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Bcustomary Land and Economic Development : Case Studies from Fiji

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Bcustomary Land and Economic Development : Case Studies from Fiji Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. ‘E da dravudravua e na dela ni noda vutuni-i-yau’ Customary land and economic development: case studies from Fiji. A thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirement of the degree of Doctor in Philosophy in Development Studies at Massey University Palmerston North Aotearoa Suliasi Davelevu Vunibola 2020 Abstract The purpose of this research is to determine how indigenous Fijian communities have been able to establish models of economic undertaking which allow successful business development while retaining control over their customary land and supporting community practices and values. External critics frequently emphasise that customary practices around land restrict economic development and undermine investments in the Pacific. There is also assertion that within the Pacific islands, culture and customary measures are mostly viewed as impediments of hopeful development. This research seeks to switch-over these claims by examining how customary land and measures facilitate successful business forms in Fiji. Along with the overarching qualitative methodology - a novel combination of the Vanua Research Framework, Tali Magimagi Research Framework, and the Bula Vakavanua Research Framework - a critical appreciative enquiry approach was used. This led to the development of the Uvi (yam - dioscorea alata) Framework which brings together the drauna (leaves) representing the capturing of knowledge, vavakada (stake) indicating the support mechanisms for indigenous entrepreneurship on customary land, uvi (yam tuber) signifying the indicators for sustainable development of indigenous business on customary land, and taking into consideration the external factors and community where the indigenous business is located. Case studies on three successful indigenous Fijian businesses based on customary land were conducted in two geographical locations in Fiji, and methods included talanoa, active participant observation, and semi-structured interviews. This study found that customary tenure and cultural values can support socially embedded economic development activities in the Pacific. It also reinstates the inherent value of customary land as an intergenerational resource aiding self-determined and inclusive development, including economic activities that provide holistic returns to communities as in socio-cultural contributions and community development initiatives. The businesses were able to be sustainable by devising mechanisms that balance daily business and community contributions. The study concludes that locally-driven development on customary land could be a model for alternative forms of economic development, thus, helping to reshape understanding of economies in Fiji and the wider Pacific. i Publications during candidature Conference/symposium abstracts Customary land and economic engagements in the Pacific: Locally owned business on customary land in the South Pacific: Key success factors. Symposium on Effective Economic Development of Customary Land, University of the South Pacific, Fiji, 28th January 2020. Locally-owned business on customary land in the South Pacific: Key success factors. The Pacific Update conference, University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji, 2nd to 5th July 2019. “Na i kanakana nodra na tukaqu au bula kina” (My ancestors’ land to feed from and to help me survive): Examples of sustainable and inclusive tourism on customary land in Fiji, Tourism and SDG’s Conference, Massey University, Albany Campus, 24th-25th January 2019. Na i kanakana nodra na tukaqu au bula kina” (My ancestors’ land to feed from and to help me survive) Customary land and economic development: case studies from Fiji. International Development Conference (DevNet), University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand, 5-7 December 2018. Indigenous Fijian entrepreneurship on customary land in Fiji: Case Studies. Maori and Pasifika symposium, Te Au Rangahau, Māori Business & Leadership Research Centre and Development Studies symposium, Massey University, Manawatu, New Zealand. February. 2018. E da dravudravua e na dela ni noda vutuniyau: We are poor while standing on riches: the case of Fiji. Post-colonialism, Post capitalism international conference, Massey University, Albany, New Zealand, September 2017. Publications included in this thesis Vunibola, S., & Scheyvens, R. (2019). Revitalising rural development in the Pacific: An itaukei (indigenous Fijian) approach. Development Bulletin 81, 62-66. Scheyvens, R., Banks, G., Vunibola, S., Steven, H., & Meo-Sewabu, L. (2020). Business serves society: Successful locally-driven development on customary land in the South Pacific. Geoforum https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.03.012 ii Acknowledgement At this point, I would like first to indicate my acknowledgement for the guidance of Abba Father, the Creator of Heaven and Earth, the almighty God of the Israelites, the King of Kings, and the only one who deserves all glory and credit for my everything. This thesis was finalised during the Easter weekend and resurrection day 2020, a good lesson on how the work of Grace by Jesus on the cross who is the lighthouse of my work and my family including this thesis. “For it is by grace you have been saved, through faith-and this is not from yourselves, it is the gift of God- not by works, so that no one can boast” (Ephesians 2:8-9). This thesis will indicate that I am the sole author of this work. However, numerous individuals must be acknowledged for their unrelenting support and inspiration, which has made possible the completion of this thesis. All errors and flaws identified in this work are mine alone. I would first like to extend my appreciation for the guidance provided by the Marsden funded project of Massey University, ‘The Land has eyes and teeth, and of course a heart as well’: Professor Regina Scheyvens, Professor Glenn Banks, and Dr Litea Meo-Sewabu who have supported me through the course of my study. I am fortunate and deeply honoured to have studied under your guidance and leadership. The depth and detailed nature of direction that you have provided have considerably developed my research and academic skills, and for this, I am forever indebted to you. A funded PhD scholarship from the project was indeed beyond my expectations, vina’a va’alevu. Associate Professor Nick Rahiri Roskruge (supervisor), vina’a va’alevu matua na veimaroroi, you are a true mentor for us, your heart of support never ends. I am heavily indebted from your backing and that will never be forgotten. Sir, this thesis is part of the dream that you have in me and my family. Kia kaha and Nga mihi nui ki te whanau. My thanks also to the whanau whanui of Tahuri Whenua the national Maori horticultural collective. You have provided inspiration and are a role model for indigenous food sovereignty amongst others and I appreciate all that you have given as support for my journey; he kai kei aku ringaringa, (I can grow food with my own hands) your motto resonates well. Fiona Bardell, thank you for your time and effort to set up this thesis, Nga mihi nui. I also extend my gratitude to the Momo na Tui Sabeto e na vanua e Erenavula, Na i tikotiko e Waikatakata, Na I talatala Ilimeleki Susu and family, Tifajek Mudpool and Hotspring staffs. Waqa Raoba and your small family, I am indebted with your support auvu during my field iii research. Livs (Mr Livai Tora) of Natalau village, Sabeto and the Aviva Farms family and staffs, auvu Tevita Ratu and the Nawai settlement family. Turaga na Tui Vaturova, taue’i Wacawaca at Nayarabale village, IIiesa Vakaruru family and the Nayarabale Youth Farm members, vina’a va’alevu mutou na we’aku. Heniua Restaurant, Tagaqe, Baravi, Nadroga, even though not included as a case study for this thesis, dreu vina’a va’alevu for allowing the opportunity to learn from your business. To everybody, vina’a va’alevu dina for granting me access to your communities and treating me as one of your own. As I told you all, it is always an honour to be your voice in showcasing Indigenous Fijian entrepreneurship and I am hugely grateful with your stories. Peni Qalo and your family, vina’a va’alevu for your support, thank you for your hospitality and foresight. My action research project, Saroni, Dogotuki, Macuata na vuvale va’aito’ato’a Nubunilagi ‘ei na vuvale e Valenibu’a. Mitieli Beranadoi Davelevu your continuing-relentless support and strategic plans were amazing and spot on. Savenaca Matana Musuqawa, Paula Drewaru Vunibola and the boys your support at the initiation phase was a huge task of transforming mindsets in showing that we as indigenous Fijians can also be successful using our resources. Sereima Vunibola, your sacrifice to fund and strategise most part of this project especially our women’s group development is outstanding. Netani Naivalu Davelevu your sacrifice to resign from your government job and manage the project back home is astonishing, now we can all realise the fruit of your sacrifice. Litiana Tubuiboso Davelevu we are waiting for your part in all these, I have great dreams for you. This project gave me the passion, motivation and drive to complete the PhD as I can see what the thesis is about (customary land, communities-economic development, sustainable development, resilient communities) in real life. Mutou va’akaka sara. My aunt Merelea Tibaleta (her words on page 265), vina’a na levu na bula yaga, she passed on a week before my doctorate exam, I am happy that you saw unity in our beloved community – this is for you as well. My heart is in tears Eroti Musuqawa tua’aku sa avoro na yaloku nio sa gole e na vaacegu, my first cousin whom my action research is about passed away a day before my exam, you will always remind me with this thesis. Additionally, I would like to thank my relatives and friends in Aotearoa (New Zealand) and Australia.
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