Peuplement Et Développement Régional En Indonésie = Settlement and Regional Development in Indonesia

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Peuplement Et Développement Régional En Indonésie = Settlement and Regional Development in Indonesia UP 1 L D 1 ORSTOM Departernen Transrnigrasi Marc Pain INSTITUT FRANÇAIS DE RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE DEPARTEMEN TRANSMIGRASI POUR LE DÉVELOPPEMENT EN COOPÉRATION PEUPLEMENT ET DÉVELOPPEMENT RÉGIONAL EN INDONÉSIE SETTLEMENT AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDONESIA carte murale 1 wall-map 105 x 113 cm Peuplement et occupation de l'espace Stages ofmigration and land use LAMPUNG SUMATERA 1905 -1985 Tous droits de reproduction, de traduction et d'adaptation réservés pour tous pays. Ali righls reserved, included those oftranslation or 10 reproduce parts ofthis book in any form for all countries. © ORSTOM· DEPARTEMEN TRANSMIGRASI 1989 PEUPLEMENT ET DEVELOPPEMENT REGIONAL EN INDONESIE SETTLENIENT A.ND REGI()NA.L DEVEL()PNtENT IN INDONESIA Propinsi Lampung Sumatera INDONESIA Marc Pain avec la collaboration de / in collaboration with Ir. Musrifah Mufti, Dra. Sri Daswati, Neng Marlina Traduction / translation Béatrice Nas-Wartelle avec la participation de : Tya Batangtaris, Kathrin Linder panicipants : Jacques Bureau, Stéphane Crouzat Dessin , cartographie . montage Eric Broussouloux Drawing , cartography , layout : Bambang D.S., Jalizar, Wiyono, Yanto W. Frappe et traitement de texte Catherine Deutsch Typing and word processing : Retno Slamento, Maureen Simatupang avec le concours de / wÎlh the assistance of: BA.L. - CEDUsr Jakarta Diffusion / Distribution Departemen Transmigrasi ORSTOM - Librairie - Diffusion JI. Taman Makam Pahlawan 70 route d'Aulnay Kalibata Jakarta Selatan Indonesia F 93140 Bondy France PEUPt..EMENT ET DEVELOPPEMENT REGIONAL EN INDONESIE Table des matières Introduction 8 Chapitre 1 Peuplement et occupation de l'espace 1. L'organisation de la Province au début du XX" siècle 12 2. Politiques officielles de peuplement et aménagements planifiés 16 tl "Kolonisatie" et "Transmigrasi" : des principes similaires , " 16 2.2. Les migrations organisées à l'intérieur de la Province. ('Transmigrasi Lokal") 24 3. Les mouvements spontanés d'occupation de l'espace 26 ilCroissance interne et fractionnement des villages 28 3.2. Rencontre d'intérêts et juxtaposition de communautés 28 3.3. La conquête de "espace à partir des régions surpeuplées de la Kolonisatie 30 3.4. Fronts pionniers et mitage de la forêt. 30 3.5. De la route à la rue bordée de villages 34 4. Un gros consommateur de terres: ""agribisnis" 40 5. "II n'y a plus de terres à vendre dans le Lampung" 44 Chapitre 2 Paysages et contrastes régionaux 1. Les critères d'un découpage régional. 50 2. Les "centres".. ................................................................................... 50 tl Plaines et bassins rizicoles aux densités asiatiques 50 2.2. Les piémonts 54 2.3. Les déserts de la grande culture mécanisée 56 3. Transitions et situations intermédiaires 60 ilDes riches campagnes aux frontières de l'autosubsistance 62 g Les plaines non irriguées 62 3.3. Les bordures littorales 64 4. Les marges 66 1:.1:. Les régions isolées 68 4.2. Les enclaves 72 5. L'évolution récente des chiffres de l'occupation du sol 76 Chapitre 3 Facteurs favorables et contraintes du développement régional 1. Le poids de l'Etat. 82 2. Le dilemme: utilisation des potentialités naturelles ou sauvegarde des bassins versants 7····· 84 tl Recul et protection de la forêt. 84 2.2. Les bonnes terres en réserve de l'agriculture 7 84 3. L'influence déterminante des infrastructures 90 ilLa constante progression des surfaces irriguées 90 g La moitié de la population en marge des régions facilement accessibles· 96 4. L'émergence d'un réseau urbain 100 1:.1:. Villes-carrefours et créations administratives.· ", 100 4.2. Hiérarchie et fonctions urbaines ·· "", 102 4.3. La nouvelle carte administrative 108 5. Une économie rurale au seuil du développement. 108 liLa primauté écrasante de l'agriculture "" ,, " .. 108 g Une région de mieux en mieux intégrée à l'économie nationale 114 Conclusion : Vers une "petite Java" 7. .......................................................... .. 120 Méthodologie et étude. de base 128 Source. et bibliographie sélective... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ....... .. .. 136 Annexe••........................................................................................ 140 ORSTOM • DEPARTEMEN TRANSMIGRASI 4 SÊ7TLEMENT AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDONESlA contents Introduction ................................................................................... .. 9 Chapter 1 Settument and settüng processes 1. Organization ofthe Province at the beginning ofthe century. ......................................... .. 13 2. The official policies ofplanned settlement and land development. 17 2.1. ''Kolonisatie'' et 'Transmigrasi": the same basic principles 17 2.2. Migrations H1ithin the Province: 'Transmigrasi Lokal" 23 3. Spontaneous settlements. ......................................................................... .. 25 3.1. Internai groHlth and splitting up ofvillages 27 3.2. Convergence ofinterests and juxtaposition ofcommunities : 31 3.3. From overpopulated ''Kolonisatie'' areas to the conquest ofnew land 33 3.4. Pioneer fronts and "nibbling" ofthe forest. ........................................................ 33 3.5. From roads to streets lined H1ith villages .......................................................... 37 4. A great land consumer: the ''Agribisnis': 39 5. 'There's no more land for sale in Lampung" 45 Chapter 2 Regional landscapes and contrasts 1. Criteria for an approach to the region. ............................................................. .. 51 2. The "Centres" 51 2.1. Rice-groHling plains and basins ofAsian densities... ............... .. .. .. ............ .. .......... .. 51 2.2. Piedmonts.. ................................................................................. .. 53 2.3. The desens oflarge-scale farming. ............................................................. .. 57 3. Transition areas and intermediate economic situations. .............................................. .. 61 3.1. From prosperous countryside to the frontier ofself-subsistence. .................................... .. 61 3.2. Non-irrigated plains. ......................................................................... .. 63 3.3. Littoral borders. ............................................................................. .. 63 4. Marginal zones.. ................................................................................ .. 65 4.1. Isolated areas " 67 4.2. Enclaves " '" 69 5. The recent evolution offigures on land use. ........................................................ .. 75 Chapter 3 Constraints and positi,e factors of regional de,elopment 1. The H1eight ofthe State. 83 2. The dilemma: to use up natural potentials or to protect catchment areas ?............................. .. 87 2.1. Recession and protection ofthe forest. ............................................................ 87 2.2. Protected areas : fertile lands removed from agriculture? 87 3. The decisive influence ofinfrastrnctures 91 3.1. The constant progress ofirrigated areas 91 3.2. Halfthe population outside the easily accessible zones 99 4. Emergence ofan urban netHIork 101 4.1. "Cross-road" /OHlns and administrative creations 103 4.2. TOHln [unctions and hierarchy 103 4.3. The new administrative map. 105 5. A rural economy standing on the threshold ofdevelopment 109 5.1. The overwhelming primacy offarming 109 5.2. A region gradually integrating to the national economy 115 Conclusion:ToHlards a ''Little Java"? 121 Background studies and methodology 129 Sources and seucti,e bibliography 136 Appendix 140 5 ORSTOM· DEPARTEMEN TRANSMIGRASI PEUPLEMENT ET DEVELOPPEMENT REGIONAL EN INOONESIE Cartes et figures / maps andfigures FIG. 1 Croquis de localisation / Sketch oflocation 10 FIG. 2 Les groupes humains en 1930 / Human groups in 1930. ........................................................ .. 13 FIG. 3 Trames villageoises dans les régions de peuplement organisé. ............................... .. 22 Village networks in planned settlement areas FIG. 4 L'installation de la Transmigration Locale dans le Nord Lampung 27 Local transmigration implementation in North Lampung FIG. 5 Trames villageoises dans les régions de peuplement spontané 29 Village networks in spontaneous settlement areas FIG. 6 Evolution de l'habitat dans une région de peuplement spontané - Kalirejo - Sukoharjo, 1969 - 1976.. " 31 Evolution of village area in a spontaneous settlement area - Kalirejo - Sukoharjo, 1969 - 1976 FIG. 7 De la route à la rue bordée de villages. ....................................................................... .. 38 From roads ta struts lined with villages FIG. 8 Les grandes plantations / Estates in Lampung 41 FIG. 9 Peuplement et occupation de l'espace / Stages ofmigration and land lise 1 Les lignes de force du peuplement / The main principles ofsettlements 46 2 - Migrations organisées et peuplement spontané / Planned migrations and spontaneous settlements 47 FIG. 10 Etude régionale· Les "Centres" / Regional studies - The "Centers" 58 FIG. 11 Etude régionale - Transitions et situations intermédiaires / Regional studies - Transitory areas 59 FIG. 12 La côte de Kalianda / The Kalianda Coast 65 FIG. 13 Etude régionale· Marges et fronts pionniers / Regional studies - Marginal zones and pioneer fronts. ................ .. 70 FIG. 14 Etude régionale - Parc et réserve naturelle / Regional studies - Natural park and reserve ........................... .. 71 FIG. 15 L'aménagement des marais / Development ofswampy areas 1 - Programme Rawa Sragi / Rawa Sragi project 73 2
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