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Whaling Shipwrecks in the Northwest Hawaiian Islands

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Whaling Shipwrecks in the Northwest Hawaiian Islands Whaling Shipwrecks in the Northwest Hawaiian Islands: the 2008 Maritime Heritage Archaeological Expedition to the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument here would be no “watch below” at midnight for the tired whalemen aboard the Parker. Instead, the Toncoming watch joined their shipmates in a desperate attempt to stabilize their ship in the throes of a September storm. It was 1842 and the New Bedford whaler Parker was sailing in the far reaches of the Pacific, as they hunted for whales in a broad arc stretching from Hawaii to Japan. Their efforts were in vain, and as seas crashed through the cabin windows at 0200 hours, their ship smashed hard on the reef of Kure Atoll, a reef they knew was in the vicinity, but one they were unable to navigate safely around during the storm. At first light, the shipwrecked whalers could see the tiniest of islands not far off. When they managed noaa The Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, designated as such in 2006, encom- to reach it, they discovered an abandoned passes 140,000 square miles, making it the largest marine protected area in the world. camp and a feral dog, the remains of an- other shipwreck—another whaler—that goods to whalers that the Hawaiians could (baleen) was fashioned into stiffening stays had wrecked there five years before. These not provide and to send whale oil and whale for apparel, umbrellas, and tools. would not be the only castaways on the bone back to New England and beyond. Most importantly, whaling played small sandy island at Kure Atoll; in time, at Not only did Americans affect life on Ha- a strategic and global role for the young least four more vessels would come to their waii, but native Hawaiians impacted New country of America. Whaling from shore end in these treacherous waters. Englanders as well. From the 1820s, when was practiced the world over, and in the Kure Atoll is the end of a long chain American and British whalers began calling United States, residents of Long Island of atolls that stretches out more than a at Hawaii during their long voyages, native and New England developed this fishery as thousand miles north and west of Hawaii. Hawaiians shipped out as crew on whaling well. Once catches off the beach became Many of the atolls have nothing but a ring ships. Many never returned, either from less frequent, these communities began of jagged coral and a few low sandy islands death at sea in this dangerous industry or sending men and ships out to sea to seek sticking out of the water. Despite their re- from staying with their ships as they sailed whales in offshore waters. Over time, the moteness and lack of resources, their loca- for home, emigrating to the United States fishery became a full-fledged industry with tion would, in time, become very valuable and Britain. So many left, in fact, that Ha- bigger ships, specialized tools, and voy- to Americans in their expansion into the waiian chiefs eventually required whaling ages that sailed to distant oceans, lasting vast Pacific. For example Midway Atoll, captains to post bonds guaranteeing the safe three to four years in duration. Whale- approximately halfway between the west return of their young men. While native ships brought Americans into contact coast of the United States and Asia, became Hawaiians did not hail from a tradition of with lands and people all over the world, vital in the twentieth century for refueling hunting whales, they did expose their new from the high Arctic Ocean to the tropi- ships, submarines, and aircraft, and played shipmates to rituals and stories explaining cal South Seas. In 1788, the first British an important role during World War II. their cultural and spiritual connections to whaler entered the Pacific, with an Ameri- A century earlier, the location of whales and their environment. can whaler following the next year. When the Hawaiian Islands in the center of the Whaling under sail has a rich and color- a large concentration of sperm whales off North Pacific made them ideal port stops ful history in America. Nantucket and New Japan was reported back in Massachusetts as well. British and Yankee whalers pur- Bedford, Massachusetts, are both famous for in 1820, droves of New Englanders put to sued their catch far to the west off Japan, their whaling heritage. This heritage goes far sea in ships bound for the western Pacific. to the northern Pacific in summer and to beyond the cultural and folk traditions sur- In 1824, more than one hundred whale- the South Seas in winter. In the heyday of rounding this occupation. The great income ships dropped anchor in Hawaii. More whaling under sail in the early nineteenth generated from the fishery built up towns than 700 whaling vessels visited Hawaii century, Japan was closed to foreign ships, and cities and financed the growth of the in 1846, bringing with them permanent and whalers retreated to Honolulu on nation in the first decades after indepen- changes in the economy and culture of the Oahu and Lahaina on Maui for fresh wa- dence. In the nineteenth century, whaling islands. Major scientific expeditions were ter, provisions, crew, and a little “R & R.” was considered a necessary and admirable launched in support of whaling, charting With the arrival of the ships, Americans profession. Whale oil illuminated the world unknown areas of the Pacific and expand- soon established businesses there to sell and lubricated machines, and whale bone ing the country’s knowledge of the world. 14 SEA HISTORY 125, WINTER 2008-09 by Deirdre O’Regan, with Hans Van Tilburg and Kelly Gleason the 2008 Maritime Heritage Archaeological Expedition to the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument Both British and American inves- tors sent whalers to the Japan Grounds and elsewhere in the Pacific during this period. By the 1840s, American whalers completely dominated the fishery, and by the late 1850s, the industry had come to a climax. While New Englanders still sent ships to hunt whales in the Pacific into the twentieth century, the golden age of whal- ing under sail had passed. The discovery of petroleum in Pennsylvania in 1859 and the devastation of the fleet by Confederate raiders in the 1860s had marked effects on the industry. These effects, combined with the unregulated decimation of whale popu- lations, meant that by the late nineteenth century whaleships were pressing far into Trypots on the sea floor reveal the final resting place of the British whaleship the Arctic ice in search of prey, taking great- Pearl, wrecked in the Northwest Hawaiian Islands in 1822. er risks than ever. A further blow to the in- wrecks of this far-flung industry are only “Whale Ho!,” and, as a result, all of their dustry came with the unexpected shifting found hundreds of miles, and in some cases crews were able to get off their ships with- of the ice pack in the Arctic in August of more than a thousand miles, from popu- out suffering a single casualty. A desperate 1871, trapping and crushing thirty-two lated areas. Recently, a team of maritime and resourceful lot, the castaways were whaleships all at once. Examples of mate- archaeologists completed a research expe- eventually rescued by passing ships or ef- rial culture—tools, logbooks, journals, and dition to the Northwest Hawaiian Islands, fected their own rescue by building boats folk art—of this once important and lively the atolls within the Papahānaumokuākea from salvaged ship parts and sailing them industry are well preserved in museums Marine National Monument, where they back toward Hawaii. in New England and elsewhere. Of the documented shipwrecks, including five The National Oceanic and Atmo- hundreds of wooden sailing whaleships, whaleship wreck sites. Of the five, three are spheric Administration (NOAA) Maritime only Mystic Seaport’s Charles W. Morgan, British and two are American—two of the Heritage Program, established in 2002, has survived. There are others from which five were just discovered by the archaeology has been working with the Monument’s we can study and learn, but they are not team during the expedition. These sites, administration o support a number of sur- as easy to visit, as they are whaling ship- ships wrecked during the heyday of whal- vey expeditions to the region, looking for wrecks, located underwater. Sometimes ing under sail, can add considerably to the shipwrecks and documenting wreck sites historical and archaeological record, as they previously identified. In August of 2008, include a wide variety of material culture a team of archaeologists, under the lead- specific to the whaling industry. ership of Dr. Kelly Gleason, maritime ar- The atolls in the Papahānaumokuākea chaeologist for the Monument, put to sea Marine National Monument are the rem- aboard the NOAA ship Hi’ialakai, bound nants of the old Hawaiian archipelago, for the atolls and wreck sites of these his- whose volcanic islands have sunk below the toric ships. The six-member team enjoyed surface of the ocean as the coral reef con- unusually favorable sea conditions, allow- tinued to grow on them toward the surface. ing them to access parts of the reefs that With the passage of time, these atolls shift- earlier expeditions were unable to reach. As ed to the northwest with the movement of a result, they were able to fully map a num- the oceanic seafloor, and younger islands, ber of wreck sites; recover artifacts for con- the main Hawaiian Islands, emerged to the servation, study, and eventual display; and southeast. In the nineteenth century, as sail- even discover the locations of two more ing ships were crossing thousands of miles whaling shipwreck sites.
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