical name of Mandragora officinarum L..1 and is a perennial of the order Solanaceae. It claims affinity with the potato and eggplant, and is closely allied to the Atropa belladonna L.,2 with which it is not infrequently confused by some writers. The modern Arab knows it by a number of names, including Tuffah£ el Majanin (‘Madmen’s Apple) and Beid el Jinn (Eggs of the Jinn), apparently a reference to the ability of the plant to invigorate and stimulate the senses even to the point of mental imbalance. The former name may perhaps be a survival of the belief found in Oriental folk-lore regarding the magical herb Baaras, with which the mandrake is identified by some authorities.3 According to the legends associated with this plant, it was highly esteemed amongst the ancients on account of its pronounced magical properties. But because of the potency of these attributes it was an extremely hazardous undertaking for anyone to gather the plant, and many who attempted it were supposed to have paid for their daring with [p.88] sickness and death.4 Once the herb had been gathered, however, it availed for a number of diseases, and in antiquity it was most reputed for its ability to cure depression and general disorders of the mind. -
Ketamine Psychedelic Psychotherapy
KETAMINE PSYCHEDELIC PSYCHOTHERAPY EVGENY KRUPITSKY AND ELI KOLP INTRODUCTION Ketamine hydrochloride is a general anesthetic which has been used for noncon- ventional applications in substance abuse rehabilitation because of its psychedelic properties. This chapter summarizes the results of the research on KPP (ketamine psychedelic psychotherapy), principally with alcoholics and heroin addicts. Mechanisms underlying the effects of hallucinogen-assisted psychotherapy are addressed. Research illustrates how the temporary but effective anti-addictive benefits for a short period of time can be extended for longer periods of time to improve overall long-term adjustment and level of functioning. Ketamine hydrochloride, a prescription drug used for general anesthesia, induces profound psychedelic experiences when administered in sub-anesthetic .doses. Ketamine was originally synthesized in 1962 by the American chemist Calvin Stevens, and in 1966 Parke-Davis patented it for use as an anesthetic in humans. Ketamine became the most widely used anesthetic during the Vietnam War when American anesthesiologists and surgeons became familiar with the agent. In 1970, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the use of ketamine with children, adults, and the elderly. Since that time, ketamine has been widely used in hospitals and for office procedures because of its large margin of safety, rapid onset, and short duration of action. More than 7,000 68 TREATTNG SUBSTANCE ABUSE published reports describe ketamine's high level of effectiveness and its biologi- cal safety (Shapiro et al. 1972; Reich and Silvay 1989; Ross and Fochtman 1995; Dachs and Innes 1997; Bauman et al. 1999; Ersek 2004). Clinical studies have detected no long-term impairment of behavior or personality functioning as a result of ketamine use (Siegal 1978). -
Feasibility Study of Kailash Sacred Landscape
Kailash Sacred Landscape Conservation Initiative Feasability Assessment Report - Nepal Central Department of Botany Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal June 2010 Contributors, Advisors, Consultants Core group contributors • Chaudhary, Ram P., Professor, Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University; National Coordinator, KSLCI-Nepal • Shrestha, Krishna K., Head, Central Department of Botany • Jha, Pramod K., Professor, Central Department of Botany • Bhatta, Kuber P., Consultant, Kailash Sacred Landscape Project, Nepal Contributors • Acharya, M., Department of Forest, Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation (MFSC) • Bajracharya, B., International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) • Basnet, G., Independent Consultant, Environmental Anthropologist • Basnet, T., Tribhuvan University • Belbase, N., Legal expert • Bhatta, S., Department of National Park and Wildlife Conservation • Bhusal, Y. R. Secretary, Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation • Das, A. N., Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation • Ghimire, S. K., Tribhuvan University • Joshi, S. P., Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation • Khanal, S., Independent Contributor • Maharjan, R., Department of Forest • Paudel, K. C., Department of Plant Resources • Rajbhandari, K.R., Expert, Plant Biodiversity • Rimal, S., Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation • Sah, R.N., Department of Forest • Sharma, K., Department of Hydrology • Shrestha, S. M., Department of Forest • Siwakoti, M., Tribhuvan University • Upadhyaya, M.P., National Agricultural Research Council -
Drugs That Can Cause Delirium (Anticholinergic / Toxic Metabolites)
Drugs that can Cause Delirium (anticholinergic / toxic metabolites) Deliriants (drugs causing delirium) Prescription drugs . Central acting agents – Sedative hypnotics (e.g., benzodiazepines) – Anticonvulsants (e.g., barbiturates) – Antiparkinsonian agents (e.g., benztropine, trihexyphenidyl) . Analgesics – Narcotics (NB. meperidine*) – Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs* . Antihistamines (first generation, e.g., hydroxyzine) . Gastrointestinal agents – Antispasmodics – H2-blockers* . Antinauseants – Scopolamine – Dimenhydrinate . Antibiotics – Fluoroquinolones* . Psychotropic medications – Tricyclic antidepressants – Lithium* . Cardiac medications – Antiarrhythmics – Digitalis* – Antihypertensives (b-blockers, methyldopa) . Miscellaneous – Skeletal muscle relaxants – Steroids Over the counter medications and complementary/alternative medications . Antihistamines (NB. first generation) – diphenhydramine, chlorpheniramine). Antinauseants – dimenhydrinate, scopolamine . Liquid medications containing alcohol . Mandrake . Henbane . Jimson weed . Atropa belladonna extract * Requires adjustment in renal impairment. From: K Alagiakrishnan, C A Wiens. (2004). An approach to drug induced delirium in the elderly. Postgrad Med J, 80, 388–393. Delirium in the Older Person: A Medical Emergency. Island Health www.viha.ca/mhas/resources/delirium/ Drugs that can cause delirium. Reviewed: 8-2014 Some commonly used medications with moderate to high anticholinergic properties and alternative suggestions Type of medication Alternatives with less deliriogenic -
(DMT), Harmine, Harmaline and Tetrahydroharmine: Clinical and Forensic Impact
pharmaceuticals Review Toxicokinetics and Toxicodynamics of Ayahuasca Alkaloids N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), Harmine, Harmaline and Tetrahydroharmine: Clinical and Forensic Impact Andreia Machado Brito-da-Costa 1 , Diana Dias-da-Silva 1,2,* , Nelson G. M. Gomes 1,3 , Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira 1,2,4,* and Áurea Madureira-Carvalho 1,3 1 Department of Sciences, IINFACTS-Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; [email protected] (A.M.B.-d.-C.); ngomes@ff.up.pt (N.G.M.G.); [email protected] (Á.M.-C.) 2 UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal 3 LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal 4 Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal * Correspondence: [email protected] (D.D.-d.-S.); [email protected] (R.J.D.-O.); Tel.: +351-224-157-216 (R.J.D.-O.) Received: 21 September 2020; Accepted: 20 October 2020; Published: 23 October 2020 Abstract: Ayahuasca is a hallucinogenic botanical beverage originally used by indigenous Amazonian tribes in religious ceremonies and therapeutic practices. While ethnobotanical surveys still indicate its spiritual and medicinal uses, consumption of ayahuasca has been progressively related with a recreational purpose, particularly in Western societies. The ayahuasca aqueous concoction is typically prepared from the leaves of the N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT)-containing Psychotria viridis, and the stem and bark of Banisteriopsis caapi, the plant source of harmala alkaloids. -
PSYCHEDELIC DRUGS (P.L) 1. Terminology “Hallucinogens
PSYCHEDELIC DRUGS (p.l) 1. Terminology “hallucinogens” – induce hallucinations, although sensory distortions are more common “psychotomimetics” – to minic psychotic states, although truly most drugs in this class do not do so “phantasticums”or “psychedelics” – alter sensory perception (Julien uses “psychedelics”) alterations in perception, cognition, and mood, in presence of otherwise clear ability to sense” may increase sensory awareness, increase clarity, decrease control over what is sensed/experienced “self-A” may feel a passive observer of what “self-B” is experiencing often accompanied by a sense of profound meaningfulness, of divine or cosmic importance (limbic system?) these drugs can be classified by what NT they mimic: anti-ACh, agonists for NE, 5HT, or glutamate (See p. 332, Table 12.l in Julien, 9th Ed.) 2. The Anti-ACh Psychedelics e.g. scopolamine (classified as an ACh blocker) high affinity, no efficacy plant product: Belladonna or “deadly nightshade” (Atropa belladonna) Datura stramonium (jimson weed, stinkweed) Mandragora officinarum (mandrake plant) pupillary dilation (2nd to atropine) PSYCHEDELIC DRUGS (p.2) 2. Anti-ACh Psychedelics (cont.) pharmacological effects: e.g. scopolamine (Donnatal) clinically used to tx motion sickness, relax smooth muscles (gastric cramping), mild sedation/anesthetic effect PNS effects --- dry mouth relaxation of smooth muscles decreased sweating increased body temperature blurred vision dry skin pupillary dilation tachycardia, increased BP CNS effects --- drowsiness, mild euphoria profound amnesia fatigue decreased attention, focus delirium, mental confusion decreased REM sleep no increase in sensory awareness as dose increases --- restlessness, excitement, hallucinations, euphoria, disorientation at toxic dose levels --- “psychotic delirium”, confusion, stupor, coma, respiratory depression so drug is really an intoxicant, amnestic, and deliriant 3. -
Cordyceps Medicinal Fungus: Harvest and Use in Tibet
HerbalGram 83 • August – October 2009 83 • August HerbalGram Kew’s 250th Anniversary • Reviving Graeco-Arabic Medicine • St. John’s Wort and Birth Control The Journal of the American Botanical Council Number 83 | August – October 2009 Kew’s 250th Anniversary • Reviving Graeco-Arabic Medicine • Lemongrass for Oral Thrush • Hibiscus for Blood Pressure • St. John’s Wort and BirthWort Control • St. John’s Blood Pressure • HibiscusThrush for Oral for 250th Anniversary Medicine • Reviving Graeco-Arabic • Lemongrass Kew’s US/CAN $6.95 Cordyceps Medicinal Fungus: www.herbalgram.org Harvest and Use in Tibet www.herbalgram.org www.herbalgram.org 2009 HerbalGram 83 | 1 STILL HERBAL AFTER ALL THESE YEARS Celebrating 30 Years of Supporting America’s Health The year 2009 marks Herb Pharm’s 30th anniversary as a leading producer and distributor of therapeutic herbal extracts. During this time we have continually emphasized the importance of using the best quality certified organically cultivated and sustainably-wildcrafted herbs to produce our herbal healthcare products. This is why we created the “Pharm Farm” – our certified organic herb farm, and the “Plant Plant” – our modern, FDA-audited production facility. It is here that we integrate the centuries-old, time-proven knowledge and wisdom of traditional herbal medicine with the herbal sciences and technology of the 21st Century. Equally important, Herb Pharm has taken a leadership role in social and environmental responsibility through projects like our use of the Blue Sky renewable energy program, our farm’s streams and Supporting America’s Health creeks conservation program, and the Botanical Sanctuary program Since 1979 whereby we research and develop practical methods for the conser- vation and organic cultivation of endangered wild medicinal herbs. -
Morphological and Physiological Correlations in the Solanaceae David
University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014 1923 Morphological and physiological correlations in the solanaceae David. Potter University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses Potter, David., "Morphological and physiological correlations in the solanaceae" (1923). Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014. 1888. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/1888 This thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MASSACHUSETTS STATE COLLEGE I IRR ARV MORRILL LD 3234 iVi268 1923 P8664 MORPHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATIONS IN THE SOLANACEAE DaTid Potter Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Haster of Science Massachusetts Agricultural College Amherst, Mass. June 1923 ACHSrOWLEDGHENTS The writer wishes to express his sincere appreciation of the never failing kindness and assis- tance of all the members of the Department of Botany of the Massachusetts Agricultural College. Particular thanks are due to Miss Gladys I. Miner and Miss Anna M. Wallace for their help in typing and proof-reading; to Doctor W. H. Davis for his advice in the photographic work: to Professor 0. L. Clark for his helpful suggestions and criticisms of the physiological work and to Professor A. V. Osmun for his much valued assistance. Above all is the writer indebted to Doctor H. &• Torrey who has ever been an inspiration and through his helpful guidance has made this work possible. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1 I.