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UMI Number 9962716 Copyright 1999 by Mawkanuli, Talant All rights reserved. UMI’ UMI Microform9962716 Copyright 2000 by Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ii Accepted by the Graduate Faculty, Indiana University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. c V ^ - ~ wrr \ Gyorgy Kara, Ph. D. I/, Lany Clari^ Ph. D. Doctoral Committee tjtjj- & - William Fierman, Ph. D. Beverly/Hartford, ph. D ^ 2- ^ cA Kenneth De Jong/Ph. D. June 22, 1998 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. iii © Copyright 1999 Talant Mawkanuli ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. In Memory of my father, Mawkan Rakimbayuli (1929-1979) and to my mother, Biyshan Mukametzhankizi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I would like to express my gratitude to Jungar Tuva people for welcoming me into their community and being my teacher, hosts and friends throughout the course o f stay in Akkaba and Kanas. I would like to thank my informants for their hospitality, friendliness, and patient cooperation. I owe many thanks to the members o f my dissertation committee: Gyorgy Kara, Larry Clark, William Fierman, Beverly Hartford, and Kenneth DeJong. Their comments and assistance throughout the process really helped, and hopefully resulted in a better dissertation. My deepest appreciation goes to Gyorgy Kara, my thesis advisor. He has been my guide, advocate, colleague, and friend. His exemplary scholarship was and will be an inspiration to me. His constant concern for his students has provided me the opportunity for the growth and development as a scholar. I am also grateful to Larry Clark whose advice and support have been invaluable, for his confidence in my ability. He has willingly offered his time, support, encouragement, and direction to me as I completed this dissertation and study over the years. Both Kara and Larry Clark helped me to strengthen my pursuit of higher learning and provided me with intellectual encouragement throughout the course o f my studies. I am also grateful to William Fierman who has given generously of his time and attention and to his uncompromisingly honest responses to my work. His questions consistently challenged my thinking and have contributed greatly to this dissertation. In particularly, I want to thank Ken DeJong for his carefully reading o f the dissertation, and allowing me to profit from his linguistic expertise. I would like to express my appreciation to all o f those who have sought to introduce me to and widen my horizons in Turkic linguistics over the years. These include: my father Mawkan Rakimbayuli, Nigmet Minzhan, Turdi Ahmet, Chen Shiliang, Larry Clark, and Gyorgy Kara. I would like to extend my gratitude for the help and support, the encouragement and friendship that I received throughout my graduate education from friends and colleagues such as N azif Shahrani, Ayse Rorlich, Dru Gladney, Ginny Martin, Ruth Meserve, Christopher Beckwith, Christopher Atwood, Nancy Walter, John Walter, Stuart Delorme, Marlys Macken, and U li Schamiloglu. 1 especially want to thank N azif Shahrani and Ayse Rorlich who have been models o f what it means to be a scholar, for their profound positive influence on my life over a period o f many years. I also want to thank my brother and sisters, (Kayrat, Tursin, Zibiyla and Zhanat) as well as my parent in-law (Diyar Kumash and Shamsha Abil) for their valued support and encouragement throughout my prolonged education. I thank them all for their patience and understanding. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. M y heartfelt thanks go to my wife Aygul. I am deeply grateful to Aygul for her love and extreme patience and for her companionship throughout the long process that was required to complete this study. Her unfailing trust in me kept me going strong, even when things seemed desperate. Her unwavering support gave me the strength and incentive to forge ahead, and her faith has given me the motivation to finish. I want to especially thank my daughter Dana and son Ayaz who stood by me through this and put up with my many moods and absences. They have unselfishly accompanied me on my journey through doctoral education. Without you all, none o f this would be possible. Finally, I express my deepest gratitude towards my mother and father for giving me life and love. Thanks to my sweet mother for always encouraging education and to my father who instilled in me self-confidence, encouraged me to work toward my goals. Their love for children has always been a source of strength and an inspiration to me and I dedicate this dissertation to you. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. v ii ABSTRACT Talant Mawkanuli THE PHONOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY OF JUNGAR TUVA This dissertation presents a comprehensive synchronic description o f the phonological and morphological structures o f Jungar Tuva, one o f the Turkic languages o f China. The presentation is based on extensive fieldwork with Jungar Tuva people in the Jungar-Altay region o f Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China. It is intended as a reference work for scholars o f comparative Turkic and general linguistics, and also as a record for a language o f endangered status. The research conducted for this dissertation is presented in the following way. Chapter 1 provides the geographic setting and the socio-historical context in which the language is spoken, with a focus on the state o f endangerment of Jungar Tuva. Previous published material on the language is noted and the typological characteristics o f Jungar Tuva are outlined. The nature and the sources of the data upon which the present analysis is based are described. Chapter 2 presents a description of the phonological system o f the language. The description includes: Vowel phoneme inventory; vowel realization rules and allophonic variation; vowel harmony; consonant phoneme inventory; consonant realization rules and allophonic variation; phonotactics and morphophonemic processes. Chapter 3 characterizes both the structure o f the words and the various parts o f speech and other preliminaries which are distinguished in the language. Chapters 4 and S examine the morphology of nominal and verbal words respectively. To support further empirical work on Jungar Tuva two appendixes containing glossed data are included: Appendix A is an analyzed corpus o f ten Jungar Tuva texts collected by author, accompanied by literal English translations and Roman transliterations, and Appendix B contains a lexicon. ^*-£''•6—*''^1*1 ^ -g V r-g t Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Table of Contents Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................... v A b s tra c t ...................................................................................................................... vii Lists of Tables .......................................................................................................