Section 14.4, Phags-Pa
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Ka И @И Ka M Л @Л Ga Н @Н Ga M М @М Nga О @О Ca П
ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N3319R L2/07-295R 2007-09-11 Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set International Organization for Standardization Organisation Internationale de Normalisation Международная организация по стандартизации Doc Type: Working Group Document Title: Proposal for encoding the Javanese script in the UCS Source: Michael Everson, SEI (Universal Scripts Project) Status: Individual Contribution Action: For consideration by JTC1/SC2/WG2 and UTC Replaces: N3292 Date: 2007-09-11 1. Introduction. The Javanese script, or aksara Jawa, is used for writing the Javanese language, the native language of one of the peoples of Java, known locally as basa Jawa. It is a descendent of the ancient Brahmi script of India, and so has many similarities with modern scripts of South Asia and Southeast Asia which are also members of that family. The Javanese script is also used for writing Sanskrit, Jawa Kuna (a kind of Sanskritized Javanese), and Kawi, as well as the Sundanese language, also spoken on the island of Java, and the Sasak language, spoken on the island of Lombok. Javanese script was in current use in Java until about 1945; in 1928 Bahasa Indonesia was made the national language of Indonesia and its influence eclipsed that of other languages and their scripts. Traditional Javanese texts are written on palm leaves; books of these bound together are called lontar, a word which derives from ron ‘leaf’ and tal ‘palm’. 2.1. Consonant letters. Consonants have an inherent -a vowel sound. Consonants combine with following consonants in the usual Brahmic fashion: the inherent vowel is “killed” by the PANGKON, and the follow- ing consonant is subjoined or postfixed, often with a change in shape: §£ ndha = § NA + @¿ PANGKON + £ DA-MAHAPRANA; üù n. -
Technical Reference Manual for the Standardization of Geographical Names United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names
ST/ESA/STAT/SER.M/87 Department of Economic and Social Affairs Statistics Division Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names United Nations New York, 2007 The Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat is a vital interface between global policies in the economic, social and environmental spheres and national action. The Department works in three main interlinked areas: (i) it compiles, generates and analyses a wide range of economic, social and environmental data and information on which Member States of the United Nations draw to review common problems and to take stock of policy options; (ii) it facilitates the negotiations of Member States in many intergovernmental bodies on joint courses of action to address ongoing or emerging global challenges; and (iii) it advises interested Governments on the ways and means of translating policy frameworks developed in United Nations conferences and summits into programmes at the country level and, through technical assistance, helps build national capacities. NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of material in the present publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The term “country” as used in the text of this publication also refers, as appropriate, to territories or areas. Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. ST/ESA/STAT/SER.M/87 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No. -
Exploring the Linguistic Influence of Tibet in Ladakh(La-Dwags)
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Kobe City University of Foreign Studies Institutional Repository 神戸市外国語大学 学術情報リポジトリ Exploring the linguistic influence of Tibet in Ladakh(La-dwags) 著者 Namgyal Tsetan journal or Journal of Research Institute : Historical publication title Development of the Tibetan Languages volume 49 page range 115-147 year 2013-03-01 URL http://id.nii.ac.jp/1085/00001408/ Creative Commons : 表示 - 非営利 - 改変禁止 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/deed.ja -RXUQDORI5HVHDUFK,QVWLWXWH9RO ([SORULQJ WKH /LQJXLVWLF ,QIOXHQFH RI 7LEHW LQ /DGDNK /DGZDJV 7VHWDQ1DPJ\DO -DZDKDUODO1HKUX8QLYHUVLW\ ,QWURGXFWLRQ /DQJXDJH LVWKHHVVHQFHRINQRZOHGJHDQGWKHOLIHIRUFHRIKXPDQNLQG ,W VHUYHVDVWKHPHGLXP RIFRPPXQLFDWLRQLQVRFLHW\DQGRWKHUVRFLDOGRPDLQV DQG GHWHUPLQHVRQH¶VFXOWXUHLQUHODWLRQ WRWKH ZRUOG$VWKH QRWHG7LEHWDQVFKRODU=KDQJWRQ7HQSD*\DWVR ± VWDWHG³,WLV JRRG WR OHDUQ DOO ODQJXDJHV EXW IRUJHWWLQJ DQG LJQRULQJ RQH¶V RZQ ODQJXDJH LV D VKDPH´ 5HJDUGLQJ WKH7LEHWDQODQJXDJHIRUWXQDWHO\WKHDJHROGLQGLJHQRXV7LEHWDQVFULSW LQZKLFKWKH HQWLUH %XGGKLVW VFULSWXUHV DQG RWKHU UHODWHG OLWHUDWXUH DUH ZULWWHQ KDV EHHQ SUHVHUYHG 7KLV ODQJXDJH LQWURGXFHGGXULQJWKHUHLJQRI(PSHURU6RQJWVHQ*DPSR ± $' LV EDVHG RQWKH,QGLFVFULSW ,QVSLWHRID GHFOLQHLQLWVJUDPPDWLFDOXVDJHRYHU WKHODVWVL[GHFDGHV RZLQJ WRSROLWLFDOXSKHDYDOWKH7LEHWDQODQJXDJHDOVRNQRZQDV%KRWL RU%RGKL UHPDLQV RQHRIWKH PRVWLPSRUWDQWODQJXDJHV RI&HQWUDO$VLD,QDGGLWLRQWKHODQJXDJHKDVEHFRPHZHOO NQRZQIRU LWVVLJQLILFDQWFRQWULEXWLRQWRZDUG WKHGHYHORSPHQWRIKXPDQVRFLHW\ -
The Word Formation of Panyandra in Javanese Wedding
The Word Formation of Panyandra in Javanese Wedding Rahutami Rahutami and Ari Wibowo Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia, Fakultas Bahasa dan Sastra, Universitas Kanjuruhan Malang, Jl. S. Supriyadi 48 Malang 65148, Indonesia [email protected] Keywords: Popular forms, literary forms, panyandra. Abstract: This study aims to describe the form of speech in the Javanese wedding ceremony. For this purpose, a descriptive kualitatif methode with 'direct element' analysis of the word panyandra is used. The results show that there are popular forms of words and literary words. Vocabulary can be invented form and a basic form. The popular form is meant to explain to the listener, while the literary form serves to create the atmosphere the sacredness of Javanese culture. The sacredness was built with the use of the Old Javanese affixes. Panyandra in Malang shows differences with panyandra used in other areas, especially Surakarta and Jogjakarta style. 1 INTRODUCTION The panyadra are the words used in various Javanese cultural events. These words serve to describe events by using a form that has similarities Every nation has a unique culture. Each ethnic has a ritual in life, for example in a wedding ceremony or parallels (pepindhan). Panyandra can be distinguished by cultural events, such as birth, death, (Rohman & Ismail, 2013; Safarova, 2014). A or marriage. These terms adopt many of the ancient wedding ceremony is a sacred event that has an important function in the life of the community, and Javanese vocabulary and Sanskrit words. It is intended to give a formal, religious, and artistic each wedding procession shows a way of thinking impression. -
Learning to Serve and to Roam You Could Ask Almost Any Tibetan
CHAPTER FIVE LEARNING TO SERVE AND TO ROAM You could ask almost any Tibetan secondary student in Tibet or the diaspora where the writing system for Tibetan came from and they would tell you the story of King Songtsen Gampo and his seven ministers. While it is unclear if this story recounts actual events, it is the most well known account regarding the origins of the Tibetan writing system and as such is part of Tibetans’ collective memory. Through its retelling to successive generations of Tibetan children, it has helped to shape ideologies of lit- eracy by linking the writing system to Tibetan religion and the Tibetan nation-state. In this version of the origination story, King Songtsen Gampo, the sixth century ruler of Tibet, is credited with having sent seven government min- isters to India with the mission of bringing back a writing system that could be used to translate Buddhist texts into Tibetan. These ministers, however, met with many hardships while in India. Six of the ministers succumbed to illness or disease, leaving Thonmi Sambhota the sole minis- ter to return to Tibet with the writing system they had developed from the Indian Devanagari script. So famous is the story of this perilous journey and successful return that a statue of Thonmi Sambhota today stands in the main courtyard at the Tibetan Academy of Social Sciences in Lhasa. Outside the Library of Tibetan Works and Archives in McLeod Ganj, there is a mural depicting him sitting cross-legged writing the Tibetan alphasyllabary1 on parchment. The story of the Tibetan script, King Songtsen Gampo, and Thonmi Sambhota, however, is more than just a tale of adventure and adversity. -
Writing Systems: Their Properties and Implications for Reading
Writing Systems: Their Properties and Implications for Reading Brett Kessler and Rebecca Treiman doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199324576.013.1 Draft of a chapter to appear in: The Oxford Handbook of Reading, ed. by Alexander Pollatsek and Rebecca Treiman. ISBN 9780199324576. Abstract An understanding of the nature of writing is an important foundation for studies of how people read and how they learn to read. This chapter discusses the characteristics of modern writing systems with a view toward providing that foundation. We consider both the appearance of writing systems and how they function. All writing represents the words of a language according to a set of rules. However, important properties of a language often go unrepresented in writing. Change and variation in the spoken language result in complex links to speech. Redundancies in language and writing mean that readers can often get by without taking in all of the visual information. These redundancies also mean that readers must often supplement the visual information that they do take in with knowledge about the language and about the world. Keywords: writing systems, script, alphabet, syllabary, logography, semasiography, glottography, underrepresentation, conservatism, graphotactics The goal of this chapter is to examine the characteristics of writing systems that are in use today and to consider the implications of these characteristics for how people read. As we will see, a broad understanding of writing systems and how they work can place some important constraints on our conceptualization of the nature of the reading process. It can also constrain our theories about how children learn to read and about how they should be taught to do so. -
A New Database for Online Handwritten Mongolian Word Recognition
2016 23rd International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR) Cancún Center, Cancún, México, December 4-8, 2016 A New Database for Online Handwritten Mongolian Word Recognition Long-Long Ma, Ji Liu, Jian Wu National Engineering Research Center of Fundamental Software Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, P. R. China {longlong, wujian}@iscas.ac.cn Abstract—A new online handwritten Mongolian word studied lately field. Researchers from only several institutes are database, MRG-OHMW, is introduced in this paper. This devoted to related work. Gao et al. [1] presented a statistical database contains 946 Mongolian words produced by 300 persons and structural recognition method for printed Mongolian from Mongolian ethnic minority. These Mongolian words are character recognition. Batsaikhan et al. [2] used multilayer composed of one to fourteen Mongolian characters, and selected perceptron classifier to recognize noisy Mongolian characters from large-scale Mongolian text corpus according to the with single font. Two-stage classification method based on frequencies of usage. The current version of this database is glyph segmentation was used to enhance Mongolian character collected using Anoto pen on paper. The database is further recognition performance [3]. A segmentation-based approach annotated using Mongolian word-level string alignment strategy. segments classical Mongolian words into several GUs (Glyph We partition the samples into training and test sets, and evaluate Unites) and then recognizes the GUs [4]. These GUs are the database using the CNN-based recognizer as a baseline. Experimental results reveal a big challenge to higher recognition combined to form word recognition results. Multi-font printed performance. To our knowledge, MRG-OHMW is the first Mongolian documents are recognized by integrating character publicly available database for online handwritten Mongolian segmentation and character recognition with support mixed research. -
16-Sanskrit-In-JAPAN.Pdf
A rich literary treasure of Sanskrit literature consisting of dharanis, tantras, sutras and other texts has been kept in Japan for nearly 1400 years. Entry of Sanskrit Buddhist scriptures into Japan was their identification with the central axis of human advance. Buddhism opened up unfathomed spheres of thought as soon as it reached Japan officially in AD 552. Prince Shotoku Taishi himself wrote commentaries and lectured on Saddharmapundarika-sutra, Srimala- devi-simhanada-sutra and Vimala-kirt-nirdesa-sutra. They can be heard in the daily recitation of the Japanese up to the day. Palmleaf manuscripts kept at different temples since olden times comprise of texts which carry immeasurable importance from the viewpoint of Sanskrit philology although some of them are incomplete Sanskrit manuscripts crossed the boundaries of India along with the expansion of Buddhist philosophy, art and thought and reached Japan via Central Asia and China. Thousands of Sanskrit texts were translated into Khotanese, Tokharian, Uigur and Sogdian in Central Asia, on their way to China. With destruction of monastic libraries, most of the Sanskrit literature perished leaving behind a large number of fragments which are discovered by the great explorers who went from Germany, Russia, British India, Sweden and Japan. These excavations have uncovered vast quantities of manuscripts in Sanskrit. Only those manuscripts and texts have survived which were taken to Nepal and Tibet or other parts of Asia. Their translations into Tibetan, Chinese and Mongolian fill the gap, but partly. A number of ancient Sanskrit manuscripts are strewn in the monasteries nestling among high mountains and waterless deserts. -
The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0--Online Edition
This PDF file is an excerpt from The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0, issued by the Unicode Consor- tium and published by Addison-Wesley. The material has been modified slightly for this online edi- tion, however the PDF files have not been modified to reflect the corrections found on the Updates and Errata page (http://www.unicode.org/errata/). For information on more recent versions of the standard, see http://www.unicode.org/standard/versions/enumeratedversions.html. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and Addison-Wesley was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial capital letters. However, not all words in initial capital letters are trademark designations. The Unicode® Consortium is a registered trademark, and Unicode™ is a trademark of Unicode, Inc. The Unicode logo is a trademark of Unicode, Inc., and may be registered in some jurisdictions. The authors and publisher have taken care in preparation of this book, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. The Unicode Character Database and other files are provided as-is by Unicode®, Inc. No claims are made as to fitness for any particular purpose. No warranties of any kind are expressed or implied. The recipient agrees to determine applicability of information provided. Dai Kan-Wa Jiten used as the source of reference Kanji codes was written by Tetsuji Morohashi and published by Taishukan Shoten. -
Iso/Iec Jtc1/Sc2/Wg2 N4xx2
JTC1/SC2/WG2 N44XX L2/13- 2013-10-22 197 Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set International Organization for Standardization Organisation Internationale de Normalisation Международная организация по стандартизации Doc Type: Working Group Document Title: Final proposal to encode the Marchen script in the SMP of the UCS Source: Andrew West Status: Individual Contribution Action: For consideration by JTC1/SC2/WG2 and UTC Date: 2013-10-22 Replaces: N4032 1. Background This document is a proposal to encode the Marchen script (Tibetan sMar-chen ). This is a Brahmic script used in the Tibetan Bön tradition to write the extinct Zhang-zhung language used in some Bön texts. In modern use it is also used to write the Tibetan language. The Marchen script reputedly originated in the ancient kingdom of Zhang-zhung that flourished in the western and northern parts of Tibet before the introduction of Buddhism into the country during the 7th century, but no early texts in the Marchen script are known, and the script is likely to be a much more recent innovation. There are few known examples of the Marchen script used in pre-modern texts, but the script is quite widely used in modern Bön literature (see Figs. 7–9) and in architectural inscriptions (see Figs. 5–6). One of the earliest known examples of the Marchen script is an inscription in the Zhang-zhung language on a bronze seal held at the Menri Monastery (see Fig. 4). Four other scripts used in the Bön tradition are also attested (Marchung, Pungchen, Pungchung and Drusha), but they have very little usage, and are not proposed for encoding. -
Old Javanese Legal Traditions in Pre-Colonial Bali
HELEN CREESE Old Javanese legal traditions in pre-colonial Bali Law codes with their origins in Indic-influenced Old Javanese knowledge sys- tems comprise an important genre in the Balinese textual record. Significant numbers of palm-leaf manuscripts, as well as later printed copies in Balinese script and romanized transliteration, are found in the major manuscript col- lections. A general overview of the Old Javanese legal corpus is included in Pigeaud’s four-volume catalogue of Javanese manuscripts, Literature of Java, under the heading ‘Juridical Literature’ (Pigeaud 1967:304-14, 1980:43), but detailed studies remain the exception. In spite of the considerable number of different legal treatises extant, and the insights they provide into pre-colonial judicial practices and forms of government, there have only been a handful of studies of Old Javanese and Balinese legal texts. A succession of nineteenth-century European visitors, ethnographers and administrators, notably Thomas Stamford Raffles (1817), John Crawfurd (1820), H.N. van den Broek (1854), Pierre Dubois,1 R. Friederich (1959), P.L. van Bloemen Waanders (1859), R. van Eck (1878-80) and Julius Jacobs (1883), routinely described legal practices in Bali, but European interest in Balinese legal texts was rarely philological. The first legal text to be published was a Dutch translation, without a word of commentary or explanation, of a section of the Dewadanda (Blokzeijl 1872). Then, in the early twentieth cen- tury, after the establishment of Dutch colonial rule over the entire island in 1908, Balinese (Djilantik and Oka 1909a, 1909b) and later Malay (Djlantik and Schwartz 1918a, 1918b, 1918c) translations of certain law codes were produced at the behest of Dutch officials who maintained that the Balinese priests who were required to administer adat law were unable to understand 1 Pierre Dubois,’Idée de Balie; Brieven over Balie’, [1833-1835], in: KITLV, H 281. -
1 Introduction 6
Report No 170, August 1999 UNU/IIST, P.O. Box 3058, Macau 2 Report No 170, August 1999 UNU/IIST, P.O. Box 3058, Macau 3 Report No 170, August 1999 UNU/IIST, P.O. Box 3058, Macau 4 Report No 170, August 1999 UNU/IIST, P.O. Box 3058, Macau 5 Contents 1 Introduction 6 2 The Basic Character set 8 2.1 Other basic Mongolian characters 15 3 The Variant Forms 17 3.1 Overriding the Defaults 21 3.2 The Mongolian Reference Table 23 4 The Ligatures 25 5 Implementing Software for Mongolian 28 A The Mongolian Reference Table B Mongolian Ligatures Report No 170, August 1999 UNU/IIST, P.O. Box 3058, Macau 6 1 Introduction Although most countries in the world have had national standard encoding schemes for the characters of their own language or languages for some time, these could differ wildly even between countries sharing the same written language. As a result, an electronic document written using a piece of software based on a particular encoding scheme could only be read by someone possessing either software based on the same encoding scheme or software for translating between the two different encoding schemes. As the volume of international communications increased, especially the international exchange of electronic data, not least via the internet, it became clear that this situation was completely impractical and that some internationally accepted universal encoding scheme, which could form the basis for multi-lingual software, was needed. A joint technical committee (ISO/IEC JTC1) was therefore set up by the International Organization for Standardisation (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Committee (IEC) to work on this, and, initially independently though later in collaboration with ISO/IEC, the Unicode Consortium embarked on a similar project.