Consul warns Tongans not to interfere, 260 Index payment eases M’s path to power, 293 Ata, Hihifo chief, Ad-Interim Government, , opposes lotu, 8 chiefs’ rights ensured, 397-398 appointment and membership, 399 Baba, Tui Moala, no right to demand taxes under old laws, installation, 118, 134 404 Baker, Rev. Shirley Waldemar, (1836-1903), Anderson, J.W., resident of Matuku, Wesleyan missionary in Tonga, M’s ‘magnates ... full of their own chief influence over 1862 Tongan Code superiority’, 460 of Laws, 200 praise for M, 461 devised 1875 Tongan Constitution, 458 Aleamotu`a, TK (d. 1845), nature of Tongan kingship, 457-458 father of M, 1 claims Gordon wanted M to succeed in visited as a young man, 77 Tonga, 495 ‘friend’ of Malani, TN, 77 appointed Premier of Tonga (1880), 496 appointed TK, 3,5, 7-8 welcomed news of M’s death, 510 detains Tahitian missionaries, 5, 77 Baker, Rev. Thomas, (1832-1867), Wesleyan permits missionaries to proceed, 6 missionary, limited power, 3-4 account of Cakobau’s capture of Mara, 175 authorises missionary school, 6 on Fiji’s Realpolitik, 206-207 supporter of Christianity, 6 describes Golea as ‘a thorough heathen’, flees Tongatapu, 6 207 agrees to renounce lotu, 7 witnesses treaty between Bua and Tonga resumes lotu, 8 (1865), 235-236 baptism as Josiah and marriage, 9-10 Barff, Rev. Charles, (1792-1866), Wesleyan influence on young M, 12 missionary, description of his compound, 15, 25 visits Tongatapu (1830), 5, 12 seeks Tāufa`āhau’s help (1840), 29 Bataillon, Pierre, Monseigneur, (1810-1877) meeting with Rabone and Tucker, 30 asked to ensure French protection for meeting with Commodore Wilkes, 30-31 , 146 seeks help from Captain Croker, 32-33 Bau, supplies cutters for 1829 sandalwood offers tribute to visiting Tongans (1840), 71 expedition, 37 growing conflict with Rewa, 108 provides men for 1842 expedition, 38-40 deteriorating fortunes against Rewa, 137 writes to Queen Victoria, 48-49, 83 peace concluded with Rewa, 137 fears French influence in Tonga, 49 victory over last Rewan opponents, 143 receives gifts from George Miller, 50 Bayley, George, final illness and death, 50-51 M’s choice as Secretary for Lau and missionary criticism of, 51, n.104 private secretary, 341-342 assessment, 51 on M’s reasons for secession, 352 American ‘debt’, fails to convince Hedemann that origins, 95 rifles contract is void, 435 US Consul believes Tupou should be partly Beddoes, William, American settler in Fiji, responsible, 164 buys plots of Vanuabalavu land, 281 Cakobau given one year to pay, 164 friendship with M, 281, 512 Polynesian Company’s offer to pay, 165 Beecham, Rev. John, (1787-1856), General supposed admission of liability by Secretary of WMMS, Cakobau, 178 condemns slaughter at siege of Hule, 23 M offers to pay, 178 Belmore, Lord (Somerset Lowry-Cowry, Americans prefer payment by the British, 1835-1913), Governor of New South Wales 196 1868-1872, 655 Ma`afu, prince of Tonga, chief of Fiji

urged to press Whitehall for annexation Gordon’s praise for M, 480 of Fiji, 301 adopts Native Taxation Ordinance as suggests Hawaiian protectorate for Fiji, reform measure, 481 301-302 chiefs’ disapproval of ‘the way Beqa island, [Ordinance] was worked’, 481 visit of Tongan folau (1855), 144 Lau report an exercise in dissimulation, rebellious villages subdued, 144 481 chiefs cede island to M, 176-177 Bua meeting (1878), 485-486 labourers removed in 1870 still not chiefs’ concerns for the future of Fiji’s repatriated in 1874, 378 lands, 485 labourers had been rehired, 414 Bosevakaturaga as theatre, 485-486 430 labourers finally repatriated (1875), Bau meeting (1879), 490-491 431, 434 M’s report, 490-491 Bete, Macuata chief, M absent from ensuing debate, 491 rival of Ritova, 170 Mualevu meeting (1880), 496-502 becomes chief of western Macuata, 172 M and Tui Dreketi admonished for advised that Pritchard will deal with their alcoholism, 498-499 Ritova, 185 Lau report uninformative, 499 supported by Col. Smythe as Tui Macuata, ‘licentiousness and debauchery’, 502 185 Boutwell, Edward, commander of USS John murdered by Ritova’s son, 189 Adams, Biganzoli, Louis, investigates American ‘debt’ (1855), 148 becomes Secretary for Lau (1870), 278, 328 presents demand for US$30,000, 148 resigns, 341 raises demand to US$43,686, 148 appointed SM for Moala, 342 Bréheret, Père Jean-Baptiste, (1815-1898), Binner, Rev. John, (d.1863), Wesleyan Marist missionary, missionary, accuses M of carrying on religious war in tries to warn Tongan emissaries of danger, Macuata, 173 138 complaint against Semisi Fifita, 191 Vanuabalavu ‘heathens’ call themselves claims French man-of-war about to visit lotu popi, 159 Fiji, 233 anticipates departure of Tongan British Subjects’ Mutual Protection Society, ‘marauders’, 181 self-appointed opposition to government, Blyth, James, temporary British Vice-Consul 329 in Tonga, ‘manifesto’ sent to CO, 329-330 instructed that Tonga’s independence threat of armed force against government, must be respected, 495 338 Bonaveidogo, Macuata chief, half-brother of requests King to annul constitution, 338- Bete, 339 becomes chief of eastern Macuata, 172 Britton, Henry, Australian newspaper Bosevakaturaga (), correspondent, established by Provisional Government, description of M, 278-279 430 praises M’s management of Lau, 279, 294, Draiba meeting (1875), 450-452 300 Waikava meeting (1876), 469-471 Brooks, Rev. Samuel, Wesleyan missionary, prison regulations, 470 expresses views of planter community, 369 debate on lala, 471 Brower, Dr Isaac Mills, US Vice-Consul in Fiji, letter to Queen Victoria, 471 says M sought US recognition as king of M’s outstanding performance, 471 Fiji, 162 Rewa meeting (1877), 480-481 acknowledges M’s power in Lau, 163-164 M’s late arrival, 480 claims Tupou is partly responsible for

656 Index

American ‘debt’, 164 planned wholesale ‘extirpation’ of appointed as Vice-Consul, 183 Christians, 103-104 ‘probability’ that Tongans will overrun aware of menace posed by resident Fiji, 207 Tongans, 104-105 claims that Wainiqolo had M’s consent to wants to remove Lakeba Tongans, 105 wage war in 1862, 212 fears intentions of visiting US warship, belligerence towards Tupou, 218 105-106 encourages Cakobau to organise armed declares ‘freedom of conscience’ at Bau, resistance to Tongans, 223 106 false account of meetings with Jones and remains wary of Mara, 106 Tupou, 231 urges Moala chiefs to rebel against M, 118 rapacious attitude towards Tongans, 232 formal installation as Vunivalu, 127 favours British protectorate for Fiji, 269 allows resident missionary at Bau, 127 M ‘a disturbing element’ and a ‘tool of presents Ra Marama to Tupou, 127 faction’, 292-293 decides to lotu, 129-130 Bulu, Joeli, (c.1810-1877), Tongan teacher receives submission of Rewan chiefs, 142- arrives in Lakeba (1838), 73 143 accompanies M to relieve approves mooted cession of Ovalau (1855), Christians (1854), 131 146 appeals to Golea to stop fighting (1862), 206 acknowledges American ‘debt’ ‘through requests M ‘to help in the war’, 207 fear’, 149 accompanies M to conference at Wairiki, sends fleet to relieve Buan villages, 159 219 asks Tui Bua not to appeal to M for help, Burnes, William, planter, 159-160, 165 murdered with wife and children, 344 seeks Tupou’s help against Mara and his Burt, George Rodney, planter in Nadroga, Buan allies, 160 invites M to ‘clear out the mountains and again seeks help from Lakeba, 163 reign there’, 272, 410 under intense pressure over rebellion and instigates meeting of Europeans at Levuka ‘debt’, 164 (1871), 305 formal offer of cession to Great Britain, 164 ‘nucleus’ of Cakobau government formed, prestige weakened by American ‘debt’, 305 165 Burt, Sydney, commercial agent to Cakobau, visits Bua to pressure ‘heathen’ chiefs, 167 Chief Secretary of Fiji apprehends M’s involvement in Bua and sails yacht Xarifa to Fiji and sells it to M, Macuata, 170 287-288 appeals to Pritchard to check M’s Premier of Kingdom of Fiji, 313 ‘intrigues’, 175 Buzacott, Rev. Aaron, (1800-1864), LMS deprecated cession of Beqa to Tongans, missionary, 176-177 sees divine judgment of Samuel Henry, 46 enhanced prestige following first cession offer, 181 Cakobau, , (c.1815-1883), Tupou ‘dead with crying’ over proposed complains about Lakeban vassals, 71 cession of Fiji, 184 depends on support of Lauan Tongans, 76 detained as hostage on board Cornélie, 191 assumes power at Bau, 87 refuses to sell Wakaya to Pritchard, 192- erroneously called King of Fiji, 87 193 intends to lotu eventually, 87-88, 98 confirms foreign ownership of lands in approves conversions on Lakeba, 97 Fiji, 198 sends gifts to Tui , 98 apprehensive about Tongan intentions, 215 foments violence against Bua Christians, plans for code of laws similar to Tonga’s, 102-103 215-216

657 Ma`afu, prince of Tonga, chief of Fiji

tells Tongan Commissioners he desires resents Goodenough’s attitude, 369-370 peace, 227 misrepresents M’s career in Fiji to says Tupou is ‘at rest’, 228 Goodenough, 370-371, 372-373 under pressure from many sides, 233 seeks to influence Commissioners against dilemma posed by limits to his power, 233 M, 32 would never relinquish Lau, 233 desperation to have M removed from Fiji, refuses to give up land to Tongans, 233-234 378 proposes joint expedition to Macuata reluctantly tells M he can remain in Fiji, with M, 234 383 pressed by Europeans to resist Tongans, annoyance with M, 383 236 formal refusal of Cession, 387 protests about Tongan occupation of requests Thurston to carry on Matuku and Moala, 237 government, 387 contemplates the chimera of power, 244 recognises Thurston as head of new first president of the Fijian Confederation government, 391 (1865), 246 offer of Cession, 396 desires to form government like that of fears ’ loss of land and chiefly Sandwich Is, 251 authority, 396 ‘coronation’ at Levuka (1867), 251 formally presents Cession letter to chiefs’ oath of allegiance, 252 Commissioners, 396 writes to U.S president, 253 reasons for reversing his decision, 397, 398 agreement with Polynesian Land supposed jealousy of M, 39 Company, 258-259 offered a yacht if he agrees to Cession, 398 repudiates P.L.C. agreement under ‘Fiji will become like ... drift wood in the pressure, 259 sea’, 420 dreads M’s power, 262-263 ‘The whites ... are mere stalkers on the invites ‘foreign military settlers’ to Fiji, beach’, 420 271 M ‘is trying to foment discords’, 420 ‘evil will come upon Fiji through ... M’, agreement among chiefs at Nasova 293 meeting, 420-421 obtains support from planters, 295 anxious about land tenure after Cession, support from Nadroga and Rewa chiefs, 421-422 302 submits Deed of Cession to Robinson, 422 M’s ‘treachery’, 302 accepts gifts from M and , 425 attitude to land alienation, 307 friendly reception of M and Tui Cakau on recognises M’s rule in Lau, 311 board Pearl, 426 gives consent to Fiji’s constitution, 313 presents war club to Robinson at Cession apparent unity of purpose with M, ceremony, 428 313-314 ‘Sa oti, Ma‘afu’, 428 outward trappings of office, 315 Tui Viti bestowed at Cession oath to respect constitution, 315 ceremony, 429 seeks to interfere in Bauan dispute, reminds chiefs of their subordination to 318-319 British Crown, 431 formally opens Privy Council, 322-323 returns from visit to Sydney with measles, signs BSMPS petition, 330 438 refuses to accept ministers’ resignations, recovers, 438 347 formally receives Gordon at Bau, 450 receives Levuka traders’ spokesman, 362 Calvert, Rev. James, (1813-1892), Wesleyan hostile to any intervention by Captain missionary, Simpson, 363 urges Tāufa`āhau to promote Christianity formal installation as Tui Viti (1873), 367 in Fiji, 60

658 Index on Tongan menace in Lakeba, 74 derides ‘idleness and oppression’ of M believes Tupou seeks to challenge Bau, 75 and his people, 222 report’s Tupou’s approaches to Tanoa and seeks British protection against Tongans, Cakobau, 75-76 224 aware of Mara’s imminent return to Fiji, 78 blames Tongans for failure of agreement entreats Cakobau to end mistreatment of with Consul Owen, 226 Christians, 102 utopian vision of resident Tongans, 228 solicits Tongan help to defend Bua Europeans in Fiji would support Fijians Christians, 103 against Tongans, 228 believes all is quiet in Lau and says Vanuabalavu not rightfully M’s, 229 Cakaudrove, 108 optimistic about peace prospects, 116 pleasure at peace agreement between M preaches at Cakobau’s conversion, 130 and Golea, 230 accompanies Cakobau and Tupou to Rewa, urges Cakobau to accept Tupou’s proffered 143 friendship, 236 supportive of Tupou’s mission in Fiji, 145 seeks alliance of matanitu against returns to Fiji and admonishes M, 189-190 Tongans, 244 on reasons for Cakobau’s detention by Carey, Rev. Jesse, (1832-1914), Wesleyan French, 192 missionary, skilled diplomacy prevents war (1861), 194 on outcome of Macuata ‘civil war’, 191 the ‘wild Tongans’ are ‘tamed down’, 195 ‘nasty little breezes’ emanating from M’s would blame Pritchard for any ‘war’ fleet, 297 (1861), 195 Cargill, Rev. David, (1809-1843), Wesleyan favoured cession of Fiji, 196 missionary, believes Tupou ‘covets’ Fiji, 197 opinion of A, 13 Tongans indignant about being ‘shut out’ dependent on Lauan Tongans, 69 of Macuata, 204 despairs of Lakeban Tongans, 70 optimistic about keeping ‘Tongans and Carnarvon, Lord, (Henry Howard Molyneux Bau united’, 208 Herbert, 1831-1890), Secretary of State for believes Wainiqolo’s death would the Colonies 1866-1867, 1874-1878, ‘constrain’ M, 208 favours acceptance of Cession offer, 398 apprehensive about Tupou’s plans for War Office advice that M is ‘anxious for Tongan lands in Fiji, 210 British rule’, 415 ignorant of M’s plans after Wairiki, 210 reassures Queen Victoria of M’s ‘assumed predominance’ of Tongans in ‘concurrence’ after Cession, 432 Fiji, 210 Chapman, William, commander of HMS Dido, dilemma posed by Tongan presence in intervenes against rebellious Viti Levu Fiji, 210 settlers, 344 renewed war between Ritova and Tui Bua, promises to protect M from government, 211 349 Tongans ‘cannot look on’ in Fiji, 211 Clark, Bouverie, Lt, commander of HMS Esk, urges M to assure Cakobau of peace, 211 praises Tongans in Rewa, 248 ‘one-sided’ nature of Tupou’s letter to Clarkson, Howard, Minister of Finance in Cakobau, 214 Kingdom of Fiji, alarm over reinforcements requested by attempts to increase taxation revenue, 335 M, 214 M’s ‘misunderstanding’ over ‘Deposition Europeans’ anxiety about Tongan plans in of taxes’, 342-343 Fiji, 217 Cocker, Joshua, (1824-1880), British Vice- attempts to reconcile M and Golea, 218 Consul in Tonga, believes M satisfied with Waikava appointed Vice-Consul, 199 agreement, 220 instructed to refer all matters to Consul

659 Ma`afu, prince of Tonga, chief of Fiji

Pritchard in Fiji, 199 Dama, village in Bua, appointment as Vice-Consul confirmed outbreak of anti-Christian violence, (1864), 231 102-103 Cokonauto, , paramount Denham, Henry Mangles RN, (1800-1887), chief of Rewa, commander of HMS Herald, death (1851), 108 offered cession of Ovalau, 145-146 Collis, William, Wesleyan schoolmaster on convenes conference of Cakobau, Tupou Lakeba, and Ovalau chiefs, 146-147 interpreter at cession meeting (1859), 179 unable to accept offer of cession, 147 Colonial Office, Great Britain, Denison, Sir William, (1804-1871), Governor lack of interest in cession of Fiji, 165-166, of New South Wales 1855-1861, 180 n.127 advised that Fijians sought cession to appoints Commission to investigate Great Britain, 163 Pritchard, 203 believes French presence in Pacific poses hearings and findings of Commission, potential danger, 165 203-204 Dennison, Samuel, captain of O.C. Raymond, remains uninterested in cession (1870), 289 participates in 1842 sandalwood recommends against acceptance of Cession expedition, 38 offer, 398 De Robeck, George, secretary to Sir Hercules approves ‘confidential advance’ to M, 437 Robinson, Commission of Enquiry (1863), describes M’s compound, 423-425 Commissioners, 222 Des Voeux, Sir William, (1834-1909), meeting with M, 223 Governor of Fiji, visits to Bua, Kadavu, Beqa et al, 223 chairs 1878 Bosevakaturaga as Lieutenant- meet Consul Owen, 224-225 Governor, 485-486 agreement with Owen impossible to orders M to appear before Police enforce, 226 Magistrate, 488 Confederation of 1865, valued cordial relations with M, 488 resolutions, 245-246 temporary departure from Fiji, 488-489 weaknesses, 246-247 represented by ADC at M’s funeral, 506 causes of failure, 250, 251 arranges deportation of Lauan Tongans Cook, Captain James, (1728-1779), ‘without ...visible means of support’, 508 visit to Tonga (1777), 63 orders Siale`ataongo’s permanent Court of Arbitration (1865), deportation, 509 evidence of Vanuabalavu chiefs’ faint praise for M after his death, 510 submission to M, 131-132 M’s ambition thwarted, 511 Croker, Walter, RN, (c1784-1840), commander Donumailulu (Donu), first Moalan Christian, of Favourite, brought lotu to Moala, 115 killed at siege of Pea, 33 requests help from Lakeba, 116 Cross, Rev. William, (1797-1842), Wesleyan ‘expelled the Society’, 123 missionary, Drew William, private secretary to Cakobau, witnesses A’s inauguration as TK (1827), persuades George Burt to withdraw 7-8 petition to M, 272, 410 dependent on Lauan Tongans, 69 Drury, Charles, Special Commissioner for Lau, Crown Colony of Fiji, Tevita’s filial relationship to M, 406 structure of government, 449 puzzled about ultimate fate of Lauan Cruikshank, James, Taveuni planter, taxes, 410 sought settlers’ protection from deprecates Bayley’s influence over M, Commodore Stirling, 360 410 address of grievances to Cakobau, 360 plans to appoint Fijian magistrates in place of Tongans in Lau, 411

660 Index

raises with M the fate of Beqan labourers, Tongan claims in Fiji, 193 411 Tupou did not approve of war against Lau tax collection ‘has gone on smoothly’, Bau, 193 413 Fatafehi, Tu‘i Tonga in 17th century, 63 expects M, Tui Cakau and Tui Macuata to Fifita, Semisi, brother of Lausi‘i, fight against Bau, 415-416 orders seizure of Tongan canoe 105 concerned about hundreds of people ‘held leaves Lakeba for Tonga, 107 in servitude’ in Lau, 433 Du Bouzet, Josephe, (1805-1867), Governor of second in command to Wainiqolo in Tahiti, Macuata, 171 concludes treaty with Tupou I, 135 responsible for floggings in Yasawas, Dunn, Thomas, American trader on Ovalau, 191-192 convenes abortive peace conference at attempted to force Yasawas’ cession to Bau, 143 Tonga, 191 Efate, New Hebrides, ‘trial’ on board French corvette, 192 visited by 1842 sandalwood expedition, 42 taken to New Caledonia as a prisoner, 192 Egglestone, Rev. John, (1813-1879), Wesleyan prays with M at Fawn Harbour, 216 minister, arranges repatriation of Tongans from Fiji protests to M about Tongan savagery in (1885), 508 Macuata, 171 ‘an untrustworthy schemer sent ...to `eiki, recruit tax payers for [Tupou]’, 508 definition, 4 few Tongans wished to leave with Fifita, Emberson, Horace, Vanuabalavu planter, 508 appointed a magistrate for Lau, 433 Fiji Argus, newspaper, asks Layard’s advice about M’s contract M is ‘perfectly effete’, 416 with Hedemann, 436 attributes benign intent to M, 421 ‘death, desolation and woe’ at Lomaloma Fiji Gazette, newspaper, following measles outbreak, 438-439 government has ‘cleared all shortcomings of tax collection in Lau, 440 misunderstandings’ with M, 351 satisfied with arrangements for Tongans’ claims M did not secede, 353, 354 repatriation, 441 ‘utopia of rampant Anglo-Saxons’, 368 orders shrubs and trees from Sydney for favours Cession, 392 Lomaloma botanical gardens, 442 Fiji Times, newspaper, Erromango, New Hebrides, endorses M’s administration of Lau, 300 visited by 1842 sandalwood expedition, on M’s ‘armed neutrality’, 303 41-42 necessity for ‘some kind of union’ in Fiji, Erskine, John Elphinstone, (1806-1887), 306 commander of HMS Havannah, Europeans should pull the strings in any interviews Methuselah Tae (1851), 38-39 ‘native’ government, 307 interviews two New Hebridean men, 43 praises constitutional model of Lau informs Tupou that Britain will not federation, 310 protect Tonga, 93 sees pragmatism behind the Kingdom of Executive Council, Fiji, Fiji, 314 appointed as part of Ad-Interim M and Cakobau support government Government, 399 (1871), 325 presence of Tongan troops in Levuka, 328 Fale Fisi, settlers favour Cession, 339 origins, 3, 64 queries M’s failure to provide taxes or sacred nature of, in Tongan polity, 64 arms, 345 Fangalua, Pita, Tongan resident of Bau, notion of Anglo-Saxon pre-eminence, 345 says Pritchard encouraged M to enforce ‘immense importance’ of M and Tui Cakau

661 Ma`afu, prince of Tonga, chief of Fiji

to Fiji, 345-346 predicts Tongan domination of Fiji, 251 M and Tui Cakau intent on a separate on the absurdity of Cakobau as Tui Viti, government, 351 274 confirms secession of M, 354 wants M to head F, 274 ‘M is a very ambitious man’, 359 annexation ‘only a matter of time’, 367 ‘Cakobau is no more king of Fiji than detrimental effects of secession of M and I am’, 325 Tui Cakau, 371 M’s concept of the oath of allegiance, Thurston did predict dire consequences 325-326 for chiefs after Cession, 385 Hennings Bros profiteering from copra, M’s deposition at Bau, 392 454 M and Tui Cakau have ‘a mutual M but one of several legitimate successors understanding’, 398 in Tonga, 456 ‘the long-winded and expensive farce’, 397 Wesleyan Mission’s expertise in fund war between Cakobau and M ‘out of the raising, 463 question’, 402 accompanies M to deal with Matuku M ‘ready to swoop down on Cakobau’, 402 ‘angels’, 466-468 Thurston’s demand for Lauan taxes ‘angels’ were ‘hopelessly stupid’, 467 ‘preposterous’, 404, 405 praises M’s intervention at Matuku, 468 Ad-Interim Government should ‘leave M Fonomanu, alone’, 405 first Tu‘i Lakepa, 64 Cakobau and Thurston’s hatred for M, Fordham, John Smith, (1828-1904), Wesleyan 405-406 missionary, Government ministers must consider M mediates between Cakobau and Pritchard, ‘an utter fool’, 407-408 194 Lau neglected by ‘unscrupulous settler on Tongan ambitions in Fiji, 194-195 regime’, 408 disagreement with Pritchard, 195 M and Tui Cakau have ‘aggressive on continued Tongan menace to Bau, 195 movements in contemplation’ 416 Foreign Office (Great Britain), ‘a flagrant piece of barbarity on the part preferred a U.S. protectorate over Fiji, 271 of M’, 430-431 recognises need for a decision about Fiji, ‘petty tyranny’ of tax system for Fijian 289 people, 440 still uninterested in annexation, 307 final departure of Tongan ‘predatory accords only de facto recognition to Fijian picnic’, 441 government, 325, 329 M’s ‘delight’ in beautifying Lomaloma, Fo‘ui, Tongatapu, 442 murders at, 29 M’s court house and botanical gardens Friend, Rev. Percival, Wesleyan missionary ‘handsome additions’ to village, 465 and schoolmaster, M ‘somewhat the worse for wear’, 475 to ‘keep track of M’, 270 Lauan planters ‘among the most wealthy disagrees with M over ‘laws of the in the country’, 479 Kingdom’, 375 ‘system of native taxation is a disgrace’, Fremantle, Stephen, (1810-1860), officer at 482 Royal Navy Australian Squadron, lala ‘has degenerated into simple accuses Commander Boutwell of robbery’, 490 extortion, 148 Finau ‘Ulukālala Tuapasi, chief of Vava‘u, 6 states that British government must Tupou accuses of deception, 75 decide on cession of Ovalau, 148-149 Fisi‘ihoi, brother of M, 10 urges British annexation of Fiji and Fison, Rev. Lorimer, (1832-1907), Wesleyan Tonga, 152 missionary and ethnologist, gratuitous advice to Tupou, 152

662 Index

visits Tonga, 157 323-324 Gataialupe, Elenoa, secedes from Fiji government, 349 marriage to M (1840), 35 150 Tongan ‘visitors’ at Somosomo, 349 family and ancestry, 35 maintained separate identity of separated from M, 47-48 Cakaudrove, 351-352 adultery with Semisi Banuvi, 100 repudiates all connection with ‘Cakobau’s visit with M to Ratu Golea, 230 white government’, 352 ‘severe illness’, 368 his goals in seceding, 354 ‘a nice fat old lady’, 400 changes mind over secession, 356 ‘a very fine old lady’ 478 signs letter declining Cession, 384 rift with M, 492 astonished at M’s volte-face, 386 remains in Lomaloma until 1885, 508 joins M at Lomaloma to await Cession visit to Mago, 508-509 decision, 415 departure from Fiji (1885), 509 formal meeting with Robinson and interment at Falevai, Vava‘u, 509 Goodenough at Lomaloma, 425 Giblin, John, signs Deed of Cession, 426 appointed as Secretary for Lau against M’s death (1879) and legacy, 487 wishes, 341 Goodenough, James Graham, complains of tax irregularities in Lau, 347 (1830-1875), Commander-in-Chief of Royal Goleanavanua, Ratu, (Golea), (d.1879), Navy Australia Station, Tui Cakau appointed as a Commissioner to investigate bent on exterminating Christians at Fawn state of Fiji, 348 Harbour, 205 on influence brought to bear on M, convert to Catholicism, 207 355-356 wounded at Wairiki (1862), 208 Nasova a ‘test’ of Fijian government’s reconciles with M, 213 resolution, 364 sells Vanuabalavu to George Henry, 214, impossibility of tax collection, 364 236 arrival in Fiji, 367-368 sold lands partly to defy M, 213, 214, 235 represents white interests only, 369 mistrust of M, 217 denigrates both Cakobau and the sold two islands ‘for ammunition’, 218 European community, 369 opposes Tongan Commissioners’ antipathy towards Thurston, 369-370 agreement with Consul Owen, 226 need to respect ‘rights and powers ... sells Mago, and Katafaga, 226 in existence’, 373 defiance of Tongan Commissioners, 227 sense of confidence and moral rectitude, receives M and Elenoa at home, 230 374 still exercising arbitrary rule in M ‘a man of the world’, 374 Vanuabalavu, 236 advice to CO that both M and Cakobau evidence at Court of Arbitration (1865), support Cession, 376 238, 240 ‘general indebtedness of the country’ acknowledges his father’s gift to M, 238 a matter of concern, 376 acquiescence at M’s control of willing to misrepresent Fijian situation Vanuabalavu, 240, 241 to CO, 378 declines to remove Rabe inhabitants advised chiefs their privileges would without M’s permission, 275 be preserved after Cession, 379 created Tui , 290 asks M why he now favours Cession, 380 co-operation with settlers, 295 personal liking for M, 380 refuses to recognise Kingdom of Fiji, 314 insists that M’s position be respected, reluctantly swears ‘allegiance’ to Cakobau, 381-382 315 chiefs ‘spit out their venom’ against M, takes oath of office as Privy Councillor, 382-383

663 Ma`afu, prince of Tonga, chief of Fiji

confrontation with Cakobau at Cession displeased about ‘copra business’ in Lau, meeting, 383 463 would not interfere in any Fijian civil M’s successor should have only half M’s war, 385-386 salary, 465-466 disapproves chiefs’ rejection of Cession, impressed by M’s troops, 466 387 compares Tongan and Fijian yaqona willing to assist M against Bau, 388-389 ceremonies, 469 persuades M to return to Vanuabalavu, 389 M showing ‘no signs of life’, 474 opposed to Thurston’s plans for a new fears secret timber contract between M government, 390 and Hennings Bros, 474 principal chiefs’ hatred for M, 392 arranges to meet M at Bua, 474 party to M’s plans, 393 Code of Regulations, 474 supports William Hennings in his riposte urges M to meet him before visiting to Thurston, 395 Tonga, 476 attempts to bully Cakobau and leading values relations with Tupou, 476-477 chiefs, 396 disquiet in Lomaloma over Siale`ataongo’s visit to M at Vanuabalavu, 399-401 actions, 479 growing rapport with M, 400-401 appointed High Commissioner for the enjoys Tongans’ hospitality, 400 Western Pacific, 482 Commissioners’ Report, 403-405 instructs M to accompany him to Tonga, fair and objective assessment of M, 403 482 recommends M continue as , 403 pleasure in visit to Lomaloma, 483 M ‘a Tongan and a stranger’, 403 advocates treaties between Great Britain praises M’s ‘personal government’ in Lau, and Tonga, 483 404 Fijians’ massive debts to traders ‘evil’, 486 Report’s recommendations for Fiji after returns home for visit, 488 Cession, 418-419 wants ‘a lasting Treaty of Friendship’ M ‘always truthful and straightforward’, with Tonga, 489 426 Treaty signed during his visit to Tonga Gordon, Sir Arthur, Baron Stanmore, (1879), 490 (1829-1912), first resident Governor of Fiji, advises CO that Fiji’s taxation revenue M’s interest in a civitabua, 82 exceeded estimates, 491 arrives in Fiji, 447 rebukes M for public intoxication determined to preserve Fiji’s existing in Levuka, 492 hierarchy, 448 saddened by M’s conduct, 492 real aims of Cakobau Government’s deplored M’s residence with Theodore taxation policies, 448 Wood, 495 takes oath of office at Nasova, 449 wished to learn full history of Rabe, entertains M, Tui Bua, von Hügel and 495-496 Wilkinson to dinner, 449-450 wished to thwart German influence impressed by order and progress of in Tonga, 496 Lomaloma, 453, 469 final parting from M, 498 M not Tupou’s legitimate successor, 456 Gordon, Lady, née Rachel Shaw-Lefevre, confusion over M’s renunciation of rights, (d. 1912) 457 favourably impressed by M, 453, 466 deplores ‘waste’ of Fiji’s taxation system also impressed by Lomaloma, 466 (1875), 462 Gordon Cumming, Constance, English travel new tax system to be community-based, writer and artist, (1837-1924) 462-463 Vava‘u chiefs ‘plotting against King partial success of Taxation Ordinance George’, 477 (1876), 463 M ‘splendid ... stalwart and stately’, 478

664 Index

‘...the Tongans walk ... as if they scorn on his grandfather Ratu Mara’s exile the ground they tread on’, 478 in Tonga, 78 Grey, Sir George, (1812-1898), Governor of inaccurate account of Mara’s death, 174 New Zealand 1845-1854, Hennings, Mere, daughter of Ratu Mara believes Tongan and Fiji people wish to be Kapaiwai and wife of Frederick Hennings, under British rule, 82 account of M’s part in Mara’s death, 174 assures Tupou I of his friendship, 84 Hennings, William, German trader in Fiji, Grey, Henry George, 3rd Earl Grey, advised Great Britain would not accept (1802-1891), Secretary of State for War and cession (1862), 203 the Colonies 1846-1852, purchases Mago from Golea (1863), 214 urged to reply to A’s letter of 1844, 83 sells Mago to Thomas Ryder (1864), 235 extent of Hennings Bros’ operations Hamond, Andrew S., Commander and Senior on Vanuabalavu, 294 Officer at the Society Islands, persuades M to accept office as Viceroy, writes to Aleamotu`a, 49 311 Hape, Tahitian teacher, 5 welcomes M’s appointment as Viceroy, 318 Harris, Charles Coffin, (1822-1881), Minister appointed Warden of the Eastern Group, for Foreign Affairs of Hawai‘i, 328 suggests M and Cakobau visit Hawai‘i, 302 authorised to collect all Lauan taxes, 342 prescient views of Kingdom of Fiji, 315 to pay salaries of M and Ratu Tevita hau, from tax revenue, 342 definition, 1-2 attempts to have M’s debts to him settled, Havea, Jone, Tongan teacher, 342 arrives at Lakeba (1838), 73 all Lauan taxes paid into M’s account Hazlewood, Rev. David, (1820-1855), at Hennings’ store (1847), 347 Wesleyan missionary, caught unawares by M’s secession, 356 on Mara’s humiliation at Lakeba (1849), 95 co-operates with M in arms procurement, Hedemann, Frederick, German trader in 391 Levuka, reproves Thurston for his dismissal of M, accepts M’s order for rifles and 394 ammunition, 349-350, 414-415 heavily in debt to Rabone, Feez and Co, denied access to his warehouse, 361 405 second agreement with M, 414 reasoned defence of M’s record refuses to release M from contract, 435-437 in government, 408-409 threatens legal proceedings against M, 443 warns M about his ‘wrong-doing to summons M, 443 tenants’, 487 under cross-examination, 444 Henry, George Matthew, (1817-?), allowed to become non-suited with costs, Tahitian-born settler in Fiji, 444 ‘purchase’ of Adavaci, 183 Hennings, Christian, German trader, complaint of assault against M, 189 difficulties collecting M’s debts after his purchases Vanuabalavu from Golea, 213 death, 513 purchase of Adavaci (1860), 217 Hennings, Frederick (Friedrich Wilhelm), persuades Cakobau to endorse purchase b. 1837 of Vanuabalavu, 228 appointed German Consul in Fiji (1869), sells Vanuabalavu to George Winter, 228 270 evidence at Court of Arbitration (1865), Hennings, Gustav, German Consul in Fiji, 239 protects William Hedemann and his clerk, threatened with deportation over 362 attempts to sell Vanuabalavu, 256 Hennings, Gustav Mara, (b. 1868), grandson renews claim to Vanuabalavu (1875), 462 of Ratu Mara,

665 Ma`afu, prince of Tonga, chief of Fiji

Henry, Samuel Pinder, (1800-1852), Hule, fortress on Tongatapu, Tahitian-born ship’s captain, siege, 19-21 conveys Tahitian teachers to Lakeba, 5 Hunt, Rev. John, (1812-1848), Wesleyan supposed inspiration for M’s missionary, Christian name, 11 A’s motives in becoming TK, 7-8 1829 sandalwood expedition to alerted by Calvert to Tupou I’s ambitions, 75 New Hebrides, 37 1842 sandalwood expedition, 37-47 Ives, William, American trader on Lakeba, calls at Lakeba, 40-41 abducts two girls from Lakeba, 112 arrives at Tanna, 41 returns to Lakeba with one girl, 116 bitterly denounced by John Thomas, 45 seeks to recover abducted girl, 122 Hicks Beach, Sir Michael, Bt, (1837-1916), Secretary of State for the Colonies 1878-1880, Jaggar, Rev. Thomas, (1814-1882), Wesleyan disapproves Fiji’s Native Taxation Scheme, missionary, 486 disapproval of Taliai Tupou, 73 hiki mo e falike, Jenkins, Robert, RN, (1825-1894), commander name of M’s canoe, 79 of HMS Miranda, presented to Tui Cakau, 78, 79-80 conveys official delegation to Fiji, 203-204 Hill, John, Irish-born Australian businessman, Miranda’s tour of Fiji, 204-205 intends to purchase Rabe, 275 Jones, Henry Mitchell (Michael), VC, completes purchase, 324 (1831-1916), British Consul in Fiji, Home, Sir (James) Everard, (1798-1853), appointed as Consul (1864), 230 British naval officer, approves Tupou’s Tongan code of laws, 231 engages M as pilot, 50 ‘no sovereign chief’ in Fiji, 231 visits Tonga in command of HMS Calliope seeks to recognise Cakobau only among (1852), 113 Fijian chiefs, 232 writes letter to M, 113 recognises Tonga’s inalienable links with visits Moala, 115 Fiji, 233 urges Cakobau to lotu, 115-116 sees justice in Tongan land claims in Fiji, finds atmosphere of ‘joy’ at Viwa, 116 234 accompanies Calvert to Bua, 116 acquiesces in Tongan control of Matuku presides at meeting of Buan chiefs, 116 and Moala, 234-235 urges Cakobau to forbid strangulation declines to countenance Tongan control of widows, 119 of Vanuabalavu, 235 Hope, Charles Webley, (1829-1880), captain of orders Moss to lower Tongan flag HMS Brisk, at Vanuabalavu, 235 conveys M and Thurston to Niuafo‘ou, 255 will not approve commercial treaty describes M as ‘a gentleman’, 255 between Tonga and Great Britain, 235 believes Fiji should be two separate adjudicates in ownership disputes kingdoms under Cakobau and M, 256 on Vanuabalavu, 235 British annexation ‘only a matter of time’, convenes Court of Arbitration to resolve 270 Vanuabalavu ownership dispute, 237 impossible to coerce M to support judgment that Vanuabalavu was rightfully constitution, 341 M’s, 240-242 House of Commons, endorses peacemaking by M and vote on annexation of Fiji (1872), 330 Tui Cakau, 243 motion for annexation of Fiji again ‘instructions’ to M, 244-245 defeated (1873), 367 convenes meeting of Fijian chiefs, 245-246 House of Lords, arrogant letter to Cakobau, 247 queries whether M will be bound by on Tongan rapacity and ‘cupidity’, 248 terms of Cession, 413 aware of realities of power in Fiji, 248

666 Index

seeks formal statement from Tupou on Lakeba, Tongan land claims in Fiji, 249 expected attacks from Cakaudrove, 71-72 admonishes M for his debts, 250 continuing threat from Bau, 72, 77 endorses , 251 reality of Tongan power in, 72 Josiah, brother of M, 11 first chapel opens (1838), 73 baptism, 57 fortunes of lotu on, 74 Josiah Tubou, ‘King’, see Aleamotu`a traditional links with Tongatapu, 77-78 security dependent on resident Tongans, Kaba, village in Rewa, 95-97 attacked by Bauan forces, 127 Tongan community ‘a volatile wayward unsuccessful Bauan campaign (1854), 129 element’, 98 destruction by Tongan and Bauan forces, departure of hundreds of Tongans (1851), 140 107 consequences of battle, 140-141 centre of political and religious influence Kaloafūtonga, in eastern Fiji, 133 sister of Ngata and wife of Fatafehi, 63-64 taxation burdens imposed by M, 272-273 Kamehameha V, (1830-1872), King of Hawai‘i, deaths from measles, 439 invites M and Cakobau to visit Hawai‘i, settlers complain to M about Ratu Tevita, 302, 317 443 Katonivere, Macuata chief, people’s intense suffering from unjust appointed Governor of Macuata, 290 lala, 484 signs Deed of Cession and taken to Lala, Nasova, 427 chiefs urge its retention under British Kaufusi, rule, 451 paternal grandmother of M, 3 reasons for planters opposition, 451 Kimberley, Lord (John Wodehouse), source of gross chiefly exploitation in (1826-1902), Secretary of State for the Colonies Lau, 454, 484, 486 1870-1874, 1880-1882, Land tenure in Fiji, favours annexation of Fiji, 348 contrasting Fijian and European concepts, Kingdom of Fiji, 306-307 hardening of Europeans’ racial attitudes, proposed Crown Lands Bill intolerable to 306, 312-313 chiefs, 324-325 constitutional convention meets (1871), land dealt with on makeshift basis, 308 326-327 chiefs paid salaries to ensure their loyalty, provisions in Deed of Cession, 429 310-311 Native Affairs Ordinance (1875), 447-448 inauguration meeting, 311 problems over land ‘sold’ to foreigners, 497 adhesion of M and Cakobau, 311-312 M’s legacy in Lau, 514-515 details of constitution, 312-315 Lands Claims Commission, bureaucracy, 321 established (1880), 496 chiefly discontent with apparatus M gives evidence, 496 of government, 332 aim to examine all ‘sales’ to foreigners, 497 ministry unable to continue in office, 364 Langham, Frederick, (1833-1903), Wesleyan Kuila, Cakaudrove chief, cousin of Raivalita, missionary at Bau, wants to kill Golea, 206 claims Cakobau sought French protection, ambitious to become Tui Cakau, 206-207 227 solicits Wainiqolo’s aid against Catholics, M’s warlike intent, 296 207 wants Jesse Carey as missionary at invites Wainiqolo, Kuila and Joeli Bulu Lomaloma, 304 to meet him, 207 predicts chiefly support for M’s secession, invited instead to meeting with them, 207 350-351

667 Ma`afu, prince of Tonga, chief of Fiji

possibility of M’s being taken into increasing theft in both Vanuabalavu and custody, 351 Lakeba, 483 reports M has changed his mind over tax assessment for 1879, 486 Cession, 375, 377, 393 onerous and inefficient tax system, 486 Thurston’s threat to dismiss M, 388-389 people’s double burden of taxation seeks to have Cession question re-opened, and lala, 486 391 ‘there is disquiet everywhere’, 500 predicts M’s secession and subsequent Tongan ascendancy under M’s rule, war, 393 502-503 Lasike (Abraham), brother of A, dislike of Tongans manifest after M’s removes A and family to safety (1840), 30 death, 507 at Lakeba in 1838, 77 remaining Tongans welcome to stay in Lasike, brother of Tupou Toutai and leader of Lau, 508 Tongans on Lakeba, contemporary Lau seen as M’s creation, meets Tāufa`āhau at Lakeba and convenes 515 vono, 60, 71 Laufilitonga, Tu‘i Tonga, (c.1798-1865), first arrival in Fiji (1833), 69 defeated at Velata (1826), 4 sent as envoy to Somosomo, 71 evidence of plot against Tāufa`āhau, death (1844), 75 54-55, 61 Lau, Laufitu, wife of Ratu Rasolo, TN Tongan influence in, 62-68 promotes Tongan settlement in Lau, 63 emigration to Tonga, 64 Lausi‘i, brother of M, twentieth century links with Tonga, 65-69 birth, 10 economic importance of Tongan death & funeral, 27 community in, 67-68 Lausi‘i, brother of Tāufa`āhau, political situation in 1840s, 70-71 brings Tupou’s letter to Cakobau (1845), 75 traditional links with Bau and prevents fighting between Tongans and Cakaudrove, 70-72, 134 Fijians on Lakeba, 76 inclusion of Yasayasa Moala accompanies M to Fiji (1848), 80-81 and Vanuabalavu, 134 leads folau of Tongans home from Lakeba, joins Tovata to form Chiefdom of Lau, 88 264-265 continued visits to Bau during late 1840s, M installed as Tui Lau, 265 89 constitution and code of laws, 265 quick to ally with following M’s leasehold policy in, 265 latter’s conversion, 94 taxes raised to be M’s property, 265 meets Mara on the beach at Lakeba, 95 taxation under M’s rule, 273 helps to build ‘Bethel’ chapel on Lakeba, legal opinion of M’s land practices, 105 279-280 leaves Lakeba for Tonga (1851), 107 under efficient administration (1872), 332 heads Commission of Enquiry to Fiji disposal of tax revenue, 347-348 (1863), 223 divisions after Cession, 430 Lavaki, supporter of M, hierarchy intact, 430 at Vanuabalavu with M (1854), 132 people exploited in tax collection, Lawry, Rev. Walter, (1793-1859), Wesleyan 440-441 missionary, burden of tax in copra, 453-454 forwards A’s letter to Queen Victoria, 48 tax assessment for 1876, 462 praises Tongan Christians on Lakeba, tax assessment for 1877, 473 73-74 maladministration of justice under M’s urges Cakobau to lotu, 87-88 rule, 475-476 on ‘godless’ Tongans at Lakeba, 88 tax assessment for 1878, 479-480 notes disquiet in Tonga over Tongans

668 Index

resident in Fiji, 99 Lomaloma village, believes Lakeba Tongans to be exiled teachers return, 128 law-abiding, 99-100 massacre of Christians (1854), 130 dubious about Tui Nayau’s conversion, 108 settlers’ meeting formulates Lau Layard, Edgar Leopold (Leo), (1824-1900), constitution, (1869), 298-299 British Consul and Commissioner, second meeting (1870), 308-309 appointed as a Commissioner to settlers’ committee to consider investigate state of Fiji, 348 constitution, 318 arrival in Fiji as a Commissioner, 371 neglect, malpractice and corruption, 479 warns against constitutional change, 271 decrease in resident Tongans after M’s widespread anger among Europeans over death, 508 rejection of Cession, 389-390 Lovoni people, central Ovalau, ‘pride and vagaries of ... upstart and order attack on Tongan missionaries, 138 dishonest British subjects’, 397 ‘Lovoni war’, 298 urges patience on M, 404 insurrection, trial and banishment of knowledge of M’s ‘plot’ against fighters, 303 Ad-Interim Government, 432-433 Lualala, Sefanaia, leader of Lakeba Tongans & authorises payment of part of M’s salary uncle of Tupou I, to William Hennings, 437 cousin of Taliai Tupou, 58 misinterpretation of Tongan succession and Tāufa`āhau’s visit to Lakeba, 60-61 laws, 455 exiled to Fiji (c1831), 89 influence of Wesleyan missionaries on arrives at Lakeba (1837), 89 Tongan succession, 455-456 most senior-ranking Tongan on Lakeba avers wrongly that M did not swear (1848), 89 allegiance to Gordon, 456 praised by John Calvert, 89 M would enjoy wide support if he sought family relationships, 89 Tongan succession, 456 leads folau to Vanuabalavu (1847/48), 90 Leggoe, Rev. John, Wesleyan missionary, baptised (1851), 108 ‘red-letter day’ in Lomaloma, 304 anxious to restore peace on Matuku, 123 Le Hunte, Sir George, (1852-1925, SM in Lau appointed joint governor of Tongans in and private secretary to Sir Arthur Gordon, Fiji, 124 food scarcity and influenza epidemic in Luisa Tupou, sister of M, 11 Lau, 460 Lupupau`u (Queen Charlotte), wife of concern about labourers employed in Tāufa`āhau, Vanuabalavu, 460 half-sister of Elenoa Gataialupe, 35 Xarifa one of only three seaworthy vessels Lyth, Rev. Dr Richard Burdsall, (1810-1877), in Lau, 460 Wesleyan missionary, complains to Gordon about M’s and on Tāufa`āhau’s baptism, 17 Hennings’ corruption, 464 chooses Tongan teachers for Lakeba second copra impost from Ratu Tevita, (1838), 73 464-465 fails to appreciate political dimensions of Hennings has ‘done’ M into timber lotu, 74-75 contract, 474 records M’s arrival in Fiji (1847), 80-81 ‘very complicated mess’ at Lomaloma, 478 on Tuikilakila’s opposition to lotu, 92 Loganimoce, Ratu Eroni, Tui Nayau, son of on reasons for chiefly conversions Taliai Tupou, at Lakeba, 94 chosen by M as Tui Nayau (1876), 470, 472 on Lakeba’s loyalty to Bau, 95 removed as Tui Nayau by Gordon (1878), approves Tui Nayau’s treatment of Mara, 483 97 Loganimoce, Lote, Lakeban chief, favoured appointment of Governor of attends Tongan parliament (1868), 259 Tongans in Lau, 97-98

669 Ma`afu, prince of Tonga, chief of Fiji

complains of Lakeba Tongans, 98 unrest in Tonga during his adolescence, 27 despairs of more Tongans ‘flocking’ to at Fo`ui (1840), 30 Fiji, 104 marriage to Elenoa Gataialupe (1840), 35 rejoices at departure of hundreds of two visits to Fiji in 1841, 36 Tongans, 105 defies his father to join Samuel Henry’s complains about remaining Tongans, 105 expedition, 38 pleased at Cakobau’s discomfiture, 106 interviewed by Lt Pollard, 42 speaks to M ‘about his soul’, 106 suffocation of Efate people in cave, 42-43 alleges conspiracy between Tuikilakila, degree of blame for NH slaughter, 46-47 Cakobau and Mara, 107 separation from Elenoa, 47-48 praises M’s spiritual state, 108 acts as pilot for North Star, 50 apprehends Tongans returning to Lakeba, father’s death, 51 109 not considered as TK in 1845, 54 lavish praise for M, 100 rebuffed approach to oppose āT ufa`āhau, laments M’s fall from grace, 110 54-55 fearful of ‘large army’ at Vanuabalavu, 111 exacts retribution on John Thomas, 58 entreats Tui Cakau to permit Christian speculation about his reasons for leaving worship in Cakaudrove, 111 Tonga, 59-62 on threat posed by Tuikilakila’s sons, 112 relationship to Vuanirewa family of growing distrust of M, 113 Lakeba, 64-65, 77 expects Tupou to visit Fiji, 113 reasons for coming to Fiji (1847), 77-80 pastoral visit to Moala (1852), 115 preparations for voyage, 80 account of M’s actions in Moala, 119 arrival in Fiji (July 1847), 80 understands true reasons for conversions dines at Government House, (1875), in Yasayasa Moala, 120 81 rebukes Joeli Bulu over ‘Lakeba physic’, great interest in civitabua, 81-82 120 supports Taliai Tupou in Lakeba, 87 understands M’s motives in sailing to first visit to Vanuabalavu (1849), 89 Vanuabalavu, 120-121 emerges as leader of Lakeba Tongans, 87, regrets M’s absence from Lakeba, 122 91 expulsions from church meeting over accompanies Tui Cakau to Cakaudrove Matuku ‘war’, 123 (1849), 92 disapproves M’s conduct in Moala and receives levying rights from Tui Cakau, 92 Matuku, 123-124 aids Tuikilakila in persecution of approves appointment of two Tongan Christians in Cakaudrove, 92-93 governors, 124-125 ceremonial visit to Bau with Cakaudrove Matuku war ‘a political dispute’, 126 chiefs (1850), 99 astonished by M’s reforms of Lakeba returns to Lakeba after ‘exile’ Tongans, 128 in Cakaudrove, 101 sends M to help Christians at Lomaloma, investigates attack on Lyth, 102 130-131 helps with construction of ‘Bethel’ chapel praises M’s intervention, 131 on Lakeba, 108 departure from Fiji (1854), 135 authority over Lakeba Tongans acknowledged by chiefs and Ma`afu, Tui Lau (c1825-1881), missionaries, 106, 109 birth, 1 visits Oneata, 107-108 ancestry, 1-3 ‘subject of serious religious impressions’, flees Tongatapu as a child, 6 108 baptism, 9-10 helps build canoe on , 108 known as Henry or Enele, 11 engaged by Lyth on pastoral duties, education, 14-19, 26 108-109

670 Index aids removal of some Christians from joins Tupou’s folau at Lakeba, 138 Lomaloma, 109-110 probable involvement in battle of Kaba, asks Lualala to help keep Lakeba Tongans 141 ‘in order’, 110 aids Tevita ‘Unga to subdue Beqan village, apparent spiritual reformation, 110 144 recalled from Kabara to defend Lakeba, 111 formally hands his Fijian lands to Tupou, and William Ives’ abduction of two girls 149-150, 239-240 from Lakeba, 112, 116 short visit to Kabara, 151 leaves Lakeba with Mara, 112 prospects of succession to Tongan throne, requisitions boat on Oneata, 112 155 leaves for Ovalau with William Ives, 112 living on Lakeba in 1857, 156 returns to Lakeba, 113 disciplines Lakeba Tongans, 156-157 growing network of contacts throughout visits Tonga, 158 Fiji, 114 provides turtles and taro for the Polglases, building house for schoolmaster on 158 Lakeba, 115 visits Bua, 158-159 responds to appeal for help from Donu, 116 his forces attack parts of Bua and joins siege of Navucunimasi, 117 Macuata, 160 ransacks Navucunimasi and captures takes Tui Wainunu prisoner, 160 chiefs, 117 takes up abode in Lomaloma c.1857, 162 sends ‘heathen’ tanoa to Lyth, 118 again acknowledged by Lomaloma chiefs, cautions Moala chiefs against resistance, 163 118 manipulated into signing cession offer, his account of conquest of Yasayasa 166 Moala, 118-119 reasons for supporting cession (1858), 167 quick to seize opportunity in Moala, 119 aids Cakobau to sentence ‘rebel’ chiefs at leads abortive folau to Vanuabalavu, Bau, 168 120-121 arrives off Ovalau with 200 men, 168-169 formal visit to Bau, 122 pretence of being Cakobau’s ally, 169 ‘searchings of heart’ over Matuku joins hostilities in Macuata, 171 reversals, 122 appoints Tui Cakau as ‘King’ of Vanua professed ignorance of ‘real root of Levu and Lau, 172 [Matuku] war’, 122-123 ostensible ally of Cakobau and the knows his actions in Matuku were missionaries, 172-173 ‘ill-advised’, 124 reassures Consul Williams over free flow appointed joint governor of Tongans in of commerce, 175 Fiji, 124 claims to wish to rule Fiji for England, 176 convenes vono on Lakeba, 124-125 tries to extend his rule over Kadavu, 176 not an ‘agent’ of Tupou, 125 his power in Fiji at its zenith (1859), 177 myth of supposed expulsion from church, deceives US Consul over American ‘debt’, 125-126 178 denies guilt over Matuku, 126 proposes division of Fiji, 178 urges Lakeba Tongans to behave like out-manoeuvred at cession conference, Christians, 128 178-179 plans to liberate Matuku captives, 130 signs cession offer under duress, 179 offered submission by Yaro and Mualevu reasons for his acquiescence over cession, chiefs, 131-133 179-180 gives Cikobia to Wainiqolo, 132 pressure placed on chiefs over cession, 180 confirmed as owner of Vanuabalavu, 133 in debt to Isaac Brower, 181 rumoured intrigues against Tupou, regrets agreeing to cession offer, 181-182 136-137 involvement in revolt at Rakiraki, 182

671 Ma`afu, prince of Tonga, chief of Fiji

brings his allies to meet Consul Pritchard, of Vanuabalavu to George Henry, 217 182 confers with Cakobau at Waikava, 218-219 seeks Consul Williams’ support, 182 accompanies Cakobau to Wairiki, 216 acknowledged by Vanua Levu chiefs, 182 spiritual ‘earnestness’ noted by three seeks to influence chiefs against cession, missionaries, 219 184 proposed treaty with Golea and advised not to interfere in Macuata, 186 Cakaudrove chiefs, 220 told to remove Wainiqolo from Macuata, lays claim to large parts of Fiji, 220 186 marginalised by Tongan chiefs, 222 attends Tongan parliament (1861), 187 reasons for not remaining in Tonga, 222 enmity between him and George Henry, meets Tongan Commissioners, 223 189 accompanies Commissioners to Bau, 227 unhappy with 1861 agreements, 191 laments loss of Munia and removal of ‘system’ of enforcement in Fiji, 192 its inhabitants, 229 still feels humiliation over 1859 cession surprise meeting with Golea at Kioa, 229 offer, 193 nine quiet months on Lakeba, 230 ready to attack Bau (1861), 193-194 still owes allegiance to Tupou, 231 ‘I shall be chief at Bau’, 193 responsible for collecting Tupou’s taxes claim against Bau referred to Tupou, 194 in Fiji, 232 agrees not to attack Bau, 194 ‘all appeared to be settled’ between M and seeks to exploit rift between Cakobau and Cakobau, 234 Pritchard, 194 seen as heir to the Tongan throne, 235 returns to Lau, 196 removes Mago people to Lomaloma, 236 actions in Fiji independent of Tupou, 197 formal statement about his acquisition of second in order of precedence at Tongan Vanuabalavu, 237 parliament, 200 Petitioner’s Plea in Court of Arbitration, in Tonga during visit of Young’s 237 delegation to Fiji, 204 dual basis of his claim to Vanuabalavu, 238 Tukutuku Raraba account of his formal presentation of Vanuabalavu to instructions to Wainiqolo, 206 Tupou, 239-240 absent when Wainiqolo’s forces defeated his rights on Vanuabalavu as defined by at Wairiki, 208 LCC, 241 expected return from Tonga (1862), considered a de facto chief of Fiji, 242 208-209 bound to Tui Nayau by treaty, 243 still in Tonga (Sep 1862), 210 non-participant in chiefs’ conference returns to Fiji with 200 kegs of (1865), 246 gunpowder, 211 conduct praised by missionary, 247 at Waikava with ‘document’ from Tupou, possible murder plot, 249 211 first Chieftain Supreme ofTovata ko Lau, probable prior consent for Wainiqolo’s 250-251 actions, 212 renounces claims to Munia and Yanuyanu, angry with Wainiqolo’s men, 213 253 reconciliation with Golea, 213 tactical withdrawal from Fijian politics, asks Tupou to come to Fiji with 1,000 254, 257 warriors, 214 deferential treatment during visit to accompanied Tu‘i Ha‘apai to enquire Niuafo‘ou, 255 about Wairiki, 216 cultivates cotton on Wakaya, 256 adamant that he does not want war, 216 meets Cakobau on Moturiki, 257 seeks again to meet in class, 216 handles Fijians better than Europeans mutual distrust between M and Golea, 217 can, 257-258 asks Consul Owen not to register sale attends Tongan parliament (1868), 260

672 Index involved in renewed Solevu hostilities, 262 on Europeans in Fiji, 291 refuses to give up Beqa to Cakobau, 262 letter to Consul March on Solevu troubles, prevented by British and US influence 291 from taking control of Fiji, 263 veiled threats to Cakobau over Solevu, 292 secures agreement of Lakeba, Cakaudrove, effective control over settlers in Vanua Bua and Macuata chiefs to remain in Fiji, Levu and Taveuni, 295 263 voyages around Fiji to gather support, 296 all Tongan lands in Fiji except Rabe takes 230 prisoners on Beqa, 296 formally ceded to M, 263 ‘[a] Tongese gentleman dressed in a black now an ‘alien’ from Tonga, 263 coat and a large gun’, 297 resents giving land to Swanston, 264 threatens Europeans in Lau, 297,298 leasehold land system in Lau, 264 approves constitution of Lau, 299 Vanuabalavu and Yasayasa Moala formally instigates Lovoni insurrection, 303 Vakarorongo to M, 265 preaches on ‘love and endurance’ at formal installation as Tui Lau, 265 Lomaloma, 304 absolute powers over leases and taxation, heavily in debt, 305 265 called to account by Lomaloma formally acknowledged as ‘a fellow Europeans, 307-308 chieftain of Fiji’, 266 address to his Tongan and Fijian subjects, acknowledged by chiefs to control Tongan 309-310 lands in Fiji, 266 settles differences with Cakobau and supports resolution for British appointed Viceroy, 310 protectorate, 269 member of Privy Council, 310 visits Nadroga (1869), 271-272 views on formation of constitution, 312 Tonga not responsible for M’s actions in disparate support for M as Viceroy, Fiji, 272 313-314 mortgages three islands to Hennings Bros, reasons for accepting role as Viceroy, 272 314-315 exchanges schooners with merchant ‘will always prefer the substance to the Charles Mcfarland, 272 shadow’, 316 signs petition to Queen Victoria seeking false promises to St Julian, 317 annexation, 273 presides over Privy Council meeting, 318 asserts ownership of Beqa, 274 apparent adherence to new government, ‘the one man’ preventing Cakobau 317, 319 becoming King of Fiji, 274 appearance (1871), 321 advocates British annexation, 276, 288 visit to Macuata, 322 German settlers wanted ‘to have M as Commander-in Chief of the military, 323 king’, 276 concerned over high taxation, 323 support expressed by Lomaloma persuades Tui Cakau to adhere to new Europeans, 278 regime, 324 addresses Lauan chiefs on progress in Lau conditional nature of his oath of (1870), 278 allegiance, 326 absolute authority over sale of asserts rights over Vanuabalavu and Vanuabalavu land, 281 Moala, 327 establishes magimagi allotments on title to Yasayasa Moala confirmed, 327 Vanuabalavu, 281-282 appointed Governor of Lau (1872), 328 leasehold land practices in Lau, 282-287 exercises administrative responsibilities, disregards interests of taukei, 283-284 328 taxation policies, 287 signs B.S.M.P. petition, 330 purchase of yacht Xarifa, 287-288 seeks appointment for Siale`ataongo, 331 at Wairiki for Tovata ‘parliament’, 289-291 President of Privy Council, 331

673 Ma`afu, prince of Tonga, chief of Fiji

harassment by Europeans in Levuka, a signatory for establishment of bank, 332-333 365-366 expresses support for Cakobau’s awarded annual salary of $4,000 by Privy government, 333 Council, 366 joins Queen’s Birthday celebrations, 333-334 sends three tons of copra in lieu of tax, delivers King’s speech and gives 366 Royal Assent to 20 Bills, 335-336 proclamation ‘favourable to the cause of speech condemns dissension among religion and morality’, 367 Europeans, 336 unable to meet Goodenough, 368 ordered to build himself a house, 342 arrives at Levuka to meet Commissioners, Lauan taxes not passed on to 372 the government, 342 only Tovata laws should be recognised in perennial problem of debts, 342-342 Lau, 375 misappropriation of Lauan taxes, 343 unfettered power over Lakeba chiefs, 375 views on payment of tax, 343 Cabinet’s ultimatum to submit unpaid other sources of income, 343 Lauan taxes, 375-376 offers to help military expedition to Ba, secretly orders Lauan taxes to be retained 343 at Lomaloma, 377 declines involvement in ‘Viti Levu wars’, assured he would retain authority in Lau 344, 346 after Cession, 377 reports of coercion, 344-345 ‘cold and sulky’ during dinner with supports dissident Vanuabalavu planters, Goodenough and Thurston, 379 346 ‘detested by the Fijian chiefs’, 380 secedes from Fijian government, 349 undaunted by Fijian chiefs’ hostility, consults Captain Chapman, 349 380-381 orders rifles and ammunition, 350 dismissed as Governor of Lau, 382 ‘a man who knows the meaning of twice consults Swanston over Cession, borrowing’, 350 383-384 public debate over his secession, 351 consults Goodenough over rejection of attempts to manipulate Captain Chapman, Cession, 384-385 349 claims that chiefs would be ‘shot like ‘playing false’ after secession, 353-354 pigs’ if Cession occurred, 384-385 letters to Chapman, 355 Commissioners’ warning of consequences alleged threats from ministers, 356 of Cession, 385 renounces secession, 356-357 ‘the source of all the trouble in Fiji’, 385 ‘papalangis’ everlasting talk and bluster’, severe loss of face at Cession conference, 356 385 supports King’s expression of confidence suddenly favours Cession, 386 in ministers, 360-361 left meeting ‘silently angry’, 386 calls on Commodore Stirling, 361 reasons for changing his mind, 386, 392 heads armed force to confront Levuka blames Thurston for rejection of Cession, traders, 362 387 actions at Nasova cost him ‘much named Lieutenant-Governor of Lau, 387 sympathy’ among Europeans, 363 advises Commissioners that he favours firm ally of Cakobau at Nasova, 363-364 Cession, 388, 391 reasons for opposing traders and settlers, receives death threat from Ratu Savenaca, 364 389 succession provisions in new constitution, ready to send Mafi to Tonga to fetch ‘an 365 army’, 389 thanks Europeans who helped in Ba member of Thurston’s Council of Advice, campaign, 365 390

674 Index pressure from German traders to reject legal checks on his power to free Cession, 391 prisoners, 433-434 does not appear on Thurston’s list of presents court house and gaol chiefly appointments, 392 to Provisional Government, 435 M, Tui Cakau and Tui Macuata ‘ready for precise instructions for tax collection, 435 revolt’, 393 ‘very grateful’ for financial assistance, dismissed by chiefs as Governor of Lau, 437 394 instructed Lakeba ‘natives’ to prepare ‘M’s men’ drilling on the beach at copra to pay for rifles, 437-438 Lomaloma, 400 cruises Vanua Levu coast, 438 determined to defend his rights if British recovery from measles, 439 do not accept Cession offer, 402 speaks at Hennings’ celebration dinner, his power and influence acknowledged in 439 Commissioners’ Report, 403 ‘zealous’ in tax collection and census, no government in Lau but himself, 404 439-440 continues tax and rent arrangements in satisfied with arrangements for Tongan Lau, 405 teachers’ repatriation, 442 support from Europeans, 405-406, 407 gives land for ‘People’s Park’ in apparent acquiescence in Drury’s Lomaloma, 442 suggested reforms, 408 relieves starvation in Ono-i-Lau, 442 praised by Isaac Rooney, 413-414 fails to persuade Ono people to move, continued exploitation of Beqan 442-443 labourers, 414 again advises Hedemann that he cannot 150 Tongans ‘over on a visit’, 415 honour contract, 443 has kept a ‘Tongan mob’ at Lomaloma for summonsed for debt by Hedemann, 443 over a year, 416 court proceedings, 443-444 tells Lakeba chiefs there is no government ruling in his favour, 444 in Fiji, 418 instructed to attend Gordon’s installation, ‘taken aback’ by chiefs’ ‘concurrence’ 447 over Cession, 421 consultation with Gordon, 447-448 ‘a man of stately presence’, 424 witnesses Gordon take oath of office preoccupied and apathetic, 424-425 as Governor of Fiji, 449 ‘of one mind’ with Cakobau over Cession, swears allegiance, as Roko Tui Lau, 425 to Governor, 450 formal reception on board Pearl, statesmanlike speech to Bosevakaturaga, 425-426 451-452 signs Deed of Cession, 426 views on Vakapiritania, 451 private meeting with Cakobau and Tui urges retention of lala, 451 Cakau on board Pearl, 426 views on punishment for disobedience, ‘M’s manner ... undignified ... uncivil 452 ... vulgar’, 427 part of ‘a co-opted indigenous hierarchy’, gazetted as Roko Tui Lau, 430 452 ‘intends giving up his peculiar ways ‘he is regarded with much bitterness and now’, 431 ill-will’, 452 claims he is forbidden to take delivery of ‘the handsomest of them all’, 453 rifles, 431, 435-436 ‘high-handed manner’ in enforcing new welcomes Fiji’s newly-acquired unity, regulations in Lau, 454 431-432 prospects of succession under Tonga’s ‘a subordinate administrator’, 432 new constitution, 454-459 ‘let the people know I am Ma‘afu’, 433 allegiance to Great Britain no impediment has not freed hundreds ‘in servitude’, 433 to succession in Tonga, 457

675 Ma`afu, prince of Tonga, chief of Fiji

claims to support Tevita ‘Unga as Tupou’s instructed that rent should be paid successor, 457 to leaseholders, 473 opposition to Tungī Halatuitui‘a’s illness (1877), 473 succession in Tonga, 457-458 dines with Gordon at Levuka, 473 consistently declined Tupou’s invitation to told to ‘get on with’ 1877 tax collection, chiefs’ meetings in Tonga, 458 473 sails Xarifa to escort HMS Barracouta, ordered to regulate hours people work on 459-460 tax produce, 473 legal restrictions on his powers under told to cease unnecessary logging, 473 British rule, 460 rumours of Vava‘u chiefs’ plot to make house praised by English visitor, 461 him king of Tonga, 474 in debt to George Bayley, 462 determined to visit Tonga, 476 fails to submit monthly reports to ‘cutting a great dash’ in Tonga, 476 Gordon, 462 gives Tupou letter from Gordon, 477 quells civil disturbance at Ono, 464 press speculation about succession secret agreement with Hennings over prospects in Tonga, 477-478 construction of a schooner, 464-465 ‘he is a splendid man’, 478 seizes schooner Uluilakeba, 465 consequences of his neglect at Lomaloma, ‘being done horribly’ over schooner, 465 478-479 allowed to choose penalty for incestuous levies unauthorised tax in Lau, 479 couple, 465 brings canoe from Tonga as gift objects to David Wylie’s appointment as for Cakobau, 479 missionary at Lomaloma, 465 people in Tonga ‘much harassed by sends troops to help in Kai Colo wars, 466 injudicious measures’, 479 affair of the Matuku ‘angels’, 466-468 advised to bring few attendants to takes ‘angels’ into custody on Matuku, Bosevakaturaga, 480 467 ‘the behaviour of the white man is shrewd and humorous interrogation of incomprehensible’, 480 female ‘angel’, 467-468 circumspect about problems in Lau, 481 sentences two male ‘angels’ to one year’s continuing difficulties collecting rent in imprisonment, 468 Vanuabalavu, 483 humorous treatment of ‘angels’ en route ordered to assist European magistrate in to Lomaloma, 468 Lakeba, 483-484 receives Governor’s permission to live at reallocates taukei land in Lakeba to a Lakeba to build church, 469 Tongan, 484 people in Tonga ‘sorely harassed’ by some Cakaudrove people ‘cleaned out’ by Shirley Baker, 469 M’s men, 484 apologises to Bosevakaturaga for Lau’s late arrival at 1878 Bosevakaturaga shortcomings in food, 469 because of illness, 485 recounts story of Matuku ‘angels’, 469-470 fails to address Lau’s problems at secures adoption of new prison Bosevakaturaga, 485 regulations, 470 speaks about differences with European content with division of lands in Lau, magistrates, 486 470-471 plans for piped drinking water for Sawana limitations to lala on Lakeba, 471 and Lomaloma, 487 planting regulations ‘too onerous’ for in ‘very good humour’ at dinner with parts of Lau, 471 Le Hunte, 487 joins other chiefs in letter to attends funeral of Golea, Tui Cakau Queen Victoria, 471 at Somosomo, 487 recommends dismissal of Ratu Tevita forcibly removes prisoner from gaol, 488 as Buli Lakeba, 472 fined £10 in police court, 488

676 Index tearful farewell to Des Voeux, 488-489 legal constraints on his authority in Lau, puzzled about Germans’ influence 500-501 in Tonga, 489 complains of Europeans refusing to precede Gordon on official Tongan sustenance to distressed Fijians, 501 visit, 489 concern over ownership of reefs, 501-502 M’s vessels again extort lala in return home following Mualevu Cakaudrove destined for Tonga, 489-490 Bosevakaturaga, 505 failure to redress problems of lala and final illness and death, 505 land alienation, 490 his body conveyed to Lakeba, 506 intent on maintaining Tongan ascendancy condolence messages, 506 in Lau, 490 funeral, 506-507 presents vague details of Lauan taxes to his legacy in myth, 510-511 1879 Bosevakaturaga, 490-491 assessment of his life, 511-517 ‘some of our affairs are not in good Ma`afu of Vaini, grandfather of Tāufa‘āhau, ...condition’, 491 conversion to Christianity, 25 Lau had not met its 1879 tax death, 53 requirements, 491 Ma`afu`otu`itonga, 6th TK, rift with Elenoa, followed by great-grandfather of M, 1 reconciliation, 492 meaning of name, 2 rebuked by Gordon for ‘habits MacGregor, Sir Malcolm, (1834-1879), ...unbecoming and evil’, 492 commander of HMS Harrier, intoxicated in public in Levuka, 492 secures Cakobau’s release from French cajoled into signing promissory notes and detention, 192 pursued by creditors, 493 Macomber, John, American settler in Fiji, conduct castigated by David Wilkinson, reported conversation with Wainiqolo, 212 493 purchases Munia from Golea, 213-214 blatant disregard for financial liabilities, complains M refuses to relinquish Munia, 493-494 273 puzzle over his public intoxication, 494 renews appeal to M to remove Munia orders tapa prepared as gifts for Tupou, ‘natives’, 305 494 Mafi, Sione,matapule of M, Native staying with Theodore Wood, 493,494 Stipendiary Magistrate, ‘awfully cheated’ over mail order teeth, Consul Jones’ recognition of M as owner 495 of Vanuabalavu (1885), 242 ordered to bring Mafi for conference with appointed Assistant Native Judge Gordon, 495 in Supreme Court, 337 host for 1880 Bosevakaturaga at Mualevu, M opposes Cession in early 1874, 372 496-502 signs, on M’s behalf, letter three days’ evidence at Lands Claims rejecting Cession, 384 Commission, 497 support for M in his confrontation Fijians ‘discouraged’ at Gordon’s with Thurston, 385 departure, 498 appointed NSM for Lau, 430 farewell to Gordon, 498 formally receives Sir Arthur and not forthcoming in address to 1880 Lady Gordon at Lomaloma, 453 Bosevakaturaga, 499 complains about being forbidden to hold criticises Mafi’s ‘laxness’, 499 court, 470 wanted Siale`ataongo brought to court, criticism of his actions as magistrate at 500 Lomaloma, 475 the ‘evils’ of Lakeba and Vanuabalavu, 500 uses justice system to exploit Fijians on ‘how can you expect the land to be Vanuabalavu, 475-476 clean?’, 500 both incompetent and corrupt, 476

677 Ma`afu, prince of Tonga, chief of Fiji

tax obligations of Lakeba people, 480-481 allies himself with Rewan chiefs, 110 critical of Tongans’ manners on arrives at Lakeba (1852), 112 Vanuabalavu, 481 appears at Moala and Matuku, 121-122 at 1880 Bosevakaturaga refers to children in command of Rewan forces, 127 suffering on Vanuabalavu, 481 boasts that Kaba can never be taken, 137 joins castigation of Siale`ataongo at orchestrated attack on Tupou’s emissaries, Bosevakaturaga, 500 138-139 Mafileo, Joeli, Tongan local preacher, defiance of Tupou and Cakobau at Lakeba, acts as intermediary between Tupou and 139 Fijian chiefs, 99-103 escape to Ovalau following battle of Kaba, Mafoa, messenger of Mataiase Vave, 140 appeals to Lakeba for help, 130, 237 plotting against Cakobau (1857), 156 evidence at Court of Arbitration (1865), murders chief of Nadi village, Bua, 160 239 foments rebellion in Bua and Kadavu , (1858), 163 part of Cakaudrove, 89 still a force for instability (1858), 167 many inhabitants lotu, 90 tricked into coming to Bau, 174-175 Christians harassed by raiders from hanged at Bau (1859), 174 Somosomo, 107 March, Edward, British Consul in Fiji, sold to William Hennings, 214 submits annexation petitions to Foreign sold to Thomas Ryder, 235 Office, 276-276 awarded to Ryder brothers by detailed report to Foreign Office on state Consul Jones, 235 of Fiji, 276 M removes inhabitants to Lomaloma, 236 offended by letter from M, 291-292 some inhabitants return, 248-249 ‘impending war between ... Cakobau and Malani, Tui Nayau, M’, 294, 298 welcomes Tahitian teachers, 5 summons M to interview over Beqa visit, visited by Samuel Henry (1829), 40 297 visited by M (1841), 36 confrontation with M at Levuka, 297-298 unable to lotu (1832), 72 growing despair over Fiji situation, Malvern, Rev. John, (1818-1901), Wesleyan 300-301 missionary, unpopularity, 301 praises Taliai Tupou, 85 requests ammunition from NSW complains of Tongans at Lakeba, 88-89 Governor, 303, n.165. political impetus for Taliai Tupou’s Cakobau the dupe of scheming Europeans, conversion, 94 307 Mara Kapaiwai, Ratu, (c.1817-1859), Kingdom of Fiji ‘an impertinence and an possesses vasu rights on Lakeba, 70 absurdity’, 311 determined to claim vasu rights, 76-77 a ‘burlesque constitutional government’, arrives at Lakeba (1845), 77 312 exiled in Tonga (1846-1847), 78 accepts reality of new government, 313 to make his peace with Bau, 78 new ‘bearing’ of Cakobau and M, 314 arrival in force at Lakeba (1849), 94-95 on Fijian chiefs’ support for new regime, hostile intentions thwarted, 95 314 makes peace with Tui Nayau, 95 denigrates Cakobau’s ‘mental capacity’, removal to Moala, 97 325 still harbours ill will towards Lakeba, 106 great discontent among settlers (1872), prevented from returning to Lakeba 329 (1851), 109 advocates return to status quo in Fiji, 340 scheming to exercise vasu rights Martin, Edward, on Lakeba, 110 interpreter at cession meeting (1858), 179

678 Index

Pritchard’s ‘overbearing’ conduct towards leased land at Vanuabalavu from M, 294 chiefs, 180 visit from Commodore Goodenough, 401 at Commission hearing (1862), 205 Moala, (Mele Moala), mother of M, M’s power and influence in Fiji, 205 baptism & marriage, 9 Martin, Sir James, Attorney-General of New esteemed by missionaries, 14 South Wales 1856, takes refuge in Vava‘u with her children, advises NSW Governor on impossibility 21 of assuming control of Fiji, 308 returns to Tongatapu, 24 expects foreign intervention in Fiji, 329 son ‘gone to the heathen’, 50 Mataeleha`amea, 4th TK, 35 castigated by John Thomas, 57 Mataeletu`apiko, TK, 2 apparent remarriage, 57 Mata ki Bau, Lakeban envoy to Bau, , leads mission to resolve Moalan conflict, people fearful of Mara, 106 116-117 murder of a local preacher, 116 matapule, formal submission to lotu, 117 definition, 4 under M’s control, 118 , Tukutuku Raraba account of Tongan all villages but one are lotu, 115 conquest, 119 war over (1853), 123 chiefs’ written acknowledgement of seven chiefs acknowledge that Matuku Tongan sovereignty, 234 belongs to Tonga, 234 ‘purchase’ by Reece brothers, 327 poverty prevailing (1875), 460 M’s laws ‘opposed’ to those given out M and the Matuku ‘angels’, 466-468 by Stipendiary Magistrate, 460 Maudslay, Alfred, (1850-1931), British Vice- Moore, Rev. William, (1821-1893), Wesleyan Consul in Tonga, missionary, no Tongan understands 1875 accuses Cakobau of fomenting anti- Constitution, 459 Christian violence, 102 favours M as successor to Tongan Fiji’s more ‘cheerful’ aspect, 182 throne, 459 Moso island, NH, blames Baker for M’s exclusion from massacre, 43-44 direct succession, 459 Moss, David Jebson, (Tupou Ha`apai), private anticipates disputed succession after secretary to Tupou, Tupou’s death, 478 sent by Tupou to consult Consul Jones, 232 Deputy High Commissioner of Western instructed to take possession of Fijian Pacific, 483 lands gained through conquest, 232 suggests British protectorate for Tonga if brings Tongan bureaucracy to Fiji, 232 M succeeds, 498 threatened enforcement of Tongan rights Maxwell, John, captain of HMS Dido, ‘by power’, 233 visit to Tonga (1848), 82, 84 visits Bua accompanied by Ma`afu, McConnell, James, Taveuni planter, 235-236 articulates planters’ fear and distrust of enquires about ammunition prices, 236 M, 354 asks Thurston to regard Tongans in Fiji McLean, George, mate on Sophia, as M’s subjects, 265-266 account of 1842 sandalwood expedition, Mo`unga-`o-tonga, 6th TK, 2 40-47 Moturiki island, Miller, Rev. George, (1806-1854), Wesleyan visit of Tupou’s folau (1855), 138 missionary, Mumui, Setaleki, nephew of A, borrows horse from M, 50 plot to murder, 32 Miller, Henry, interpreter to M, warning to Methuselah Tae, 38-39 claimed Wainiqolo acted without M’s prospects of succeeding as TK, 53-54 consent at Wairiki, 209

679 Ma`afu, prince of Tonga, chief of Fiji

Nailatikau, Ratu Epeli, Cakobau’s eldest son, refuses to sign written agreement aids M in defence of law and order at with Commissioners, 226 Nasova, 363 distances himself from both Tongan joins M in Council of Advice, 390 and Fijian chiefs, 227 member of Ad-Interim Government, 399 accompanies Goodenough to Lomaloma, Paleisasa, Vuanirewa chief, 422 marries into family of TK (18th century), 64 Nanovo, Tui Nadroga, grandfather of Mumui, 64 declares Nadroga ‘part of Tongan Pangai island, dominions’, 223-224 abortive meeting of chiefs (1840), 31 Naulivo, Suliasi (Julius), Tongan teacher, Parsons, Henry, Warden for Taveuni, arrival at Lakeba (1838), 73 surprised at Tui Cakau’s secession, 349 death (1841), 88 Perroquet, French armed transport, Navucunimasi village, calls at Levuka (1855), 149 under siege from lotu force, 117 Philp, Richard, planter, chiefs captured by M, 117 need to bring M and Tui Cakau under ransacked by M’s party, 117 Cakobau’s actual authority, 337-338 Newcastle, Duke of, (Henry Pelham-Clinton, Polglase, Rev. John, (1823-1860), Wesleyan 1811-1864), Secretary of State for the missionary, Colonies 1859-1864, visits M at home in Lakeba, 124 advises NSW Governor that Great Britain unaware of momentous political changes will not assume sovereignty of Fiji, 203 of 1855, 151 New Hebrides (now Vanuatu), praises M for disciplining Lakeba 1842 sandalwood expedition, 38-47 Tongans, 157 Ngata, first TK, Pollard, Lt Walter, commander of HMS sent from Samoa to Hihifo, 2 Bramble, Ngū, Wellington, son of Tevita `Unga, interviews M (1850), 41-42 appointed as Tupou’s successor (1880), 496 visits Fiji (1850), 95 Nisbet, Rev. Henry, (1818-1876), LMS Pritchard, William Thomas, (1829-1907), first missionary, British Consul in Fiji, meets Samuel Henry in NH (1842), 41 Bau’s pursuit of vasu rights, 76 Niumeitolu, brother of M, 10 appointed British Consul (1858), 93 Nukubati island, arrives in Fiji as Consul, 163 restored to Ritova, 186 advocates cession to Great Britain, 163, houses and gardens destroyed by 164, 165-166 Tongans, 186 on Tongan teachers as political agents of Tupou and M, 163-164 Ovalau island, deception over Cakobau’s alleged attack on Tongan emissaries (1855), 138 sovereignty of Fiji, 164, 166 many chiefs owe no allegiance to draft of cession offer, 164-166 Cakobau, 145-146 threatens chiefs unwilling to visit by Tupou and Cakobau, 145-146 endorse cession, 166 leaves for London with cession offer, 167 returns from London, 175 Owen, William, Acting British Consul in Fiji, secures Kadavu chiefs’ support for urges Tupou to maintain ‘friendly cession, 176 relations’ with Fiji, 218 accuses M of fomenting trouble in confers with M at Waikava, 218 Rewa and Rakiraki, 177 describes Fiji’s ‘insecurity’ because lobbies chiefs ahead of cession meeting, 177 of Tongan threat, 224 determined to ‘stop...Tongans in their response to Tongan Commissioners, 225 tracks’, 178

680 Index

succeeds in gaining chiefs’ support for Rabone, Rev. Stephen, (1811-1872), Wesleyan cession, 178-179 missionary, ‘Act of Cession’ (1858), 180 Tongatapu chiefs’ hostility to A, 21 claims he did not condone depredations preaches on mercy and love, 24 in Macuata, 185 describes heathen chiefs as ‘afraid’, 25 blames M for Macuata violence, 186-187 meeting with A and Tucker, 30 asks Tupou to restrain M, 187 opinion of A, 51 enquires whether Tupou wants British Raivalita, Tui Cakau, (D. 1862), son of protection for Tonga, 187 Tuikilakila, sees M and Wainiqolo as responsible disrupts service at Lomaloma, 109 for Macuata killings, 189 forced to leave Vanuabalavu, 111 accuses M of enforcing a ‘common resumes keeping Sabbath, 111 system’, 191 succeeds at Tui Cakau, 131 petulance towards Cakobau, 192-193 informed of Vanuabalavu chiefs’ reassures Cakobau that Tongans will not submission to M, 132, 239 attack, 194 installed as Tui Cakau in Tupou’s visit to Tonga, 197-199 presence, 147 claims Tupou admitted his ‘designs’ appointed by M as ‘king’ of Vanua Levu on Fiji, 198 and Lau, 172 acknowledges M’s strategic skill, 198 shifted support to defeated Macuata claims M is ‘dreaded’ in both Tonga faction, 206 and Fiji, 198 a prisoner of war, 207 agreement with Tupou forbidding Ransome, Henry, captain of Elizabeth, Tongan aggression in Fiji, 199 approval of A, 12 Commission of Enquiry and dismissal describes A’s compound, 15 from office, 203-204 Rasolo, Ratu, TN, 63 rift with Col. Smythe, 207-208 Ravunisa, Sefanaia, Vanuabalavu chief, Pritchette, Kintzing, (1800-1869), Acting US expels Tongans from Lomaloma, 109 Consul, seeks Christian teachers from Lakeba, 120 approves Thurston’s views of M (1867), Rees (Reece), Joseph, resident of Viti Levu, 257 reports that M urged Tuikilakila to make Provisional Government of Fiji (1874), war on Lakeba, 112 five-man Executive Council established, with M at Ono, 116 429 Rewa, administrative structure, 429-430 conclusion of peace with Bau, 137 taxation system, 440 remaining disaffected chiefs united under Mara, 137 Qaraniqio, brother of Cokonauto, end of resistance to Cakobau, 142 succeeds as Roko Tui Dreketi and expels visit of Tupou and Cakobau, 142-143 Bauans from Rewa, 108 Tongan residents ready to attack Bau, 193 says he will lotu when war ends, 115 Ringgold, Cadwalader, (1802-1867), member anticipates destruction of Bau, 137 of US Exploring Expedition, visits Lakeba, 73 anticipates ingestion of Cakobau, 137 Ritova, Tui Macuata, death, 137 taken prisoner by M, 160-161 orders murder of Christians at Tiliva, 167 Rabe island, surrenders to forces of M and Cakobau, atrocities against Tongans, 147-148 and deposed, 172 hundreds killed by Tupou’s forces, 148 threatens war, 184 island given to Tupou, 148, 260 his lands restored, 186 sale to John Hill, 324 forced to take refuge on Kia, 190

681 Ma`afu, prince of Tonga, chief of Fiji

his forces begin ‘reign of terror’ again praises M’s financial contributions, in Macuata, 191 445 seeks Golea’s help against Wainiqolo’s tax obligations prevents people from Tongans, 205 supporting Mission, 464 absent from Tovata ‘parliament’, 290 agrees to remain at Lomaloma at M’s oath of allegiance to Cakobau, 322 behest, 465 hoists Tongan flag in Macuata, 417 Roulleaux, Joseph-Francois, (1805-1871), berated by Cakobau, 427 Marist missionary in Fiji, signs Deed of Cession and taken to chagrin over Wesleyan triumph in Moala, Nasova, 427 119 death (1875), 444 Royce, Rev. James, (1829-1907), Wesleyan Robinson, Sir Hercules, (1824-1897), missionary, Governor of New South Wales 1872-1879, praises M’s intervention in Bua, 170 Fiji bureaucracy ‘preposterously large’, on M’s campaign against ‘rebels’, 174 341 Ryder, George, (1844-1927), Australian settler government of Fiji is ‘a charade’, 367-368 in Fiji, sent to Fiji to investigate chiefs’ offer arrives in Fiji (1864), 235 of Cession, 425 admiration of M, 235 precise instructions from CO concerning Ryder, Rupert, planter of Mago, Cession, 419 chairs settlers’ meeting at Lomaloma, 277 advises Cakobau that transfer of Ryder Bros own ‘finest cotton plantation sovereignty must be unconditional, 420 in Fiji’, 294 Cakobau’s alleged sovereignty over Fiji Ryder, Thomas, Australian settler in Fiji, ‘simply ludicrous’, 422 purchase of Mago from William Hennings official visit to Vanuabalavu, 423-427 (1864), 235 signs Deed of Cession after M, 426 convenes meeting of chiefs at Draiba, 431 Sahl, Carl Ludwig, Commercial Agent for Fiji confidence in Provisional Government, 432 in Sydney, told M he should not possess rifles but interviews Foreign and Colonial should honour his contract, 436 Secretaries in London, 339 Roko Tui Ba, advises Thurston of requirements for attacks Lau administration at 1879 Cession, 339 Bosevakaturaga, 491 William Hennings’ account books criticises M’s absence from debate, 491 ‘excellent’, 347 blames resident Tongans for increasing much of Lauan tax revenue paid directly thefts in Fiji, 499 to Hennings, 347 angrily rebukes Siale`ataongo for criminal helps audit government finances, 365 conduct, 499-500 Sāltoe Tupou III, Queen of Tonga, (1900-1965), Roko Tui Bua, installed as Tu`i Kānokupolu, 65 castigates M and Roko Tui Dreketi for unveils M’s headstone (1935), 507 alcoholism, 498-499 Samate, supporter of M, supports M in condemnation of European at Vanuabalavu with M’s forces (1854), 132 attitudes, 501 evidence at Court of Arbitration (1865), Rooney, Rev. Isaac, Wesleyan missionary 238-239, 241 praises hospitality and generosity of M Samuel, brother of M., and Elenoa, 275 birth & death (1837) 10, 11-12 financial support from M, 344 Savenaca, Ratu, brother of Cakobau, lavishes praise on M’s rule in Lau, 413-414 death threat to M, 389 commends M’s support for the church, 414 joins M in Council of Advice, 390 foresees no threat from M and Tui Cakau, member of Ad-Interim Government, 399 417 accompanies Goodenough to Lomaloma, 422

682 Index

Scott, -, captain of Sultan, claims he had been appointed governor of participates in 1842 sandalwood Vava‘u, 509 expedition, 54 denied permission to return to Fiji, 509 Seed, William, acting SM at Lomaloma, ‘the vagrant Tongan’ deported from Fiji, 510 Siale`ataongo’s actions as acting ‘Charley Ma`afu ought to be in gaol’, 509 magistrate ‘highly injudicious’, 474-475 ‘Siale is a frightful liar’, 509 Mafi’s corrupt conduct as magistrate, 475 death in Nuku`alofa (1883), 509 Seemann, Dr Berthold, (1825-1871), German his children ineligible to succeed in botanist, Tonga, 509 M’s role in NH, 40 ancestor of Tonga’s present King, 510 1853 agreement between Cakobau and Simpson, Cortland, commander of HMS Tupou, 127 Blanche, reasons for chiefs’ support of cession invited to intervene in Levuka traders’ (1858), 181 protest, 362 Tongan teachers as M’s spies, 183 advises British subjects at Levuka not Seymour, J. Beauchamp, (1821-1895), to arm themselves, 362 commander of HMS Pelorus, ‘Convention’ to limit his intervention in proposes that M and Cakobau accompany Fiji, 363 him to Macuata, 189 Sinaitakala, first Tu`i Tonga Fefine, convenes conference on board Pelorus, 190 Fijian spouse, 63 presides over two agreements between Sinclair, Arthur, commander of USS Vandalia, Macuata chiefs and M, 190-191 fixes American ‘debt’ at US$45,000, 164 Sia-ko-Veiongo, Tongatapu, Siumafua‘uta, Tu`i Tonga Fefine, site of Wesleyan chapel, 11 ancestor of M and Elenoa Gataialupe, 35 erection of stockade, 20 Smythe, Sarah, Mrs, Siale`ataongo, (Charley Ma‘afu), approves of M’s influence in Fiji, 183 (c.1841-1883), M’s son, Smythe, Col. William, head of British hearsay account of 1842 expedition, 43-44 Commission of Enquiry, drills ‘a standing army’ at Lakeba, 303 visit to Lakeba (1860), 134 overstepping his duties, 331 appointed head of Commission of gains commission as captain, 331 Enquiry, 181 responds to toast for his absent father, arrives in Fiji and meets M (1860), 183 334 anticipates Tongan conquest of Fiji, 183 escorts Goodenough on visit to consults Cakobau at Bau, 184 Lomaloma, 401 on limits to Cakobau’s authority, 184 takes armed force from Lomaloma visits Rewa, Kadavu and Beqa, 184 to Lakeba, 406 meetings at Bua and Macuata, 184-185 ‘a veritable scamp’, 407 advises CO of Fijian disunity, 185 sent to Lakeba with 250 men, 418 visit to Lakeba, 185 ‘his weakness is said to be for gin’, 424 meeting in Cakaudrove, 185-186 ‘highly injudicious’ conduct as acting his Report submitted to CO, 187-188 magistrate, 474-475 his views on M’s power in Fiji, 188 seizes Tui Lomaloma’s land and gives it Report recommends against cession, 188, to Tongans, 478-479 203 publicly intoxicated at Levuka, 492 recommends dismissal of Pritchard, 203 ‘a daring, bad young man’, 500 changes his mind about cession, 340 account of father’s illness, 505 Sokutukivei, senior Vuanirewa chief, conveys letter from Tui Nayau to Tupou, accompanies M to Moala, 116 507 Solevu village, Bua, taken into custody after theft of a cutter, chief intends to destroy Christian villages, 509 159

683 Ma`afu, prince of Tonga, chief of Fiji

destroyed by Christian forces, 159 participates in 1842 sandalwood surrenders to M and Tui Bua, 160 expedition, 38 placed under suzerainty of Tui Bua, 172 Susui island, Stanley, Fabius, (1815-1882), captain of USS Christians harassed by Cakaudrove Tuscarora, raiders, 107 arrives in Fiji to press for payment of Swainson, Henry Gabriel, (1830-1892), crew ‘debt’, 253 member of HMS Bramble, urges Tupou not to interfere with ‘debt’, notes strength of Tongan community on 253, 261 Lakeba, 100 meets M at Lomaloma, 254 Swanston, Robert Sherson, (1825-?), acting Stephen, Sir Alfred, (1802-1894), Chief Justice British Consul, secretary to M, of New South Wales 1844-1873, accuses M of wishing to ‘aggrandise’ believes Cakobau is ‘acknowledged ... himself, 169 King’ of Fiji, 333 on M’s ambition, 170 Stirling, Frederick, commander of HMS Clio, urges M to defend himself to Consul supports Cession, 361 Williams, 173 St John, Samuel Avery, (1826-1904), private mollifies Consul Williams and Père secretary to Cakobau, Bréheret, 173 calls meeting of planters (1867), 252 dilemma posed by M’s ambitions, 173-174 St Julian, Charles, (1819-1874), law reporter, becomes M’s secretary, 244 consul and Chief Justice of Fiji, secretary of Tovata ko Lau, 251 advises Tupou on Tongan constitution, 145 predicts Tovata’s fall, 252 considers M as a potential threat to Tonga, tells Thurston that Tovata is ‘broken up’, 161 255 claims M was appointed as Tupou’s ‘chief M ‘represents Tongan interests solely’, judge’ in Lau, 161 255 suggests Hawaiian protectorate over Fiji, M’s succession hopes in Tonga, 257-158 302 M’s impregnable power in Fiji, 258 astute analysis of M’s position as Viceroy, Fijians could never establish their own 316-317 government, 270-271 expects M to be ‘actual ruler of Fiji’, 317 advocates working in union with chiefs, alert to M’s sophistry, 317 277 aware that Kingdom of Fiji is evidence of M’s care with leases, 283-284 unsustainable, 317-318 public support for M and the Tovata pessimistic about new government’s chiefs, 293 prospects, 325 appointed Minister for Native Affairs, presides over Parliament as Chief Justice 334-335 of Fiji, 334 approached by M’s creditors, 335 consultation process over cession appeals to M over problems in Bua ‘essential’, 340 and Macuata, 337 announces constitutional amendments, Cakaudrove people ‘crying out in 346 despair’, 375 Suckling, Lieut. Thomas, (1844-1922), HMS Macuata ‘utterly disorganised’, 375 Renard, M should not be considered in Cakobau jealous of M’s yacht, 398 Cession negotiations, 378 Ratu Tevita’s visit to Lomaloma, 406 instructed to tell Cakobau that M’s description of M at home, 407 position must be respected, 382 Sukuna, Ratu Sir Lala, (1888-1958), second warns M against confrontation with Bau, Tui Lau, Commissioner for Lau, 386-387 confirms M’s magimagi (1939), 284-285 ‘M’s word is in the hills’, 394-395 Sullivan, T.R., captain of HBM Favourite, refuses to act as Warden for Lau, 395

684 Index

Minister for Native Affairs in Provisional cousin of Lualala, 58 Government, 434 son of Ratu Rasolo, 61 instructions to M as Roko Tui Lau, 434 uncle of Vuetasau, 67 advises Emberson that M can sends Lasike to Cakaudrove, 68 ignore Hedemann contract, 436 orders Tubou fortified, 68 suspended from office as Minister, 437 sends emissary to Vanuabalavu, 69 clerk in Colonial Secretary’s Department, described by Thomas Jaggar as 439 ‘persecutor’, 69 no allowance for M’s use of his own regarded by missionaries as a tyrant, 73 vessels, 439 political reasons for failure to lotu, 73 Swayne, Charles, Lau SM, moral character impugned by Lyth, 74 1887 opinion of M’s ownership of fails to impress Commodore Wilkes, 85 Vanuabalavu, 241 good reputation noted by Erskine, 85-86 various findings on M’s leases in Lau, genealogical table, 86 279-281 seeks Tupou’s help against Bau, 93-94, visit from Commodore Goodenough, 401 95-96 distrust of M, 484 accepts lotu (1849), 94 pre-tax food supply in Lau, 487 prepares soro for Bau, 95, 97 distrust of Semisi Fifita, 508 looking ‘this way and that’ for help, 85, 105 Sydney Morning Herald, The, Australian refuses to renounce wives, 108 newspaper, dismayed by arrival of Tongan canoe collision between M and Cakobau ‘far builders, 110 from improbable’, 346 reassures Cakobau that he will resist Commissioners would not support M in Mara, 111 a ‘war’, 407 suspicious of Tuikilakila, 112 M’s house had ‘a vulgar public-house sort sends tabua to Moalan chief, 117 of air’, 427 sends military assistance to Fijians will be bound by Cession only if Moala Christians, 117 convenient, 428 moral dilemma over conversions, 120 Symonds, Henry, British Vice-Consul in Tonga, orders M not to sail to Somosomo, 121 Tongans ‘always looked on M as the assures Cakobau of loyalty, 122 rightful ...successor’, 459 condemns violence on Matuku, 124 believes Tevita ‘Unga would never have refuses help to Mafoa, 130 succeeded as king, 494-495 aids Lomaloma chiefs, 130 condones M’s campaigns, 134 Tae, Methuselah, refuses to sign Pritchard’s offer of cession, account of sandalwood expedition, 38-41, 166-167 42-43 stated by Smythe to be ‘under Tongan Tafeta, Tahitian teacher, 5 influence’, 185 Tagici, daughter of Tanoa, claims that Lakeba and Yasayasa Moala taken to Bau and ill-treatment there, 70-71 are independent, 185 Tahara`a, Tahitian teacher, treaty with Tupou, 243 arrives at Lakeba (1830), 41 declines to join Tovata, 252-253 Tait, Francis, Wesleyan missionary, death, 445 ‘political tendencies’ of Tongan teachers Tanna, New Hebrides, in Fiji, 224 arrival of sandalwood expedition (1842), on collection of Tongan taxes in Fiji, 232 41 Takai, Lakeban chief, Tanoa Visawaqa, Ratu, Vunivalu of Bau, father stay in Tahiti (1825), 5 of Cakobau, Taliai Tupou, Tui Nayau, (d. 1875) returns from exile with Tongan help, 69, visited by Samuel Henry (1842), 40 70

685 Ma`afu, prince of Tonga, chief of Fiji

death (1852), 119 castigates M for unauthorised visits to Tapu`osi, Fiji, 36 Fijian husband of first TTF, 63 opposes 1842 sandalwood expedition, Tāufa`āhau, TK (c1797-1893), later King 38-40 Tupou I, (for references after 1845 see Tupou investigates 1842 expedition, 44-46 I), endorses Tāufa`āhau as TK, 52-53 master of Vava`u and Ha`apai, 3-4 condemns Moala’s moral character, 57 praised by missionaries, 16-18 thrown from his horse, 58 acknowledged as hau, 17 condemns M’s conduct, 58-59 baptism (1833), 17 intolerance, 59 becomes Tu`i Vava`u, 18 Thomas, Mrs Sarah, née Hartshorn, (d.1867) saves A in Tongatapu (1834), 18 records arrival of two canoes from Fiji calls at Vava`u (1836), 21 (1841), 36 position as hau challenged by civil war, Thomson, Sir Basil Home, (1861-1939), 22-23 describes M’s land practices, 282, 285 religious justification for his actions at Tongans at Lomaloma unfairly treated Hule, 24 after M’s death, 508 sole guarantor of peace on Tongatapu Thurston, John Bates, (1836-1897), acting (1837), 25 British Consul, promulgates code of laws (1839), 29 Wainiqolo ‘a cruel treacherous marauder’, arrival in force on Tongatapu (1840), 30 209 confers with Commodore Wilkes, 30-31 notes rapprochement between M and Tui fortifies Nuku`alofa, 31-32 Cakau, 247 respectful towards A, 31-32 supports M’s authority over Europeans on visited by French priests, 49-50 Vanuabalavu, 257 appointed TK, 51-53 opposition to Polynesian Land Company, stay at Lakeba (1842), 60 259, 261 rapprochement with Tongan leaders on urges M to pay his debts, 262 Lakeba, 60-61 reluctant to request protectorate, 269 Tavaki, Vanuabalavu chief, ‘Fiji is ... almost the birthright of the evidence at Court of Arbitration (1865), Australian colonies’, 270 239 deplores chiefs’ European secretaries, 271 Tawaki, Tupou’s emissary, submits annexation petitions to Consul killed at Ovalau, 135 March, 275 Taxation Ordinance (Fiji), 1876 notes M’s and Tui Cakau’s perks of office, details of implementation, 463 295-296 teething problems, 463 declines to join new government, 315 Tevita, Vanuabalavu chief, poor relations with Consul March, 330 evidence at Court of Arbitration (1865), ‘incongruous elements’ in Fiji 239 government, 332 Thomas, Rev. John, 1796-1881, Wesleyan protests to CO over de facto recognition missionary, of Fiji, 338 views of A, 4, 6, 10, 12-14, need for constitutional reform, 338-339 on A’s renunciation of lotu, 7 ready to take M and Ratu Epeli to London praises Moala, 21, for cession talks, 339 urges forbearance on Tāufa`āhau, 22 consults Cakobau, M and Tui Cakau about supports Christian chiefs in Tongatapu annexation, 339-340 war, 22-23 requests FO to consider cession, 340-341 finds Tongatapu at peace, 33 advises Sir Hercules Robinson of parlous meets principal chiefs on Tongatapu state of Fiji, 341 (1840), 34 rumours of disaffection in Lau, 345-346

686 Index

‘grasping and rapacity’ of Europeans antipathy towards settler interests, 397 in Fiji, 348 displeased with letter from Goodenough, blames M for his and Tui Cakau’s 401 secession, 352, 353 pleased with Cession offer and with M’s attempts to reverse secession, 353 dismissal, 401-402 persuades M and Tui Cakau to warns King of Tonga not to deal with M, consult Cakobau, 353 402 chiefs’ disillusionment with government, warns Layard not to recognise M, 402 356 demands Lauan taxes from M, 404 urges new constitution or annexation, 357 judgment clouded by ‘spite’, 406 threats to depose King and Viceroy, 362 detailed riposte to Hennings on M’s M ‘very staunch’ resisting armed record in government, 409 Europeans at Nasova, 362-363 M ‘a dangerous, dissembling man’, 410 Cakobau, M and Tui Cakau resentful justice of many of his charges against M, towards Europeans, 364 410-411 many whites wished ‘to clear the niggers urges Layard not to visit Lomaloma, 417 out’, 364 instructs Ratu Tevita to meet Robinson proposes new constitution, 365 at Bau, 418 deplores Goodenough’s overbearing false representations to Robinson attitude to Cakobau, 370 concerning Cakobau, 422 terse correspondence with Goodenough, denies M deed of transfer over Lomaloma 371 court house and gaol, 435 M ‘playing a double game all round’, 378 warns M over Lauan tax collections, 439 informed M he was to be deposed as M requires permission before removing Viceroy, 381 people from their homes, 443 offended by Commissioners’ ‘specious ‘there are good reasons for brewing a row promises’, 385 at Lomaloma’, 479 calls M a liar to his face, 385 great resentment in Fiji over land given to bore M a grudge ever after Cession Tongans, 490 conference, 385 Tupou received ‘valuable presents’ from warns Tui Cakau not to heed M, 388 German Emperor and Crown Prince, 496 prepared to use armed force against sent to Tonga to ‘expostulate’ with Tupou, opponents, 389 496 ‘a triple-eyed villain and traitor’, 389 deprecates ‘Tongan raj’ in Fiji, 502 preparations to form a government, 390 queries M’s leasing and rent practices, calls Council of Chiefs at Levuka, 390 502-503 accused of lies and deceit by ‘the bouncing, lazy, bullying Tongan has Goodenough, 390 disappeared from [Lau]’, 508 supported by M and Tui Cakau, 390-391 ‘Charley Ma`afu ought to be in gaol’, 509 breach with Goodenough beyond repair, ‘Siale is a frightful liar’, 509 391 regret for the manner of M’s passing, 510 determined on M’s permanent expulsion The Times (London), from Fiji, 392, 394 opposes annexation, 359 on M’s emissaries in Bau, 393 Tingea, matapule to M, asked by chiefs to hold office, 393-394 on 1842 sandalwood expedition, 37 n. 49, M has ‘wilfully and wholly broken’ his 38 agreement with government, 394 on M’s reasons for voyage to Fiji in 1847, to send mercenaries to Lau to undermine 79, 81 M’s authority, 395 To Kivea, Sakiusa, Lakeban chief, warned not to attempt M’s expulsion attends Tongan parliament and impressed from Fiji, 395 by code of laws, 211

687 Ma`afu, prince of Tonga, chief of Fiji

wants to adopt similar code in Lau, 211 Cakaudrove, 92 Tongatapu, grants M levying rights for some islands unsettled state in 1820s, 6 in Cakaudrove, 92 Wesleyan mission schools, 14-16, 21 seeks to explain raids on Mago and Susui, hostility to Christianity, 6-8, 20-27 107 famine, 21 continued campaign against Christianity civil war (1837), 22 (1852), 111 Tovata ko Lau, deceives delegation of missionaries at Bau, formation (1867), 250-251 111-112 new locus of power centred on M, 251-252 murdered (1854), 128 Tupou not consulted, 253 Tuilakeba, chief, adhesion of Lakeba, 264 ringleader of massacre of Christians on resolutions of 1870 ‘parliament’, 290-291 Vanuabalavu, 130 Truxton, William, commander of USS prisoner of M, 133 Jamestown, Tui Levuka, Ovalau chief, recommends refund to Cakobau if ‘debt’ accepts lotu, 138 paid, 273 seeks cession of Ovalau to Great Britain, threatens force against M, 273 143, 146 tu`a, secret approach to French bishop, 146 definition, 4 Tui Lomaloma, Vanuabalavu chief, Tucker, Rev. Charles, (1808-1881), Wesleyan lands requisitioned by Siale`ataongo, missionary, 478-479 condones slaughter at Hule, 23 rivalry between M and Fison over Mission funeral of M’s brother Lausi‘i, 27 collections, 480 confers with A and Rabone, 30 Tui Nadroga, sees Mumui as future TK, 54 asserts his rights against Cakobau, 324 Tucker, Mrs Jane, née Hall, (1806-1875) Tu`ipelehake, Tongan leader on Lakeba, in charge of Mission school, 16 allies with Tui Nayau, 94 funeral of M’s brother Lausi‘i, 27 Tu`i Tonga, title Tu`i Ha`apai, brother of Tupou I, creation, 1, 63 his Tongan forces intervene in Bua, 103 revival, 4 begins ‘clearing out’ Tongans from Fiji, Tui Wainunu of Solevu, 104-105 viewed as outlaw by missionaries, 160 leaves Lakeba for Tonga (1851), 107 taken prisoner, 160 sent to Fiji to enquire about M’s claim Tui Yaroi, Matuku chief, against Cakobau, 194, 197 steadfast opponent of lotu, 117-118 accompanies M to enquire about awaiting lotu, 121 Wainiqolo’s defeat, 216 accepts lotu, 123 Tu`i Ha`atakalaua, title, death in custody on Lakeba, 133-134 creation, 1-2 Tungī Halatuitui`a, (d.1900) extinction, 2 visits Bua and converts Tui Bua, 159-160 Tu`i Kānokupolu, title, first in order of precedence at Tongan creation, 2 parliament, 162 growth of power, 2-3 heads Tongan Commission to Fiji, 223 revival, 4 tells Owen some Tongan claims in Fiji Tuikilakila, Tui Cakau, (d. 1854), must be referred to Tupou, 224 determined to acquire M’s canoe, 79-80 says M was ‘compelled’ to sign 1859 succeeded (1845), 89 cession offer, 224 opposed to lotu, 90, 92, 101 Tupou disapproves M’s conduct, 224 genealogical table, 91 verbal agreement with Owen over Tongan visits Lakeba and conveys M to lands, 225-226

688 Index

refuses to sign written agreement, 226 reluctant to acknowledge Tongan danger Tupou I, (King George, c.1797-1893), King of to Fiji, 199 Tonga 1845-1893, (for references before convenes Tongan parliament (1862), 200 1845, see Tāufa`āhau), expanded Code of Laws (1862), 200 seeks to enhance Tongan influence in Fiji, awaits decision on cession (1862), 209-210 75-76 arrives in Fiji with Semisi Fifita (1862), approves M’s voyage to Fiji (1847), 77-84 210, n.42 seels British protection for Tonga, 83-84 orders Tongans in Fiji not to ‘meddle’ in fears French interest in Tonga, 84 Fijian troubles, 211 assists Bau (1847), 88 wants Fijian chiefs to confirmstatus quo assassination plot, 88 of Tongan lands, 211-212 seeks to recall Tongans from Fiji, 99-100 enjoins M not to engage in war in Fiji, 212 urges Cakobau to lotu, 101, 127, 129 seeks authority over sales of Tongan lands punishes Tongans who transgressed in to foreigners, 212 Lau, 101 writes provocatively to Cakobau, 214 emerges as undisputed ruler of Tonga, 113 active plans for invasion of Fiji, 215 calls at Lakeba en route to Sydney, 124 reasons for displeasure with Cakobau, 215 appoints M and Lualala joint governors of ‘pained’ by M’s renunciation of Tongan Tongans in Fiji, 124 rights, 215 visits Cakobau at Bau, 127-128 invited by group of settlers to invade Fiji, proffers help in war against Rewa, 127 215 concludes treaty with France, 135 lays up ammunition in Tonga as prepares large folau for Fijian visit (1855), preparation for war, 216 135-136 had planned peacemaking visit to Bau, 216 determined to discipline Tongans in Fiji, apprehension in Fiji over his proposed 135-136 visit (1863), 221 arrives at Lakeba with force of 3,000, 137 Tongan chiefs resolve to send 1,000 murder of his emissary Tawaki at Ovalau, warriors to Lakeba, 221 138-139 proposed visit to Fiji ‘given up’, 221 Tongan chiefs united against Mara, 140 dissuaded from visit by letters from two merciful to defeated Fijians, 142 Consuls in Fiji, 221 visit to Rewa, 142-143 to send a commission of enquiry to Fiji, visit to Beqa, 144 221-222 constitutional position, 144-145 ‘pained’ at land sales to foreigners in Fiji, mass conversions at Beqa, Kadavu and 222 Vatulele, 145 claims Tongan lands in Fiji ‘held by again at Bau, 145 right’, 222-223 leaves Cakaudrove ‘for home’, 149 has ‘six tons of powder’ ready for use in praises M at fono on Tongatapu (1855), 150 Fiji, 236 arrives at Lakeba on way home, 150 seeks formal disengagement of Tonga from presents his war club to Thomas West, 151 Fiji, 260 farewell service on Lakeba, 151 rejects Cakobau’s request for help, 261-262 political and religious consequences of reasons why he relinquished Tongan long visit to Fiji, 151-152 lands in Fiji, 263 supports M as his successor, 155-156 his successor not chosen by 1865, 264 seeks treaty with Great Britain, 157-158 formal termination of treaties with false rumour of Ovalau visit, 160 Bua and Lakeba, 264 demands payment for services from sends food aid to Lau, 275 Cakobau, 187 sends ship to Fiji to fetch home Tongans signs agreement to remove Wainiqolo willing to leave, 438 from Fiji, 198 orders M not to hinder Tongans wishing

689 Ma`afu, prince of Tonga, chief of Fiji

to leave Fiji, 438 chosen successor as Tui Nayau, 265 succeeded by his great-grandson, 459 appointed as Governor of Lakeba division rejoices in Tonga’s independence, 472 of Lau, 267 signs Treaty of Friendship with Germany, M’s personal representative in Lakeba 472 and Ono, 278 rumours of Vava‘u chiefs’ plot to appointed Lieutenant-Governor of overthrow him, 474 Lau, 328 requests M to visit him (1877), 476 ordered to Tonga by M, 377 friendly letter to Sir Arthur Gordon, 477 appointed an executive officer of Lau by ‘writhes under [Shirley Baker’s] tyranny’, Ad-Interim Government, 399 482 again sent to Tonga, 402 promises Tungī and M that repressive subservience to M, 403 laws will be repealed, 482-483 declines appointment as Governor of Lau, extends deadline for ratification of treaty 406 with Great Britain, 496 possible attempt to accept appointment, writes to Tui Nayau of ‘long-standing 406 links’ between Tonga and Lakeba, 507 ‘offside’ with M, 418 Proclamation on succession in 1885, 509- resigns as Governor of Lau, 418 510 appointed a NSM and buli for Lakeba, 430 Tupoulahi, TK, 2 supports M on retention of lala, 451 Tupouto`a, TK, imposes tax burdens on Lakebans, 464-465 death (1820), 3 death (1876), 465, 470, 472 Tupou Toutai, leader of Tongans on Lakeba, ni vanua, 472 and Tāufa`āhau’s visit, 60, 71 regarded as tyrant by Lakeban people, 472 arrival in Fiji (1833), 69 reprimanded by Governor, 472 death (1848), 89 `Unga, Tevita, son of Tā`aufa`āhau, Turner, Rev. Dr George, (1818-1891), LMS (c.1824-1879), missionary, on his father’s baptism, 17 account of 1829 sandalwood expedition, accompanies M to Fiji (1847), 79 37-38 precedes Ratu Mara to Lakeba (1849), 95 meets Samuel Henry on Tanna, 41 leaves Lakeba for Tonga (1851), 107 Turner, Rev. Nathaniel, (1793-1864), helps M subdue Naceva village, Beqa, 144 Wesleyan missionary, prospects for succession to Tongan A’s renunciation of lotu, 7 throne, 155, 200 witnesses A’s inauguration as TK (1827), fourth in order of precedence at Tongan 7-8 parliament, 200 produces Tonga’s first school book and prospects of succession to Tongan throne, opens missionary school, 9 456-457 praises Tāufa`āhau, 16-17 named as Tupou’s heir in 1875 accompanies Tupou on Lakeba visit Constitution, 458 (1853), 125 death (1879), 494 Turner, Rev. Peter, (1802-1873), Wesleyan Vakaloto, son of Tuikilakila, missionary, leads raid on , 111 on Tongatapu civil war (1840), 32-33 Vakawaletabua, Tui Bua, (d.1874) endorses Tāufa`āhau as TK, 52 seeks M’s help against ‘heathen’, 158 Twyning, John, sailor, defeat of Solevu, 159-161 describes Tongans resident on Lakeba, wary of M’s wider ambitions, 161 67-68 signs offer of cession (1858), 167 again seeks M’s help, 170 Uluilakeba, Ratu Tevita, (d. 1876), Tui Nayau, visits Yasawas with Semisi Fifita, 191 son of Vuetasau, concludes treaty of ‘perpetual peace’

690 Index

between Bua and Tonga, 236 Vi, Pita, Tongan teacher, attends Tongan parliament (1868), 259 on siege of Hule, 22 seeks closer ties with eastern Fiji, 262 death from measles, 438 determined to seek help from M and Vika Kaufusi, sister of M, 11 Golea against Cakobau, 278 von Hügel, Baron Anatole, (1854-1928), appointed Governor of Bua, 290 naturalist and museum curator, ready to use force to resist tax collection, dines with M at Government House, Suva 379 (1875), 81-82 sent by M to consult Swanston, 384 ‘Ma`afu is a splendid specimen of taken on board Pearl to Nasova for humanity’, 448 Cession ceremony, 427 ‘those deep hazel eyes speak for Vanuabalavu, themselves’, 448 civil war during 1840s, 89-90 Vuetasau (Viliame), (d. 1856), nephew of Taliai fear of Tongan intervention, 90-91 Tupou, murder of Fijian teacher (1850), 100-101 materially aids lotu at Lakeba (1840s), massacre of Christians (1854), 130-133 69-70 chiefs’ formal submission to M, 131-133, close associate of M, 87 237 seen as leader of Fijians on Lakeba, 109 still subject to Cakaudrove, 133, 228 commands relief expedition to Lomaloma, Tongan rights on island under 109-110 Fijian custom, 229 arrives too late for Navucunimasi siege, in ‘abject subjection’ to Cakaudrove, 230 117 chiefs state that only M has right to sell seeks to prevent M’s mission to Bau, 122 their land, 234 campaign in Matuku, 122 chiefs’ statement to Court of Arbitration, fear of M and the Tongans, 123 238 ‘expelled the Society’, 123, 126 M’s ignominious leasehold practices, queries his expulsion, 126-127 282-284 difference of opinion with Lyth, 126 settlers’ security of tenure, 299-300 lost at sea (1856), 87, 157 deaths from measles, 439 Vuna, son of Tupou I, people suffering under tax andlala death (1862), 155, 200 demands, 481 Vunuku village, Moala, Fijians forced to build houses for Tongans, lotu introduced, 115 482 attacked and burnt, 115 Tongan ascendancy maintained under M, 501 Wainiqolo, (d. 1862), Tongan chief and M’s Vanuatu, see New Hebrides lieutenant, Vava`u, accompanies M to Moala, 117 religious revival, 20-21 battle against Mualevu forces, 132 Vave, Mataiase, Tongan teacher, receives Cikobia as gift from Tupou, 132 reports raids on Christians on sent by M to enquire into affairs at Bua, Vanuabalavu, 106-107 170 seeks help from Lakeba, 109-110 his forces’ depredations in Macuata, 171, working at Lakeba, 122 186 Vecsey, Gideon, Hungarian settler in Fiji, again intervenes in renewed hostilities, leases land on Vanuabalavu, 286 188 failure as planter, 287 his forces wreak destruction on those of vesi, Ritova, 190 Fijian hardwood used for canoe forced ‘retirement’ from Fiji, 190 construction, 66-67 his forces ‘had taken Taveuni’, 205 prevalence on Vulaga and Kabara, 66-67 intent on capturing Golea, 205

691 Ma`afu, prince of Tonga, chief of Fiji

appeal for help to Waikava, 205 on Tupou’s motives in visiting Fiji (1855), takes Golea prisoner at Somosomo, 206 136 agrees to help Kuila destroy Golea, 208 on unsettled state of Lakeba Tongans, 136 death at Wairiki, 208 describes M as once ‘a chief opponent’ of defiance of Golea at Wairiki, 209 Tupou, 136 ‘a cruel, treacherous marauder’, 209 declines to acknowledge M as a champion his defeat a ‘pyrrhic victory’ for his of the lotu, 136 chiefs, 209 pleased at outcome of Tupou’s long visit Waqaimalani, senior Vuanirewa chief, to Fiji, 151 accompanies M to Moala, 116 defends Tupou against accusations of accompanies Vuetasau to Matuku, 122 imperialist ambition, 152 attends Tongan parliament (1868), 259 Whippy, David, (1802-1871), US Vice Consul Waterhouse, Rev. James, Wesleyan missionary, on Ovalau, retirement of many Tongan teachers, urges Tupou to keep war away from 441-442 Ovalau, 142 Waterhouse, Rev. Joseph, (1828-1881), White, Rev. Joseph, Wesleyan missionary, Wesleyan missionary, M ‘daily expected with a large army’ misunderstands Tongan power structure, (1862), 210 33 still expects M ‘with a large army’ (1863), on Cakobau’s reluctance to lotu, 88 218 becomes resident missionary at Bau, 127 convinced of M’s sincerity in religion, and Cakobau’s conversion, 129-130 219 concerned about disaffection on Ovalau, Wilkes, Commodore Charles, (1798-1877), 144 Commander of U.S. Exploring Expedition, approves M’s actions in Bua and Macuata call at Tongatapu and opinion of A, 4-5 (1862), 172 praises Tongan Mission school, 16 urges M to help Pritchard or leave Fiji, 177 finds Sia-ko-Veiongo in uproar, 31 favours ‘Tongan-Fijian government’, 204 seeks to mediate in Tongatapu disputes, confirms that Pritchard urged Tongans to 30-31 attack Bau, 204 on religious and political aspects of claims that M would never recognise any Tongan civil war, 34 treaty made by Cakobau, 205 Wilkinson, David, secretary to Tui Bua, Watkin, Rev. James, (1805-1886), Wesleyan witnesses treaty between Bua and Tonga, missionary, 236 opinion of A, 20 secretary of Tovata ko Lau, 251 Watsford, Rev. James, (1820-1907), praised by Sir Arthur Gordon, 251, n.34, on Vanuabalavu chiefs’ renunciation of interprets for M during Robinson’s visit, lotu, 93 425 accuses M and Tuikilakila of ‘iniquity’, 93 advises Gordon of plethora of problems in Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society, Lau, 491 lobbies British government over cession of ‘disgraceful and disgusting’ conduct by Fiji (1858-1859), 180 M, Siale`ataongo and others, 492-493 Wesleyan Mission in Tonga, M has been cajoled into signing schools, 14-16, 26 promissory notes, 493 theories of kingship, 16 M pursued by creditors, 493 Tongan publications, 16, 19, 24 M guilty of much ‘indiscretion and schools’ curriculum, 24-25, 26 misconduct’, 493 on ‘holy war’ on Tongatapu, 25 advises M to attend Tevita ‘Unga’s West, Rev. Thomas, (1824-1890), Wesleyan funeral, 495 missionary, favours Tungī to succeed, 495 urges Tupou to reduce size of his folau, 135 addresses chiefs at M’s funeral, 507

692 Index

Williams, Rev. John, (1796-1839), Wesleyan intoxicated in public with M, 492 missionary, apparent hold over M, 493 visits Tongatapu, 5, 12 Woods, George Austin, (b. 1828), Premier of praises Tāufa‘āhau, 17 Fiji, praises A and Moala, 18 wary of M, 308 on Tongatapu’s ‘leadership role’ over seeks a loan in Sydney, 326 Lakeba, 77-78 appointed Premier (1872), 334 Williams, John Brown, (1810-1860), proclamation of order for planting of appointed U.S. Commercial Agent in Fiji cotton trees, 335 (1846), 93 asks M to lead ‘Western Contingent’ destruction of his house by fire and through Viti Levu mountains, 343 subsequent damages claim, 93 borrows money for ministers’ salaries, 348 views of Tongans in Lau, 162-163 likely consequences of Nasova ‘affray’, 363 asked to intervene between Cakobau and proposes new constitution, 365 rebel chiefs, 168 M ‘tamata vuku’, 383 his intervention prevented by M, 169 astute appraisal of sources of M’s power, Yasayasa Moala, 169 description, 115 commends M for making peace at Solevu, traditional links with Bau and Lakeba, 175 115, 116-117 urges M to respect ‘peace and commerce’, political nature of islands’ conversion, 118 175 new chiefly appointments under M’s death (1860), 183 aegis, 133-134 Williams, Rev. Thomas, (1815-1891), effectively under M’s control, 134 Wesleyan missionary, M’s appointee as chief deposed, 443 reports Tongan ‘fugitives’ at Lakeba Young, Sir John, (1807-1876), Governor of (1841), 36-37 New South Wales 1861-1867, records visit of Triton to Lakeba (1842), 40 leads official delegation to Fiji, 203-204 describes innovation in canoe formal advice that Great Britain will not construction, 67 accept cession, 204 Lakeban tribute to Bau, 70 Young, Rev. Robert, (1796-1865), Wesleyan importance of vasu rights, 76 missionary, Tuikilakila’s opposition to lotu, 92 accompanies Tupou on Lakeba visit, 125 M as ‘the Tongan Hengist’, 228 Williamson, Henry, Lands Claims Commissioner, Golea not justified in selling Vanuabalavu, 229

Wilson, Rev. Matthew, (1808-1876), Wesleyan missionary, baptises M’s son, 57 Winter, George, Australian settler in Fiji, M’s friendly overtures to Bete, 171, n.83 advises Cakobau to seek French assistance, 229, notes 129 and 138 applies for Crown Grant of Vanuabalavu, 327, n.28 claims title to Vanuabalavu, 462 Wood, Theodore, English visitor to Fiji,

693 This text taken from Ma`afu, prince of Tonga, chief of Fiji: The life and times of Fiji’s first Tui Lau, by John Spurway, published 2015 by ANU Press, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.