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United States National Museum CL v'^ ^K\^ XxxV ^ U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 127 PL. I SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Bulletin 127 CATALOGUE OF THE WATERCRAFT COLLECTION IN THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM COMPILED AND EDITED BY CARL W. MITMAN Curator, Divisions of Mineral and Mechanical Technology ;?rtyNc:*? tR^;# WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1923 ADVERTISEMENT. The .scientific publications of the United States National Museum consist of two series, the Proceedings and the Bulletins. The Proceedings^ the first volume of which was issued in 1878, are intended primarily as a medium for the publication of original and usually brief, papers based on the collections of the National Museum, presenting newly acquired facts in zoology, geology, and anthropology, including descriptions of new forms of animals and revisions of limited groups. One or two volumes are issued annu- ally and distributed to libraries and scientific organizations. A limited number of copies of each paper, in pamphlet form, is dis- tributed to specialists and others interested in the different subjects as soon as printed. The date of publication is recorded in the table of contents of the volume. The Bulletins^ the first of which was issued in 1875, consist of a series of separate publications comprising chiefly monographs of large zoological groups and other general systematic treatises (occa- sionally in several volumes), faunal works, reports of expeditions, and catalogues of type-specimens, special collections, etc. The majority of the volumes are octavos, but a quarto size has been adopted in a few instances in which large plates were regarded as indispensable. Since 1902 a series of octavo volumes containing papers relating to the botanical collections of the Museum, and known as the Con- trihutions from the National Herharium.^ has been published as bulletins. The present work forms No. 127 of the Bulletin series. William deC. Ravenel, Administrative Assistant to the Secretary, In charge of the United States National Museum. Washington, D. C, June 9, 1923. II TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. Introduction 1 Scope of the collection 4 Part 1. Description of vessels and boats of North America 41 Government vessels of the United States 41 Merchant vessels 47 Steamers 47 Sailing vessels 69 River craft 102 Pilot boats 104 Yachts and pleasure boats 106 Steam yachts ^ 106 Sailing yachts 108 Pleasure boats 113 Fishing vessels 115 Steamers 115 Sailing vessels 120 Fishing boats 185 Skin boats 206 Birch-bark canoes 214 Balsas and dugouts 217 Part 2. Description of vessels and boats of South America 222 Part 3. Description of vessels and boats of Europe 225 Part 4, Description of vessels and boats of Asia and Africa 246 Part 5. Description of vessels and boats of Pacific islands 285 Glossary 291 Index 293 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. The boat hall, United States National Museum Frontispiece. TEXT FIGURES. Page. 1. Sail plan of modern two-masted schooner 25 2. Sail plans of the more common types of small sailing vessels 82 3. United States Bureau of Fisheries steamer "Albatross " 43 4. United States Bureau of Fisheries schooner " Grampus " 46 5. James Rumsey's steamboat 48 6. John Fitch's steamboat 49 7. John Stevens' twin-screw steamboat 50 8. John Stevens' steamboat boiler and engine 53 9. Robert Fulton's steamboat " Clermont "— _ 59 10. John Stevens' steamboat " Phoenix " 61 11. Steamship " Savannah." First to cross the Atlantic Ocean 63 12. Steamer " R. F. Stockton." First iron hull to cross the Atlantic Ocean 64 III IV LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. " 13. Ohio River steamer " Grey Eagle 65 14. American steam tug "Rattler" 66 15. Twin-screw steamship "Philadelphia" '. 69 16. Single-sci-ew steamship " Cambrai " 70 17. Spanish fifteenth century sailing vessel 71 18. English seventeenth century sailing vessel 72 19. Ohio River flatboat 102 20. Ohio River keel boat 103 21. American schooner yacht 110 22. American sloop yacht 111 23. Yacht, English type 112 24. Whaling steamer " Orca " 116 25. Seventeenth century "snow" 121 26. Early seventeenth century sailing vessel 122 27. American fishing ketch 126 28. Schooner, Marblehead, Mass 127 29. Chebacco boat " Lion " 129 30. New England fishing "pinky" 130 31. Grand Banks cod fishing schooner " Open Sea " 131 32. Dogbody Chebacco boat 132 33. New England pinky schooner "Tiger" 134 34. " New England schooner D. R. Proctor" : 135 35. New England schooner " EKsha Holmes" 137 36. New England schooner "Etta G. Fogg" 139 37. New England schooner "Mary O'Dell " 141 38. New England clipper schooner " Wra. M. Gaffiney " 142 39. New England clipper schooner " Spencer F. Baird " 143 40. New England three-masted schooner 144 41. New England schooner " Fredonia " 146 42. New England schooner " Rob Roy " 149 43. New England ketch " Resolute " 150 44. New England smack "Storm King" ^ 151 45. Chesapeake Bay pungy " AV. F. McKewen " 153 46. Chesapeake bay schooner J 154 47. Chesapeake bay bugeye 155 48. Long Island carrj^-away sloop 177 49. Boston fishing cutter 180 50. Noank centerboard sloop 181 51. Key West smackee " Jeff Brown " 183 52. New Orleans lugger 184 53. Marthas Vineyard catboat 186 54. No Man's Land boat 191 55. Quoddy fishing boat "Yankee Hero" 193 56. San Francisco felucca 195 57. Atlantic coast sharpie 197 58. North Carolina sharpie 199 59. New England dory 201 60. Chesapeake Bay dugout canoe 204 61. American Indian coracle or " bull boat " 207 62. Alaska skin boat called " oomiak " 211 63. Kootenay Indian spruce bark canoe 215 64. Canadian birch bark canoe 216 65. Tula grass balsa 217 — LIST OF Il.LUSTKATIONS, < V Page. 66. Haida Indian dugout canoe 220 07. Haida Indian dugout canoe 221 68. British Guiana dugout canoe 223 69. Irish " curragh " 225 70. German fishing vessel " Catharina von Nordernei " 228 71. German " kurran kahn " 230 72. Dutch " bomhschuite " 231 73. Belgian fishing vessel 232 74. Danish " sound " boat 233 75. Viking ship 236 " " 70. Norwosian bankslviote : 237 77. Norwegian fishing boat 239 78. Swedish laerring boat 242 79. Grecian fishing vessel 245 SO. TNialay outrigger canoe 249 81. Malay pirate vessel 252 82. Dayak lug-rigged prahu called " bajak " 253 83. Sumatra " lanchang " 254 84. Johore "fast boat" 258 85. " Sampan panjang," Johore, India 261 86. Malacca catamaran 262 " " 265 S7. Bombay maehva , 88. Bombay fishing canoe — -. 266 89. Laccadive Islands canoe , 269 " 90. East Indian coracle or " parachal 273 91. Japanese fishing boat 275 92. Chinese coasting junk 278 93. Chinese river boat 281 94. Samoan outrigger canoe 285 95. Caroline Islands outrigger canoe 287 96. Sail plan of a full-rigged ship 290 CATALOGUE OF THE WATERCRAFT COLLECTION IN THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. COMPILED AND EDITED BY CARL W. MITMAN. Curator^ Divisions of Mineral and Mechanical Technology. INTRODUCTION. Few problems with which man has had to deal are of greater consequence to his well being and material development than aquatic transportation. Primitive man had forced upon him the necessity of obtaining food and covering from the animals which inhabit the waters; consequently, one of his earliest efforts was to secure the means of floatation whereby the possibilities of supplying his needs were immeasurably increased. As progress in civilization developed the requirements of inter- course among peoples separated by gulfs, seas, and oceans led to advancement in naval architecture, while the' predatory habits of mankind have wielded no small influence in producing forms of boats and vessels, even among savage or semicivilized tribes, most suitable for easy and swift passage through the water. Thus the demands of commerce, or the requirements of the sea rover, or of nations, in securing means of offense and defense, have resulted in carrying the art of naval architecture to the remarkable efficiency which has been attained in recent years. A comparison of the productions of savage or semicivilized men with the vessels constructed during recent cen- turies or more remote periods, in accordance with the most advanced ideas of the leading peoples of the earth, affords material for a most interesting study of the progress of the human mind in a particular direction. It may be accounted as a remarkable fact that there exists to-day, contemporaneously with the floating palaces which cross oceans and almost annihilate space and time, the crudest and most primitive devices for floatation which probably have ever been used by man. Much of this disparity may be accounted for by the influence of environment, or by the varying requirements of individuals and localities. At the same time, as will be mentioned elsewhere, inter- course among nations has tended not only to modify and improve 1 2 BULLETIN 127, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. the forms of vessels employed in commerce and war,' but has also had more or less influence on the handiwork of savage or semicivil- ized races. More remarkable than this, perhaps, is the fact that the savage and half-civilized peoples, through long ages of patient experimentation, have often reached correct conclusions regarding the proper form of boats long before equally satisfactory results were attained by the more highly enlightened nations of the globe. It is worthy of note, in this connection, that the boats and vessels of Egypt, built fully 4,000 years ago, embodied in their construction ideas of form which, after mam" years of the sharpest competition among scientific men during the nineteenth century, were found necessary to produce the swiftest types of sailing vessels. The Viking ships exhumed in Norway and the boggy marshes of the Baltic Sea coast of Schleswig, and which are supposed to have been buried from 1,000 to 1,500 years ago, were fabrics that, so far as the adaptation of form to a purpose is concerned, have not been excelled in all the centuries that have passed since they were con- structed.
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