DOCSLIB.ORG

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE 1992,131 LEATHER, DRESSING COMPOSITION Emi Sajak, Dresden, Germany No Drawing

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE 1992,131 LEATHER, DRESSING COMPOSITION Emi Sajak, Dresden, Germany No Drawing Patented Feb. 19, 1935 1992,131 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE 1992,131 LEATHER, DRESSING COMPOSITION Emi Sajak, Dresden, Germany No Drawing. Application September 25, 1930, Serial No. 484,466. In Germany August 31, 1929 8 Claims. (C. 149-6) This invention relates to a leather-dressing oils. They are extremely stable. They contain composition, applicable to both ordinary or oak very little free fatty acid, and they have almost tanned and chrome tanned leathers, for example no tendency to "gum' on exposure. They are for leather wearing apparel, upholstery leather, capable of dissolving large quantities of solid 5 footwear, and other forms in which leather is Waxes, and such a solution is extremely well employed, the object of the present invention adapted for preserving leather and for render being to render the leather soft, pliable, tough ing it soft, pliable and waterproof. Such a solu and -Waterproof. tion is also particularly suitable, especially for By “liquid wax' as used herein are meant cer footwear and other wearing apparel, owing to its 0. tain substances, neither oils nor fats which have low heat conductivity. O certain physical and chemical properties. These If castor oil is added to such a solution, the substances, so far as now known are the So called further advantage is obtained that the proper 'sperm oil' and the “bottle-nosed whale oil' the ties favourable to the preservation of leather, use of oil in these terms being a misnomer. These Viz. durability, low acid content and water re 5 two in smell, taste and color reactions resemble pellent action are retained. The undesirable 5 the well known train oils but have a specific properties, viz. high viscosity and tendency to gravity of only 0.875 to 0.884 and are of astonish 'gum' and to form a tough adhesive gummy ingly low viscosity less influenced by tempera coating, are eliminated. ture changes than the train oils. The Waxy na Castor oil has a favourable action on the waxes, 20 ture shows in the degree of saponification and particularly on liquid waxes, by raising the low 20 they yield only 60 to 65 percent of fatty acids. visCOsity and enabling the waxes to adhere more They are highly resistant to oxidization and the firmly to the leather. iodine figure is only 80 to 87. The improved leather-dressing composition Waxes have already been used for leather meets all the requirements of a satisfactory dress dressing, solid waxes being only used in con ing composition. The improved composition ren junction with fats or oils or when dissolved in ders the leather tough, soft and pliable and pro benzine or turpentine, while sperm oil has been tects it in its chemical State, i.e. against the oxi used in tanneries for fat-liquoring and greasing dizing action of the atmosphere and against the the hides. Liquid waxes alone, such as the latter, de-tanning effect of acids or alkalis; it also 30 penetrate through the leather and make it oily makes the leather waterproof, causes it to retain 30 to the touch. Solutions of solid waxes in benzine, its ventilating properties and protects it from turpentine or the like are not stable, because the premature mechanical wear; it also makes it more solvent evaporates again, causing the waxes to effective as a heat insulator. It contains no readi become hard and to impart brittleness to the ly volatile constituents, which by evaporation 35 leather. When combined with oils and fats they would permitsubstances dissolved therein to re- : can only be employed inefficiently in Small turn to their previous hard consistency and thus amounts, consequently the glycerides which form render the leather brittle. It also contains no the chief constituents are easily decomposed and solvents which would, for example, dissolve the the leather is thus not permanently protected. pitch used in closing the seams in footwear, as 40 The present invention consists in the employ well as also containing no substances which tend 40 ment of a solution or mixture of Solid waxes in to absorb water. It remains unchanged and of liquid waxes to which animal or vegetable fats the same consistency in the leather and excel or oils, preferably castor oil, can be added. The lently protects the leather, each fibre of the leath liquid waxes which may be employed may be, er being enveloped in a Wax protective coating. for example, d6gling's oil (hyperoodon rostratus' Leather which is impregnated with this dressing 45 oil), or sperm oil. These oils are of animal origin composition does not become hard, even when left and although termed oils they really belong to long in water. On the other hand, leather which the wax class, because they contain either none has become hard by lying in Water, can be made or very little glycerine, but in place thereof have soft again by treatment with this dressing con about 32 to 43% of a monovalent high molecular position. One of its particular advantages is that 50 alcohol, viz. cetyl alcohol, which contrary to it protects the leather against the action of caus glycerine is insoluble in water. The liquid waxes tic alkalis. As waxes are not decomposed at ordi have a very low specific gravity (0.875-0.884), nary temperatures by caustic alkalis and the and very low viscosity, which is less affected by fibres of the leather treated with this dressing variations in temperature than that of the fatty composition are enveloped in a wax coating, the 2 1,992,131 alkalis are unable to reach the substance of the and 15% of carnauba wax in 70% liquid wax is leather and to decompose it. This is of great im exceptionally good for rendering hard leather portance to gardeners and agricultural workers, waterproof, such as sole leather and leather belt who have to work with artificial manures contain ing. It renders it elastic but not so soft that it ing lime and also builders' workmen who handle is not suitable for the purpose for which it is to line. be employed as sole leather or leather belting. The following are examples of the improved I claim: dressing composition:- 1. A leather-dressing composition comprising a 2.5 parts by weight each of bees wax and sper mixture of Solid waxes in Sperm oil and castor oil. 10 maceti in 95 parts of Sperm oil may be employed, 2. A leather-dressing composition comprising O for example, for Snow boots, motor leathers and a mixture of Solid waxes in approximately equal leather Coats. parts of sperm oil and castor oil. 5 parts each of bees wax and spermaceti in 90 3. A leather-dressing composition comprising parts of sperm oil may be used as a thicker oil a mixture of Solid waxes, sperm oil, castor oil and 5 for stronger boots, Such as fishing bootS and WOrk animal fat. men's boots. 4. A leather-dressing composition comprising a 5 7.5 parts each of bees Wax and Spermaceti in 85 mixture of solid waxes, sperm oil, castor oil and parts of sperm oil in the form of a cream may be animal fat, the castor oil and animal fat being used in summer and for the fishing and building approximately in equal proportions. 20 trades. 5. A leather-dressing composition comprising a 2.5 parts each of bees wax and spermaceti in 50 mixture of not more than 30% of solid wax to not 20 parts of sperm oil and 45 parts of castor oil forms less than 70% of liquid wax. a viscous liquid dressing for Snow boots and 6. A leather-dressing composition comprising leather coats. a mixture of bees Wax and Spermaceti in Sperm oil 25 5 parts each of bees wax and spermaceti in 50 7. A leather-dressing composition comprising parts of sperm oil and 40 parts of castor oil, 20 a mixture of beeswax and Spernaceti in Sperm oil 25 parts of which may be replaced by animal fats, and castor oil. can be employed in the form of a cream in trades 8. A leather-dressing composition comprising which have to work in water and Wet grass, Such approximately equal parts of bees wax and Sper 30 as anglers, hunters, fishers and agricultural maceti in Sperm oil, castor oil and animal fat. WorkerS. 30 A solution of about 15% by weight of bees Wax EMI SAJAK. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Transition from Whale Oil to Petroleum
    The transition from whale oil to petroleum Brooks A. Kaiser University of Southern Denmark University of Hawaii, Manoa Main question (many asides possible) • How well does the transition from whale oil to petroleum that occurred in the mid - 19th century fit a deterministic model of dynamic efficiency of natural resource use? – In other words: just how ‘lucky’ was the discovery of petroleum, and what can be said about resource transitions when new resources/technology are uncertain A standard transition between two known resources MUC MUC Illuminating Oils Price and Quantity 6000000 45.00 40.00 5000000 35.00 4000000 30.00 25.00 3000000 Price 20.00 2000000 15.00 10.00 Gal. sperm oil orThous. Gal. Petrol 1000000 5.00 0 0.00 1780 1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 Year gallons, sperm oil Crude oil (thous. gall) 2007 prices, sperm oil Prices, crude oil Note: gap in prices because only get about 5-10% kerosene from crude From an exhaustible to a non-renewable resource needing knowledge investment Theoretical Model • An adapted model from Tsur and Zemel (2003, 2005) of resource transitions • Maximize net benefits over time from whale extraction, oil investment, oil extraction, subject to: – Dynamics of whale population – Dynamics of knowledge over new backstop (oil) – Dynamics of non-renewability of backstop – Time of transition between whale oil and oil Conventional Wisdom and Economic History • Contemporary opinion: Whales doomed without petroleum • Daum (1957) revision: substitutes well under development. No direct statement about whale popn’s
    [Show full text]
  • (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 7,727,574 B1 Ushioda Et Al
    US007727574B1 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 7,727,574 B1 Ushioda et al. (45) Date of Patent: Jun. 1, 2010 (54) METHOD OF PRODUCING 5,576,045 A * 1 1/1996 Cain et al. .................. 426,607 WATER-CONTAINING CHOCOLATES 5,589.216 A * 12/1996 Guskey et al. .... ... 426,607 5.599,574. A * 2/1997 Guskey et al. .............. 426/660 (75) Inventors: Toshio Ushioda, Yawara-mura (JP); E6. A S.G. St. - - - - - - -fall. i. k --- OKaWa ca. - - - st Stairs 6,165,540 A * 12/2000 Traitler et al. ..... ... 426,631 y s 6,210,739 B1 * 4/2001 Nalur ............... ... 426,607 O O YO 6,391,356 B1* 5/2002 Willcocks et al. ........... 426/306 (73) Assignee: Fuji Oil Company, Limited, Osaka (JP) 6,537,602 B1* 3/2003 Kawabata et al. ........... 426.283 - 6,737,100 B1 5/2004 Matsui et al. (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this 7,186,435 B2 * 3/2007 Beckett et al. .............. 426,631 patent is extended or adjusted under 35 U.S.C. 154(b) by 1615 days. FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS EP O791297 A2 8, 1997 (21) Appl. No.: 10/472,525 JP HO6-007086 A 1, 1994 JP H10-075713. A 3, 1998 (22) PCT Filed: Mar. 11, 2002 WO WOOOf 57715 10, 2000 (86). PCT No.: PCT/UPO2/O2267 OTHER PUBLICATIONS Bailey, A. E. 1950. Melting and Solidification of Fats, Interscience S371 (c)(1), Publishers, Inc., New York, p. 160-161.* (2), (4) Date: Sep. 24, 2003 Minifie, B. W. 1970. Chocolate, Cocoa and Confectionery: Science and Technology, 2" edition.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Bedford Voyage!
    Funding in Part by: ECHO - Education through Cultural and Historical Organizations The Jessie B. DuPont Fund A New Bedford Voyage! 18 Johnny Cake Hill Education Department New Bedford 508 997-0046, ext. 123 Massachusetts 02740-6398 fax 508 997-0018 new bedford whaling museum education department www.whalingmuseum.org To the teacher: This booklet is designed to take you and your students on a voyage back to a time when people thought whaling was a necessity and when the whaling port of New Bedford was known worldwide. I: Introduction page 3 How were whale products used? What were the advantages of whale oil? How did whaling get started in America? A view of the port of New Bedford II: Preparing for the Voyage page 7 How was the whaling voyage organized? Important papers III: You’re on Your Way page 10 Meet the crew Where’s your space? Captain’s rules A day at sea A 24-hour schedule Time off Food for thought from the galley of a whaleship How do you catch a whale? Letters home Your voice and vision Where in the world? IV: The End of the Voyage page 28 How much did you earn? Modern whaling and conservation issues V: Whaling Terms page 30 VI: Learning More page 32 NEW BEDFORD WHALING MUSEUM Editor ECHO Special Projects Illustrations - Patricia Altschuller - Judy Chatfield - Gordon Grant Research Copy Editor Graphic Designer - Stuart Frank, Michael Dyer, - Clara Stites - John Cox - MediumStudio Laura Pereira, William Wyatt Special thanks to Katherine Gaudet and Viola Taylor, teachers at Friends Academy, North Dartmouth, MA, and to Judy Giusti, teacher at New Bedford Public Schools, for their contributions to this publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Modern Whaling
    This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research Volume Title: In Pursuit of Leviathan: Technology, Institutions, Productivity, and Profits in American Whaling, 1816-1906 Volume Author/Editor: Lance E. Davis, Robert E. Gallman, and Karin Gleiter Volume Publisher: University of Chicago Press Volume ISBN: 0-226-13789-9 Volume URL: http://www.nber.org/books/davi97-1 Publication Date: January 1997 Chapter Title: Modern Whaling Chapter Author: Lance E. Davis, Robert E. Gallman, Karin Gleiter Chapter URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c8288 Chapter pages in book: (p. 498 - 512) 13 Modern Whaling The last three decades of the nineteenth century were a period of decline for American whaling.' The market for oil was weak because of the advance of petroleum production, and only the demand for bone kept right whalers and bowhead whalers afloat. It was against this background that the Norwegian whaling industry emerged and grew to formidable size. Oddly enough, the Norwegians were not after bone-the whales they hunted, although baleens, yielded bone of very poor quality. They were after oil, and oil of an inferior sort. How was it that the Norwegians could prosper, selling inferior oil in a declining market? The answer is that their costs were exceedingly low. The whales they hunted existed in profusion along the northern (Finnmark) coast of Norway and could be caught with a relatively modest commitment of man and vessel time. The area from which the hunters came was poor. Labor was cheap; it also happened to be experienced in maritime pursuits, particularly in the sealing industry and in hunting small whales-the bottlenose whale and the white whale (narwhal).
    [Show full text]
  • Zallen Gsas.Harvard 0084L 11460.Pdf (8.379Mb)
    American Lucifers: Makers and Masters of the Means of Light, 1750-1900 The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Zallen, Jeremy Benjamin. 2014. American Lucifers: Makers and Masters of the Means of Light, 1750-1900. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:12274111 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA American Lucifers: Makers and Masters of the Means of Light, 1750-1900 A dissertation presented by Jeremy Benjamin Zallen to The Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of History Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts April 2014 ©2014—Jeremy Benjamin Zallen All rights reserved. American Lucifers: Makers and Masters of the Means of Light, 1750-1900 Abstract This dissertation examines the social history of Atlantic and American free and unfree labor by focusing on the production and consumption of the means of light from the colonial period to the end of the nineteenth century. Drawing from archives across the country, I reconstruct the ground-level experiences and struggles of the living (and dying) bringers of lights—those American lucifers—and the worlds they made in the process. I begin by arguing that colonial American deep-sea whaling voyages triggered an Atlantic street lighting revolution radiating from London, while a New England run candles-for-slave(ry) trade helped illuminate and circulate processes caught up in colonial transatlantic sugar slavery.
    [Show full text]
  • Week 2 History of Whaling in Bermuda Whalers Were Crucial to the Development of the First Settlements in the New World, Including Bermuda
    Cetacean Month Week 2 History of whaling in Bermuda Whalers were crucial to the development of the first settlements in the New World, including Bermuda. Colonies were dependent on whaling for survival. Humpback whales were said to have kept settlers awake at night with their playful behaviour on South Shore. Whaling in Bermuda began as early as 1616. By the 1800’s it was a strong part of the economy. Whale baleen and blubber were used for everything. Baleen was said to be “the plastic of the 1800’s”. Whale oil was used to power lights and manufacture goods, such as soap, rope and textiles. Whale blubber was cut into large sheets and cooked down to make the oil. Whale blubber is the fatty tissue of a whale that allows it to withstand freezing cold water temperatures. Activity to try at home - Make your own blubber glove Research question: How do Humpbacks and other mammals survive in freezing cold water? For this activity you will need, 2 ziplock bags, a bowl of ice water, shortening (Crisco) and duct tape. Fill one ziplock with the shortening place the other ziplock inside and tape the openings together so that you can put your hand in the second ziplock without touching the shortening. Place one hand in the ice water and see how long you can leave it in before it becomes too cold. With the other hand, place it in the ziplock bag, making sure the shortening is around your hand and place it into the bowl. What do you notice about the temperature? Can you keep your hand in longer? Draw a Humpback whale! You will need sidewalk chalk, a measuring tape and a printout of the whale images attached on Page 2.
    [Show full text]
  • The Whaling Order
    I The Whaling Order The more I dive into this matter of whaling, and push my researches up to the very spring-head of it, so much the more am I impressed with its greatness and antiquity; and especially when I find so many great demi-gods and heroes, proph- ets of all sorts, who one way or another have shed distinction upon it. But even stripped of these supernatural surmisings, there was enough in the earthly make and incontestable character of the monster to strike the imagination with unwonted power. Herman Melville, Moby-Dick (1851, chapters 82 and 41) 2 An International Political Economy of Modern Whaling Whaling is an ancient craft that has been traced back to 15,000 B.C. (Stoett 1997). Yet, in a sense, modern whaling was born against all odds: after the discovery of mineral oil in Pennsylvania in 1859, whale oil was progressively replaced in its most important uses, lighting and lubrication. Despite this ostensible substitution, the next hundred years saw an unprecedented expansion of whaling and the emergence of the large-scale, industrial whaling properly known as the ‘‘modern whaling industry’’ (Tonnessen and Johnsen 1982), able to hold its place among the staples of the industrialization process well into the 1960s. How can the endurance of whaling in modern societies be explained? Before answering this question, the chapter begins by mapping out the various forms of whaling, according to the different ways of utilizing the parts of the whale, so as to introduce the reader to practices that have largely fallen into oblivion today.
    [Show full text]
  • Fats and Oils,Their Adaptability and Uses
    April 1938 April 1938 SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS 17 Fats and Oils: Their Adaptability and Uses By Charles E. Lund, Fats and Oils Specialist, Foodstuffs Division A tropical palm tree, an Antarctic whale, and a fats and oils averaged 1,825 million pounds per year in Texas steer appear quite unrelated, yet, in the soap the period 1931-35, increased to 2,337 million pounds kettle, palm oil, whale oil, and inedible tallow make up in 1936, and reached the record of 2,828 million pounds the principal ingredients of the slow-lathering group. in 1937. The heavy imports in 1937 were due in con- Philippine coconut oil, African palm-kernel oil, and siderable measure to the drought in 1936 and to the Brazilian babassu oil also appear to be equally dis- constantly mounting domestic consumption which rose- sociated, but these oils are important quick-lathering to over 9 billion pounds in 1936, and reached 9,300 oils in the soap industry. million pounds in 1937. Imports have been substan- Other fats and oils from all parts of the world find tially reduced in recent months, following the record their way into myriad uses and into hundreds of prod- production of cottonseed in 1937 (nearly 18 billion ucts. Cottonseed oil, palm oil, peanut oil, and tallow pounds), and the second heaviest soybean crop on are the leading elements in the preparation of com- record (approximately 2% billion pounds). pounds and shortenings, yet they come from diverse The demand for fats and oils was reduced in the latter regions. Chinese tung oil, which has a peculiar advan- part of 1937, because of a slackening in business ac- tage as a fast-drying, water-resistant element in the tivity.
    [Show full text]
  • Cosmopolitan Chronicle 48.Indd
    politan Chro Cosmo nicle VOL. II, No. 22 San Diego, Alta California, February 6, 2009 Price: Free whales for their prized fat, bone, period that kerosene lighting Lighting and baleen. Camphene, in turn, was the most common lighting produced from what appeared to be technology used at this time. Gregg Giacopuzzi inexhaustible supplies of corn and Interpreter pine trees in Northern California. Challenge San Diego Coast District Burning fuels which produce a low viscosity, fl ow ready up a wick California State Parks and thus creating a clean white fl ame. Delaware North have the unique History of 19th Century The fi xtures themselves were the challenge to rehabilitate and Lighting fi rst truly adjustable lighting device restore this original 19th century and produced a brilliance from six building into a fully functional ighting technology to eight candles. These new types 21st century hotel and eating changed in many ways of fuels worked for a short time but establishment. As partners in during the 19th century. the rise in cost of whale oil and the this endeavor, we hope to create L Homes and businesses a building that will personify the fact that camphene exploded when were much darker and ambient fi xtures were dropped led to new “look, feel, and ambiance” of a light was utilized to its fullest innovations. period appropriate setting. A key extent. Doors and windows were Kerosene, also called coal oil, element to this setting is lighting. left open and people worked by is an oil distillate consisting of a We look to install period lighting natural light from sun up to sun mixture of hydrocarbons, primarily in the majority of the areas where set.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Animals As a Source of Fat by J
    Downloaded from 184 CONFERENCEPROCEEDINGS 1948 edible purposes; similarly, there are the black tallows and greases used extensively for https://www.cambridge.org/core soap production. It has also been suggested recently that it would be more,economic to manufacture soapless detergents from petroleum than to embark on very expensive schemes for the clearing of territory for the production of oil-bearing crops, such as the East African Ground-nut Scheme. It is not for me to discuss the economic merits of these alter- native projects. I do, however, wish to emphasize, particularly before a society con- cerned with nutrition, that there is also a great world shortage of protein, and that in . IP address: growing the ground-nut or similar oil-bearing seeds a great increase in protein pro- duction can also be achieved. I should not like to predict the future of the oil-bearing seed. It has been suggested, however, that, whereas up to now the seed has been grown 170.106.40.40 for its oil content and the protein residue has been used for animal feeding-stuffs, the time may come when the protein content may be considered just as iniportant as its oil content. , on There is, however, a wider consideration to bear in mind. The standard of living af 28 Sep 2021 at 21:41:31 the peoples inhabiting tropical areas is extremely low, and it is obvious that any improvement in this standard can come only from the development of the territories in which they live. These developments must be agricultural, and can be effective only if broadly conceived.
    [Show full text]
  • Reinventing the Whale
    Reinventing the Whale The whaling industry's development of new applications for whale oil and other products in pharmaceuticals, health supplements and animal feed A report by WDCS, the Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society May 2010 Courtesy of the New Bedford Whaling Museum chondroitin (used to treat osteoarthritis) and Introduction oligosaccharides (a common food additive). Iceland's ambitions are in the animal feed industry and recent With commercial whaling in Norway, Japan and Iceland events suggest that it may soon use stockpiles of whale today focused on killing whales for human consumption, products from its recently expanded whale hunts to many people are unaware that the vast majority of the resume the manufacture of whale meal to feed farmed millions of whales killed since whaling became a global fish and livestock -- if it has not already begun. industry were hunted not for their meat, but their blubber and other fatty tissues, which were rendered down into oil. WDCS believes that restoring whale derivatives to global use and acceptability is a long term strategy for the Demand for oil to make candles and light lamps (as well whaling nations. The main impediment to their ambition is as baleen for corsets) drove the early waves of industrial the Appendix I listing of whales by CITES, the whaling but, as chemists learned to exploit the richness Convention on International Trade in Endangered and chemical complexity of whale oil, it soon provided a Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, which bans veritable pharmacopeia of raw materials for a fast international trade in 'readily recognizable' whale parts industrializing world.
    [Show full text]
  • Handbook of Bioenergy Crops ‘[The] Most Authoritative and Rich Source of Information in Biomass
    PPC 252x192mm (for 246x189mm cover), spine 35mm Handbook of Bioenergy Crops ‘[The] most authoritative and rich source of information in biomass. It can be considered as a milestone and will be instrumental in promoting the utilization of biomass for human welfare in decades to come.’ Professor Dr Rishi Kumar Behl, University of Hisar, Haryana, India ‘This book enlightens the vital economic and social roles of biomass to meet the growing demand for energy.’ Dr Qingguo Xi, Agricultural Institute of Dongying, Shandong, China ‘The author’s decade-long expertise and dedication makes this publication unique. Global in scope, the standards of judgement and accuracy are high for a book that will become the biomass bible and reference for future generations.’ Professor Preben Maegaard, Director, Nordic Folkecenter for Renewable Energy and Chairman, World Council for Renewable Energy (WCRE) Biomass currently accounts for about 15 per cent of global primary energy consumption and is playing an increasingly important role in the face of climate change, energy and food security concerns. Handbook of Bioenergy Crops is a unique reference and guide, with extensive coverage of more than 80 Handbook of of the main bioenergy crop species. For each it gives a brief description, outlines the ecological requirements, methods of propagation, crop management, rotation and production, harvesting, handling and storage, processing and utilization, then finishes with selected references. This is accompanied by detailed guides to biomass accumulation, harvesting, transportation and storage, as well as conversion Bioenergy Crops technologies for biofuels and an examination of the environmental impact and economic and social dimensions, including prospects for renewable energy.
    [Show full text]