A New Bedford Voyage!
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The Transition from Whale Oil to Petroleum
The transition from whale oil to petroleum Brooks A. Kaiser University of Southern Denmark University of Hawaii, Manoa Main question (many asides possible) • How well does the transition from whale oil to petroleum that occurred in the mid - 19th century fit a deterministic model of dynamic efficiency of natural resource use? – In other words: just how ‘lucky’ was the discovery of petroleum, and what can be said about resource transitions when new resources/technology are uncertain A standard transition between two known resources MUC MUC Illuminating Oils Price and Quantity 6000000 45.00 40.00 5000000 35.00 4000000 30.00 25.00 3000000 Price 20.00 2000000 15.00 10.00 Gal. sperm oil orThous. Gal. Petrol 1000000 5.00 0 0.00 1780 1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 Year gallons, sperm oil Crude oil (thous. gall) 2007 prices, sperm oil Prices, crude oil Note: gap in prices because only get about 5-10% kerosene from crude From an exhaustible to a non-renewable resource needing knowledge investment Theoretical Model • An adapted model from Tsur and Zemel (2003, 2005) of resource transitions • Maximize net benefits over time from whale extraction, oil investment, oil extraction, subject to: – Dynamics of whale population – Dynamics of knowledge over new backstop (oil) – Dynamics of non-renewability of backstop – Time of transition between whale oil and oil Conventional Wisdom and Economic History • Contemporary opinion: Whales doomed without petroleum • Daum (1957) revision: substitutes well under development. No direct statement about whale popn’s -
(12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 7,727,574 B1 Ushioda Et Al
US007727574B1 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 7,727,574 B1 Ushioda et al. (45) Date of Patent: Jun. 1, 2010 (54) METHOD OF PRODUCING 5,576,045 A * 1 1/1996 Cain et al. .................. 426,607 WATER-CONTAINING CHOCOLATES 5,589.216 A * 12/1996 Guskey et al. .... ... 426,607 5.599,574. A * 2/1997 Guskey et al. .............. 426/660 (75) Inventors: Toshio Ushioda, Yawara-mura (JP); E6. A S.G. St. - - - - - - -fall. i. k --- OKaWa ca. - - - st Stairs 6,165,540 A * 12/2000 Traitler et al. ..... ... 426,631 y s 6,210,739 B1 * 4/2001 Nalur ............... ... 426,607 O O YO 6,391,356 B1* 5/2002 Willcocks et al. ........... 426/306 (73) Assignee: Fuji Oil Company, Limited, Osaka (JP) 6,537,602 B1* 3/2003 Kawabata et al. ........... 426.283 - 6,737,100 B1 5/2004 Matsui et al. (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this 7,186,435 B2 * 3/2007 Beckett et al. .............. 426,631 patent is extended or adjusted under 35 U.S.C. 154(b) by 1615 days. FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS EP O791297 A2 8, 1997 (21) Appl. No.: 10/472,525 JP HO6-007086 A 1, 1994 JP H10-075713. A 3, 1998 (22) PCT Filed: Mar. 11, 2002 WO WOOOf 57715 10, 2000 (86). PCT No.: PCT/UPO2/O2267 OTHER PUBLICATIONS Bailey, A. E. 1950. Melting and Solidification of Fats, Interscience S371 (c)(1), Publishers, Inc., New York, p. 160-161.* (2), (4) Date: Sep. 24, 2003 Minifie, B. W. 1970. Chocolate, Cocoa and Confectionery: Science and Technology, 2" edition. -
Meetings and Announcements
3. the prohibition of painful sur b. inspect and report to the Board on gical procedures without the use of a the treatment of animals in commer properly administered anesthesia; cial farming; MEETINGS !!!!! and c. investigate all complaints and alle ANNOUNCEMENTS 4. provisions for a licensing system gations of unfair treatment of for all farms. Such system shall in animals; clude, but shall not be limited to, the d. issue in writing, without prior hear following requirements: ing, a cease and desist order to any i. all farms shall b'e inspected person if the Commission has reason prior to the issuance of a I icense. to believe that that person is causing, ii. farms shall thereafter be in engaging in, or maintaining any spected at least once a year. condition or activity which, in the iii. minimum requirements shall Director's judgment, will result in or be provided to insure a healthy is likely to result in irreversible or ir life for every farm animal. These reparable damage to an animal or its requirements shall include, but environment, and it appears prejudi not be limited to: cial to the interests of the [State] a. proper space allowances; {United States] to delay action until b. proper nutrition; an opportunity for a hearing can be c. proper care and treatment provided. The order shall direct such of animals; and person to discontinue, abate or allevi d. proper medical care. .ate such condition, activity, or viola f. The Board may enter into contract tion. A hearing shall be provided with with any person, firm, corporation or ____ days to allow the person to FORTHCOMING association to handle things neces show that each condition, activity or MEETINGS sary or convenient in carrying out the violation does not exist; and functions, powers and duties of the e. -
Fishery Oceanographic Study on the Baleen Whaling Grounds
FISHERY OCEANOGRAPHIC STUDY ON THE BALEEN WHALING GROUNDS KEIJI NASU INTRODUCTION A Fishery oceanographic study of the whaling grounds seeks to find the factors control ling the abundance of whales in the waters and in general has been a subject of interest to whalers. In the previous paper (Nasu 1963), the author discussed the oceanography and baleen whaling grounds in the subarctic Pacific Ocean. In this paper, the oceanographic environment of the baleen whaling grounds in the coastal region ofJapan, subarctic Pacific Ocean, and Antarctic Ocean are discussed. J apa nese oceanographic observations in the whaling grounds mainly have been carried on by the whaling factory ships and whale making research boats using bathyther mographs and reversing thermomenters. Most observations were made at surface. From the results of the biological studies on the whaling grounds by Marr ( 1956, 1962) and Nemoto (1959) the author presumed that the feeding depth is less than about 50 m. Therefore, this study was made mainly on the oceanographic environ ment of the surface layer of the whaling grounds. In the coastal region of Japan Uda (1953, 1954) plotted the maps of annual whaling grounds for each 10 days and analyzed the relation between the whaling grounds and the hydrographic condition based on data of the daily whaling reports during 1910-1951. A study of the subarctic Pacific Ocean whaling grounds in relation to meteorological and oceanographic conditions was made by U da and Nasu (1956) and Nasu (1957, 1960, 1963). Nemoto (1957, 1959) also had reported in detail on the subject from the point of the food of baleen whales and the ecology of plankton. -
US Fish & Wildlife Service Seabird Conservation Plan—Pacific Region
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Seabird Conservation Plan Conservation Seabird Pacific Region U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Seabird Conservation Plan—Pacific Region 120 0’0"E 140 0’0"E 160 0’0"E 180 0’0" 160 0’0"W 140 0’0"W 120 0’0"W 100 0’0"W RUSSIA CANADA 0’0"N 0’0"N 50 50 WA CHINA US Fish and Wildlife Service Pacific Region OR ID AN NV JAP CA H A 0’0"N I W 0’0"N 30 S A 30 N L I ort I Main Hawaiian Islands Commonwealth of the hwe A stern A (see inset below) Northern Mariana Islands Haw N aiian Isla D N nds S P a c i f i c Wake Atoll S ND ANA O c e a n LA RI IS Johnston Atoll MA Guam L I 0’0"N 0’0"N N 10 10 Kingman Reef E Palmyra Atoll I S 160 0’0"W 158 0’0"W 156 0’0"W L Howland Island Equator A M a i n H a w a i i a n I s l a n d s Baker Island Jarvis N P H O E N I X D IN D Island Kauai S 0’0"N ONE 0’0"N I S L A N D S 22 SI 22 A PAPUA NEW Niihau Oahu GUINEA Molokai Maui 0’0"S Lanai 0’0"S 10 AMERICAN P a c i f i c 10 Kahoolawe SAMOA O c e a n Hawaii 0’0"N 0’0"N 20 FIJI 20 AUSTRALIA 0 200 Miles 0 2,000 ES - OTS/FR Miles September 2003 160 0’0"W 158 0’0"W 156 0’0"W (800) 244-WILD http://www.fws.gov Information U.S. -
New Bedford Whaling
Whaling Capital of the World Park Partners Cultural Effects Lighting the World Sternboard from the brig Scrimshaw Port of Entry Starting in the Colonial era, the finest smokeless, odorless “ The town itself is perhaps Eunice H. Adams, 1845. On voyages that might The whaling industry Americans pursued whales candles. Whale-oil was also the dearest place to live last as long as four employed large num- primarily for blubber to fuel processed into fine industrial in, in all New England. years, whalemen spent bers of African-Ameri- lamps. Whale blubber was lubricating oils. Whale-oil their leisure hours cans, Azoreans, and rendered into oil at high All these brave houses carving and scratching Cape Verdeans, whose from New Bedford ships lit and flowery gardens decorations on sperm communities still flour- temperatures aboard ship—a much of the world from the whale teeth, whale- ish in New Bedford process whalemen called “try- 1830s until petroleum alterna- came from the Atlantic, bone, and baleen. This today. New Bedford’s ing out.” Sperm whales were tives like kerosene and gas re- Pacific, and Indian folk art, known as role in 19th-century prized for their higher-grade placed it in the 1860s. COLLECTION, NEW BEDFORD WHALING MUSEUM scrimshaw, often de- American history was spermaceti oil, used to make oceans. One and all, picted whaling adven- not limited to whaling, they were harpooned Today, New Bedford is a city of The National Park Service National Park Service is to work Heritage Center in Barrow, tures or scenes of however. It was also a nearly 100,000, but its historic joined this partnership in 1996 collaboratively with a wide Alaska, to help recognize the home. -
NEW to SHIP MODELING? Become a Shipwright of Old
NEW TO SHIP MODELING? Become a Shipwright of Old These Model Shipways Wood Kits designed by master modeler David Antscherl, will teach you the skills needed to build mu- seum quality models. See our kit details online. Lowell Grand Banks Dory A great introduction to model ship building. This is the first boat in a series of progressive 1:24 Scale Wood Model Model Specifications: model tutorials! The combo tool kit comes com- Length: 10” , Width 3” , Height 1-1/2” • plete with the following. Hobby Knife & Multi Historically accurate, detailed wood model • Blades, Paint & Glue, Paint Brushes, Sand- Laser cut basswood parts for easy construction • paper, Tweezers, & Clamps. Dories were de- Detailed illustrated instruction manual • True plank-on-frame construction • veloped on the East Coast in the 1800’s. They Wooden display base included • were mainly used for fishing and lobstering. Skill Level 1 MS1470CB - Wood Model Dory Combo Kit - Paint & Tools: $49.99 MS1470 - Wood Model Dory Kit Only: $29.99 Norwegian Sailing Pram Muscongus Bay Lobster Smack 1:24 Scale Wood Model 1:24 Scale Wood Model Model Specifications: Model Specifications: Length 12½”, Width 4”, Height 15½ • Length 14½”, Width 3¾”, Height 14” • Historically accurate, detailed wood model • Historically accurate, detailed wood model • Laser cut basswood parts for easy construction • Laser cut basswood parts for easy construction • Detailed illustrated instruction manual • Detailed illustrated instruction manual • True plank-on-frame construction • True plank-on-frame construction • Wooden display base included • Wooden display base included • Skill Level 2 Skill Level 3 This is the second intermediate kit This is the third and last kit in this for this series of progressive model series of progressive model tutori- tutorials. -
SOLUTION: Gathering and Sonic Blasts for Oil Exploration Because These Practices Can Harm and Kill Whales
ENDANGEREDWHALES © Nolan/Greenpeace WE HAVE A PROBLEM: WHAT YOU CAN DO: • Many whale species still face extinction. • Tell the Bush administration to strongly support whale protection so whaling countries get the • Blue whales, the largest animals ever, may now number as message. few as 400.1 • Ask elected officials to press Iceland, Japan • Rogue nations Japan, Norway and Iceland flout the and Norway to respect the commercial whaling international ban on commercial whaling. moratorium. • Other threats facing whales include global warming, toxic • Demand that the U.S. curb global warming pollution dumping, noise pollution and lethal “bycatch” from fishing. and sign the Stockholm Convention, which bans the most harmful chemicals on the planet. • Tell Congress that you oppose sonar intelligence SOLUTION: gathering and sonic blasts for oil exploration because these practices can harm and kill whales. • Japan, Norway and Iceland must join the rest of the world and respect the moratorium on commercial whaling. • The loophole Japan exploits to carry out whaling for “Tomostpeople,whalingisallnineteenth- “scientific” research should be closed. centurystuff.Theyhavenoideaabout • Fishing operations causing large numbers of whale hugefloatingslaughterhouses,steel-hulled bycatch deaths must be cleaned up or stopped. chaserboatswithsonartostalkwhales, • Concerted international action must be taken to stop andharpoonsfiredfromcannons.” other threats to whales including global warming, noise Bob Hunter, pollution, ship strikes and toxic contamination. -
Ecosystem Effects of Fishing and Whaling in the North Pacific And
TWENTY-SIX Ecosystem Effects of Fishing and Whaling in the North Pacific and Atlantic Oceans BORIS WORM, HEIKE K. LOTZE, RANSOM A. MYERS Human alterations of marine ecosystems have occurred about the role of whales in the food web and (2) what has throughout history, but only over the last century have these been observed in other species playing a similar role. Then we reached global proportions. Three major types of changes may explore whether the available evidence supports these have been described: (1) the changing of nutrient cycles and hypotheses. Experiments and detailed observations in lakes, climate, which may affect ecosystem structure from the bot- streams, and coastal and shelf ecosystems have shown that tom up, (2) fishing, which may affect ecosystems from the the removal of large predatory fishes or marine mammals top down, and (3) habitat alteration and pollution, which almost always causes release of prey populations, which often affect all trophic levels and therefore were recently termed set off ecological chain reactions such as trophic cascades side-in impacts (Lotze and Milewski 2004). Although the (Estes and Duggins 1995; Micheli 1999; Pace et al. 1999; large-scale consequences of these changes for marine food Shurin et al. 2002; Worm and Myers 2003). Another impor- webs and ecosystems are only beginning to be understood tant interaction is competitive release, in which formerly (Pauly et al. 1998; Micheli 1999; Jackson et al. 2001; suppressed species replace formerly dominant ones that were Beaugrand et al. 2002; Worm et al. 2002; Worm and Myers reduced by fishing (Fogarty and Murawski 1998; Myers and 2003; Lotze and Milewski 2004), the implications for man- Worm 2003). -
American Perceptions of Marine Mammals and Their Management, by Stephen R
American Perceptions of Marine Mammals and Their Management Stephen R. Kellert Yale University School of Forestry and Environmental Studies May 1999 CHAPTER ONE: Introduction and Research Methodology Most Americans associate marine mammals with two orders of animals-the ceteceans, including the whales and dolphins, and the pinnipeds, consisting of the seals, sea lions, and walrus. The more informed recognize another marine mammal order, the sirenians, represented in the United States by one species, the manatee, mainly found along the Florida peninsula. Less widely recognized as marine mammals, but still officially classified as marine mammals, include one ursine species, the polar bear, and a mustelid, the sea otter. This report will examine American views of all marine mammals and their management, although mostly focusing on, for reasons of greater significance and familiarity, the cetaceans and pinnipeds. Marine mammals are among the most privileged yet beleaguered of creatures in America today. Many marine mammals enjoy unusually strong public interest and support, their popularity having expanded enormously during the past half-century. Marine mammals are also relatively unique among wildlife in America in having been the recipients of legislation dedicated exclusively to their protection, management, and conservation. This law - the Marine Mammal Protection Act - is one of the most ambitious, comprehensive, and progressive environmental laws ever enacted. More problematically, various marine mammal species have been the source of considerable policy conflict and management controversy, both domestically and internationally, and an associated array of challenges to their well-being and, in some cases, future survival. Over-exploitation (e.g., commercial whaling) was the most prominent cause of marine mammal decline historically, although this threat has greatly diminished. -
The Tragedy of the Whaleship Essex
WHALING LINGO and the NANTUCKET SLEIGH RIDE 0. WHALING LINGO and the NANTUCKET SLEIGH RIDE - Story Preface 1. THE CREW of the ESSEX 2. FACTS and MYTHS about SPERM WHALES 3. KNOCKDOWN of the ESSEX 4. CAPTAIN POLLARD MAKES MISTAKES 5. WHALING LINGO and the NANTUCKET SLEIGH RIDE 6. OIL from a WHALE 7. HOW WHALE BLUBBER BECOMES OIL 8. ESSEX and the OFFSHORE GROUNDS 9. A WHALE ATTACKS the ESSEX 10. A WHALE DESTROYS the ESSEX 11. GEORGE POLLARD and OWEN CHASE 12. SURVIVING the ESSEX DISASTER 13. RESCUE of the ESSEX SURVIVORS 14. LIFE after the WRECK of the ESSEX Robert E. Sticker created an oil painting interpreting the “Nantucket Sleigh Ride,” an adrenalin-producing event which occurred after whalers harpooned a whale. As the injured whale reacted to the trauma, swimming away from its hunters, it pulled the small whaleboat and its crew behind. Copyright Robert Sticker, all rights reserved. Image provided here as fair use for educational purposes and to acquaint new viewers with Sticker’s work. As more and more Nantucketers hunted, captured and killed whales—including sperm whales—whalers had to travel farther and farther from home to find their prey. In the early 18th century, Nantucketers were finding cachalot (sperm whales) in the middle of the Pacific at a place they called the “Offshore Ground.” A thousand miles, or so, off the coast of Peru, the Offshore Ground seemed to be productive. After taking-on supplies at the Galapagos Islands—including 180 additional large tortoises (from Hood Island) to use as meat when they were so far from land—Captain Pollard and his crew sailed the Essex toward the Offshore Grounds. -
'Bycatch' Whaling a Growing Threat to Coastal Whales 23 June 2009
'Bycatch' whaling a growing threat to coastal whales 23 June 2009 Scientists are warning that a new form of Whales are occasionally killed in entanglements unregulated whaling has emerged along the with fishing nets and the deaths of large whales are coastlines of Japan and South Korea, where the reported by most member nations of the IWC. commercial sale of whales killed as fisheries Japan and South Korea are the only countries that "bycatch" is threatening coastal stocks of minke allow the commercial sale of products killed as whales and other protected species. "incidental bycatch." The sheer number of whales represented by whale-meat products on the market Scott Baker, associate director of the Marine suggests that both countries have an inordinate Mammal Institute at Oregon State University, says amount of bycatch, Baker said. DNA analysis of whale-meat products sold in Japanese markets suggests that the number of "The sale of bycatch alone supports a lucrative whales actually killed through this "bycatch trade in whale meat at markets in some Korean whaling" may be equal to that killed through coastal cities, where the wholesale price of an adult Japan's scientific whaling program - about 150 minke whale can reach as high as $100,000," annually from each source. Baker said. "Given these financial incentives, you have to wonder how many of these whales are, in Baker, a cetacean expert, and Vimoksalehi fact, killed intentionally." Lukoscheck of the University of California-Irvine presented their findings at the recent scientific In Japan, whale-meat products enter into the meeting of the International Whaling Commission commercial supply chain that supports the (IWC) in Portugal.