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Warwick.Ac.Uk/Lib-Publications HZ A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick Permanent WRAP URL: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/130717 Copyright and reuse: This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. For more information, please contact the WRAP Team at: [email protected] warwick.ac.uk/lib-publications HZ The Re-examination of Taiwan’s Démocratisation: The KMT’s Factional Politics and Taiwan’s Democratic Transition by William Tsai Supervisor: Dr Peter Ferdinand Director of the Centre for Studies in Démocratisation, University of Warwick A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy WARWICK Department of Politics and International Studies August 1998 Abstract The study of the movement toward political liberalisation and démocratisation in Taiwan is exceptionally interesting. First, the KMT is the only example of a ruling Leninist party which has successfully transformed itself into a competitive party while in power. Second, the KMT is the only case of a Leninist party in a capitalist setting. Third, Taiwan's international political status is unique. Furthermore, the Taiwanese case raises broader theoretical issues about the process of démocratisation. In particular, Taiwan's political development might also raises important comparative questions with those countries that are of one-party system and that have pursued similar development strategies. A variety of theories have been considered to study the origins and process of Taiwan’s démocratisation. Modernisation theory posits that Taiwan’s democratic transition was a consequence of rapid economic growth and social change; the transition approach focuses on the institutional efforts of the political opposition; one form of démocratisation theory emphasises the key role of an individual leader, in this case Chiang Ching-kuo; and the structural approach calls for attention to the analysis of external influence However, most of the existing predominant theories in the study of Taiwan's démocratisation only provide static analyses of Taiwan's movement toward démocratisation. They seem insufficient to explain how Taiwan's democratic threshold was actually crossed As a result, this study is aimed at re-examining the origins and process of Taiwan's democratic transition through a different approach, i.e the factionalism approach, which primarily assumes a situation where political elites and political institutions rely exclusively upon clientelist ties to structure political action. ii My fundamental research hypothesis is: the change of the KMT's clientelist alliance relations with its institutional clients in the local units, i.e. local factions was the most crucial factor of Taiwan’s démocratisation. In other words, I presuppose that the key to Taiwan's democratic transition was the conflict and disunion within the KMT's ruling structure. The fracture of the clientelist alliance relations between the KMT and local factions in the late 1970s, when the KMT central authority adopted a faction replacement policy to reduce the overall power of local factions, provided fertile ground for the rise of the political opposition whose strategic interaction with the regime finally drove Taiwan toward democracy. Thus, this study focuses on the processes by which changes occurred in the clientelist alliance (patron-client) relations between the KMT and local factions as part of the movement toward democracy The factionalism approach leads to an investigation of the relationships among the KMT’s mainlander ruling elites, among Taiwan's indigenous elites, and between the KMT regime and local factions. Through the analysis of changes of the clientelist relationships between the KMT and local elites, the questions of how the KMT’s authoritarian rule over Taiwan could be maintained for four decades and how the democratic threshold in Taiwan was finally crossed can be explained This study offers a new as well as fresh contribution to the study of Taiwan’s démocratisation iii Contents Chapter 1 Introduction: A Different Approach for Study of Taiwan’s Démocratisation 14 1.1 Research Motives and Purposes 16 1.2 Three Theoretical Approaches of Démocratisation Studies 18 1.3 Literature Review of Taiwan's Démocratisation 24 1.4 A Different Approach: The Factionalism Approach 30 1.5 Research Notes 34 Chapter 2 Literature Survey and Research Framework 42 2.1 The Definition of Faction 43 2.2 The Causes of Factions 55 2.3 The Characteristics of Factional Politics 57 2.4 Research Agendas and Framework 62 2.5 Studies of Taiwanese Factional Politics 66 Chapter 3 The KMT's Factionalism in the Re-establishment of the ROC 75 3.1 The KMT’s Political Re-establishment 76 3.2 The Elimination of factionalism in the Political Re-establishment 88 3.3 The Re-building of the Local Elite Structure 96 3.4 Conclusion 101 IV Chapter 4 Local Factions in the KMT Authoritarian Regime 107 4.1 The Origins of Taiwan’s Local Factions 108 4.2 The Characteristics of Taiwan’s Local Factions 114 4.3 The Establishment of the KMT-Local Factions Alliances 123 4.4 Conclusion 142 Chapter 5 The Change in KMT-Local Factions Alliance Relations and Taiwan’s Democratic Transition 151 5.1 Taiwan’s Political Changes in the 1970s 153 5.2 From Hard Authoritarianism to the Soft 158 5.3 The KMT's Faction Replacement Policy 166 5.4 The Rise of Political Opposition 171 5.5 Conclusion 179 Chapter 6 The KMT’s Factionalism in the Post-Chiang Ching-kuo Era 188 6.1 The Causes of Post-Chiang Ching-kuo Factionalism 189 6.2 The Development of Post-Chiang Ching-kuo Factionalism 194 6.3 Factional Disputes over the KMT's Mainland Policy 205 6.4 Conclusion 213 Chapter 7 Local Factions after the Collapse of Authoritarian Rule 221 7.1 The Change of the KMT-Local Factions Clientelist Structure 222 7.2 The Rise of Local Factions in the National Political Arena 228 7.3 The Political Expansion of Business Groups 238 7.4 Conclusion 253 V Chapter 8 Conclusion and Reflections 260 8.1 Research Summary and Findings 260 8.2 Research Assessment and Contributions 267 8.3 The Future of the KMT’s Factional Politics 270 8.4 Issues for Further Research 279 Appendix Major Events of Taiwan's Democratic Development (1986-1996) 285 Bibliography 288 vi Figures and Tables Figure 2.1 The Relationship between the Change of the KMT-Local Factions Alliance and the Strength of the KMT’s Authoritarian Control 64 Figure 3.1 The KMT's Organisational Structure 81 Table 4.1 A General Summary of Taiwan’s Local Factions 122 Table 4.2 The Percentage Vote for KMT Local Factional Candidates at Elections ( 1954-1995) 127 Table 4.3 The Regional Monopolistic Businesses of Local Factions 133 Figure 5.1 Taiwan's Diplomatic Setbacks (1971-1978) 155 Table 5.1 Taiwanese Membership of the KMT (1969-1992) 159 Table 5.2 Taiwanese Membership of the KMT Central Standing Committee (1973-1997) 160 Table 5.3 Taiwanese Membership of the ROC Cabinet ( 1950-1997) 161 Figure 5.2 The Percentage Vote for KMT Candidates at Local Executive Elections (1954-1993) 169 Figure 5.3 The Percentage Share of the Popular Vote for the KMT and the Opposition/ DPP at Elections (1972 -1997) 172 Table 6.1 Public Opinion Poll on Presidential Election Formula 202 Table 6.2 A Comparison of Views on KMT Mainland Policy between the Mainstream and Non-mainstream Factions 210 Table 7.1 The Number of, and Percentage Vote for KMT Factional Candidates at Elections (1988-1995) 228 Table 7.2 Subgroups in the Legislative Yuan (1988-1993) 230 Table 7.3 The Increasing Number of Seats of Local Factions at the KMT Central Committee (1952-1997) 237 vii Figure 7.1 Factional Representatives in the Legislative Yuan (1972-1995) 238 Figure 7.2 The Percentage of the KMT’s Nominations and Outcomes at Elections for the Legislative Yuan (1980-1992) 251 Table 8.1 The Changing Relationships between the KMT, Local Factions, and the Opposition/ DPP 266 viii In Appreciation I am grateful for the valuable help of several scholars at National Taiwan University, National Chengchih University and Shih-hsin University (Taiwan), and those at the University of Warwick (UK). Their incisive opinions stimulated many questions which force further analysis. Besides, I want to give a big and warm thank you to my viva examiners, Professor Reinhard Drifte (Chair of Japanese Studies, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK) and Dr Shaun Breslin (Senior Research Fellow in Central for the Study of Globalisation and Régionalisation, University of Warwick, UK). Their academic support and kindness played an important role that helped me to complete my PhD study Most importantly, I would like to thank my supervisor Dr Peter Ferdinand for his great help in both academic affairs and my personal life at Warwick. This study would not have been possible without him. I also want to express my deep gratitude to this country, the United Kingdom, where I have spent six years for studying my Master's and Doctoral degrees William Tsai 1 August 1998 IX Declaration “I certify that all materials in this thesis which are not my own work have been properly identified and that no materials are included for which any degree has previously been conferred upon me." William Tsai 1 August 1998 x Abbreviations ADB Asian Development Bank ANPP Association for National Development Promotion APEC Asian Pacific Economic Co-operation APP Association
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