Integration and Separation of 'Language': Language Policies Of
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Section 14.4, Phags-Pa
The Unicode® Standard Version 13.0 – Core Specification To learn about the latest version of the Unicode Standard, see http://www.unicode.org/versions/latest/. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trade- mark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals. Unicode and the Unicode Logo are registered trademarks of Unicode, Inc., in the United States and other countries. The authors and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this specification, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. The Unicode Character Database and other files are provided as-is by Unicode, Inc. No claims are made as to fitness for any particular purpose. No warranties of any kind are expressed or implied. The recipient agrees to determine applicability of information provided. © 2020 Unicode, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission must be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction. For information regarding permissions, inquire at http://www.unicode.org/reporting.html. For information about the Unicode terms of use, please see http://www.unicode.org/copyright.html. The Unicode Standard / the Unicode Consortium; edited by the Unicode Consortium. — Version 13.0. Includes index. ISBN 978-1-936213-26-9 (http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode13.0.0/) 1. -
Technical Reference Manual for the Standardization of Geographical Names United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names
ST/ESA/STAT/SER.M/87 Department of Economic and Social Affairs Statistics Division Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names United Nations New York, 2007 The Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat is a vital interface between global policies in the economic, social and environmental spheres and national action. The Department works in three main interlinked areas: (i) it compiles, generates and analyses a wide range of economic, social and environmental data and information on which Member States of the United Nations draw to review common problems and to take stock of policy options; (ii) it facilitates the negotiations of Member States in many intergovernmental bodies on joint courses of action to address ongoing or emerging global challenges; and (iii) it advises interested Governments on the ways and means of translating policy frameworks developed in United Nations conferences and summits into programmes at the country level and, through technical assistance, helps build national capacities. NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of material in the present publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The term “country” as used in the text of this publication also refers, as appropriate, to territories or areas. Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. ST/ESA/STAT/SER.M/87 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No. -
The Vocabulary of Inanimate Nature As a Part of Turkic-Mongolian Language Commonness
ISSN 2039-2117 (online) Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Vol 6 No 6 S2 ISSN 2039-9340 (print) MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy November 2015 The Vocabulary of Inanimate Nature as a Part of Turkic-Mongolian Language Commonness Valentin Ivanovich Rassadin Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor, Department of the Kalmyk language and Mongolian studies Director of the Mongolian and Altaistic research Scientific centre, Kalmyk State University 358000, Republic of Kalmykia, Elista, Pushkin street, 11 Doi:10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n6s2p126 Abstract The article deals with the problem of commonness of Turkic and Mongolian languages in the area of vocabulary; a layer of vocabulary, reflecting the inanimate nature, is subject to thorough analysis. This thematic group studies the rubrics, devoted to landscape vocabulary, different soil types, water bodies, atmospheric phenomena, celestial sphere. The material, mainly from Khalkha-Mongolian and Old Written Mongolian languages is subject to the analysis; the data from Buryat and Kalmyk languages were also included, as they were presented in these languages. The Buryat material was mainly closer to the Khalkha-Mongolian one. For comparison, the material, mainly from the Old Turkic language, showing the presence of similar words, was included; it testified about the so-called Turkic-Mongolian lexical commonness. The analysis of inner forms of these revealed common lexemes in the majority of cases allowed determining their Turkic origin, proved by wide occurrence of these lexemes in Turkic languages and Turkologists' acknowledgement of their Turkic origin. The presence of great quantity of common vocabulary, which origin is determined as Turkic, testifies about repeated ancient contacts of Mongolian and Turkic languages, taking place in historical retrospective, resulting in hybridization of Mongolian vocabulary. -
CORE STRENGTH WITHIN MONGOL DIASPORA COMMUNITIES Archaeological Evidence Places Early Stone Age Human Habitation in the Southern
CORE STRENGTH WITHIN MONGOL DIASPORA COMMUNITIES Archaeological evidence places early Stone Age human habitation in the southern Gobi between 100,000 and 200,000 years ago 1. While they were nomadic hunter-gatherers it is believed that they migrated to southern Asia, Australia, and America through Beringia 50,000 BP. This prehistoric migration played a major role in fundamental dispersion of world population. As human migration was an essential part of human evolution in prehistoric era the historical mass dispersions in Middle Age and Modern times brought a significant influence on political and socioeconomic progress throughout the world and the latter has been studied under the Theory of Diaspora. This article attempts to analyze Mongol Diaspora and its characteristics. The Middle Age-Mongol Diaspora started by the time of the Great Mongol Empire was expanding from present-day Poland in the west to Korea in the east and from Siberia in the north to the Gulf of Oman and Vietnam in the south. Mongols were scattered throughout the territory of the Great Empire, but the disproportionately small number of Mongol conquerors compared with the masses of subject peoples and the change in Mongol cultural patterns along with influence of foreign religions caused them to fell prey to alien cultures after the decline of the Empire. As a result, modern days Hazara communities in northeastern Afghanistan and a small group of Mohol/Mohgul in India, Daur, Dongxiang (Santa), Monguor or Chagaan Monggol, Yunnan Mongols, Sichuan Mongols, Sogwo Arig, Yugur and Bonan people in China are considered as descendants of Mongol soldiers, who obeyed their Khaan’s order to safeguard the conquered area and waited in exceptional loyalty. -
Writing Systems: Their Properties and Implications for Reading
Writing Systems: Their Properties and Implications for Reading Brett Kessler and Rebecca Treiman doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199324576.013.1 Draft of a chapter to appear in: The Oxford Handbook of Reading, ed. by Alexander Pollatsek and Rebecca Treiman. ISBN 9780199324576. Abstract An understanding of the nature of writing is an important foundation for studies of how people read and how they learn to read. This chapter discusses the characteristics of modern writing systems with a view toward providing that foundation. We consider both the appearance of writing systems and how they function. All writing represents the words of a language according to a set of rules. However, important properties of a language often go unrepresented in writing. Change and variation in the spoken language result in complex links to speech. Redundancies in language and writing mean that readers can often get by without taking in all of the visual information. These redundancies also mean that readers must often supplement the visual information that they do take in with knowledge about the language and about the world. Keywords: writing systems, script, alphabet, syllabary, logography, semasiography, glottography, underrepresentation, conservatism, graphotactics The goal of this chapter is to examine the characteristics of writing systems that are in use today and to consider the implications of these characteristics for how people read. As we will see, a broad understanding of writing systems and how they work can place some important constraints on our conceptualization of the nature of the reading process. It can also constrain our theories about how children learn to read and about how they should be taught to do so. -
A New Database for Online Handwritten Mongolian Word Recognition
2016 23rd International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR) Cancún Center, Cancún, México, December 4-8, 2016 A New Database for Online Handwritten Mongolian Word Recognition Long-Long Ma, Ji Liu, Jian Wu National Engineering Research Center of Fundamental Software Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, P. R. China {longlong, wujian}@iscas.ac.cn Abstract—A new online handwritten Mongolian word studied lately field. Researchers from only several institutes are database, MRG-OHMW, is introduced in this paper. This devoted to related work. Gao et al. [1] presented a statistical database contains 946 Mongolian words produced by 300 persons and structural recognition method for printed Mongolian from Mongolian ethnic minority. These Mongolian words are character recognition. Batsaikhan et al. [2] used multilayer composed of one to fourteen Mongolian characters, and selected perceptron classifier to recognize noisy Mongolian characters from large-scale Mongolian text corpus according to the with single font. Two-stage classification method based on frequencies of usage. The current version of this database is glyph segmentation was used to enhance Mongolian character collected using Anoto pen on paper. The database is further recognition performance [3]. A segmentation-based approach annotated using Mongolian word-level string alignment strategy. segments classical Mongolian words into several GUs (Glyph We partition the samples into training and test sets, and evaluate Unites) and then recognizes the GUs [4]. These GUs are the database using the CNN-based recognizer as a baseline. Experimental results reveal a big challenge to higher recognition combined to form word recognition results. Multi-font printed performance. To our knowledge, MRG-OHMW is the first Mongolian documents are recognized by integrating character publicly available database for online handwritten Mongolian segmentation and character recognition with support mixed research. -
On the Acoustic Properties of Mongolian Language
AN INTRODUCTION TO MONGOLIAN PHONETIC-LINGUISTIC MODEL: ON THE ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES OF MONGOLIAN LANGUAGE ¡ Idomuso Dawa , Shigeki Okawa and Katsuhiko Shirai ¢ Dept. of Information and Computer Science, Waseda University, Japan ¢£¢ Dept. of Network Science, Chiba Institute of Technology, Japan ABSTRACT Pandita in 1648. (c) Cyrillic scripts, created from Russian orthographic characters in 1940’s, have been widely used in This paper proposes a multi-lingual phonetic-linguistic mod- Mongolia, Kalmyk A. R. in Russia. el for Mongolian language based on the study of the In the script (a), allophones sometimes correspond to classification and the postulates of such models. This the same characters as well as the contrary case. In many model is commonly applicable for various fields as linguis- cases, a word form is quite different from the pronunciations tic/phonetic/dialectal/ language educational studies as well in these days. On the contrary, (b) Todo scripts were created as speech recognition. Its application to major dialects of based on a rule that one character corresponds to only one Mongolian has marked 91 % on word level recognition. pronunciation. Additionally, the letters have special marks In this paper, therefore, we first introduce the structure of for the long vowels etc. Todo scripts avoid the vagueness in language and classification of Mongolian dialectal speech. writing and speaking in initial Mongolian, as “Todo” means Next, we analyze and classify fundamental characteristics the clearness by Mongolian. in order to define phoneme labels. Lastly, we apply the common models to a simple word recognition experiment. ¤ (a) word ¤ (b) word written spoken written spoken 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 -- n n Mongolian language, one of the most spoken Asian lan- n n n o u u u guages, is mainly used by Mongolian people resided in g g o- o G G the Central Asia and spoken by about 7.5 million people. -
Chapter 2 Friends, Foes and Frenemies in the South
Cover Page The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/48241 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation. Author: Stoyanov, A. Title: Russia marches South: army reform and battlefield performance in Russia’s Southern campaigns, 1695-1739 Issue Date: 2017-04-26 CHAPTER 2 FRIENDS, FOES AND FRENEMIES IN THE SOUTH If the period from the end of the seventeenth to mid eighteenth century was a chessboard, then opposite Peter’s desire to assert his authority and power over vast territory stood important political and military players who were determined to put an end to his “march”. The following chapter will be divided into several subsections, each dealing with a particular element of the complex geopolitical puzzle that the Pontic region from the first decades of the eighteenth century resembled. Firstly, the focus will be on Russia’s chief adversary – the Ottoman Empire, a foe as determined and as ambitious as the tsarist state itself. Then the main features of the Crimean Khanate, as an element of the overall Ottoman military system, will be defined. However, the Khanate was a player in its own right and pursued its own interests which will also be presented in the current chapter. Next the dissertation will outline the development and the downfall of Safavid’s military and political power, followed by the establishment of a new force under the ambitious and talented Nadir Shah. The subchapter “At the Edge of Empires - the Pontic Frontier and its People” will examine the soldiers of the steppe – Cossacks, Kalmyks, and Nogais, who were an essential element of the social and military ethos of the Pontic frontier and played crucial role in the events, which will be analyzed in detail in the second part of the research. -
Summer School on Mongolian Language and Culture
National University of Mongolia Summer School Programs 2014 National University of Mongolia Summer school programs 2014 Contents The National University of Mongolia (NUM) Overview of NUM Summer School Description of Programs: Mongolian Language and Culture Anthropology and Archaeology Mining Economy General Information Summer School 2013 Participants’ Impressions How to Apply 1. Gorkhi Terelj 2. Naadam festival 3. Gandan Monastery 4, 5. Umnugovi province, 6. Bogd Khaan’s museum 7. Central stadium(during the Naadam festival) Places to visit during summer school program NUM at glance Since the NUM was established in 1942, it has been the first and leading Institute of Higher Education in Mongolia. Schools: 16 Departments: 95 Centers & Institutes: 34 Total University Staff: 1,580 Undergraduate Students: 18039 Graduate Students: 3872 Cooperation with 114 Institutions from 28 Countries 1 National University of Mongolia Summer School Programs 2014 NUM Summer School 2014 The NUM is pleased to announce expanded program during this year’s Summer School for those interested in Mongolian Studies. Various themes are explored at an advanced academic level through a combination of practical field experience and training. Summer school on Mongolian language and culture Duration: 3 weeks Introduction Students live in a Ger, Mongolian traditional accommodation in historical and beautiful place of Ulaanbaatar’s outskirts. And from an experienced Mongolian language teacher, the students receive language training and learn about Mongolia, no prior experience necessary. Students can experience Mongolian culture first-hand: traditions, religion, and nomadic herding lifestyle, the Mongolian major summer holiday “Naadam”, horse racing, wrestling, archery, production of milk products, national songs and music. -
1 Introduction 6
Report No 170, August 1999 UNU/IIST, P.O. Box 3058, Macau 2 Report No 170, August 1999 UNU/IIST, P.O. Box 3058, Macau 3 Report No 170, August 1999 UNU/IIST, P.O. Box 3058, Macau 4 Report No 170, August 1999 UNU/IIST, P.O. Box 3058, Macau 5 Contents 1 Introduction 6 2 The Basic Character set 8 2.1 Other basic Mongolian characters 15 3 The Variant Forms 17 3.1 Overriding the Defaults 21 3.2 The Mongolian Reference Table 23 4 The Ligatures 25 5 Implementing Software for Mongolian 28 A The Mongolian Reference Table B Mongolian Ligatures Report No 170, August 1999 UNU/IIST, P.O. Box 3058, Macau 6 1 Introduction Although most countries in the world have had national standard encoding schemes for the characters of their own language or languages for some time, these could differ wildly even between countries sharing the same written language. As a result, an electronic document written using a piece of software based on a particular encoding scheme could only be read by someone possessing either software based on the same encoding scheme or software for translating between the two different encoding schemes. As the volume of international communications increased, especially the international exchange of electronic data, not least via the internet, it became clear that this situation was completely impractical and that some internationally accepted universal encoding scheme, which could form the basis for multi-lingual software, was needed. A joint technical committee (ISO/IEC JTC1) was therefore set up by the International Organization for Standardisation (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Committee (IEC) to work on this, and, initially independently though later in collaboration with ISO/IEC, the Unicode Consortium embarked on a similar project. -
Studies on Ethnic Groups in China
Kolas&Thowsen, Margins 1/4/05 4:10 PM Page i studies on ethnic groups in china Stevan Harrell, Editor Kolas&Thowsen, Margins 1/4/05 4:10 PM Page ii studies on ethnic groups in china Cultural Encounters on China’s Ethnic Frontiers Edited by Stevan Harrell Guest People: Hakka Identity in China and Abroad Edited by Nicole Constable Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China Jonathan N. Lipman Lessons in Being Chinese: Minority Education and Ethnic Identity in Southwest China Mette Halskov Hansen Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928 Edward J. M. Rhoads Ways of Being Ethnic in Southwest China Stevan Harrell Governing China’s Multiethnic Frontiers Edited by Morris Rossabi On the Margins of Tibet: Cultural Survival on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier Åshild Kolås and Monika P. Thowsen Kolas&Thowsen, Margins 1/4/05 4:10 PM Page iii ON THE MARGINS OF TIBET Cultural Survival on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier Åshild Kolås and Monika P. Thowsen UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON PRESS Seattle and London Kolas&Thowsen, Margins 1/7/05 12:47 PM Page iv this publication was supported in part by the donald r. ellegood international publications endowment. Copyright © 2005 by the University of Washington Press Printed in United States of America Designed by Pamela Canell 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 5 4 3 2 1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be repro- duced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any infor- mation storage or retrieval system, without permission in writ- ing from the publisher. -
Korean Hankul and the Þp'ags-Pa Script
Writine in the Altaic World studia orientalia 87, Helsinki 1999, pp. 79-t00 Korean Hankul and the þP'ags-pa script Roger Finch From the annals of the reign period of King Sejong of Korea, the fourth king of the Yi Dynasty, who ruled from 1418 to 1450, we learn that in the l2th month of the 25th year of his reign (1443), the king invented the Korean alphabet. This alphabet, now known as Hankul, was called Hunmin Ceng'im,'Right Sounds for Instructing the People'l at the time it was introduced, and later simply En-mun'Vernacular Script'. According to popular tradition, the shapes of the letters, most of which are rectilinear or angular, were inspired by the shapes in the fretwork on Korean windows. This writing system is a true alphabet, and not a syllabary, though signs for discrete sounds are organized into single blocks of signs, each representing a syllable in the way that Chinese characters are complexes made up of various strokes organized into single blocks, each of which represent.s a syllable; a syllabary is a writing system in which each combination of consonants with a syllabic core is repre- sented by a unique sign as, for example, the Japanese Kana (Hiragana and Katakana). Almost a century earlier, in 1260, in the year of his election to the position of Great Khan of the Mongols and Emperor of China,2 Khubilai Khan appointed National Preceptor a Tibetan monk named hP'ags-pa he had met seven years earlier, when hP'ags-pa was only nineteen, and commissioned him to create a new Mongolian script.