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sche MID-PACargv rAVONE and the BULLETIN OF THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION

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Wallace R. Farrington, Governor of Hawaii and President of the Pan-Pacific Union. accepting the flag of Japan sent to the Union by the late Premier Hara by Hon. C. Yada, the first Pan-Pacific Minister of Friendship. li err SIIHMIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIII103031111111111111110011111111111111111:1111111111110161111111111111MMUM11111111111MIIMMIH11111134 JAVA NITED STATES AUSTRALASIA HAWAII ORIENT Ara. News Co. Gordon & Goteb Pan-Pacific Union Kelly & Walsh Javasche Boekhandel

t 1'1' t' 1' r 't' mtttstAtAghttaftta Pan-Parifir Tinian Central Offices, Honolulu, Hawaii, at the Ocean's Crossroads. PRESIDENT, HON. WALLACE R. FARRINGTON, Governor of Hawaii. ALEXANDER HUME FORD, Director. DR. FRANK F. BUNKER, Executive Secretary. The Pan-Pacific Union, representing the lands about the greatest of oceans, is supported by appropriations from Pacific governments. It works chiefly through the calling of conferences, for the greater advancement of, and cooperati.on among, all the races -and peoples of the Pacific. HONORARY PRESIDENTS Warren G. Harding President of the United States William M. Hughes Prime Minister of Australia W. F. Massey Prime Minister of New Zealand Hsu Shih-chang President of China Arthur Meighen Premier of Canada Prince I. Tokugawa President, House of Peers, Tokyo His Majesty, Rama VI King of Siam HONORARY VICE-PRESIDENTS Charles Evans Hughes Secretary of State, United States Woodrow Wilson Ex-President of the United States Dr. L. S. Rowe Director-General Pan-American Union Yeh Kung Cho Minister of Communications, China Leonard Wood The Governor-General of the Philippines The Premiers of Australian States and of British Columbia The Governor-General of Java. The Governor of Alaska. The Pan-Pacific Union is incorporated with an International Board of Trustees, representing every race and nation of the Pacific. The trustees may be added to or replaced by appointed representatives of the different countries cooperating in the Pan-Pacific Union. The following are the main objects set forth in the charter of the Pan-Pacific Union : 1. To call in conference delegates from all Pacific peoples for the purpose of discussing and furthering the interests common to Pacific nations. 2. To maintain in Hawaii and other Pacific lands bureaus of information and education concerning matters of interest to the people of the Pacific, and to disseminate to the world information of every kind of progress and opportunity in Pacific lands, and to promote the comfort and interests of all visitors. 3. To aid and assist those in all Pacific communities to better understand each other, and to work together for the furtherance of the best interests of the land of their adoption, and, through them, to spread abroad about the Pacific the friendly spirit of inter-racial cooperation. 4. To assist and to aid the different races in lands of the Pacific to cooperate in local affairs, to raise produce, and to create home manufactured goods. 5. To own real estate, erect buildings needed for housing exhibits; provided and maintained by the respective local committees. 6. To maintain a Pan-Pacific Commercial Museum, and Art Gallery. 7. To create dioramas, gather exhibits, books and other Pan-Pacific material of educational or instructive value. 8. To promote and conduct a Pan-Pacific Exposition of the handicrafts of the Pacific peoples, of their works of art, and scenic dioramas of the most beautiful bits of Pacific lands, or illustrating great Pacific industries. 9. To establish and maintain a permanent college and "clearing house" of in- formation (printed and otherwise) concerning the lands, commerce, peoples, and trade opportunities in countries of the Pacific, creating libraries of commercial knowledge, and training men in this commercial knowledge of Pacific lands. 1 0. To secure the cooperation and support of Federal and State governments, chambers of commerce, city governments, and of individuals. 1 1 . To enlist for this work of publicity in behalf of Alaska, the Territory of Hawaii, and the Philippines, Federal aid and financial support, as well as similar co- operation and support from all Pacific governments. 1 2. To bring all nations and peoples about the Pacific Ocean into closer friendly and commercial contact and relationship.

1 1 1 , 1 1, 1, 1 V'4r , "ii-liarifir ifiaga3tur CONDUCTED BY ALEXANDER HUME FORD

Volume XXIV No. 1

CONTENTS FOR JULY, 1922

Art Section 2 Native Life of the Hawaiians 17 By Wm. A. Bryan The Chinese Drama 21 By Young Kzuang-Shen,; (of Tsing Hua College, Peking) Something About the Lau Islands 25 By Sir Bickland Escot, Ex-Governor of Eiji The New Zealand Immigrant 29 By Frank Parsons, Ph.D. Volcano Days 33 By C. T. Rodgers Life Worth Living in Manila 37 By Stanley P. Johnson Fortune Telling Among the Chinese in America - - - 43 By Stewart Clain Mexico of Today 49 By A. Meica Through Tasmania in an Auto 55 By E. T. Emmett, Director of the Tasmanian Government Tourist Bureau Japan in Korea 59 By K. K. Kawakami (of -Japan- staff) Touring Through the Australian Desert 63 By J. D. Fitzgerald Something About Mongolia 69 By Chang Ching-Yuch Why Visit Hawaii? 78 By George T. Armitage Notes on British Malaya 77 131 W. P. Sluyter The Bulletin of the Pan-Pacific Union 81 New Series No. 33.

Mr PC th-Farifir fllagazing Published by ALEXANDER HUME FORD, Honolulu T. H. Printed by the Honolulu Star-Bulletin, Ltd. Yearly subscriptions in the United States and possessions, $2.50 in advance. Canada and Mexico, $2.75. For all foreign countries, $3.00. Single copies, 25c. Entered as second-class matter at the Honolulu Postoffice. Permission is given to republish articles from the Mid-Pacific Magazine. q' .... ~Q f:4

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fhe Hawaiians were ever musical; one of their native instruments eas the nose flute. However, no Hawaiian now plays this, the uku- etc having entirely superseded the old Hawaiian musical instrument. Preparing the daily meal of poi, in Old Hawaii.

•• Native Life of the Hawaiians By WM. A. BRYAN

HE Hawaiians at the time of It was formerly in general use through- their discovery by white men out the whole group, as it was through- T were still in the stone age. The out the most of Polynesia. In Hawaii absence of iron, copper or any of the adzes were made in various shapes, metals in a workable form was a seri- weights and sizes, for various purposes, ous handicap to their development. but the principle was the same in all Stone, bone and wood were the materi- and consisted in the securing of a cut- als at their disposal, and from them ting or bruising edge of stone that they were forced to construct such tools might be held in a convenient form for as they could devise. use as a hand tool. Of the simpler tools made use of by The hardest, most compact clink- the natives, none was of more value stone lava was selected for the bit by and importance than was the stone adz. the ancient adz maker. The rough 17 18 THE MID-PACIFIC stone was patiently worked into form commonly found in an artisan's kit. by chipping, splitting and grinding. The oo or digger, a long staff of hard When at last the proper shape was se- wood, was almost the only tool of cured, the bit was bound to the handle, husbandry, while in net manufacture (usually made from a branch of the the simple and widely used seine needle hau tree), by means of a cord of coco- and mesh gage were practically the nut or olona fiber. only tools employed. In certain cases, the bit was used As we think of the endless variety without the addition of a handle. For of tools necessary to perform even the heavy work, as the felling of trees, the most ordinary task in our own more complex civilization, it seems incredible shaping of canoes, or the framing of that the patient Hawaiian, with such the house timbers, large adzes were re- exceedingly simple tools at his com- quired, and there are some in. existence mand, could have utilized the materials that weigh several pounds. For more of his environment to such splendid exacting work, as in carving their purpose. The wonder of their achieve- hideous idols, or finishing and mending ment grows when we contemplate not the umekes, fine chisels were needed, only the variety and amount of their and examples are extant that are, in handicraft, but the neat and substantial effect, carving sets in which simple character of their work—a trait for forms of gouges, chisels, and the like which the ancient Hawaiians are justly can easily be recognized. Among their famed. implements they had sharpening stones made of hard phonolite, which were Ornaments wrought from the feath- used to give an edge to their tools, or ers of birds were among their most as polishing stones. Some of these valuable possessions. Among their were boulders and were permanently handicraft, especially such as had to located, while ethers were smaller and do with adornment, nothing made by could be taken about as required. The them surpassed in elegance their feather saw-like teeth of the shark were used capes, helmets, cloaks, leis, kahilis, and as tools in many ways, where cutting, feather pa'us or dresses. So handsome scraping, and sawing edges were re- were they that their possession was quired. One of the most curious of almost entirely limited to the alii or their tools was the rotary or pump drill. persons of rank, or those of special The staff, tipped with a slender piece distinction. of hard lava or a Terebra shell, was The most valuable of all were the fitted with a crude fly-wheel and a bow- feather cloaks or robes of state, which like device, which caused it to spin were indeed priceless insignia of rank. back and forth. This simple device was The most valuable were made entirely convenient for boring the innumerable of the rich, golden-yellow feathers of holes required to accomodate the cord the very rare and now extinct native that, for want of nails, was used in mamo. A robe in the Bishop Museum fastening all kinds of objects together. that was the property of Kamehameha Hand stones for hammers, stone files I, is composed almost entirely of the for making fish hooks of bone, scrapers feathers of the mamo, and constitutes of bone and shell, stones for smoothing, one of the Museum's chief treasures. fine pumice, coral grit and other fine As the arrangement of the cloak was materials for polishing, were all tools always such that additions could be THE MID-PACIFIC 19 made from time to time,' it is not to However, the kahili handle was com- be wondered that this beautiful robe of monly made of a stout spear-like shaft state, which occupied over one hundred of kauila wood. Many of the smaller years in making, should be valued at kahilis were definitely used for the as high a figure as a million dollars, purpose of fly flaps and are thought to when the amount of labor involved in be the form from which the larger and the gathering' of the raw material from more ornamental ones were evolved. which it was made is taken into ac- Their helmets, which were exceed- count. As a substitute for the rarer ingly picturesque and striking orna- golden-yellow mamo feathers, certain ments, were generally worn by the more common yellow feathers from the chiefs on state occasions. They were now equally rare oo were used by the made of wicker work of the aerial ieie old Hawaiians. The feathers of other roots, covered with the feathers of sev- birds as the iiwi, apapane, ou, koae and eral species of the birds mentioned, red iwa were used in combination with the and yellow being chiefly used, and were foregoing or in various other ways, in extremely variable in form. the different articles mentioned, that Hideous effigies of the powerful war chiefs and those who could afford them god Kukailimoku were made of wicker might have capes ; but the yellow work and feathers, like the helmets, and feathers were reserved for royalty only. were usually supplied with staring The ground work for the capes and pearl-shell eyes and horrible grinning cloaks was a fine netting made of the mouths set round with dogs' teeth. We native olona ; to this the feathers were are told that not more than a dozen of firmly fastened in such a way as to these curious feather gods have been overlap each other and form a smooth preserved in various museum collec- and uniform surface. tions. The kahili, a fly brush or plumed The feather lei was the simplest staff of state, was the emblem and em- form of feather work wrought by the bellishment of royalty and was held in Hawaiians, and may be regarded as the the time of which we write, solely as royal counterpart of the more com- an adjunct of the alii. A few of these mon and perishable garlands made of curious feather plumes were of enor- flowers, nuts and seeds. The flower mous proportions, there being records and feather leis were twined through of some that were borne on poles thirty the hair or slung gracefully around the feet in length. The plume was com- necks of both sexes, and seem to have posed of feathers arranged in bunches, had but little real significance other bound on stems, which were attached than to gratify a taste for ornament. to the central staff in such a way as Durable leis were also made of such to form a loose, fluffy, cylinder-shaped objects as sea and land shells, boars' head, sometimes two or more feet in tusks and dried fruits. diameter by three or four feet in An ornament much worn by the length. The handle was occasionally chiefesses was a necklace that consisted made of alternate rings of ivory and of many strands of finely braided hu- tortoise shell. In some instances the man hair on which was suspended, as bones of the famous alii slain in battle a pendant, a much-prized ornament, were placed on the stem as trophies the palaoa, made from the tooth of a of victory or as savage ornaments. whale or walrus. These were tabu to 20 THE MID-PACIFIC all below the rank of chief. Neck- fact they seem to have had considerable laces of ivory beads were also prized ; knowledge of the medicinal properties bracelets of shells, especially the pipipi, of herbs though they were by no means and of whale ivory, were worn, fasten- uniformly successful in their prescrip- ed on the back of the wrist with a tion and use. They followed a crude small cord of olona. Boars' teeth were form of external diagnosis for internal also used as bracelets. A beautiful ailments. They were adept in the use amber tone was given to many of the of rubbing and manipulation to alevi- ivory ornaments by wrapping them in ate soreness and minor ills. They set ki leaves and exposing them for con- limbs with some skill, reduced inflam- siderable time in the heavy, strong mation by the use of herb poultices smoke of sugar-cane. • and made use of the pulp of the cala- Of the practice of medicine and the bash gourd vine as a cathartic. Pa- use of medicinal herbs among the an- tients were held over the smoke of cient Hawaiians, but little is known specially prepared fires for certain ail- further than that it was a matter of ments, were steamed over hot stones for others, and so on through a long worship rather than the practice of a list of practices that were, no doubt, healing art. It seems that supersti- useful in securing to the patients the tion was the principle element combined satisfaction of feeling that they were with vegetable substances and crude at least doing something for their ail- surgery. The doctors were a distinct ments. From the natural history point class of priests who worshipped cer- of view their practice of medicine adds tain gods from whom they were sup- much interest to the study of the posed to have inherited their knowl- botany of the islands, for a surprisingly edge of medicine. They were regular large number of native plants were in the practice of their art in that they well known as specifics for different exacted offerings for the god of medi- diseases, and to this day frequent al- cine before they would undertake a lusions are made by the natives to the cure, and they forbade certain articles uses of various plants by the old ka- of food to the sick. As a matter of huna doctors. The Chinese Drama By YOUNG KWANG SHENG (of Tsing Hua College, Peking)

RAMA depicts the various phases Drama" may serve as a historical of human life and, therefore, background : D embraces many different sciences. "In A. D. 734 he (Hsuen Tsung) ob- The customs, the costumes, the man- tained a sight of his daughter-in-law, ners, and the deportments belong to the beautiful Yang Kuei-fei, and be- history ; the fears, the hopes, the pains, came so violently enamoured with her the pleasures, the passions, and the dis- that he took her into his own seraglio. likes, to psychology ; friendships and She speedily obtained a complete as- kinships represent sociology ; and the cendancy over him and, succeeded in home and the governmental affairs getting raised to the highest position manifest both domestic and political next to the throne. sciences. In other words, it shows the "On the Festival of the 7th Eve of deep currents that move society. In a 734 A. D., Hsuen Tsung and his cele- larger sense, the drama is more or less brated consort stood gazing into the an imitation ; and "to imitate," says starlit sky. Remembering the occasion Aristotle, "is instinctive in man from (the meeting of the Herdsman and the his infancy." The preluding feature— Spinning Damsel) Yang Kuei-fei burst the dance, accompanied by song or into protestations of affection and as- music and possibly the dancers dressed sured the monarch that she was more up and decorated in a way—is posses- faithful than the Spinning Damsel, for sed by all the peoples, no matter how she would never leave him but, in- primitive they are. But its perfection separably with him, would tread the and exaltation to the rank of an art spiritual, walks of eternity. In order comes after years of cultivation and to reward such love the Emperor gradual improvement. sought to discover a novel amusement It would be true to say that the for her. After consideration, he sum- moned his prime minister and com- Chinese drama began as early as the manded him to select a number of 18th century before the Christian era, young children, and, after carefully if the term "drama" should be used in instructing and handsomely dressing the sense of imitation as noted above. them, bring them before the beautiful Nevertheless, as a branch of literature, Yang Kuei-fei to recite for her delec- its origin is universally attributed to tation the heroic achievements of his the "Illustrious Emperor" of Tong ancestors. That was the origin of the dynasty that is, Hsuen Tsung. The drama in China. The first perform- following extract from "The Chinese ances were generally held in a pavil- 21' 22 THE MID-PACIFIC ion in open air, among fruit trees, demonstrated by the conservation of and Hsuen Tsung subsequently estab- their theatres. Improvements are really lished an Imperial Dramatic College rare, if there be any. This is proved in a pear garden where hundreds of by enumerating some of the coinci- male and female performers were dences existing between our theatres at trained to afford him pleasure. From present (of course, this is only a gen- the site of the College the actors be- eral statement) and those of the Eliza- come known as the 'Young Folks of bethan age, way back in the 16th cen- the Pear Garden,' a title they claim to tury : the present day." 1. The stage projects into the pit. "Chuan Chi" as the dramas com- 2. The musicians are actually on the posed under the T'ang dynasty (A.D. stage. 720-907) are called, chronologically 3. There is not enough restriction of ranks first. The 2nd period extends open criticism or disapproval. from A.D. 960-1119 (Sung dynasty). 4. There are no scenery or curtains. This is the classical age ; the principal 5. On the other hand, the costumes character as a main singer has descend- are very expensive. ed from that time. From A.D. 1125 6. Actresses are not permitted to act to 1367 (King and Yuan dynasties), on the same stage as the actors. plays were written profusely ; and this Certainly, the above list is not at all is the most flourishing period in dra- complete, but the most important points matic literature of all. The special are included. names for the plays then composed are: But considerable progress has been Yuan Pen and Tsa Chu. Improvement made during recent years especially in under the Ming dynasty (A.D. 1368- Shanghai. European stages, fantastic 1644) was not considerable. Since the scenery, new arrangements in the build- in-coming of the Manchus and especial- ing, etc., etc., have largely been adopt- ly during the peaceful and prosperous ed. It is proper therefore to have a reign of Kang Hsi and Ch'ien Lung glimpse into the history of the new a revival seemed possible but it was dramatic movement. only prospective. Gradually declining, Nothing in history has ever been the Kuen Chu received its vital blow transferred from the old to new without through the Tai Ping rebellion. a transitional period when both the old The present plays originated from and new elements are intricately inter- Huang Pi and Huang Kang, two dis- mingled ; so the Chinese Modern drama tricts in the province of Hupeh hence has its transitoriaI chapter. As early the name Pi Huang or Han Tiao. as 1900, the semi-new play "Tang Jen Many are misled by the name Ching Pei" appeared and met with success. Tiao, thinking that Peking was its During the first decade of this cen- birth-place ; this resembles the fact tury, quite a few societies came into that Peking never produces, but is existence; for instance the "Chun Yang famous for tea. Formerly, Er Huang Hse" and the Progressive Group which was the principal Han tune while Hsi was later known as the Social Educa- Pi was not. But gradually they have tional Group, but their ventures proved attained equal rank as they now are. to be unsuccessful. In spite of their The tenacious love of the Chinese unprosperity ; they are nevertheless the people for the old customs may be well founders of the modern drama in China. THE MID-PACIFIC 23

The Spring Willow Society, formed by ceed 5 or 6, but 20 or 30 are not un- the Chinese students in Japan, was common in China. Undoubtedly, repe- originated in Tokyo. In the Autumn tition and tediousness ensue. (4) Some of 1911 when our revolutionary war of the plays, like "The Black Hand was not yet terminated the members of Society" and "It Is I" are too much this society returned home and valuable of the movie-show style ; so the pro- services were said to have been render- portion between plot and scenery be- ed by them to the revolutionists. Mean- comes unbalanced. while, the society was enlarged and new The dramatic movement in Tsing members were admitted, changing its Hua may be divided into three dis- former name to "The New Dramatists' tinct periods : The Primitive Period, Club." The establishment of "Hsin the Intermediate Period, and the Club Ming New Dramatic Company" in 1913 Period. Mainly in Chinese and some- marked the commencement of renais- times in English, the plays have gen- sance in the brief history of Chinese erally succeeded in attaining unity and Modern Drama. In the following completeness of action, as well as faith Spring, scores of the new dramatic fully interpreting the characters. The companies were formed and six of them principal purpose of the presentation were regularly presenting plays to the is, of course, for entertainment, but be- public. hind it there lies another motive ; At present the outlook for this new that is to win the banner—competition, movement is not encouraging, although whether interclass or inter-school. its effect has been gradually felt both The modern plays which have in Southern and Northern China. This changed the operatic into dialogue per- is mainly due perhaps to the debased formances owe their introduction to character of the actors through whom the Missionary Schools, the natural the reforms have miscarried. But, at cradle of the imported ideas. Before any rate, it will not be entirely oblit- long the germs of this movement crept erated for the fact that the question of into our college, becoming active dur- further betterment has not been taken ing the Autumn of 1913. In conse- up less enthusiastically by the students. quence of the public desire to have Most probably its re-birth and firm some sort of celebration on New Year's footing in Chinese society will depend Eve, it was proposed by the college to upon the rising generation of the edu- have some students' theatrical entertain- cated circles. ments for the occasion. Always eager The following defects are still char- for novelty and innovations, the stu- acteristic of Chinese dramas : dents as a whole enthusiastically en- (1) The play is not written out and tered into the idea, which finally took the conversation of the Actors is car- the form of a Contest among the class- ried on freely ; as a result, the unity es. There was practically no restric- of the play is lost and the main plot of tion whatsoever except that the short the act is unknown. (2) The play is play must be completed within 15 min- not well or sufficiently, if at all,, re- utes ; and it was understood that the hearsed ; consequently, the fluency in Dramatic Personae had to be composed speaking or answering is rarely pos- of the members of that performing sible. (3 The play consists of too class. As an encouragement, a beauti- many acts—usually, it must not ex- ful embroidered banner was to be 24 THE MID-PACIFIC awarded as a prize to the champion entered into this new line of activity, for 3 successive years. Naturally all to present another play in English, the plot, the acting, and the scenery "Robin Hood." Utilizing the natural were very rudimentary. As a first picturesque scenery this play was given trial it proved, however, not at all in the open-air. The early Summer unsuccessful. This favorable result breeze sweetened the atmosphere and was largely due to the spirit of being the ideal hero, or rather "the gentlest "true to the vocation"—zealous in prep- thief that ever was," appared in the aration and united in cooperation—that Sherwood Forest of Tsing Hua. With we possessed and should possess. The a foreign tongue, an outlandish attire, competition was joined by 5 classes and a western gait, the amateurs, con- and the day was won by "1920." trary to popular pre-deduction, did not Later two plays were given for the show any visible unnaturalness, nor first time by the whole student body— were they subjected to any serious "Christmas Carol" and "Antique Chi- criticisms. nese Mirror" and these turned a new Another masterpiece of the greatest leaf in Tsing Hua's dramatic history. world poet—"The Mid-Summer Night's Directly after this, Shakespeare's fa- Dream"—appeared on the stage on the mous "Merchant of Venice" was staged class day. As a result of experience, by the class of "1915," on March 28th, this play was better given and well ac- 1916 and this in turn paved the way for cepted, having more or less a lasting "1916," which thus far had not yet impression upon the audience.

A modern Chinese Students' Dramatic Company. 9 goodly pile of copra.

Something About the Lau Islands By SIR BICKLAND ESCOT Ex-Governor of Fiji

This group of islands, to which there Situated as it is, half way between is a service of three steamers a month Tonga and Fiji, and colonized in early —extends from the 17th to the 21st times from Tonga, partly by the chance parallel of latitude, and from 170 deg. of storm-driven canoes and partly by West Longitude to 179 deg. 40 min. actual conquest, it is not ' surprising East, and covers an ocean area of some that the people are more Tongan than 30,000 square miles. It forms one of Fijian in features and characteristics. the provinces of Fiji. Thirty-three of the islands are inhabited, with popula- There are still actual colonies of Ton- tions ranging from about 30 up to gans living there, while among the true 1200 persons, and the province is one Lauans the Tongan tongue is a second of the few where the natives flourish language, understood and spoken by all and increase. from childhood upwards. 25 26 THE MID-PACIFIC

The story of how the too-powerful in that year also Mr. Oliver, gunner chief Maafu was sent out from Tonga in command of a schooner built of na- to seek fresh fields for conquest in the tive timbers and manned by the crew Lau islands is well known, and is with- of the wrecked warship Pandora, came in historical times. He was eventually, to Matuku Island and stayed there six in 1848, appointed by the King of weeks. Tonga as Lieutenant-Governor of Lau. In 1797 the mission ship Duff en Here he reigned until 1874, when, at route from Tonga to China sailed the cession of Fiji to Great Britain, he through the Lau Group, and this oc- exchanged his title for that of first casion was momentous as the first Roko of Lau, dying seven years later, chart of the islands was then made by in 1881. her master, Captain Wilson. The prevailing southeast trade winds In 1802 a large vessel was wrecked had for generations before Maafu's on the Bukatatanoa (Argo) reef, and, time driven over canoes from Tonga, some of the crew were taken to One- frail vessels too ; and the shipwrecked ata Island. Since that time vessels in- Tongans, being better fighters, had held numerable have been wrecked in the their own with the Fijians, and even- Lau islands, including a second large tually fraternising with them, had been ship on the Argo reef in 1835 ; and in the habit of taking back to Tonga many of these wrecks are within mem- the far stronger "vesi" canoes of the ory of living persons. One of the Fijians from Kabara and other timber- most interesting individuals still living producing islands of the Lau group. in the Lau islands is Captain Cocks, Thus a regular intercourse between late Government Harbour-master, who Tonga and Lau sprang up, and when was shipwrecked on Vatoa, the most Tonga became Christianized, it was to easterly of the group, as far back as Lau (Ono Island) that the first native 1850, in the ship Emma Sharrot, from Christian teacher came, to be followed Australia. The natives of that island a few years later, in 1837, by th6 first had luckily been Christianized for some white missionaries, Cross and Cargill, years by the Tongan teacher who came who settled on Lakeba island. From to Ono, and treated the crew kindly, the Lau Group Christianity then spread but their captain was advised not to to the rest of Fiji. make for Moala Island, another of the The first known Europeans to come Lau Group, which was marked in a in contact with Fiji were the members rough chart he had, by the expressive of Tasman's voyage of discovery, and dumb show of a native pretending to there is little doubt that the portion of gnaw at his own arm and shaking his Fiji that he sighted in 1643 was Vanua head at the word Moala. Balavu Island in the Lau Group. Cap- At the time of the American Civil tain Cook also came to Vatoa (which War cotton rose to high prices, and he called Turtle Island), during his with the consequent rush of cotton voyages. In 1791 Captain Bligh, of planters to Fiji the real history of the the Bounty, sailed through the Lau Lau Group begins. These islands be- Group in his open boat on his way to came renowned for their cotton, as the Timor ; and later in the same year soil and atmosphere seemed especially Captain Hewett touched at Lakeba in suited to it, and some of the finest cot- his search for Captain Bligh ; while ton in the world was produced here; THE MID-PACIFIC 27 and could still be produced should the the two native towns of Sawana and prices ever warrant it, as they may Loma Loma, adjoining each other. The some day do when America finds it can first of these is entirely inhabited by only supply its own increasing popula- Tongans, but naturalized as Fijians. tion. About half a mile inland are situated the Botanical Gardens, started by a Loma Loma, the chief town of Vanua town committee in 1869. A number of . Balavu Island, and the Government rare imported trees are to be found headquarters of the Lau Group, was there, and there are avenues of the one of the first places to which the white finest 40-year old New Hebrides cro- settlers of Fiji came. Owing to its tons to be seen in Fiji. magnificent natural harbour, nine miles across, it was also a favourite port of At the northern end of the town is the whaling ships, when whaling was the Government station, consisting of an important industry of the South Pa- the Magistrate's house, the Court house cific. At the height of the cotton boom Constabulary barracks, gaol, etc. In Loma Loma was a rival of Levuka ; front of the station at the foot of the and long before Fiji was ceded to Great flagstaff are to be seen a group of Britain there were over a hundred cannon, one at least being of historical whites living there. Large stores, pub- interest, as one of the only two guns . lic buildings, a school, and three ho- ever lost by British troops in the South tels were not considered too much for Seas—in the action at Tonga when their requirements ; and it was of the landing party sent ashore by H.M. course a port of entry, and a line of S. Favourite in 1840 was repulsed. big ships traded directly between Loma For years they stood in front of the Loma and Europe. It remained a port King's Palace at Tonga, till through of entry until Suva was made the capi- the patriotism of Mr. William Hen- tal in 1882, and with the fall of the nings, an important personality in the cotton industry the staff was much re- early political history of Fiji, they duced. But fortunately for the prog- were brought back to British territory ress of the Group, those of the cotton in Lau. planters who still put faith in the Two miles from Loma Loma, at the young Colony turned their attention to southern end of the island, are the hot cocoanut planting, and the consequence springs. There is one small spring is that the Lau islands have to-day near the beach, the surrounding "soap become one of the most important copra- stone," hollowed out to make a bath ; producing centres of the country ; and with two cocoanut trees, one on each their yearly export amounts to nearly side of it, planted 40 years ago and still £70,000. Most of this is sold to Le- flourishing, but dwarfs of 3 ft. high. vuka and is counted with the product Inland, through a cleft in the cliffs, and of that port, though a great deal is approached by a sharp ascent of some shipped straight through to Australia. 60 feet, with a similar descent inside, Loma Loma is to-day a flourishing one comes to another hot spring, a pool little settlement of white, red-roofed in a dark cave much feared by the na- houses along the front road facing tives, who declare it to be haunted. the bay ; and consists of private houses, Here the water is about five feet deep stores, churches, hospital, and Govern- and extends about 14 feet back into, ment buildings. Lying at the back are the cliff. 28 THE MID -PACIFIC

As the steamer approaches the island These three privately owned islands at the north end it winds its way produce a very large amount of copra through a narrow passage of deep annually, and there are also big cattle- water under the overhanging cliffs of rearing stations on them. This seems Qila Qila, where flocks of frigate birds, to be an ideal combination, the running called by the natives "the old women of cattle beneath the cocoanut trees, of Qila Qila," make their home. whereby the trees are kept weeded Proceeding down towards Loma Lo- from too much grass, and all the avail- ma one can usually discern a turtle in able land is brought into use. There the water, which dives down head-fore- are still large fortunes to be made in most in a most human fashion on the Lau this way. The cocoanut crops are approach of a boat. A large portion easily the best in Fiji, the smallness of the real "tortoiseshell" of Fiji from of the islands allowing all the trees to the "taku" or shell turtle—comes from be within reasonable distance of the the Lau islands. The Loma Loma sea atmosphere, which seems so es- harbour is in reality an immense basin, sential to the cocoanut tree. the rim being formed at one side by Portions of this island are under Vanua Balavu Island, and the remain- ing portion by the outer reef, with the lease to the company owning Mango islands of Cikobia, Munia, Susui, and Island; while another estate is under Na Malata situated at intervals upon lease to the executors of one of the it. At Susui island there is a small early settlers, . and here sheep are also inner lagoon, where two kinds of deli- run on part of the cocoanut lands, and cately flavoured oysters are found. do well there. The hillsides of all the This fertile island is the headquar- Lau islands would make excellent pas- ters of the natives of the group, and the ture land for sheep. Roko lives there. It is centrally situ- ated in the group, but unfortunately These islands are noted for the ex- has only a narrow and difficult entrance cellent hard woods grown there, "Vesi" to the harbour. There is a fair settle- and "Boca" chiefly. From these are ment of whites here, a Government made most of the Lau canoes, still an hospital, and the Government aided- important item in Lau to the fishermen, school, a large institution which, despite the increase of European-made though only four years old, is already boats. Here also are made carved having a good effect on the rising gen- yaqona bowls, head-rests, and oil re- eration. ceptacles fashioned in the shape of a There are some wonderful stalactite turtle. At Namuka is a large cave caves here, extending far into the hill filled with ice-cold water which has and when lit up by torches they make an underground outlet to the sea. The a most impressive sight. A good driv- natives some years ago released a tur- ing road, about 13 miles long, encircles tle with a long rope tied to it, and so the island. discovered the exit to the passage. "He arrives."

The New Zealand Immigrant By FRANK PARSONS, Ph.D.

O shut out from New Zealand for the $500 and the expenses of said cheap foreign labor and other un- removal. Tdesirable immigrants, the Immi- New Zealand welcomes immigration gration Restriction Act provides that, adapted to democratic institutions and except so far as modified by action of 20th century civilization, but desires no the Governor in Council, no person adulterated goods. She will not pollute (other than one of British birth or the stream of life in the new world with accredited by a foreign Government, the refuse of the old, nor dilute her civi- or a seaman going out again) shall lization with inferior stock, nor lower be allowed to land unless he writes the standard of comfort with low-grade and signs an application in some labor ; nor imperil her progress and her European language. Persons con- freedom by the influx of immigrants taminated with idiocy, criminality, unfit for self-government. All the Aus- or other contagious disease are ex- tralian colonies have enacted drastic re- cluded even if they make application in strictions on immigration, and the Com- every known dialect. A person violat- monwealth in 1901 decided to insist on ing the act is subject to a penalty of $500 a reading and writing test for all immi- and liable to removal from the country. grants. Premier Barton dealt with the The master and the owner of the vessel matter at the outset of the 'first Federal in which he comes are severally liable session. Fifty words are to be dictated 29 30 THE MID -PACIFIC

to and written by the immigrant in a lowed his suggestion, and has since European language. The law prohibits been copied more or less completely by the bringing in of laborers under con- the Australian colonies—it excluded : tract to do any work in the Common- (1) Any person who fails to write in wealth, except skilled workmen of spe- some European_ language an application cial knowledge and crews of vessels in- for admission. (2) A pauper or person tended for Australian coasting trade, the likely to become a public charge. (3) latter to be paid the wages current in An idiot or lunatic. (4) One having a colonial waters. It was provided that loathsome or dangerous contagious dis- the Kanaka laborers (blacks employed ease. (5) One convicted within 2 years on the sugar plantations of Queensland) of a serious non-political offense. (6) must go, and they were returned to their A prostitute or person living on the islands in 1906. The Australians will earnings of prostitution. The New have a "White Australia," cost what it Zealand law omits the second and last, may. and stipulates that the writing test The work of excluding Asiatics and shall not be applied to persons of Brit- colored people began as soon as the ish birth. Tasmania omitted the sixth colonies got self-government. In 1855 clause. New South Wales struck out Victoria enacted that a shipmaster must five of the six clauses, leaving only the deposit $50 for every Chinaman he land- first. West Australia enacted all six ed there. Other colonies followed this clauses, improving on the first by re- quiring immigrants to write fifty words example. In 1888 official figures showed in English dictated from some British that 4500 Chinese had entered New author. South Wales in twelve months. There was a panic. The poll tax was raised The white workman is expected to fr. m $50 to $500, and the tonnage ratio be clean and comfortably dressed ; to horn one Chinaman to a hundred tons marry and have children, to be well to one for each three hundred tons. fed and clothed and educated ; to have The Chinese arrivals fell to 9 per an- a home that will be a credit to the num. Victoria (1888) raised the ton- neighborhood, to read books, magazines nage to five hundred tons per every and newspapers, take part in the social Chinese passenger with no poll tax. life of the community, and give a This did not prove as effective as the reasonable amount of time and intelli- Act of New South Wales. In 1895 a gent attention to public affairs. To conference of the Australian Govern- accomplish this he must have short ments was held at Sydney, the outcome hours and good wages. of which was another batch of exclu- At one time the returning Chinese sion laws in 18%, aiming at all colored were taking an average of more than aliens, Asiatics or Africans. These laws a million dollars a year from the Aus- were reserved for consideration by tralian Colonies. England and did not receive the Royal New Zealand began the work of ex- assent. The Secretary of the Colonial clusion in 1881, when an act was passed Office, Mr. Chamberlain, took the imposing a tax of $50 on each China- ground that for the future exclusion man landing in the Colony. There were laws should not be aimed at any na- 5000 Chinese in the Islands when this tionality, but at undesirable persons act was passed. In 1882 only 23 more generally. The Natal law of 1897 fol- came in. The act appeared to be ef- THE MID-PACIFIC 31 fective. But later the influx rose again cruel to shut the door against a man to two or three hundred a year. In because he is ignorant and penniless 1888 it was provided that no vessel and undeveloped. But the great ma- should bring more than one Chinese ority of thoughtful persons regard the passenger to each hundred tons. matter as a choice of evils, and be- About a hundred Chinese from the lieve it a lesser evil to limit the loco- steamer Afghan, who had been refused motion of the unfit than to imperil the admission to Australia, were landed in civilization of the more progressive New Zealand. Fearing the continuance countries by an inundation of low- or throwing on their shores cargoes of grade life. A family does well to be coolies shut out from Australia, the careful about the sort of people it ad- Government by order in Council re- mits to daily contact and intimate as- sorted to the device of proclaiming the sociation with its children. And a Far East and the Malay Archipelago nation may wisely exercise a similar infected countries. This gave them care. A country has as much right to power to detain in quarantine all ships protect itself against inroads of des- coming thence. No use was made of titution, ignorance, immorality, or un- the invention, however, and Parliament fit material for advanced civic life, as was content with the tonnage amend- it has to guard against inroads of adul- ment noted in the text. terated goods, pauper-made commodi- In 1896, after a struggle with the ties, sweat-shop labor, contagious dis- Legislative Council, the Seddon Gov- ease, or any other bad influence. It is ernment succeeded in raising the poll quite as important to exclude moral tax to $500. Three years later Parlia- and intellectual diseases as physical dis- ment established a reading and writing eases. Men and women saturated with test in a European language. The law the ideas and habits of thought and of 1896 is still in force however, and feeling appropriate to despotic institu- even if a Chinaman gets in under the tions are quite as dangerous in a de- law of 1899, by action of the Gov- mocracy or republic as the smallpox. ernor in Copncil, or by writing an A flood of undesirable humanity is a application in some European language, much more serious problem than the he must still pay his $500 admission importation of a mass of undesirable fee. mercharidise. The condition of the lower Distance and cost have so far pro- classes in the old world is pitiable, but tected New Zealand from any large even if they go in crowds to a new amount of immigration from the lower country, the space they leave soon fills classes of Italy, Hungary, and Russia. right up again with the same sort of There are some indications however social molecules or cells, and the prin- that this immunity may not last, and cipal effect is the degradation of the if it does not, there is so strong a dis- new country. The immigrants form position to prevent deterioration of the little Asias, Italies, Russias, etc., in average citizenship and labor level, the midst of Anglo-Saxon states, keep- • that no matter where it comes from, ing their language and customs in low-grade immigration would probably large degree, huddling together in be resisted by law. hard, indigestible lumps that threaten To some most excellent people in the new world with civic indigestion both hemispheres it seems unjust and and political and industrial ailments, 32 THE MID-PACIFIC both acute and chronic. A famous the right to exclude from her Associa- clergyman once said that if a lion tion all new comers who do not seem eats ox, the lion does not become ox, calculated to make reasonably useful but the ox, lion. That is true if the members of it—the right to keep her lion eats in moderation, but if he takes soil for men fit to be free and self- in ox a good deal faster than he can governing—the right to prevent the digest it, he may become a very sick lowering of her standard of life. lion, pr even cease to be a live lion Immigrants of the right sort are at all. gladly received in New Zealand. No- A state like New Zealand, that aims where can men and women of energy, to secure work for the unemployed sense, and character find a more hearty and pays pensions to the aged poor, welcome or a better chance for acquir- has special reason to exercise care in ing a home and a competence. But selecting those it takes into the partner- people left over from the .Middle Ages ship, and for whose well-being it be- are not wanted in the Up-to-Date Corn- comes responsible. New Zealand claims conwealth. .

Nelson, a typical farming center in New Zealand. A chasm in the lava.

Volcano Days By C. T. RODGERS

--J$Wrumm7

HE location of Hilo is admirably vivid green of its ample foliage con- suited to the purpose of a large trasting finely with the deep reddish Ttown, or even a city. The ground brown hue of the soil. When the upper slopes up from around the head of the atmosphere is sufficienty free from bay with a grade sufficient for perfect clouds, the towering and snow-capped summit of Mauna Kea affords a mag- drainage, but not steep enough to be nificent background to the picture. inconvenient for streets and roads. Hilo The ride from Hilo to the volcano is a loose-jointed kind of town, laid out can be made in comfortable autos. with a tolerable regularity and with Near the brink of the pit, one can sit a profusion of luxuriant vegetation. comfortably and survey at one sweep Seen from the water, its appear- the whole expanse of savage desola- ance is picturesque and attractive, the tion below, with the smoke and steam 33 34 THE MID-PACIFIC

of the open lake, the so-called "house and cavernous recesses glowed with of everlasting fire," rising gently and the light of hidden fires, the reflection quietly at a distance of about three of which from the smoke and vapor miles. From this point the floor of the collected above crowned the whole pic- crater appears throughout most of its ture with a beautifully luminous can- extent as a nearly level plain, varying opy. in color from dull black to silvery At the time spoken of this portion gray, according to the varying angle at of the crater was practically inaccessi- which the light strikes the surface at ble and no longer visited, a new lake, different' times of day. Having taken then in a very active condition, and in the general view, the traveler, rested comparatively easy of access, having and refreshed by good fare and a good been formed somewhat nearer the hotel. bed, is prepared to descend into this A while after that, the whole mass of seeming valley of death, and start on material that had been piled up around his two or three miles tramp to the the old Halemaumau fell in, leaving a great objective point of the whole ex- great funnel-shaped hole some five hun- pedition. dred feet deep, with nothing but smoke The general character of the journey to be seen at the bottom. across the crater floor is sometimes As, owing to constant changes, no pretty plain sailing for a considerable two parties ever witness exactly the distance, then a crack will be encoun- same spectacle, so no description by tered which has to be jumped or any single eye-witness can possibly do walked around. Sometimes a consider- justice to its protean beauty. In its able ridge will have to be ascended ordinary, average condition, if there and descended, and occasionally it will can be said to be anything ordinary or be necessary to traverse a space so hot average about so uncertain and capri- as to be fatal to anything but the stout- cious a thing as a volcano, the "lake" est of sole leather. There are changes is surrounded by a rugged embank- ment varying from twenty to sixty feet constantly going on in the crater. These high, formed by the cooling of the changes are naturally greatest at and im- overflowing lava and the spray thrown mediately around the foci of volcanic up from within. The visitor is not apt action. At the time of a visit I made in the to know that he is so near the end of fall of 1881, the lava around wliat is gen- his journey until, mounting this eleva- erally known as the "old south lake," tion, he suddenly discovers the object the native Halemaumau, was piled up of his manifold labors lying almost in most precipitous and forbidding directly under his feet. shapes to a height of several hundred The lava, when quiescent, cools and feet, in fact, considerably above the skims over on the surface with a level of the outer rim of the crater. rapidity which is surprising when one In the day time this miniature moun- considers what must be the temperature tain appeared as a black and fearfully of the enormous mass beneath. The jagged mass, from various parts of first view may perchance be that of a which a light, vaporous smoke rose rim composed of indescribably irregular slowly and disappeared in the trans- and fantastic forms, enclosing a level parent atmosphere above. At night, as . surface of a silverish gray, varied here seen from the hotel, its gloomy depths and there with rose pink where the THE MID-PACIFIC 35 cooling is not so complete. To one When Kilauea is fairly active this who happens to strike it just at this intermittent action goes on with great stage the first feeling may be one of regularity, and the looker-on finds it disappointment. But wait a few min- difficult to tear himself away from the utes. Suddenly a streak of light darts spot, lingering on to witness another across the surface. Another and an- and another, and yet another, and just one more recurrence of a spectacle other ,follow in quick succession. The absolutely unique, and one whose surface crust is beginning to crack fascination no amount of repetition and open. The cracks grow wider and seems in any degree to impair. But increase in number until, in less time beautiful and satisfying as the scene than it takes to describe it, the whole may be by day, it is only at night that surface is seamed and shot with fire. it can be seen in its full glory. The The uneasy mass below begins to heave contrast of intense incandescence with and throb, and with booming and de- the impenetrable gloom of the encom- tonating reports, and indescribable passing darkness, the dazzling glare sounds of crushing and grinding, great reflected from the inky blackness of pieces of the congealed crust are driven the surrounding cliffs and mysterious one upon another, or turning upon edge caverns, and the lurid canopy of cloud are swallowed up and disappear like and smoke overhanging all combine to cakes of ice in a spring freshet, until produce an effect at once grand and there, at the foot of the astonished infernal. The visit at night is neither spectator, lies a cauldron perhaps a so difficult nor as dangerous as might quarter or a third of a mile in diameter be imagined. Night visits are frequently filled with a surging, boiling mass of made, even by ladies, and no serious liquid fire. Great dome-shaped fountains accident has ever happened. Indeed there are few places in the world where play at different points of the surface, a man will venture, where a woman here and there jets and spurts of lava is not ready to follow. Of American toss their blood red drops high in the women, at least, this is certainly true. air, while a succession of heavy surges sweep across the lake and break upon The visitor who stops a day or two the rocky shore with sounds like unto, at the Volcano House, traverses the floor but deeper than that of the ocean surf of the caldera, and gazes by day or by upon an iron-bound coast. The heat night on nature's gigantic fireplace, is intense ; instinctively the spectator usually imagines that he has about ex- shrinks back from its fierce glow, or hausted the scenic resources of the seeks refuge upon the windward side neighborhood, and hastens back to of the cauldron. And then gradually, Hilo. This is a great mistake, which as he gazes awestruck at the raging those who have time and means at their of the fiery monster in his rocky pris- command will do well not to make. on, the scene becomes more quiet ; the Days, and even several weeks may be fountain ceases playing, the fiery surges pleasantly and profitably spent by those no longer sweep the surface, the boom- who appreciate nature in her varied as- ing and crashing noises die away, and pects, and who are not infected with the lovely hue of the now level surface the pestilent hurrying spirit of the begins to assume the same neutral tint times, and the insane desire to "do" a that it presented before the outbreak. place and then get away as quickly as 36 THE MID-PACIFIC

possible. Such people doubtless enjoy stiff and sore from the thirty miles of themselves in a fashion, and for many alternating stones and mud which con- there is no other method available, but stituted the old bridle path, one of these for those more fortunately situated, baths was the standard prescription for there is certainly a •better way. The mollifying sore muscles, limbering up elevation of four thousand feet above stiff joints, and soothing a wearied the sea gives a delightful invigorating nervous system. atmosphere. There are many curious The return route can be varied in and beautiful places, each within the several ways. A detour, for instance, circuit of a day's round, and the return can be made through the district of to the excellent fare of the volcano Puna, and thence back to Hilo. Puna house and the cheerful open wood fire is a sparsely settled district with very in its sitting room is a luxury not to be few white inhabitants. Owing to the despised. absence of sugar plantations and enter- There is one specialty of the place prises supported by foreign capital, the which must not be passed over without natives have preserved their aboriginal habits and modes of living more fully mention. This is the natural sulphur perhaps than in any other part of the baths. At many places near the house country. Here can be found many in- there are crevices which constantly emit teresting results of volcanic activity. steam and sulphurous vapor, and from There are cracks which to the observer around which exquisite but fragile speci- seem bottomless ; old crater pits, over mens of sulphur crystals can be gath- grown with trees and ferns ; curious ered. This kind provision of nature lava caves and tunnels, some of them has been admirably utilized. One of of considerable extent ; and a section these crevices has been closed in, and of coast, sunk at the time of one of the the vapor conducted in pipes to a little modern earthquakes, with the sub- house where one can sit down in a merged coconut trees still standing up wooden box with only his head sticking above the surface of the sea. Or, if out, and then, with towels neatly tucked preferred, an entirely different road in between his neck and the sides of the may be followed to Punaluu on the aperture in the cover, the moist, warm southern part of the island, whence a sulphur steam is turned on in a grad- steamer, fully equal in accommodations ually increasing volume until he cries to the one on the Hilo route, will carry enough. A wash off with cold of tepid the traveler back to Honolulu. For an water, as may be preferred, and a good extra ten dollars the round trip ticket rub-down completes the process. In the from Honolulu will be so issued as to former days, when the traveler unac- allow of going by one route and return- customed to the saddle used to arrive ing by the other. Life Worth Living in Manila

By STANLEY P. JOHNSON

HE Philippines is the lotus land, bit" there, nor to dismal shoutings of a the mariana land, the land of a hunger-ridden proletariat, nor to the Tpleasant tomorrow. That for which bleak dawn of coalless winter. But other lands are striving abounds here— warm sunshine and summer haze con- leisure, luxury, life. Travelers from the vince that life is not all toil, nor the United States or foreign countries find present merely a purgatory for future here their forgotten days. They find a cleanliness of soul. happy people not enmeshed in toil from If we may, in this uncommercial re- dawn to dark, but mindful of the plea- port of things congenial, seem not to sure of living. They come from hard- crow over the misfortunes of others so ship to ease, from restraint to freedom. much as to state frankly our fortune They come to a country where part of to the world in the hope that others the business of life consists in having may profit thereby, and if in doing so a good time. And there's no one to ac- we may bring one soul to share, our cuse them of loafing on the job, of message will not have been in vain. lacking civic austerity, of sowing tares But knowing as we do that people ob- to reap sorrow in a miserable old age. sessed with responsibility for the on- Released from the opporessive hand of going of things in general will read legislation and government interference moral retrogression between these lines, with personal liberty, they find them- to them we say that progress does not selves luxuriously fitted out with a lei- consist in running around but in wel- sure in which there is no morbid con- fare of the spirit and in leisure to live. sciousness of duty undone. They awake Whatever the tropic balm may do to not to tyrannical headlines in the daily one's sense of social duty, it more than press demanding "your bit" here, "your makes up in that personal satisfaction 37 38 THE MID-PACIFIC

which engenders humanity and good ing home as he thought he did. He is will toward all. quite at home here. Why change? First it is necessary to remember that Probably he lived in the provinces out- there are two Manilas, the one in which side of Manila for a while, and he was man works, and the other in which man quite at home there. Then, he spent plays, the former yielding material suc- two weeks at Baguio among the moun- cess undreamed in poorer countries, and tains, and he was quite at home there. the latter, those emoluments of pleasure Also on his little trip to China he was sought for in vain east of Honolulu quite at home. AU at once he has be- and west of Suez. come cosmopolitan in the matter of There is no better proof of the geography, discovering that location worthwhileness of life in Manila than on the globe isn't a material factor in life after all, that he is quite as happy, that those who have lived in the Islands quite as well off, in one place as in for two years always return. They another. have eaten of the lotus. All of them go through a certain stereotyped develop- Also he lived with a Spanish family ment to this end, each thinking as he for a time, worked at the same desk goes that he is discovering new truths. with Filipinos, played golf with the The young man arrives from the United British, traded with Indians, Chinese, States. His first impressions are of and Japanese, met and talked with the tourist sort, an intense interest in Australians, Javanese, Russians, Per- the dress and habits of the Filipino, sians, and Portuguese, besides having of the Chinese, and of the promiscuous daily contact with twelve other na- population of Manila. He feels the an- tionalities on the streets and at public tiquity of Spanish ruins in the air. He gatherings. He not only saw these peo- has the tourist feeling of superiority ple but he touched their minds and and detachedness. The carabao, the learned something of their ideals and carromata, the chinelas, all drag across lack of them. All shapes and colors his mind the fact that he is in a world and sizes of people tumbled into his other than his own. Then comes the existence and unsettled his convictions. time when he must mix with this life, No longer able to classify his acquaint- when the sun falls upon his shoulders ances with the provincial measure of heavily, when his own people ignore his home town, he was forced to take him in the streets. Then he grows them as they came and judge them as homesick and with inflamed imagina- individuals. And he found interesting tion creates all sorts of wonders in his people, great people, men with ideals homeland which never did exist. He and strength. So his inventory re- draws odious comparisons, and tells veals to him that the accident of birth himself hourly that he has made a ter- also does not matter. rible mistake. This is at the end of his Naturally he learned that some peo- first year, when monotony has appeared. ple believe one thing and some another But gradually he recovers, until in his and that all seem equally well off not- second year, upon taking stock prepara- withstanding. Some people shaped tory to shutting up shop and going their garments one way and some an- home, he finds some startling truths. other. Some ate rice and some cam- In the first place he finds that he otes, some liked their forks with three doesn't really care so much about go- prongs and some with only one. Some THE MID-PACIFIC 39 of the women wore short .dresses and this part of the world. The responsi- some long, some kimonas and some silk bility of large families and consequent pajamas. Some drank spirituous bev- worries for the children's future is erages, and some didn't. There were noticeably lacking here. But it is a different religions and games and every- home city, too, and those that know say thing. And the strangest discovery of it is a splendid land for raising babies. all was that he couldn't see but that Among the native population family all of them were right. Thus his in- life is highly developed and constitutes ventory reveals to him a mind broad- an important factor in contentment and ened with experience and knowledge. orderly living. This is one of the things that make Too much emphasis can hardly be life in Manila worth while—the per- placed on the advantages accruing to sonal gain from contact with the whole us through our insularity and isolation. world. The conventionalities and prescribed In Manila is felt the pulse of the forms of daily living are void. There world's activity—the currents of po- is no Madam Grundy to hector, there litical, commercial, and intellectual are no rules of the would-be Four thought of the world—more keenly Hundred. We come and go unques- than in New York or London. And tioned. A society of men and women lest we seem to exaggerate, there's a from the seven seas and the four winds reason. Each man here is an individu- grants each one the sovereignty of his al machine ; in the larger cities he is own affairs. Detached from our home a cog. Not having within our borders country we can see it impersonally, its the factors of economic independence, strength, its weakness. We have no we are forced into direct contact with neighbors to tell us what to think or many nations, and the threads of inter- how to vote. Neither a Democrat nor course can be held in one hand, so to a Republican is disgraced for being so. speak, so that each of us understands Reliance is placed on a man's experi- the whole. In the press we are not ence, respect accorded his judgment. overwhelmed with a mass of local news. Distance effects clarity of thought: Not The immensity of nonessential topics living in San Francisco we are not of small-town interest is spared us. disturbed by its claims of superiority Only the essential and all the essential to Seattle or New York. touches us. Our horizon is not bound- As a whole Oriental and tropical life ed by 42d Street nor by neighbor exposes the bigger and more funda- Peet's farm. mental processes of life. There is less One of many reasons for the happier attention paid to inconsequential details life in Manila than in other cities of and routine than in the complex centers the world. so far at least as foreigners of Europe and America. It is of less are concerned, is natural selection of importance to know what Lady Jane the fit and strong, which is continually wore at the ball than to know how she taking place. There are no crippled will run her embroidery establishment. and weak, no poor nor invalid people More is considered of failure and suc- in Manila. They do not come. Only cess and struggles with new conditions those looking for adventure, those fit- than of a man's politics. The inter- ted to care for themselves, those ready relationship of races, the development and willing to take what comes seek of virgin countries, the feeding of mil- 40 THE MID-PACIFIC

lions, with their intricate problems ren- Also opportunities are continually aris- der men accustomed to thinking in the ing through the elimination of the unfit large. Close touch with men and full and the transient. Ambitious men, par- knowledge of their individual problems ticularly if interested in the great field and experiences, all, of whom have cast of foreign trade, can find nowhere aside one life and assumed another, greater opportunities than here. Sal- gives pause to trivial speech. Men aries range from $1,800 per year, for talk little in the Tropics, but what they stenographers and office assistants, to say has meaning. The small talk of $5,000 for executives. Naturally there social gatherings is not attempted here. are salaries much higher, but most men .It is as if through a common experi- of this class are in business for them- ence all had come to a knowledge of selves. Female stenographers are in life and what is worth while in it that demand, with salaries ranging from renders such things futile. $1,500 to $2,000 per year. Living ex- There is less violence in the Philip- penses in Manila are perhaps lower pines than in any other land. Its people than anywhere in the world at the are gentle and courteous. In provin- present time. For a single person $75 cial towns in lonely districts an Ameri- per month can meet board and room can woman can remain alone for days and laundry as a satisfactory minimum. without fear of molestation. One can The greatest saving, however, is in take long trips through the wildest the mafter of clothes, which are worn mountains in perfect safety. The season in and out, with no necessity thought of firearms for self defense for new wardrobes every three months. is unknown. The average man of twenty-five in the And now having disposed in some average position should be able to degree of the mental aspects of Ma- place in the savings bank each year nila's worthwhileness, it may be well from $1,000 to $2,000 and live a com- to turn to things more material for the fortable, pleasurable life while doing sake of Missourians who travel. so. And for men with capital, unspec- ulative returns as high as 25 per cent Manila is essentially a young man's are frequently secured. town. The Philippines is in its in- Competition being less severe, and fancy, and everything is to be accom- plished. Business is young. Success efficiency securing quicker returns, a lies in the future. There are no forms man attains his success in the Islands to be fitted in. A man's job is what with greater ease. The routine of life he makes it. There is no working up is pleasant, and days pass quickly. The to the job formerly held by one's average man arises early, say 7 o'clock, father and his father before him, for to a bright sunlit morning, takes a there is none such. One cannot fol- leisurely shave and a cold bath, pre- low the footsteps of others, for there pared by his muchacho. After a break- is no trail. Men are demanded for new fast of fruits and the usual ham and enterprises, men with ideas and initia- eggs and newspaper he journeys down tive; they are not paid for what they to his office at possibly 8 o'clock. This do but for what they create. Older s,eems to be much the same as in the men retire and go home at an age United States, but it isn't. There he when success is scarcely visible in the rushes through breakfast and rushes more-fixed mediums of older countries. to his office. Also he rushes all the THE MID-PACIFIC 41 morning until 12 o'clock. Not so here. Thus he can readily avail himself of He dictates in a few minutes his day's the social opportunities which in this correspondence which will probably part of the world are greater than in leave port a week later, depending on less cosmopolitan communities. For the schedule of boats. Then he has the ordinary man away from home in new schemes to think over and con- cities in the United States or Europe, ferences to hold with confreres. After there is little to do. One meets few this there is usually considerable time people and become really acquainted for ice cream and further conferences with fewer. The average man in those outside. He probably visits his bank places is lonesome. But in Manila he and the cable office, and does some knows every one. He knows them by more thinking. If he is a salesman, their first names. Hospitality has long he has to talk with prospective custom- been synonymous with Manila and the ers. At all events he is a very busy Filipino -people ; the stiffer peoples of man, with a dozen plans for expansion colder climes yield to the genial in- working in his brain; but there is time, fluence. There are dances and social aeons of time. There is so much to be gatherings for every one every night, . done and so little danger that the field if he cares to attend. There are caba- will be overworked before he gets to rets and operas at times, and the usual it that he fears nothing. At 12 o'clock theatrical equipment of a town of 300,- or thereabouts he goes back to his 000 people in the Tropics. Exclusive- hotel for lunch. Afterwards he sleeps ness is not. Cliques are not. Every for two hours and drops back to his man is welcome, for every man here is office. At 4 o'clock he goes out for worth while, as a traveler, as a man tea, and at 5 o'clock, if the day has with experience and knowledge of the been a hard one, he knocks off for golf world. or tennis or a swim, or goes back to Vacations too are an important part his siesta chair for rest. After chow of life in Manila. There is an average at 8 o'clock, if he is socially inclined, of one fiesta or holiday per week on he organizes a party for a cabaret and which there are processions and cele- spends a pleasant evening. Otherwise brations of diverse kinds. Of course he plays cards or billiards at his club. in addition each man secures a regular The next day repeats, and so on. He vacation of two weeks or a month is never hurried, never tired, never which he spends in China or in the worried. He knows, too, whether he mountains, outdoors at any rate, re- is accomplishing results. He is satis- storing vitality. And then every few fied with today for he knows it will years a six months' or a years' leave lead to tomorrow as surely as he places for a visit home. Everywhere there his savings in the bank. He has a feel- is smooth and gentle time careless of ing of security that is unknown in days. keenly competitive communities. He And like an accompaniment to easy knows, or should know, his own value. and pleasant living the ancient city of Of course the primrose path leads to Manila breathes an air of romance ruin from Manila as surely as it does from its ruins. The older section is from New York, but that is neither surrounded with the rich atmosphere here nor there. The fact remains that of the past, with mossy buildings and the man is valuable, that he is safe, ancient walls inclosing. Outside the that he has leisure, opportunity, ease. walls the new city has grown. An 42 THE MID-PACIFIC

eternity of pleasant weather flows un- In response to the invitations issued, ceasingly across the bay and the city. every portion of the Archipelago com- At certain seasons the streets are menced preparations for participation, abloom with fire trees. All things and practically all of the more import- tend toward peace. Yet we are in the ant commercial and industrial interests midst of the new with all the comforts of Manila and other chief ports of the of modernity, all the field for effort Islands announced a desire to be repre- and creative work building toward success. sented on Wallace Field. If men desire breadth of vision from For fully three months prior to the contact with the peoples of the world ; opening of the carnival and exposition if they desire financial success and com- on January 31, engineers and builders fortable living, the luxury of riches employed by the Carnival Association without riches ; if they desire a field were busy with the construction of the for their efforts that will repay in in- Carnival City, erected, as had been its stant growth, then Manila is decidedly predecessors, on historic Wallace Field, worth while. If they care for the fronting the old Luneta and Rizal Mon- larger developments in international ument, and under the shadow of the trade and politics, they can come no ancient Spanish ramparts that inclose closer home to them than in Manila. the Walled City. If they seek in their younger years ad- In order that the program of enter- vantages of position and leisure, else- tainment and the displays might be in where coincident only with age, they harmony with the increased importance can find them now. given to the Victory Carnival, no ex- Despite the calamity of a conflagra- pense was spared to secure special fea- tion that destroyed fully one-half of the tures both from the provinces and from Carnival City and occasioned a loss in the United States and foreign countries. property of approximately 2,000,000 A special agent was sent to the United pesos, the 1920 Victory Carnival and States for the purpose of securing Exposition, the eleventh carnival to be amusement features of the sort that held in Manila under the auspices of were proving most popular at fairs and the Philippine Carnival Association, expositions there, and the result was was a signal success. to place in the Carnival City a variety Originally conceived with the idea of of attractions of this nature such as making it in a real sense a commemora- had never before been gathered togeth- tion of the victory of democracy in the er in the Far East. World War it was planned to give to the 1920 Carnival proportions as well Special attention was given to the as a significance worthy of the occasion, housing of exhibits, and buildings of and for this reason every province in unusual architectural excellence were the Islands was invited to take part in erected. The electric tower in the a huge industrial, commercial, and agri- center of the carnival plaza ; the huge cultural exposition, which, for the first light-studded arch at the main entrance time in carnival history, was incorpor- to the grounds ; and the great open- ated as an actual portion of the carni- air dance auditorium were all, features val itself. well worthy of special mention. A Chinese procession in San Francisco.

Fortune Telling Among the Chinese in America By STEWART CULIN.

ANY methods of divination and lots before the idol of the god of war. sortilege are known to the Can- This is done constantly- by gamblers, M tonese laborers who have emi- but the most important ceremony of grated to America. Thus there may be this kind is performed at the beginning mentioned divination with a tortoise of the Chinese year. Many visit the shell and three ancient cash or coins of shrines at this time to ask about their a peculiar kind ; divination by opening health, success in business, and such a Chinese book at random and selecting other important matters as may concern a character, and divination by means of them during the remainder of the year. the game of dominoes. None of these It was my fortune to be present upon methods are actually practiced in our such an occasion, at the invitation of Eastern cities, although a treatise for the proprietor of a laundry in the south- telling fortunes with dominoes is sold eastern part of Philadelphia. The for- in our Chinese shops. Cards are not mer owner of the place had erected a used by the Chinese in fortune-telling. handsome shrine, the first of its kind in The game of dominoes comes to us from this city, and here, on the 7th day of the Chinese, by whom it was invented. February, the fifth day of the Chinese Their game, which is complicated by year, I saw performed some of the most astrological elements, is the probable sacred rites with which our Chinese source of the fortune-telling cards of colonists are acquainted. Europe. Only its dry bones remain in The little laundry had a holiday ap- the somewhat meaningless domino game pearance. A table was spread with nuts played in Europe and America. and fruits for New Year's callers, a The universal method of attempting number of whose red paper cards lay to learn the future is that of casting piled upon it. The shrine stood against 43 44 THE MID-PACIFIC

the wall, in a front room. It consisted red, with an inscription in honor of of a substantial framework of carved Kwan Yin. and painted wood, extending from about On a ledge within the frame was a three feet from the floor nearly to the large box full of sand to hold incense ceiling. A table in front of this formed sticks, and at either extremity on the the altar. The central panels of the ledge without the frame were silvered shrine bore the legand, Lit Shing Kung, glass vases holding bunches of artificial "Temple of the several Sages," while flowers. The implements for divination the panels on the right and left were were on the table : two elliptical pieces inscribed in Chinese characters, simi- of hard wood, rounded on one side and larly carved and gilded. "Relying upon flat on the other, kau pui, and a tin Divine favor to open an advantageous box containing one hundred bamboo pathway" and "Abiding in sacred virtue splints, about seven inches in length, to enlarge the source of wealth." Within called ts'im u. the frame, suspended on the wall, were It was growing dark when I entered paper scrolls with pictures of Chinese the laundry and the owner had let down divinities. his queue, put on his best robe, and First on the left was the Taoist god, was waiting with covered head to re- Cheung T'in Sz', the "Secretary of ceive the cooked meats from the kitchen Heaven." Next, a picture of Un T'an, for the sacrifice. He lighted two large a deity reputed to be a god of wealth, painted candles in the candlesticks, and and worshipped in the district of Sin- after waving a bundle of incense three ning, from which the proprietor came. times before the shrine, ignited it in This scroll hung in the laundry before the flame of a candle and carefully dis- the erection of the present shrine and posed the smouldering sticks before the was soiled and time-worn. Kwan Tai representations of the divinities. Three appeared upon the next scroll. The god were first stuck in the large sand box Kwan, or Kwan Kung, "the Master" before Kwan Tai and then three before Kwan, as he is popularly called here, is each of the other scrolls. Three were the deity almost universally worshipped placed in the shrine of the Lord of the in China at the present day. He was a Place, a small box on the right of the general of the Han dynasty, dying A.D. altar provided for the tutelary ghost ; 219, and the events of his life, as de- one was carried back into the kitchen flected in the historical romance of the and put beside the stove for the Ts6 Sam Kwok Chiin, are very familiar to Shan, the God of the Furnace, and one the Chinese here. He appears on the was stuck in the woodwork by the door leading into the street. This was done scroll as a man of commanding appear- to let the spirits know that a ceremony ance, with a long black beard, wearing was being performed in their honor. a green robe, and seated on a kind of The altar was set as if for a banquet. throne. He is supported on one side Three wine cups and three pairs of by his faithful servitor Chau Ts'ong, chopsticks were placed in front of the with an enormous halberd, and on the scroll, and a boiled fowl, trussed in a other by his adopted son, Kwin Ping, peculiar fashion, with a piece of roasted holding his official seal, wrapped in a pork were handed the priest and simi- yellow silk bag. Beside the last scroll, larly deposited. The priest filled the on the extreme left, was a board painted cups with wine from a jar, and, lifting THE MID-PACIFIC 45 one of them on high, passed it three nish a clue to the future of the in- times through the smoke of the incense dividual whose fortune is under con- and poured part of the wine upon the sideration. A short explanation ac- floor. companies each passage, but an ex- tended knowledge of the Chinese an- Then he bowed three times and knelt nals is considered necessary for the and prayed silently. His prayer was satisfactory explanation of the oracle. something like this : "0 Kwan Tai, will The priest knelt and prayed, and asked you please come and eat and drink and whether he would make much money accept this respectable banquet? I wish during the year. Then he arose, took to know about the future and what will the box containing the ts'im u, and happen to me this year. If I am to be after waving it thrice through the fortunate, let me have three shing pui." smoke, knelt and shook it violently un- He rose and took the kau pui and pass- til one of the splints fell to the floor. ed them three times through the rising He wrote the number of the splint on smoke. Then, kneeling again, he held a piece of paper, and threw the ts'im the kau pui, with the flat sides together, until all his questions were answered. above his head, and let them drop to This accomplished, he took several nar- the floor. When they fell both lay with row slips of paper, ka'i ts'in, pierced their curved sides uppermost, yam pui. with the holes and said to represent as This indication is a negative one, many cash (ts'in) as there are holes, neither for good or evil. Again they and wrapped them in some large sheets were let fall. This time both flat sides of paper upon which tin foil had been lay uppermost, yeung pui, unfavorable. pasted, tai kong IA and after waving The third time one lay with the flat the bundle three times before the altar, and the other with the rounded side ignited it, and put the blazing mass up, shing pui, a favorable sign. The into an iron pot, po lo, where it was kau pui are thrown until three yam, consumed. During the entire ceremony, yeung or shing pui are obtained in which lasted about half an hour, and succession. This indicates- the supposed was conducted in the most reverential answer of the god, and is an evil, in- manner, he did not speak an audible different or good omen, as the case may word. be.' Three shing pui were the fortune After it was over, the attendants car- of the priest, but he wished to know ried the roast meat back into the kit- more of the future. He knelt and chen, where it was cut in small pieces, prayed again: "0 Kwan Tai! I beg you in the Chinese manner of serving meat will let me throw the ts'im u. If you for the table, and again brought in, will, grant me three sing pui." Again with other dishes containing food, and the kau poi are thrown and three sing placed on a low platform before the poi indicate the answer of the god. shrine of the "Lord of the Place," the The ts'im a are numbered from 1 to tutelary spirit. The offerings were al- 100, corresponding with the pages of lowed to remain there for a short time, a book entitled Kwan Tai Ling Ts'im, when the wine was poured back into the "Kwan Tai Divining Lots." Each the jars from the cups before Kwan page of this book contains a verse of Tai and served with the carved meats poetry referring to some well-known for dinner to the assembled company. personage in Chinese history, and his It is chiefly for the purpose of this life and conduct are supposed to fur- ceremonial divination that the Chinese 46 THE MID-PACIFIC

erect temples and shrines in our Ameri- gammon and chess, and extended can cities. Each guild hall has an altar among nearly all the native tribes of which is resorted to by its members, to the North American Continent in forms whom an attendant sells the "mock so curiously like those of Asia that money" and candles that are used in one of them, the old Mexican game of the sacrifice. All visit some such shrine patolli, has been regarded as one of at the holiday season of the New Year, the strongest evidences of the Asiatic and many consult the idol from time origin of aboriginal American culture. to time, as occasion requires. Gamblers The performance of these divinatory are the chief patrons. They throw the rites before the image of the God of kau poi to ascertain whether they shall War is quite in keeping with the cus- be lucky at play, and for their conven- toms of other nations. Thus (in India, ience an additional box of ts'im the Hindu fortune-teller appeals to marked with the 80 numbers of the Civa and the Mohammedan to Azriel, lottery, are kept in most temples. There the Angel of Death, while among the are no priests of any of the Chinese Zuni Indians in Ahaiyuta and Matsai- religious systems in the Chinese tem- lema are the twin gods of War and ples in the Eastern cities of the United Fate). States, the attendant being a simple There is another method of fortune- caretaker, and each individual wor- telling allied to the preceding which is ships quite alone and performs his own known and practiced by our Chinese sacrifices. The ceremonies do not be- colonists. It consists in drawing bam- long especially to any one of the three boo splints from a vase. There was a great religions of China, but are largely fortune-teller who used this system in survivals of the religious ideas that the "Joss House" in the Midway Plai- existed there before the birth of the sance at the Columbian Exposition. founders of the accredited religious sys- Thirty-two or sixty-four splints of bam- tems. The ts'im u, or "lot answers," boo, tipped with red paint and about as the divining slips are called, are also five inches in length, are used. They are found in Japan, where they are called called kwa. ts'im. There are eight or mikuji. In the latter country they are sixteen of each kind. Their marks .and kept in both Shinto and Buddhist tem- names are as follows : A single dot, ples. The form of their receptacle va- tan, "single"; two dots, chit, "broken"; ries somewhat from that used in China, a circle, ch'ung, "duplicated," and a being a box closed at the top, with the cross, kaa, "united." They are re- exception of a small hole through which garded respectively as yeung, "mascu- the splint falls. This box, mikuji bako, line ;" yam, "feminine ;" shin yam shin, is sometimes made round of bamboo meaning "assistant." The inquirer or square of other wood. draws a splint at random from the vase I regard the ts'im ii as having or- in which the entire bundle is placed, iginally been arrows, and one of the and the fortune-teller notes the mark many forms of the arrow casting which on it upon a piece of paper. Then is so widely distributed, both as a another splint is drawn and the result means of divination and then as a written down just above the former game. It exists at the present day in mark, and this is repeated until six Korea under a Tartar _Dame as the marks, written in a line one above the probable ancestor of our games of back- other, are obtained. These are then THE MID-PACIFIC 47

referred to a treatise in which the sig- At the present day, in Japan, fifty nificance of the various combinations splints of bamboo called in Japanese are explained. This system is said zeichaku (Chinese shai chuk), are used. by Chinese here to have been invented They may vary in length from two to by Man Wong (B. C. 1231-1135) and fourteen inches. The fortune-teller is hence called Man Wong Kwa. It is takes the bundle in his right hand and believed to be based upon the ancient raises it reverently to his forehead. He Chinese book entitled the Yik King, . then places the ends in the palm of or "Book of Changes," which the Chi- his left hand, and, with his right, nese regard as the foundation of prac- shuffles them with a rotary motion. tically all, their divination. The Yik Taking the bundle in his right hand, King, or I King, as it is called in the he places one so that it projects from Northern dialect, consists of a series between his little fingers and his third of 64 hexagrams, formed by combining finger. Dividing the remainder into broken and unbroken lines, to each of two parts, he places one of the divided which is appended a short explanatory bundles between his middle finger and text. Appendices by various hands, forefinger and holds the other between part of which are attributed to Con- his forefinger and thumb. The latter fucius, make up the body of the book. bundle is then counted, taking four The sixty-four hexagrams are an ex- splints at a time, around the Pat kwa, pansion of the eight trigrams or sym- or "Eight Trigrams," commencing at bols commonly known as the pat kwa. the one designated by the Chinese In one of the appendices to the Yik character k'in "Heaven," and corres- ponding with N. W. (North-West). The King (the third) there is an account trigram at which the count stops (if given of the method of divination with there is an uneven number the odd divining stalks in ancient China. The number is not counted) is then noted. stalks of a plant, the Ptarmica Sibirica, This record is kept by means of six were used for the purpose. Those which oblong square prisms of shitan o,r red grow on the grave of Confucius are sandalwood, which have two contigu- most highly esteemed. It is difficult to ous sides plain and two contiguous follow the original text, and I have al- sides marked with a transverse cut ways been extremely anxious to obtain about an inch wide, which is painted an intelligent explanation of the pro- red. These blocks, called sangi (Chi- cess. Only recently I became aware nese sun muk, or "calculating sticks," that the ancient system, or one imi- are laid parallel to each other and with tated from the ancient account, was their plain faces uppermost. If the still practiced in China. This system, lowest line of the three that compose from its antiquity, and the light which the trigram at which the count stops it throws, not only upon the more be broken, the block nearest the for- popular systems of fortune-telling in tune-teller is turned so that its broken China, but upon arrow-casting, divina- side, marked in red, will be uppermost. tion and games in general, I shall If the lowest line be unbroken, the describe in concluding this paper. The first block is allowed to remain un- particulars were related to me by Mr. disturbed. The second and third blocks Teitoku Morimoto, a Japanese artist are manipulated in the same manner of ability at present residing in Phil- to correspond with the second and third adelphia. lines. Then the zeichaku are again • 48 THE MID-PACIFIC

manipulated and the three remaining and even more interesting, as well as sangi turned in the same manner. The instructive, to compare it with the simi- fortune-teller then draws his conclu- lar, if not identical, systems that exist sions from the corresponding diagram among the aborigines of America. It in the Yik King, aided by the tradition- is only necessary to suggest the stick al interpretation. A knowledge of the games of the Haidah Indians of our present is thus obtained, but if it is Northwest coast in this conection. desired to know the future, the six Through these American games the blocks are reversed and the interpre- origin and history, of the divinatory tation made accordingly. This kind systems of Asia may be studied. Seem- of divination is known in Japan as ingly meaningless and empirical except, Yeki, a word written with the Chinese it may be, to a few native students, character Yik, which stands as the title they are based upon primitive concep- of the Yik King, or "Divination Clas- tions which appear to be almost uni- sic." Persons who practice it are called versal. America thus furnishes us with bai boku sha (Chinese mai puk che) a clue to a correct understanding of "sellers of divination." It is interesting these ancient mysteries, which some to compare the above account with the day, not far distant, will be revealed ancient record which Dr. James Legge in all the fullness of their primal sig- has made accessible to English readers, nificance.

An altar in a "Joss House" in America. .4meccantcca and Popocatepetl beyond.

Mexico of Today By A. MEICA

N spite of the industrial depression Most of the troubles now afflicting the from which the whole world, in- world are financial at heart. They are I cluding the United States, is now the result of trying to finance a world- suffering, Mexico has gone ahead and wide fratricidal struggle on the earn- is gradually pulling itself together in ings of and savings of future genera- a manner that promises the fulfillment of the dreams entertained for it by tions. Credit, the oil which makes the those who have lived in the country and turning of the wheels of business pos- who are aware of its tremendous possi- sible, has been used in such prodigal bilities if internal peace and order can quantities that the supply has been ex- once be established and guaranteed. hausted far into the future. Past blun- It may be said, in a sense, that Mexi- ders of governmental finance, unecono- co is further advanced along the line mic legislation, attempts to upset by of economic and industrial readjust- legislative edict the laws of economics ment than any other country. The basis which are certain to prevail in spite for that statement lies in this situation : of any man-made attempts to circum- 49 50 THE MID-PACIFIC

vent them—all these and more have time commercial commitments with per- contributed to the present situation. fect assurance that a sudden turn in the But in Mexico it may be truly said exchanges will not wipe them out. that none of these factors has been an It is doubtful if any country in the active agent in contributing to the ills history of the world has been so dam- that still beset the country. Mexico's aged by the efforts of conflicting groups troubles were and are strictly internal. to forward their own interests as Mex- Being without credit, its various gov- ico. This is true not only of political ernments of the recent past have been groups inside of Mexico, but of outside unable to borrow. Being without the interests seeking profit through calumny ability to borrow, its present and ap- and pursuing individual advantage by parently representative government blackening the character of the country. finds itself without debt, except of With half a chance, Mexico will prove course, the old overhanging indebted- what those who know it best have al- ness of the time of Diaz and Huerta, ways contended—that no equal area in debts which in their aggregate are the world has such potential oppor- still far from being a heavy load for tunities or natural riches. With the a country possessing such magnificent vexing questions created by Carranza, resources of all kinds as Mexico and at heart always anti-American, once out for which suitable provision will prob- of the way, there will be little to hin- ably soon be made. der the speedy renewal of a. happy 'state of steady industry and economic pros- Mexico is today the only country in perity in Mexico. the world on a strictly gold basis. All President Obregon has no child's job paper money has disappeared from cir- on his hands, but there is every reason culation and business is transacted on to believe that in electing him presi- an entirely metallic basis. The session dent of the Republic the people of Mex- of congress which convened on Janu- ico have chosen the man best suited for ary 15 of the present year offered for the time and the problems he now faces. its consideration a banking and currency The new president is well known in the measure which it is believed will afford United States and knows the United the country an exceedingly satisfactory States well, in which particular he dif- banking system, by the assistance of fers from nearly all of his predecessors. which business will be greatly expedited. He has traveled extensively in this The fact that all business is done on country, he knows well that the United a metallic basis has practically removed States and Mexico have far more to the question of exchange rates from gain through mutual aid and coopera- business transactions between the United tion than through quibbling and he may States and Mexico. This factor alone be depended upon to exert his powerful should appeal to American manufactur- influence in favor of fair and equitable ers, exporters and importers as one de- legislation for the conserving of the serving of careful consideration. With foreign capital already invested in Mex- almost absolute freedom from the fluc- ico and for the creating of conditions tuations in the value of other currencies by means of which new investments measured by the dollar which make will be encouraged. business so hazardous at this time in For the first time in more than a many parts of the world, Americans decade, the Americans in Mexico, espe- and Mexicans are able to enter long- cially those who live in Mexico City, THE MID-PACIFIC 51 believe that foreign activities are to be the food houses which handle foodstuffs honestly encouraged by the Mexican and liquors of all kinds. They buy the government. It is estimated that there foodstuffs from the American packers are now approximately 14,000 Ameri- and other manufacturers. The Ameri- cans in the country, compared with cans own most of the timber resources about 50,000 during the last years of and lumber mills of Mexico. The Mex- the regime of Porfirio Diaz, but those icans control the cotton growing indus- now there represent the type of pioneers try and the Spanish and Mexicans con- who can do more for Mexico than any trol the cotton mills. The Americans other class. They are the scouts of are getting out most of the chicle and American manufacturing, selling, bank- the mahogany which is coming from ing and other interests and they are Mexico. One American concern at this generally advising their principals that moment has 500 men employed in get- the time to go ahead has arrived. It ting out mahogany lumber and chicle is interesting to note that out of the from its forests. The sugar plantations, 16,000,000 people in the Mexican Re- which ran down greatly during the rev- public there are about as many Span- olution, so much so that the production iards as Americans, while the English, in Mexico was cut to one-fourth of the French and Germans each number about production of ten years ago, are now 4,000, with the Italians slightly fewer. reviving and the country is taking A bulletin recently issued by the Na- American sugar_machinery again. The tional Association of Manufacturers ad- sugar interests are owned by the Ameri- vising immediate action in seeking cans, Spanish and Mexicans." closer commercial relations with Mexico But it is in the field of general com- estimated the ownership of the indus- modities that the average American tries of Mexico as follows : business man will find his most imme- "The Americans control more than diate interest in Mexico. There is only three-quarters of the oil and mining in- one word that describes what the coun- dustries in Mexico and they are also try needs—everything. Although the operating many factories not only in volume of business between the United Mexico City but in the other large cities States and Mexico has more than of the country. The Germans have doubled in the last ten years, it may be very large interests in hardware, par- said to be hardly a quarter of what ticularly, but they buy most of their should normally be expected from five goods from the United States and the years of peaceful, intensive develop- big, deeply-rooted German machinery ment. At the present time it is practi- houses sell Amerian machinery and cally an ideal trade relation, that is, agricultural implements. There are, of our purchases from Mexico just about course, several very large American equal our sales, with the important houses in Mexico City which are hand- qualification that our purchases are raw ling American mining, oil and agricul- materials and our sales are manufac- tural machinery and not handling any tured goods in which the greatest ele- manufactures of any other country. The ment of value is the labor put into them French have very large interests in dry- by American workmen. goods and department stores, but they In the eleven months ending with buy a great quantity of their stuff from November, the United States purchased the United States, with some from from Mexico goods to the value of France. The Spanish control most of $165,382,196, compared with a total of 52 THE MID-PACIFIC

$133,788,321 for the same period last chinery for grinding and refining sugar, year. In the same months Mexico pur- an industry in which Mexico is likely to chased from the United States goods become an active competitor of Cuba to the value of $175,854,624, compared for the honor of being the world's with $119,070,543 in the preceding year. largest producer ; equipment for the Mexico was ninth on the list of nations cotton mills, which are now able to use from which the United States buys, and nearly all the cotton produced in Mex- tenth on the list to which it sells, but ico, the product being sold entirely in in the matter of well-balanced trade in the domestic market ; hardware, tool which imports and exports practically and building materials, practically none balanced it was easily first, as is shown of which is produced in Mexico ; cloth- by the freedom from fluctuation in the ing, boots and shoes, particularly rub- exchanges between the two countries ber and waterproofed fabrics ; furniture contrasted with the, severe depreciation and house furnishings of the better sort, of the exchanges of most other coun- the sale of which is largely limited to tries. the capital and the more important Of the total purchases made by Mex- cities ; drygoods of all sorts, from the ico, 85 per cent come from the United costliest fabrics known to the feminine world down to the bright cottons used States and it must be the firm determi- by the native Indian women for their nation of American industry to main- apparel ; in short, everything that the tain this proportion of sales as the busi- exporters of the United States are able ness and the development of Mexico to offer for sale. goes forward. Mexico today exports petroleum products ; minerals of all The shortage of goods in Mexico is kinds but principally silver, copper and acute. In practically all other parts of gold ; coffee, cotton, lumber and logs ; Latin-America there is at the present chicle, sugar and hides ; bananas and time a surplus of imported manufac- other tropical fruits ; beans and various tured products, especially in the line of other agricultural products. Its exports textiles. But this is not true of Mexico of manufactures are negligible and will and the situation is a rather paradoxical long remain so, the country being fitted one in view of the fact that Mexico is by nature for the production in large the only country to which the United quantities and at low cost of the raw States is exporting at the moment materials needed by the manufacturing which is able and willing to pay in spot countries better equipped for working cash. The shelves of the merchants up finished products than a tropical or throughout the country are short of semi-tropical country is ever apt to be. goods and the consuming demand is The things that Mexico is now buy- rapidly growing stronger. As the great ing in the United States include, among mass of the common people, to whom a long and variegated list, machinery the various revolutionary movements for the drilling and production of oil ; and changes of government were largely machinery for the mines and smelters incomprehensible, become accustomed scattered over the vast stretches of the to the internal tranquility of the coun- northern part of the country ; agricul- try and begin to realize that the fruits tural machinery and implements for the of their toil will not be taken from great ranches that are again being put them by rapacious tax collectors or bri- into a state of active production ; ma- gands there will be a steadily increasing THE MID-PACIFIC 53 buying power that will be well worth companies of the United States no long- the most strenuous efforts on the part er refuse to allow their cars to cross of American industry. the border, sel that one of the greatest In investigating business and indus- causes of delay in shipments to Mexico trial conditions in Mexico the student by land has been removed. is apt to be struck with the thought There is a vast amount of railroad that most of the country's development construction needing to be done in Mex- is in the hands of outsiders and that ico. If the enlightened views which little is heard of initiative or enterprise appear to govern the present adminis- on the part of the Mexican people them- tration continue to be held, there is lit- selves. This is not entirely true. The tle doubt that capital will be found for Mexican government has shown itself the extension of rail lines into sections to be animated by the most sincere de- of the country now being held back by sire to ameliorate the condition of the the inability to ship goods to the outer mass of the people, but in view of the world. Distances are great in Mexico, shortage of revenues which has been a as in the United States, and in hun- handicap up to the present time the dif- dreds of cases large losses are due to ficulties have been very great. How- the inability of producers of perishable ever, with internal peace established, goods to get them to market in time. the federal revenues promise to be The mining companies have taken the greatly expanded and they will be used lead in railroad construction in the where they will do the most good. northern part of the country and their The rehabilitation of the nation's efforts have been of inestimable value transportation system unquestionably in opening up great stretched of terri- comes first in the problems facing the tory. The 53 chambers of commerce government of Mexico. Agreements scattered throughout the country have have already been made concerning the acted as a unit in influencing the gov- rolling stock owned by private compa- ernment to adopt sane, constructive nies and destroyed by various revolu- measures and the obstructive policies tionary groups. Contracts for large which dominated the Carranza regime quantities of railroad supplies have seem to be definitely at an end. either been already let•or are now pend- One of the most hopeful activities of ing in the United States. Bridges must the new Mexican government has been be rebuilt or reinforced. The important the attitude and work of the Depart- line between Vera Cruz and the capital ment of Agriculture. According to the is heavily overloaded with traffic and United States Department of Commerce, at the present moment great quantities important plans are under way for the of freight are in warehouses at Vera development of agriculture in all of the Cruz awaiting the time when the rail- various Mexican states. The first of road company can get them over the such activities consists of a serious at- mountains. Inadequate equipment and tempt to educate present and prospec- small locomotives are a great hindrance tive farmers to the methods that have to the operating officials, but a gradual proved successful in the United States improvement is undoubtedly taking and in those Latin-American countries place. Direct rail service between the having approximately the same climate United States and Mexico City has and growing conditions as Mexico. One again been established and the railroad of the means taken by the Mexican 54 THE MID-PACIFIC government for extending such infor- he says, "it would also be a very mation is the sending of a train carry- wise plan with far-reaching results if ing agricultural exhibits. and machin- American manufacturers would gratui- ery from place to place throughout the tously furnish models of their machin- Republic. ery to these schools, thereby educating Mexico now possesses 100 agricul- the students in American methods and tural schools and three agricultural col- machinery." The Director of Agricul- ture has announced that his department leges, located at Mexico City, Ciudad will be glad to exchange publications Juarez and Oaxaca. A new project for with American agricultural experiment additional schools of the same kind has stations and colleges. been undertaken by the present Director With the exception of the income of Agriculture. The Assistant Trade from the petroleum fields, the quickest Commissioner of the Department of cash asset of Mexico is found in its Commerce, expresses the opinion that mineral output. For years this output the present is an opportune moment for has been spasmodic, the operations of American manufacturers of agricultural bandits often making impossible the machinery and farm implements, dairy working of mines and smelters in the machinery, seeds, etc., to study the richest mineral district. This condition Mexican market with a view to intro- is rapidly passing and the mineral out- ducing their products. "Furthermore," put is rising steadily.

The mule car is still in evidence in parts of Mexico. The start from Hobart.

Through Tasmania iin an Auto By E. G. EMMETT

ENERALLY speaking, the Tas- well as by train, steamer, or horse manian roads are excellent—in vehicle. G fact some visitors declare that Arriving by sea from Sydney the they are the best in the Australian motorist generally makes Hobart his Commonwealth—but even if opinions headquarters for a week, taking day are divided as to comparisons of the runs to the many surrounding beauty roads as roads, there are no arguments spots. Possibly the first trip to be as to their picturesqueness. Tasmania recommended is that by way of the is Swiss in character, and there is either beautiful Derwent Valley to National a hill or a mountain to be negotiated Park, 50 miles from the capital—also on every outing. There is no dead served by railway. If the trip be taken level monotony, no miles of treeless in the spring or summer it is a feast plains. The roads were laid out rath- of enchantment, for the whole route is er with a corkscrew than with a ruler, through hop gardens or orchards, with and each turn reveals beauties whether the noble river for a companion all the of forest, settlement, or seascape. Many way. The river is crossed several visitors bring their own cars with them times by iron bridges, and for portions from Sydney or Melbourne, but the ma- of the journey either bank may be jority hire cars of the Government selected, for there are roads both sides. Tourist Bureau on arrival, for the Bu- National Park itself, at the terminus, reau arranges travel by automobile as is a reserve of about 40,000 acres, 55 5l) THE MID-PACIFIC

A bit of Old Port Arthur, Tasmania's first settlement. whose rugged beauties the day-tripper attracted to Tasmania by the cheap will not have opportunity to inspect, power. But the favourite route to though he will have time for an en- the North is via the East Coast, with chanting stroll through myrtle forests its superb seascapes, steep mountain and fern glades to the celebrated Rus- passes, and thick forests. From such sell Falls. centres as Swansea, St. 'Marys, St. Other motor excursions very popular Helens, Scottsdale, and others, roads with tourists are those to the beautiful branch off for side trips .of interest. Port Arthur with its ivy clad ruins Launceston will be made a head- and typically English appearance ; to quarters for auto runs, for it is the the prolific apple producing country in centre of a network of good roads— the Huon district ; to the hotel on Mt. good both as to surface and scenery. Wellington, which at an altitude of There are delightful rural prospects, 2500 ft. gives a panoramic outlook un- river views, mountains, caves, lakes, surpassed on the globe, and to many waterfalls, and other sights to be seen other picturesque spots tucked away on day trips, At Launceston itself is in their mountain eyries, nestling by the famous Cataract Gorge, within ten fair riversides, or by the silver sands minutes of the city. centre. of the southern coasts. Then, having exchanged the sights Leaving Hobart for the North of available at Hobart, the East Coast, the Island there is a choice of routes. and Launceston, the last phase is the Some take the main road to Launces- inspiring run through Tasmania's most ton (120) miles), which may be varied fertile agricultural areas—the North- by a Western detour to include a visit west Coast. The main road traverses to the central lakes, one of which (the farms and forests, crosses splendid Great Lake) provides the electrical rivers, skirts golden seashores, and energy to turn the wheels of the manu- threads thriving towns whose backbone facturing industries which are being is tillage. From the eminences one THE MID-PACIFIC 57 looks across cultivated valleys chequer- West Coast—parts of it still labelled ed with farms as far as the eye can "unexplored" — is a mass of tumbled reach. On the wharves of the seaports mountains, whose outstanding feature will be seen—if the time of the year is the depth of the gorges cut by the is right—thousands of bags of the rivers fed from the central lakes. These different products of the soil, ready rivers are augmented by the snows of for shipment to the mainland of Aus- the highest peaks, and their banks are tralia. Anyone who goes away with- clothed with forests of mighty trees out a visit to this productive and pic- and impenetrable undergrowth. In this turesque Northwest, has not seen Tas- part of Tasmania the traveller leaves mania. Steamer may be taken either the typical Australian scenery behind, at Devonport or Burnie back to the and the flora is reminiscent of sub-trop- Mainland, should the motorist not wish ical South America. Strictly speaking, to return to Launceston or Hobart. it should not be included in an article Though Tasmania is excellently dealing with auto travel, but it contains served by roads, the wild West Coast .Tasmania's most magnificent scenery. is approachable only by rail or sea. After over a century's occupation, (Tas- Here is the most rugged scenery the mania's settlement dates from 1803) island has to offer, and it will leave a road is at last in course of construc- an indelible impression on the tourist tion from Hobart to this Eldorado of who includes it in his itinerary. The fine sights and rich minerals.

Vistas of beauty everywhere. 58 THE MID-PACIFIC

Before Japan moved into Korea man was the beast of burden, and the railway was practically unknown. Today good roads are pene- trating everywhere and modern labor methods are becoming known in the lands. Seoul, Korea, as it was.

Japan in Korea By K. K. KAWAKAMI in "Japan"

(Editor's Note—So much has been writ- Kingdom, but I cannot help feeling that ten regarding Japanese activities in Korea the recent stories and reports of Japan- —so many misstatements of fact offered by biased writers,—that the following article, ese brutalities have been greatly exag- showing some of the benefits Japan has gerated by Korean propaganda in effected in Korea will be found interesting America, reinforced by very efficient and instructive. Mr. Kawakami, the author, has recently returned from a tour of Korea and shrewd Chinese propaganda. Even and knows whereof he speaks.) the report of the Presbyterian church FTER all has been said and permits of doubt and suspicion, for it done about the Japanese atrocities seems to be based mainly upon the and brutalities incident to the re- statements of natives, of whose char- cent uprisings in Korea, we must not acteristics even Dr. Horace N. Allen, forget what Japan has done for the unquestionably the most sympathetic benefit of the Korean people. I have critic of Korea, makes this frank ad- no sympathy for the militaristic meth- mission: ods which Japan has followed in the "Traveling through the country one administration of the erstwhile Hermit often notices at a hamlet two or more 59 60 THE MID-PACIFIC

men off by themselves. These men are ing is more or less worked up in these surely plotting to gain some advantage days of stirring international develop- over another. Entertain an official, ments. alone, even in a large room, and he Admitting that the Japanese adminis- will edge up to you and begin to whis- tration in Korea has blundered badly in per. It is the same manifestation of handling the independence uprising the native aptitude for intrigue, which there, it would nevertheless be unfair to makes them excellent as starters and ignore and forget the commendable destroyers, but unsatisfactory as sus- work which Japan has done for the tainers of an undertaking. The villagers common benefit of the native popula- scheme against a successful neighbor ; tion. A review of Japanese achieve- the court official pleads for the influence ments in Korea at this particular mo- of the foreigner to enhance his own ment is, therefore, not only seasonable, power at court ; in both cases it is but in consonance with the dictates of the same game of politics in all its pet- fair play. ty meanness." The first thing that engages our at- The extent of misleading Korean tention is the measure adopted by the propaganda, which has been going on Japanese for the advancement of agri- in America in the last two years or culture in fay& of the natives of Korea. more, may be gauged from the ap- The Japanese administration has es- pearance in the Literary Digest and tablished the so-called "local monetary Leslie's Weekly, both of May 31, 1919, circulation associations." These banks of a photograph supposed to show a advance funds for the cultivation, drain- scene of the recent execution of Korean age and improvement of land, the con- Christians. In the Literary Digest the struction and improvement of roads ; picture was entitled "Crucifixions in forestry undertakings ; the purchase of 1919," conveying the idea that it is in seeds, plants, manure, or other mater- mockery of Christianity, since the men ials for farming and manufacturing ; executed were lashed on their knees to the purchase of agricultural and in- a cross. In. Leslie's Weekly the same dustrial implements ; the construction picture was entitled "The Price of of buildings for agricultural or manu- Treason in Korea." facturing purposes ; and various other The public will be interested, not to purposes of a similar nature. While say amused, to know that this very these banks are essentially prhate or- photograph appears in Putnam Weale's ganizations, the government rendered book, "The Coming Struggle in East- them a substantial assistance by sub- ern Asia," published, mind you, in the scribing for their shares to the extent year 1908, three years before the Jap- of 335,960 yen, and by loaning a sum anese annexation of Korea. From au- of 1,058,680 yen without interest. Where . thoritative sources I learn that the agricultural and industrial banks have photograph shows a scene of the exe- not yet come into existence, the de- cution of Koreans and Russians who ficiency has been supplied by the or- acted as spies for the Czar in the Rus- ganization of ."Local Monetary Circu- sian-Japanese war. However that may lation Associations," facilitating the cir- be, the above incident in the magazine culation of money among small farmers, world of America indicates how easily each association being subsidized by the misled the public is when popular feel- government to the extent of 10,000 yen. THE MID-PACIFIC 61

Along with the establishment of of industry it did commendable work. banking facilities for farmers, various The Department of Agriculture, Com- other measures were adopted for the merce and Industry instructed the pro- advancement of agriculture. Korea was vincial governors to investigate the once Japan's teacher in sericulture, but industrial conditions in their respective now the progressive islanders are re- jurisdictions, and to report the most turning courtesy by imparting to the promising industries which might be en- now backward peninsular people the couraged in the interest of the country. improved method of that industry. At The result was the granting of subsidies the instance of the Japanese Adminis- to weaving and matting industries, pa- tration the Women's Sericulture Train- per manufacture, and bamboo works. ing Association was organized at Yong- But all industries in Korea are in the san, which has been followed by many infant stage, and await improvement at another in various parts of the country. the hands of the rising generation To each of these associations the Kor- trained in modern sciences and arts. ean government granted an annual sub- To meet this urgent necessity the gov- sidy, gave silkworm eggs of the best ernment established an industrial train- quality, as well as mulberry trees im- ing school in Seoul, with courses in ported from Japan, and in some in- dyeing and weaving, keramics, metal stances furnished silk spinning ma- work, applied chemistry, and civil en- chines or wheels. The government also gineering. Meanwhile, a commercial despatched experts in sericulture, both school was established in Seoul with a Japanese and Korean, to different parts fund of 200,000 yen donated by Mr. K. of the country to give the people in- Okura, a wealthy Japanese merchant, struction in the industry. who had already established two com- • But the encouragement afforded to mercial schools in his native country. sericulture is only one of the many In traveling through Korea one is instances of the method with which the struck with the denuded condition of economic resources of Korea are being its mountains and hills, and one won- developed and exploited under the new ders if it was one of the whims of regime. Five model farms, or agri- nature that omitted to adorn them with cultural experimental stations, have trees. Yet there is evidence that in an- been established, one each at Su-won, cient times this grim, naked country Mokpo, Kun-san, Ping-yang and Tai- was clad with vegetation. What was it, ku a school of agriculture and forestry then, that converted Korea into a tree- has been opened in connection with the less country? The only plausible answer model farm at Su-won ; effective meas- to this question seems to be that the na- ures have been adopted for repairing tives felled timber in a most arbitrary the old irrigation ponds, which though manner, and when the mountains, hills originally serviceable, became practical- and plains were divested of trees, never ly useless through ages of neglect ; thought of setting young plants, think- horticultural stations, nursery gardens, ing perhaps that forests, like Alad- and a cotton plantation station have din's palace, would spring from noth- been inaugurated in various sections of ing. The tyranny of the Korean the country, all by the initiative and ruler also had something to do with under the auspices of the government. the annihilation of forests. It is Nor did the government confine its within the ken of history that people activities to agriculture ; in the field in different localities set fire to forests 62 THE MID-PACIFIC

merely to avoid the imposition of whim- frequented by all sorts of epidemic dis- sical soverigns who would command eases, are of the utmost importance. In their subjects to bring timber to the January, 1908, a sanitary bureau was capital to furnish material for their created in the Department of Home new palaces. In an age when there Affairs, and was intrusted with the ad- was no iron road and in a country ministration of sanitary affairs of the where even the beasts of burden were country. Measures have been adopted but sparingly utilized, it is beyond our to combat cholera, typhoid fever, small- imagination what enormous labor and pox, dysentery, diphtheria and scarlet what appalling suffering it must entail fever, and the effect has already be- to haul huge timber, often hundreds of come perceptible in spite of native pre- miles, over rough trails degenerating judice against such measures. The now and again into ravines and ditches. characteristic attitude of Koreans to- Small wonder that the abused people wards the stern requirements of modern should have reduced their forests to civilization is seen in the idea they en- ashes rather than be so imposed upon tertain of the hospital for epidemic dis- by extravagant rulers. eases. Should a Korean patient die in However that may have been, the such a hospital whither he was taken Japanese administration found it an by order of the government on account of cholera or diphtheria he contracted, urgent necessity to reforest the de- the picturesque Koreans believe that the nuded mountains and hills which poor man was buried before he breathed brought about calamities such as flood his last. This is how the Koreans got and landslides, so common in all tree- the notion that the Japanese, like the less countries. Thus the Japanese au- tyrants of old, burn patients or bury thorities caused the Korean government them alive. in 1907, to establish model forests in Before the advent of the new regime the mountains near Seoul, Tai-ku and Korea had no adequately equipped hos- Ping-yang, as well as three extensive pital. Missionary hospitals there were, nurseries in the vicinity of Ping-yang, and also a few small hospitals main- Tai-ku and Su-won. A bureau of for- tained by the Korean government or estry was created in the Department of various Japanese settlements but these Agriculture, Commerce and Industry, were all imperfect in more respects and a school of forestry and agriculture than one. As early as 1906 the Korean was established at Su-won. The model government, at the advice of the Japan- forestry stations are all equipped with a ese residency-general, decided to inau- staff of experts and clerks, and are en- gurate a large hospital by amalgamat- trusted with the task of afforesting the ing the hospitals then maintained by mountains, plains, and moors belonging the government. For this purpose 357,- to the state. The model forests already 577 yen was allotted. The hospital thus established comprise 83,300 acres and established was called the Taihan (or will in time contain 17,889,000 trees. Great Korea) Hospital and was under To supply them with young trees, the the control of the Home Department. nursery gardens at Su-won, Ping-yang Its medical faculty was composed of a and Tai-ku, have raised countless president, eight Japanese and two Ko- plants. rean doctors, three Japanese and five Next we must consider sanitary mea- Korean assistants, four Japanese phar- sures, which in a country like Korea, macists and ten Japanese nurses. An opal mine.

Touring Through the Australian Desert By J. D. FITZGERALD of "The Lone Hand"

E found ourselves on awaken- the "desert capital" was of contentment. ing from sleep, in the comfort- The stationmaster has had many offers W able car, drinking our morning of transfer from the "unendurable cli- tea in the center of the Continent of mate" of our arm chair geographers. Australia, right on the cross-hatched He has declined them all. Miss Furber, spot on the old maps where the omi- the school teacher, has been two years nous word "Desert" was printed. The in her present post, and has no desire word Oodnadatta was printed in large to change. Indeed, if health be the letters on the station. We were in chief desideratum of the human race, view of the ends of the rails pointing this lady gave ample evidence that her north to the Port Darwin line, pointing lot is a happy one. south from Pine Creek. We were 688 The store is small, but we were told miles north of Adelaide, and a few miles its business operations were not to be north of Brisbane. measured by the size of its departments . Oodnadatta has a hotel, a store, some Rather must they be measured by an private residences, and a school. The appreciation of the immense territory stature and faces of the children in the over which it operates. Probably out- school were a guarantee of the health- side Texas, or Siberia, this Oodnadatta fulness of this far-away place. Boys store would have the largest range of and girls looked in the pink of condi- custom in the world for a single shop tion. The note of all the residents of Through the hands of the store-keeper 63 64 THE MID-PACIFIC

would probably run the business threads longed. Riding, tennis, and other sports of a territory larger than Belgium or helped to while away the time ; and Serbia. It operates through the spars- through the civilizing agency of the est population in the world, too, though easily portable gramaphone, the dancing perhaps the Sahara desert might run it rage was capable of assuagement, even a close race in this respect. In the cir- at a distance of 1000 miles north, south, cumstances, one would expect to find east and west of the coasts of our that the main feature on the flat and great Island Continent. treeless horizon would be the quaint But, as we are told in Mrs. Aeneas hump and neck of the camel, and that Gunn's "We of the Never, Never," soli- camel pens would hold an equal space tudes are disappearing, and a hermit's with stock yards. Nor were we dis- life is impossible, even in the centre appointed. of the Australian desert. The camel, as has already been said, "Backblocks !" said the traveller in is the ship of this as well as other scorn. "There ain't no backblocks left. deserts ; and he awaits extinction by Can't travel a hundred miles now-a- the aeroplane. His only competitor in days, without running into somebody. the team line is the donkey an animal You don't know what backblocks is- which appears to share qualities of beggin' your pardon, ma'am." hardy endurance with the camel. At So a modern Paphnutius, who had Copley we saw a team of 26 donkeys, fled to the "Great Australian desert" to with three relieving donkeys running escape the seductions of Jazz suppers, alongside. This team was in charge or of the turf, or of the modern Thai- of three aboriginal drivers. The range ses of musical comedy, would be in of these teams; as also of the camel some danger of being run over and teams, runs into hundreds of miles. trampled upon. at frequent intervals by The statement of this fact is a re- camel teams, as they ranged from minder that at Oodnadatta we were in Oodnadatta to the great stations hun- a country of "magnificent distinces." dreds of miles out back. Mr. McGuire told me of an experi- Here in the pen was a team of about ence of his on a previous visit, when 30 camels in charge of an Afghan a lady from one of the out-stations to boss, with whom two tall and hefty- whom he had been introduced, present- looking young Australians, apparently ed another lady to him as "my neigh- in the best of health after their long bour." The Commissioner of South treks over the desert, and interested in Australian railways, knowing that the two baby camels. "neighbourhood" was a relative term Though the railroads cease abruptly in these parts, and that a literal "next at this point, we can see the overland door" meant something quite different telegraph wires running along on their from the meaning attached to it in a posts northward, keeping the North and suburb or a city, inquired further. He South connected. We know that there was informed that these neighbours is an adventurous staff engaged in keep- were only two hundred and fifty mites ing this connection uninterrupted all apart. the way to Port Darwin through the With resourceful back-blockers how- Northern Territory. ever, distance is no impediment to so- It has already been mentioned that cial amenities. Visits from homestead the Commonwealth Railway Commis- to homestead were frequent and pro- sioner, Mr. Bell, has a concurrent juris- THE MID-PACIFIC 65 diction over this narrow gauge section solve the problem of bringing down of the railway running north, which the rain from the heavy clouds which previous South Australian governments assemble so magnificently to mock the intended to continue right on to Port settler in these regions, the wealth of Darwin. But newer prospects are in Australia could be increased to uni- contemplation, forced into consideration maginable proportions, and a great and by the logic of recent history. In spite peaceful pastoral and industrial nation of the early cartographer's' estimate of could perhaps solve the universal prob- the desert interior of Australia, the lems of poverty and discontent. world realizes today, that it only needs Leaving Oodnadatta on the home- the application of human ingenuity to ward journey—with one envious peep make these great campestrian wastes northward—we traverse in broad day- blossom with wheat, or cotton, or fi- light the country over which we passed brous plants, commercially valuable. the night before. Before us is a red Then there are mining possibilities also gravel desert spreading away for miles in these great empty steppes. and miles, sparkling with opaline color The new railway project is said to of horizon and sky. No need to make be partly commercial and partly stra- roads—they are ready made. The hard tegic. It consists of a horse-shoe pebbles lie strewn on the flat plains shaped broad gauge railway, starting broken only here and there by low hills, not more than 50 feet above the level from Kalgoorlie and running in an of the plain. The whole place looks inner ring round the Continent, near like a vast worked-out gold field, which enough to the coast to tap the railway had been passed over by some monster systems of the states which run South gold dredge, leaving the sand and peb- at Darwin, West in Queensland and ble' in its wake. Occasionally the plain N.S.W. and connecting with the express humps up into long embankments as if railways from Brisbane, Sydney, Mel- vagrant railway lines were being con- bourne and Adelaide, and so round to structed, leading nowhere. Perth. Strategically this prospect ap- Stopping on the return journey at pears sound to the layman. In case Algebuckina Bridge, 1900 feet long, of invasion at any point on the Aus- that emblem of the big-minded pioneer tralian continent, the connecting line statesman of South Australia, we saw could be torn up and the people retire the lonely graves of two prospectors, to the "interior lines" formed by the who had braved the desert in pursuit great circle railway. of fortune, and found the site of their Commercially a ring-railway round long home. Their sleep is only dis- the Continent, with feeders to the parts turbed by the thunder of the train over right round the coast, would be as the Algebuckina Bridge once a fort- valuable to development as it would be night, for the trains do not run between to military tactics. It would open. up Marree (formerly Hergott Springs) and the country. Cattle which are now Oodnadatta, oftener than once a fort- over-landed, could be trucked. Parts night. now undeveloped on the immense Coast Reference has been made to the line would be opened up. Lands now "Gibber" country in the first article. locked by nature and distance and called Whole territories are strewn with small desert lands, would come into profitable pebbles. For a description of these I use. Then if some super inventor could had best quote from the report of Mr. 66 THE MID-PACIFIC

L. Keith Ward, B. A., B. E., Govern- arana, Oocandinna. After these it ment Geologist of South Australia, on comes with a jolt when one reads of the geological features of the country Raspberry Creek. in which the opal mines are situated. At a wayside station, William Creek, "The surface of the tableland is we met two young opal miners, who strewn with a mantle of hard siliceous had just come in from Stuart's Range stones or 'gibbers' characteristic of the opal fields. They were in a frame of terrain.. These siliceous rocks are al- mind of that grim and set character most wholly in loose blocks and stones which one finds all over Australia ranging in weight from less than an among our people in droughts, or under ounce to a hundred weight or more, the periodical crises, whether of weath- but mostly between half a pound and er, or other adverse conditions. which ten pounds. Many have the rounded occur within our great Island Conti- form of the typical gibber, while many nent—a set determination to wait, and others are angular and some—com- that nature shall not daunt their spirit. posed of impure chalcedony or porcel- The opal country is apparently the lanite have rugged outlines. * * * special geological product of arid con- When the siliceous crust rows tend to ditions—want of water therefore is the become continuous a close examination opal miner's trouble. Mr. Keith Ward, will show that a number of gibbers after drawing attention to the similarity have been cemented together to form of the opal-bearing rock types in the a pseudoconglomerate. The loose gib- three states of S. A., Queensland and bers cover the slopes of the northern N. S. W., and showing that all of these front of Stuart's Range, and are spread are comprised within the Desert Sand- over the valleys and plains extending stone geological series, points out that northwards." "the region in which, with one excep- The vegetation forces itself up be- tion, the precious opal fields of Aus- tween the stones, and many strange tralia lie, has a rainfall of less than plants, interesting to the botanist, are 15 inches per annum." Lightning Ridge found. in N. S. W. is the exception, which has The striking character of the native a rainfall of 16% inches per annum. names was noticed on this journey. "It is therefore possible," continued The explorers and early pioneers of the Mr. Ward, "that the development of Lands Department of S. A. appear to opal (hydrous silica) is a special phase have had more judgment than our of the silification of the upper portion eastern givers of names. The native of the Desert Sandstone that is more names have been preserved. Where in prominently shown by the gas period the East we would have Tin-Pot-Gully, or porcellanite capping and which is Paling Yards, Bullock Flat, and Dead largely due to the arid climate of Dog Hill, in the center of Australia we Central Australia." find these: Giddi Giddinna, and Oolge- The two opal miners were proceeding lima Creeks, Lake Cadibarrawirracanna, to Adelaide, to make known to the Carringallana Creek, Adelbing, Indul- Government the wants of the men on kava, Tarcoonyinna, Moorilyanna, Alge- the field. Scarcity of water is the only buckina, Bonyboninna, Arcoeillinna, drawback to the miner. The working Ammardooinna, Oolarinna, Ernabella, of the opal is simple and inexpensive. Carmeena, Umgullbullerinna, It is therefore a "poor man's" field, Appreetinna , Youlperlunna, Bangabe- little capital beyond a man's own cour- THE MID-PACIFIC 67

age, initiative and muscle being requi- upon which the animals of the region site. There is no deep sinking or ex- thrive. Captain S. A. White, M.B.O.U. pensive plant required. Mr. Keith Ward who accompanied Mr. R. Lockhart Jack, gives the opal miner's outfit as a pick, B.E., F.G.S., assistant Government Ge- shovel, pocket knife and pliers. As ologist of S. A., in an important explor- the opal miners were not able to board ing trip to the Musgrave Ranges in our crowded special, they had to wait 1915, has contributed a valuable sec- for some days before continuing then tion to the report of that expedition. journey, begun at Stuart's Range with He writes of the universality of the a camel team. They deserve sucess, Saltbush (atriplex vesicaria) and of its for they must be a lion-hearted race. value as feed for stock. Wiry grasses Yet, to hear them, you would bet that spring from between the stones and gib- they would not exchange their life of bers and mulga, a species of stunted adventure and of interest, with the wattle which has three or four va- workman in the city ; though the latter rieties, the round leaved, the narrow may have the power to enjoy the leaved, the broad leaved, and the "bright lights," the cinema, the jazz acacia aveura, grows universally and band, and the surf beaches. furnishes• a splendid fodder for stock, We heard of an adventure by the except the broad leaved (acacia kempe-' engine-driver of our train. Saving up ana) which is a hard leaved plant. his holidays till they amounted to four Then there is the buck bush or roley months' leave, he, with some mates, poley, and the geranium. The billy hied him away to Stuart's Range opal button (myriocephalus stuartii) is a fields to try his luck. The party was small annual, which springs up after lucky, and secured a quantity of opal rain. "At many places visited by the which they afterwards sold in Adelaide expedition," writes Captain White, for £2500. Most men under the cir- "where a shower of rain had fallen a cumstances would have taken their holi- few weeks previously, the country was day in some center of what we regard bright with these yellow and white as civilization—Melbourne or Sydney, flowers. This class of vegetation is or Adelaide. It was inded a courageous much liked by all stock." adventure to have trekked away out This existence of flowering shrubs over the gibber plains under those wild and plants all over Australia, and in and primitive conditions to search for the most arid zones, is one of the precious stones. And, when one re- wonders of our arid territories. Of flects further, it might be regarded as these, the Stuart (desert) pea is the more striking that, after such a suc- most striking, and is of almost uni- cessful adventure, our lucky digger versal growth. "The whole of the could ever have been content to return vegetation," says Captain White, "has to the humdrum of an engine cab, and to fight an almost continuous battle the routine of the railway service. If against a doughty climate. After thou- Australians generally were made in sands of years of battling against this mould, there would be no need to drought, the plants have learned to pass legislation to abolish the book- spring rapidly with the rains and come maker. to maturity in as quick a time as The vegetation in such arid wastes is possible, so that their seed is beyond a subject of great interest, as it fur- damage by the time the frosty nights nishes a valuable portion of the fodder set in. To be able to accomplish this, 68 THE MID-PACIFIC the seeds have a great property of quick of the South Australian Railways and germination, so as to take advantage his guests are literally "dragged at the of the few opportunities when rain chariot wheels" of the Railway Com- falls, and climate conditions are favor- missioner for the Commonwealth Rail- able. The droughts are of such long ways, into the busy central station at duration that the seeds must have Adelaide, in time to link up with the power to resist exposure to heat and special express to Melbourne. cold. When the seed has germinated, Thus ended a trip full of varied in- the plant must be endowed with great terest. Those who had made it for th, tenacity of life ever to pull through, first time have enlarged immensely their for the moisture is soon gone after the knowledge of this great continent. I heaviest falls of rain in that loose, come back with a profound admira- sandy soil, which seems to have no tion for the daring explorers who retaining power." traversed this country ; for the adven- Another day of monotony of form, turous pioneers who followed boldly in but variety of color, of low hills, sparse their tracks; and for the hardy and vegetation, salt bush, pebble-strewn lion-hearted settlers of today, whose plains, of mirages, of oases formed by occupation of the country is surrounded the bore waters, and of flower-bordered by so many difficulties, sacrifices, hard- storage dams. Then a night in the ships. They are holding a promise of train, and we find in the morning that future development, and of national the Flinders Ranges have gone over wealth, when our scientists have suc- again to the East of us. Our spe- ceeded in conquering—as they will con- cial carriage this time was coupled to quer—the problems which nature sub- the Transcontinental Express on its mits to them for solution in these zones eastern trip, and thus the Commissioner —is unequalled on the earth's surface.

The Murray River. On the continent of Asia the Republic nent and important place, and acts as of China occupies the most prominent buffer state to the northern provinces. place. She embraces an area larger Then, too, it has vast resources to be than that of the United States and by developed and enormous stretches of far larger than the continent of Europe. land for tillage. It is by no means a Her southern limits stretch into the barren country, but a land of poten- tropical zone while the northern rivers tialities. It is not discarded but much flow into the arctic ocean. The largest covered. Certainly it is not a piece of river of Asia lies entirely in her terri- land to be ignored. It merits special tory, and the highest plateau of the attention. world walls in her west. Certainly she With the exception of the Gobi, the is a mighty country ! Yet China proper country is fairly well watered. Here covers less than one-third of iher whole and there lakes are scattered, and are territory. It is the outlying provinces especially so in the mountain-bound that contribute to her vastness. Shorn plateau. Owing to climatic conditions, of these provinces she will shrink into however, they often become dried up, comparative insignificance. and from them a vast quantity of salt is The largest and not the least impor- obtained. But water may be easily had tant of the outlying provinces is Mon- by sinking wells to a depth of 20 to golia. It constitutes one-third of the 30 feet. The land for the most part is territory of the Republic and is but splendidly suitable for stock raising. slightly smaller than the 18 provinces A traveller recently writes : "The chief put together. Almost the whole of its impression of the great country lying northern frontier borders on the Great between Kalgan and Urga and beyond Power, Russia. Its East is in direct is that it is like the prairies of Nebras- contact with the Japanese sphere of ka and Texas with 100 per cent better activities, its southern bouncily lies at possibilities than exist in the great a frightftilly short distance from Pe- west of the United States. There is king, our national Capital. Thus geo- more water on the Mongolian table- graphically Mongolia occupies a promi- land than on the Nebraskan or Texan 69 70 THE MID-PACIFIC prairies, and conditions are easier." of the Mongol chieftains became the Furthermore, the regions north of Kal- vassals of the Tsing House of their gan and near Urga are good grain own will. Later in the middle of the lands adapted to the planting of oats, eighteenth century through additional millet, buckwheat, and some parts are conquests the whole region now consti- good for rice even. In the so-called tuting Mongolia, was brought within Desert itself are patches of grassy land. the dominion of the Manchu Emperor. One who lives in Peking, may easily To the great Kublai Khan was credit- imagine the climate of a country far ed the introduction of Buddhism among inland and in higher latitudes. Mon- the Mongols. In the sixteenth century golia has a dry climate and a very armed intercourse with Tibet brought long winter. Both heat and cold are back among the Mongols the germ of extreme. The mercury sometimes falls Lamaism. It struck root quickly and to 60 degrees below zero in January. soon became their national religion. At In the Gobi region after rain a fur- the head of the Mongol Lamas is the coat is needed even on a June midday, Jebtsun Dampa Hutuktu or Living but the next day it may be excessively Buddha. He is recognized as the third hot. Night, however, is always cold highest in the Lamaist hierarchy, the and chilly. When winter approaches, Dalai and Tachi Lama in Tibet being the howling of northwestern winds is his elders. "The Hutuktu is considered sometimes to be dreaded. the embodiment of some celestial being We catch glimpses of these warlike who formerly lived on earth in the Mongol tribesmen from our chronicles. form of a Tibetan scholar and monk They belong to the race known in the called Taranth (1600). The theory Han Dynasty as Hsiung Nu, and have of the reincarnation runs through the played an important part in Chinese whole Tibetan religion (Lamaism). It history since then. However, they be- did not originate in Buddha and is came known to the world only when based on the supposition that certain they undertook to overrun Asia and Bodhisattvas, being wise men of ex- Europe under the military genius and emplary character after death returned empire-builder, Genghis Kan (1162- to earth to bring salvation to their 1227). Their dominion at one time ex- people and stay among them as 'living tended eastward to Korea, westward to gods.' " Russia and southward to India, Quick Lamaism has a strong hold on the was the rise, so was the decline. The people. Lamaseries are common in prodigious Empire soon fell to pieces. Mongolia. It is estimated that at least In China they were able to hold sway one-third .of the male Mongols are for 88 years. At the rising of the Lamas and one member of almost every Ming Dynasty they were driven back family has at one time been a Lama once more to Mongolia. Their history of some order. The Lamas live a con- for the next two centuries was devoid ventional life, and are useless, idle para- of interest. In the beginning of the sites in society and as they have to seventeenth century when the Manchus observe celibacy, they form the chief rose to prominence and power the Mon- factor in reducing the population. gol princes of Inner Mongolia, and The Lamas' importance and influence later of Outer Mongolia also, placed among the Mongols have evidently themselves under the Manchu protec- made an impression upon the outside tion and swore allegience. Thus most world. The Japanese in Mongolia have THE MID-PACIFIC 71 been promoting the formation of a is indeed a living 'monument of the Mongol-Japanese Buddhist union. Re- hoary past. Time, however, has cently a group of Mongolian Lamas wrought considerable changes. The paid a visit to Japan and were said to various tribes become fixed to a cer- be cordially received not by the Ja- tain locality and even families make panese Buddhists but by prominent only two changes of abode each year, politicians. one in summer and one in winter. The Besides being a Lama, which takes same family usually resorts to the up a large portion of the population, same two places year after year. Thus the chief occupation of a Mongol is they have a semi-settled life. Mongols stock raising. As can be naturally ex- have no house, but live in felt tents pected from a people dwelling on fine which can be easily folded and packed grazing land, sheep, cattle, horse and away. This mode of living does not camels form the property of a Mongol. necessitate community life and Mongols His wealth is estimated in terms of seldom live in aggregations outside of the number of animals he possesses. Fur- the few trading towns. From this we thermore, the Mongol is especially fond can easily infer how much experience of his animals, and only the worst ones and capacity of government an average are driven to the market for sale or Mongol possesses. exchange. But their mode of herding One noteworthy feature of the Mon- is most primitive, scientific methods gols is that they seldom walk, and so are totally unknown. They do not even their manner of walking is awkward. store up grass for winter. Animals But they are splendid horsemen accus- have to go in quest of food in the tomed from childhood to riding. Be- snow-covered fields. Many are, there- yond a few hundred yards a Mongol fore, starved to death ; only the could not go on foot; he and his horse strongest can survive.. Moreover, rind- are inseparable companions. erpest is a scourge to live stock. The value of hidden treasures in Mongolia is rich in fur-bearing ani- Mongolia is not exactly known. Ac- mals. Wolves, foxes, hares, squirrels, cording to the investigation of a Euro- etc., are abundant. Mongols are ac-• pean expert, Inner Mongolia alone con- cordingly taken to hunting. They are tains 353 mines, of which 89 are gold marvelous shooters, seldom missing mines, 23, silver, 63, copper, iron and their mark, even when shooting on back 127 coal mines, in addition to 51 con- of fleeing horses. taining both gold and silver. Outer Transportation in Mongolia is done Mongolia is equally rich in mineral pro- either on camel backs or in bullock ducts. But little has been done in the cars. Long trains of caravan travel way of excavation except the Rusian back and forth between Kalgan, and Mongolian Mining Company which is Urga, and between Urga and Kiakhta. working on gold in Outer Mongolia. This is therefore another occupation Gold dust is found in large quantities of a great many Mongols. even in rivers. Salt and natural soda A traveler in Mongolia reflects re- add greatly to mineral wealth. markably well on his nomad ancestors As has already been mentioned, the roaming about the steppes with their vast areas of pasture land in Mongolia sheep and cattle in tribal agglomera- can support many times the livestock tions tens of centuries ago. The no- now being raised there. With the ex- madic life now existing in Mongolia tinction of rinderpest and the introduc- 72 THE MID-PACIFIC

tion of finer breed and of scientific Outer Mongolia. Kiakhta is the chief husbandry, there is no doubt but the gateway to Siberia ; trade between "Mongolian praries", now thinly in- Russia and Mongolia goes via this sta- habited by animals, will one day be tion. Kalgan at the Great Wall is the teeming with sheep and cattle. Mon- doorway by which Chinese trade enters golia may rival America and Australia Mongolia. in wool and meat supplies. In spite of all the efforts of the Rus- In addition, the Mongolian fur meets sian government to secure every pos- large demand. It is said that the sible advantage for her commerce in Leipzig fur market before the war Mongolia, Russian trade was not able had its whole supply from Mongolia. to compete with the Chinese. The al- In the Mongolian rivers fish also leged reasons were that Russian goods abound. Fishery promises to be a pay- did not suit the Mongol use and taste ing industry. so well as the Chinese did, and the The trade of Mongolia consists in Russians expected large returns with- the interchange of raw materials. Mon- in a short space of time. A merchant gols have no aptitude for business once complained of his profit for hav- which is mainly carried on by the ing fallen as low as 20 per cent In Russians and the Chinese. Money as recent years, owing to disturbances in the medium of exchange is not yet Russia and Siberia, Russian trade has universally established. In trading dried up at its source and sunk to noth- centres such currencies as gold dust, ing. This is high time for Chinese gold bar, lump silver, silver and paper traders to push forward and improve roubles and silver dollars, are preva- their credit. lent, but in the interior general barter- With the exception of the Russian, ing is still in vogue, and tea in bricks foreign trade has been negligible. So also takes the place of metallic coins. little of Mongolia was known and so Mongols know nothing of trade ; and low was the estimation of its commer- consequently they depend entirely upon cial value that people hardly thought imports for manufactured articles. Prac- the enterprise worth while. But lately tically all necessaries of everyday use considerable light has been thrown down to kitchen utensils and wooden upon the potentialities and business vessels are brought to them by the prospects of this dark region. As a Chinese. Among their principal pur- result an American firm, the Mongolian chases are cotton fabrics, iron ware, Trading Company, was established a woolen cloth, sugar, and brick-tea, the few years ago running Motor Cars last being their favorite. In return from Kalgan to Urga covering in three for these commodities they give sheep, days a distance of nearly 700 miles cattle, ponies, camels, wool, fur, etc. which usually takes two to five weeks. They also export thousands of tons of So we see that the Mongols will even- salt and soda and some quantity of tually feel the influence of the modern gold every year. world. The penetrating force of the Among the trading stations may be twentieth century commerce will never mentioned Urga, Kiahta, Kobdo and leave a people in seclusion even if it Uliassutai. Urga is the Capital of wishes to be. The first approach.

Why Visit Hawaii? By GEORGE T. ARMITAGE

6 6 y OUNG MAN," said the old "Well, yes, I might, at that," said the traveler to the publicity agent, traveler. "just supposin' I have the price "Then you should go to Hawaii for and the inclination to take a run down no other reason than to 'See America to Hawaii, and, mind you, I'm just sup- First'," declared the young man with posin', could you tell me in a few frank conviction. words, omitting all the superlatives and "Not so bad ; not so bad," the old hot air, just why I should take the traveler chuckled, eyeing the young trip ?" man with apparent approval, "but we don't want to travel in America just "Might you also be weighing the trip because we should, you know ; at least to Hawaii against one to Europe, per- not entirely for that reason. There haps ?" countered the young man. must be attractions." 73 74 THE MID-PACIFIC

"Ah, ha! There must be, and there surfboards. They're harder to handle are," expounded the young man, "attrac- but more exciting to ride." tions to no end, especially in Hawaii." "I'm not so old as you might think," "Turn off the air and give me some declared the elder, "but perhaps I could facts and figures ; facts and figures, I not ride all day on a surfboard or go say," ordered the old traveler. "If I'm swimming. What else might you have going to Hawaii with my family I want to offer ?" some definite idea of what I can do "You have a car, I see," noted the over there not only to pass the time, observant young man. but to benefit by its passing." "And a cracker-jack," declared the "Sir, do you like fishing?" asked the old traveler. "She came all the way young man, abruptly getting down to from New York with never a miss, and business. her only speed is 'high'." "I'll remark I do." "Then, by all means, take it to Ha- "Then perhaps you'll be glad to know waii." that Hawaiian waters are noted for "Take a car !" demanded the other. game fish. No less an authority than "Do you mean to tell me that you can `Jimmie' Jump of California has been motor over there?" there more than once, taking boat and "Most assuredly. Excellent roads all from the mainland. There's ulua, criss-cross all the main islands, and as sharks, dolphin and whatnot to your for cars there are over 8,000 on the heart's content, and it is always pos- island of Oahu—city and county of sible to charter a boat and crew Honolulu—alone." through the assistance of the Hawaii "Well, I'll be—!" Tuna Club." "And what is more, some of the most enhancing scenery in the world may be "Counting 'Seeing America First,' viewed from these roads, especially that is point No. 2 in favor of the trip, those through the mountains. Now. but go on, you almost interest me." take the Pali drive, for instance. The "How would you like to paddle out highway mounts through a marvelous to the edge of a coral reef, where the gorge where suddenly there .breaks emerald sea merges into a deeper blue ; upon your view what many globe-trot- then -turn around in your outrigger ters have termed one of the finest sights canoe and bolt back on the crest of the in the wor—" surf at a 60-mile-an-hour pace?" "Hey ! There you go on those super- "Not so worse; not so worse, if you'll latives again. Leave 'em alone. I'll excuse my grammar, but can anybody take your word about the roads, but do this?" what else? I don't want to swim and "Every hour of the day and every drive all the time." day of the week, right out on Waikiki "Of course, you're a good sailor " Beach, a stone's throw from several this in a questioning tone from the popular hotels and a half minute's walk young man. from the principal boulevard and the "Of course; of course." street car lines. Furthermore, if you "Then you would enjoy scouting want something a little more exciting, around all the other islands." although you may be a trifle old"— "And pray what might I scout for ?" here the young man appraised the old "You most certainly would want to traveler critically—"you can try the see the island of Hawaii with its un- THE MID-PACIFIC 75 surpassed scenery and that wonder of Beach to hear the native boys' soft the world, Kilauea Volcano, that boils strumming notes come floating along day and night." with the clouds." "Yes, yes, go on." The young man was going good "And Maui with the largest extinct again. "Why, if I had never been to crater in the world, Haleakala—mean- Hawaii and know what I do now, I'd ing the House of the Sun." take a run down there if for no other reason than to have a big slice of nice, "Sounds good." juicy, tart, fresh pineapple for breakfast, "And Kauai with her canyons just an iced papaia for lunch and an alli- like Colorado. Possibly you would like gator pear cocktail for dinner." to do a little hunting?" "Hold, enough," commanded the old "Hurray ! Wondered if you were goin' man, "you make my mouth water to to mention the shootin'." The old trav- think of it." eler lighted a fresh cigar. "Why, to be sure, you can hunt in The young man took a long breath Hawaii. There's plenty of small game for the final effort. "I can't begin to and even some wild goats and deer." tell you the charm of the place. Neither "That's fine, but I'm not entirely con- can you describe it correctly after you quered." have been there. The skies are clear, the air soft and balmy and generally "You undoubtedly play golf ?" the cool, with just enough of a trade wind young man continued. evident. The flowering trees, the many "You bet, but not over there, surely ?" gorgeous hedges of pink oleander and "Oh, yes you do, and on some fine red hibiscus and purple bougainvillae ; courses." the palm, the banana and the coconut "Well, I'll swan !, Resume 'till you trees everywhere ; the artistic bunga- 'sprise me to death." lows on the beach, the swimming in "And then there is polo—" water that is always warm, the com- "Oh boy ! How I love it !" bined Oriental and South Sea setting, "And some horse racing and yacht- albeit in a typically American environ- ing.". ment—oh, what's the use, it can't •be "Oh bliss !•" done. You've got to see it and feel it, "And tennis, if you like, on many a that's all." good court, or superb hikes over moun- The old traveler grinned in good tain trails, through Japanese tea gar- natured appreciation. "Maybe you can't dens or to some deserted bit of beach. describe it, but you certainly made a Why, Hawaii is the most wonderful, good stab at it. But, young man, I beauti—" don't think I'll take the trip, at least "Whoa! Steady now !" cautioned the not yet awhile." old traveler. "Don't get too fanciful." "And why not ?" demanded the But the publicity agent went on un- younger, breathlessly. "The onery, squelched. good-for-nothing, penurious old cuss," "It's worth a trip to Hawaii alone thought the publicity agent. "Here I just to see all the different nationalities have been raving and tearing my hair functioning so well with American gov- and almost ready to sell him a ticket ernment, or to spend a day in the Ori- and what does he say? Nothing stirrin' ental shops or a night along Waikiki this season." 76 THE MID-PACIFIC

The old traveler grinned again, this oughly angered, he continued, "And time a bit sheepishly, and turned away. will you pray tell, me, sir, why you "Because—," he said. "Because—," have asked me all these questions when and the words seemed to stick in his you probably know more about it than throat. "Look here, maybe, I've misled I do?" you a bit, but you see I've just come This time the old traveler didn't grin, from Hawaii after a six-months visit but stuck out his hand instead. there." "Because I just wanted to see, son, "You —have —just —come —from - if everybody feels about Hawaii as I there !" the young man repeated after do, and you certainly have stated my him in halting amazement. Then., thor- case exactly. Shake."

The oldest sport in Hawaii. Notes on British Malaya

By W. P. SLUYTER m

HE following are merely a few plete possession. More than a century notes based on observations whilst later the British landed at Penang and T in close contact with the various certain overtures were made to the Sul- 'communities throughout the length and tan of Kedah who owned this island, breadth of the Malay Peninsula or, to with the result that the settlement was use its present day official designation, ceded to the English East India Com- "British Malaya." pany for an annual payment to the It may be mentioned beforehand that, Sultan, for losses incurred, of $10,000, as the Chinese form, by a long way on condition that the strip of territory numerically, and it must be said, in- on the mainland which became known dustrially, the back-bone of this very as Province Wellesley, was occupied as wealthy strip of land, a good deal of well. the article must be given up to things After the Dutch and British had al- pertaining to them. But before enter- ternately several times taken possession ing upon a description of present day of Malacca it was eventually occupied matters in this part of the world we by the latter in exchange for Bencoo- will just give a very cursory review of len in Sumatra. This settlement took the history of British Malaya for the place in 1824. About this time also benefit of those who are rather hazy the island of Singapore was handed concerning it. over to the British by a treaty between The Portuguese were the first Eu- the Sultan of Johore and the East ropean settlers in the Straits, and this India Company, represented by Sir was in Malacca, in 1511. In 1641 the Stamford Raffles. If a comparison Dutch drove them out and took corn- be drawn between the then insignificant 77 78 THE MID-PACIFIC

island of 150 inhabitants and the pres- tory of the states and isles which go ent day flourishing colony (Singapore to compose British Malaya. having the reputation of being the This peninsula is bounded on the seventh largest port in the world with North. by Siam, on the East by the an evergrowing population, estimated China Sea while the West and South at about three quarters of a million,) are bounded by the Straits of Malacca. then some idea of foresight on a large The total area is about 75,000 sq. miles scale, will be obtained. and is, comparatively speaking, sparsely A few years after, the European populated although almost every na- community got their wishes complied tionality of any importance is repre- with through agitation, so that the sented, the Chinese being, as before three settlements were severed from mentioned, very much in the majority. Indian control and were governed sep- It is remarkable how little is really erately and independently under the known of this place, where in olden Crown ; ultimately, in 1867, the Set- times piracy and plunder used to be tlements became a Crown colony, with the predominating factors. To the out- its. own Governor, and executive and side world, which only possesses a hazy legislative councils. knowledge of British Malaya, the gen- During this period great disturbances eral idea is that it is still a land of were taking place in the interior, or mystery, carrying on its old nefarious Malay States, mostly consisting of habits. How incorrect this all is of fights between the Chinese and Malays, course, for it does not require more who ,owned the tin mines, etc. To cut than a glimpse to see how modernized a long story short the latter sought everything, more or less, has become help and refuge with the British which with every advantage being taken of were readily granted. These occurrences the many resources in which the were becoming too frequent and so at country abounds. Out of a total, popu-. last through a series of treaties the lation of between four and five mil- British were put in charge of the four lions the Chinese compose more than states as a protective measure, but not half ; and not by any means is it as before the quelling of the disturbances a laboring class only—although very by means of a force sent from British much so—for there are quite a number India. of very wealthy Chinamen (or Tow- In 1896 the four states so protected, kays as they are called) who possess viz.,.Perak, Selangor, Pahang and Negri many of the estates and mines, etc., Sembilan became federated at the sug- which go to make this very wealthy gestion of Sir Frank Swettenham ; and land what it is. They are inherently in 1909, by a treaty with Siam all the intellectual, enterprising, and thrifty, rights and influence over the other and are considered to be very desirable states viz, Kedah, Perlis, Kelemtan and business men. A large percentage of Trengganu, and also the adjacent is- Chinese in Malaya are what is com- lands were handed over to the British monly known as "Straits-born," and Government. A similar treaty was con- these are called "Babas." Taken as a cluded with the Sultan of Johore in whole they receive a good education 1914 so that these last named states on European lines, which includes a along with Johore, became non-feder- knowledge of English, and they are to ated, being protected and advised by be found in almost every profession, the British. So much for a short his- whilst some hold rather important and THE MID-PACIFIC 79 fairly responsible positions in the va- not be lost sight of that one is giving rious Government offices. This par- good employment to some of the teem- ticular class of Chinese are very pro- ing millions of British India who would gressive, and are of an independent otherwise perhaps be in a rather pre- nature, with a strong leaning towards carious condition. It may here be re- European customs and mannerisms. marked that every encouragement is They appreciate good treatment, and being given to this class of coolie, and when confidence has been once gained, that his particular case is being they make good and valuable friends. thoroughly overhauled by various en- Not so very long ago tin mining— ergetic members of the legislature, with which is largely run by Chinese mon- a view to the general betterment, in ey,—was the principal asset, but since every way, of his life; which formerly the Hevea Brasiliensis (Para Rubber) was a mere existence. This is a step was introduced and the enormous suc- in the right direction, undoubtedly, and cess attending on same, this latter in- deserves every help from all who can in dustry has greatly out-distanced the any way bring influence to bear. former, although Malaya still holds an It is obvious that in an article on important place as a world's tin sup- British Malaya one cannot forego to plier. The soil is of a clayey nature, mention Singapore, as this country and the great heat and periodical heavy would be almost extinct, commercially, rainfalls, which are the principal atmo- without this far-famed harbor, for it spherical conditions prevailing here, all is owing to the most splendid position go towards the successful production of that very much used commodity, viz. which it occupies that British Malaya rubber. has simply bounded to the fore in a Of course such a thing would not be comparatively short time. Of course very practicable from a business point to a certain extent the same remarks of view, were it not for the very cheap apply. to Penang, which lies at the labor which is easily obtainable. This north end of the peninsula, for this labor is almost entirely composed of important island and seaport looks after Chinese, Tamils and Malays ; the for- most of the merchandise, etc., from mer, as usual, being in the majority Siam, Sumatra and the various states whilst the latter are very much the re- opposite on the mainland. As a coal- verse ; assiduity not being 'their fort, ing station Singapore is unequalled, for The Tamil (Indian) labor force is the extraordinarily large number of gradually becoming larger, and the re- coolies used for this work, enables a cruiting of these is quite a business in great number of ships to be supplied itself. The reason for this is that the with this fuel very quickly and cheaply. • Chinaman has caught the infection of Incidentally the fact cannot be over- that present time very contagious dis- looked that the number of oil-driven ease—the demand for higher wages— boats which call at this particular port, consequently, the Tamil is stepping into has increased remarkably of late. For- his job, as he, quite contentedly, will merly the large steamers had to lie out work for about half the wage asked for in the roads and the loading and off- by his yellow brethren, and incidentally loading was done from lighters, but is not nearly so troublesome; in fact, since the building of very spacious taken all round, he is a better financial docks, known as Keppel Harbor Docks, speculation. Besides this, the fact must this obviates greatly the double hand- 80 THE MID-PACIFIC ling which used to be such a waste of Also in these Oriental countries it is time and money. noticeable that life goes at quicker From this town to the other end of pace than fifty years ago, and, although the island there is a first-class railroad there may be many who still think that which continue on the mainland right around the equator things are done in along the east coast, reaching to Pen- an easy-going manner, those who hold ang and connecting up with the Siamese those opinions are altogether mistaken. railroads. All the principal towns are Since private interest becomes more touched en route, or else can be reach- ed by branch lines, so it may be gath- and more involved in the development ered that all the advantages which go of these districts, and gradually the along with comfortable travelling can number of Government officials dimin- be enjoyed on this railway, for such is ishes, life for the white man here be- certainly the case. But the advantages comes more like that in Europe and derived from a commercial point of view America, and consequently he is ob- are still greater, for there are continuous liged to aim at a standard of efficiency streams of heavy traffic on these metals, quite equal to that of European or bearing away the rich produce of a rich American business. country to the outside world, and bring- And we do not doubt that British ing back the necessaries of life which Malaya will prove herself quite capable cannot be obtained in a country which of reaching such a standard, for there is not self-supporting. It is literally are numerous features, of which we an exchange, for, to cite an example, pointed out only a few in this article, quite recently, the imports and exports in this prosperous country promising a for one year were practically of the brilliant future commercially and in- same value, viz., £66,000,000. dustrially.

The Mosque of the Sultan of .fahore, near Singapore r,-%

BULLETIN TotiF E PAN-PACIFIC UNION CONTENTS New Series No. 33, July, 1922. PAGE ■ Objects of the Pan-Pacific Union 2 Agenda of the Pan-Pacific Commercial Conference__ 3 Pan-Pacific News 5 The Shipworm and the Commerce of the Pacific 7 Proceedings of the New Zealand Press Association._ 8 Free Radio Press Service for the Pacific 10 The Pan-Pacific Commercial Conference 11 The Junior Pan-Pacific Handicrafts Exhibition 12 International Goodwill Through Education 13 Pacific Coast Chambers of Commerce to be Represented " 15 ,... ,-- OFFICERS OF THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION HONORARY PRESIDENTS Warren G. Harding • .President of United States William M. Hughes Prime Minister, Australia W. F. Massey Prime Minister, New Zealand Hsu Shih-Chang President of China Arthur Meighen Premier of Canada Prince I. Tokugawa President House of Peers, Tokyo His Majesty, Rama VI King of Siam

HONORARY..VICE-PRESIDENTS Charles Evans Hughes Secretary of State, U. S. A. Woodrow Wilson Ex-President of United States Dr. L. S. Rowe Director-General Pan-American Union Yeh Kung Cilo Minister of Communication, China Leonard Wood Governor-General of the Philippines The Governors-General of Alaska and Java. The Premiers of Australian States. John Oliver The Premier of British Columbia President—Hon. Wallace R. Farrington..Governor of Hawaii Director—Alexander Hume Ford Honolulu Executive Secretary—Dr. Frank F. Bunker Honolulu

Prince I. Tokugawa—President House of Peers, Tokyo—President Pan-Pacific Association of Japan. Tong Shao Yi—Ex-Premier of China....Pres. Pan-Pacific Association of China Prince Park—President Pan-Pacific Association of Korea, Seoul. Sir Arthur Rickard—Director Pan-Pacific Association, Australia, Sydney. Dr. S. P. Nikonoff—President Pan-Pacific Association, Siberia, Vladivostok. C. J. McCarthy, President Pan-Pacific Association, Washington, D. C. Wallace Alexander, President Pan-Pacific Association, San Francisco.

HONOLULU N. Published by the Union 1922 s„, • 311e_ s - THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION Is an organization representing Governments of Pacific lands, with which are affiliated Chambers of Commerce and kindred bodies, working for the advance- ment of Pacific States and Communities, and for a greater co-operation among and between the people of all races in Pacific lands. Its central office is in Honolulu at the ocean crossroads. The Pan-Pacific Union is incorporated with an International Board of Trustees, representing every race and nation of the Pacific. The trustees may be added to or replaced by appointed representatives of the different countries co-operating in the Pan-Pacific Union. The following are the main objects set forth in the charter of the Pan-Pacific Union : 1. To call in conference delegates from all Pacific peoples for the pur- pose of discussing and furthering the interests common to Pacific nations. 2. To maintain in Hawaii and other Pacific lands bureaus of information and education concerning matters of interest to the people of the Pacific, and to disseminate to the world information of every kind of progress and opportunity in Pacific lands, and to promote the comfort and interests of all visitors. 3. To aid and assist those in all Pacific communities to better understand each other, and to work together for the furtherance of the best interests of the land of their adoption, and, through them, to spread abroad about the Pacific the friendly spirit of inter-racial co-operation. 4. To assist and to aid the different races in lands of the Pacific to co- operate in local fairs, to raise produce, and to create home manufactured goods. 5. To own real estate, erect buildings needed for housing exhibits ; pro- vided and maintained by the respective local committees. 6. To maintain a Pan-Pacific Commercial Museum, and Art Gallery. 7. To create dioramas, gather exhibits, books and other Pan-Pacific material of educational or instructive value. 8. To promote and conduct a Pan-Pacific Exposition of the handicrafts of the Pacific peoples, of their works of art, and scenic dioramas of the most beautiful bits of Pacific lands, or illustrating great Pacific industries. 9. To establish and maintain a permanent college and "clearing house" of information (printed and otherwise) concerning the lands, commerce, peoples, and trade opportunities in countries of the Pacific, creating libraries of commer- cial knowledge, and training men in this commercial knowledge of Pacific lands. 10. To secure the co-operation and support of Federal and State govern- ments, chambers of commerce, city governments, and of individuals. 11. To enlist for this work of publicity in behalf of Alaska, the Territory of Hawaii, and the Philippines, Federal aid and financial support, as well as similar co-operation and support from all Pacific governments. 12. To bring all nations and peoples about the Pacific Ocean into closer friendly and commercial contact and relationship.

THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES Vice-Presidents : Hon. Walter F. Frear, William R. Castle, Chung K. Ai. Hon. Sanford B. Dole F. J. Lowrey Riley Allen R. A. Cooke Hon. C. J. McCarthy James D. Dole D. H. Hitchcock J. M. Young George P. Denison John Guild R. H. Trent John C. Lane Vaughan MacCaughey K. Yamamoto Lloyd R. Killam Dr. W. T. Brigham F. F. Baldwin G. N. Wilcox Dr. I. Mori H. Stuart Johnson G. Stanley McKenzie J. H. Wilson Mayor of Honolulu Kelchi Yamasaki Consul General of Japan Shia Hsu Tan Consul for China A. D. Castro Acting Consul for Peru and Consuls In Honolulu from other Pacific Countries PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 3 FIRST PAN-PACIFIC COMMERCIAL CONFERENCE Called by the Pan-Pacific Union to Meet in Honolulu, Hawaii, October 25, 1922

AGENDA tion of crises in the world rice and As far as possible papers prepared sugar situation. for this conference will be printed in Fourth Day—Monday, October 30 advance for general distribution. Ex- General Topic—Finance and Invest- cept for the opening session there will be ments. several speakers with addresses limited 1. Measures to be followed for re- to twenty minutes each. There will be lieving exchange difficulties. two sessions each day, morning and 2. The need for greater uniformity afternoon, each session lasting two in bills of exchange and other hours. Each speaker is allotted thirty commercial documents. minutes, his talk to be followed by a 3. Terms of credit in Pan-Pacific area discussion not to exceed thirty minutes. as an aid to foreign trade. Opening Day—Wednesday, October 25 4. Standardization of trade certificates General Topic—Significant Pan-Pacific How to insure reliability. Commercial Problems of My Country. Fifth Day—Tuesday, October 31 (One speaker from each country to (Last Session) give a brief paper.) General Topic—Inter-nation relations in Second Day—Thursday, October 26 the Pan-Pacific area. 1. Arbitration of commercial mis- General Topic — Communication and understandings. Transportation. 2. The need for cooperation among 1. Survey of existing cable and wire- the various agencies interested in less facilities, with suggestions for Pan-Pacific problems. meeting present deficiencies. 3. Reports of special committees. 2. Establishment of lower special 4. Resolutions including recommen- rates, fixing responsibility and dations for legislation. granting general improved facilities for the press. ENTERTAINMENT 3. An analysis of present trade routes Tuesday—October 24 and the development of possible Reception at wharf, autos provided by new routes. trustees of Union and their friends. 4. Desirability of free zones or free Lunch with individual citizens or at ports in Pacific lands. Moana. Surfing in the afternoon. Third Day—Friday, October 27 Evening : Pan-Pacific Union welcom- ing dinner at hotel. General Topic—Development and con- servation of natural resources. Wednesday—October 25 1. Methods to be employed in saving Morning : Session at Palace. Noon : the Pan-Pacific fisheries. Lunch at Ad Club. Afternoon : Session 2. Development of Pan-Pacific fuel at Palace. resources in order to provide for Thursday—October 26 future expansion of Pacific in- Morning : Session at the Palace. dustry and transportation. Lunch : Rotary Club. Afternoon : Ses- 3. Steps to be taken toward preven- sion at the Palace. 4 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

Evening : Dinner with the Chinese Francisco on the Matson liner Maui merchants. about 10 a. m., Wednesday, October Friday—October 27 18. The San Francisco Chamber of Morning : Session at the Palace. Commerce will secure reservations for Noon: Lunch with Hawaiian Club. delegates, and it is expected that Presi- Afternoon : Session at the Palace. dent Wallace Alexander of the San Saturday—October 28 Francisco Chamber will accompany the Trip around the Island. Autos from delegates to Honolulu. Auto Club. Lunch at Haleiwa by the From China and Japan the S. S. Chamber of Commerce. Reception at Tenyo Maru of the Toyo Kisen, Kaisha Leilehua. will arrive in Honolulu October 25th. Evening : Dinner with the Japanese She will sail from Hongkong on Oct. merchants. 4, from Shanghai on Oct. 8, from Sunday—October 29 Yokohama on Oct. 16. Manila dele- Pan-Pacific Service at church or rest. gates may make connection at Hong- kong. Delegates from Siam, Malay, Monday —October 30 and Java, will connect at Hongkong. Session at Palace in morning. Noon: The China Mail S. S. Co. will dis- Lunch with citizens or at University, patch the Nanking from Shanghai Commercial and Pacific Clubs, with in- about October 23, and she is due in dividual members. Afternoon : Session Honolulu about November 7. at Palace. The Pacific Mail steamer Empire Tuesday—October 31 State will leave Manila about September Morning : Business session at Palace. 28, Hongkong about October 4, Shang- Afternoon and evening free. hai about October 7, and Yokohama Wednesday—November 1 about October 12, arriving in Honolulu Sail 10 a. m. for Hilo and the Vol- October 20. cano. From Australia the Oceanic liner Thursday—November 2 Sonoma will leave Sydney about Sept. Morning, ,arrive Hilo, visit Volcano. 13, arriving in Honolulu Sept. 26, or Friday—November 3 the -Ventura will leave Sydney October Morning, sail from Hilo for Hono- 17, arriving in Honolulu October 31st. lulu. From Auckland, Sydney and Fiji, the Saturday—November 4 Canadian Australian liner Makura will Arrive Honolulu a. m. Shopping. sail from Sydney, Sept. 21, from Auck- Sunday—November 5 land September 26, arriving in Hono- Rest. lulu October 7th. Monday—November 6 From South American ports the Toyo Visit Pineapple and Sugar Planta- Kisen Kaisha, Seiyo Maru will arrive tions, guests of H. S. P. A. and Pine- in Honolulu about October 1, leaving apple Association. Valparaiso August 9, Iquiqui, Chile, Tuesday—November 7 August 21, Balboa September 2. Guests of Banks and friends. The Canadian Australian liner, Ni- Wednesday—November 8 agara will leave Vancouver and Victoria Sail for San Francisco. about Sept. 22 arriving in Honolulu Steamship Sailings about Sept. 30, and the Makura will It is expected that the American del- leave October 20, arriving in Hono- egation will sail in a body from San lulu October 28. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 5 PAN - PACIFIC NEWS

The United Press is entering the from any quarter. The recommenda- Pacific field and hopes to loop up a tions of the first Conference are being news service between carried out and a report telling how A Pan Pacific all Pacific lands. Un- this is being done will be the subject of News Service burdened by any con- a paper in an early number of the tracts with European bulletin. press services to keep out of any Pacific "London Punch" suggests to Lloyd territory, the United Press has a free George that he call his next Conference hand. It is understood that a central in Honolulu, as that city drop service will be established at Ho- The World has become a recognized nolulu, the ocean's Crossroads City. Center center. Here is it proposed to gather and dis- City Again from the World seminate wireless press dispatches from Conscience Society, with and to every part of the Pacific. headquarters in Rome, Italy, comes the suggestion that near Honolulu should be The service of the U. S. Naval built the World's Conference City. The Radio for press dispatches is to be Society has spent many years in getting continued until July 1925, instead of up plans for such a City, some forty of July 1927 as asked by the Pan-Pacific the world's greatest architects have pro- Press Conference. It is unfortunate duced a great volume, picturing the that this service to the Pacific press is World Center City in detail. A copy not made permanent. The commercial of this remarkable work has been sent cable and radio rates between Pacific to the Pan-Pacific Union by the World countries are prohibitive to the sending Conscience Society with the request of any press dispatches save those of that the subject of the building of a the most sensational character. A six World Center City near Honolulu be cent a word press rate to any part of placed before the next Pan-Pacific Con- the Pacific via Government Radio ference for discussion. would have meant the assurance of The Director of the Pan-Pacific Union continual good-will. The Australasian has returned to Washington with the press renews its cable news contracts resolutions of the every three years. A renewal has just The Commercial Union and letters been made. Conference from the Governor Dr. Frank F. Bunker, Executive Sec- of Hawaii to the ef- retary of the Pan-Pacific Union and fect that the Union is prepared to care Chairman of the Edu- for the First Pan-Pacific Commercial The Educational cational Council is Conference as it has cared for the others Council communicating with under its direction. The Director will all of the delegates to confer with Secretary Hoover, Secretary the First Pan-Pacific Educational Con- of State Hughes, and possibly with Pres- ference. The second conference will be ident Harding, who is greatly inter- held within three years and plans are ested in the success of the Conference. now being made for the second con- The agenda prepared in Washington ference. Dr. Bunker and the members during the Conference will, it is ex- of •the council will welcome suggestions pected, following precedent, be for- 6 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

warded by the State Department to of a conference of Pan-Pacific Y. M. the Pacific Governments through their C. A. secretaries at Honolulu in 1925 Ambassadors in Washington. or 1926. This will be under the direc- That the men of tomorrow may meet tion of the "Y" leaders. At the same the men of today, the Pan-Pacific Union time _it is expected that there will be is arranging in Flonolulu held in Honolulu a Pan-Pacific Olym- The Boys' an exhibit of the handi- piad of Sports. Industrial crafts of the boys and girls Exhibit of all Pacific lands in Ha- English will be the language used at waii. The actual process the Great Pan-Pacific Commercial Con- of making of many articles of commerce ference, although it is English will be demonstrated, and the young op- hoped that means will be eratives given an opportunity to meet the found to publish the pro- and talk with the commercial and finan- Language ceedings in other lan- cial delegates from about the great at the guages as well. English, ocean. Other Pacific Countries have Conference however, has become the been invited to send exhibits of the commercial language of handicraft of their region. the Pacific, few there are among the commercial and financial leaders in the The officers of the Pan-Pacific Union Pacific lands who do not speak English, are often accorded the privilege of meet- and speak it well. Viscount Shibu- ing and entertaining lead- zawa is one of the exceptions, he be- ing men of all lines of longing to another generation, for this MeetingA Central thought and action from grand leader in Japan is now past Place Pacific lands. It is because eighty years of age. The Viscount, these leaders pass through however, understands much that is said Honolulu on almost every in English. A recommendation to make Trans-Pacific steamer that this city was English the secondary language in all selected as the neutral headquarters of Pacific lands was seriously considered the Union. Ministers and Ambassadors at the Educational Conference. to Pacific lands, as well as merchant princes and financial kings are welcomed The Hawaiian Research Association and conferences are held with them. will start immediate boring in the bed of Often meetings are arranged for the Kilauea Volcano with the leaders from another Pacific region. In Harnessing expectation that, as in this way it happened that the American Kilauea Florence and other Italian banker, Lamont and the Japanese com- Volcano cities, power may be se- mercial king met in conference with the cured from volcanic heat leaders in Honolulu and suggested the in Hawaii to run factories and operate calling of a Pan-Pacific Commercial railways. Dr. T. A. Jaggar, Director Conference. of the Volcano Observatory, gives Mr. Lloyd R. Killam, Secretary of credit to the Pan-Pacific Union for the Honolulu Y. M. C. A., and John stimulating the interest that has brought R. Mott, President of the International the funds for the experimental boring "Y" met in Honolulu with the result that will determine Kilauea's commer- that both attended the Peking Confer- cial value as a producer of cheap ence with authority to urge the calling power. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 7 The Shipworm and the Commerce of the Pacific

The important relation between sci- for itself, beginning with a tiny punc- ence and commerce is well demonstrat- ture just large enough to admit the ed in a paper by Dr. Paul. Bartsch, on microscopic organism, and then widen- the millions of dollars damage done ing the burrow and deepening it as it in- to American shipping annually in the creases in size. Some shipworms grow Pacific by shipworms. to be four feet or even more in length, Dr. Bartsch is preparing an advance with a diameter the size of your thumb, paper for the Pan-Pacific Commer- he said. After the burrow is complete, cial Conference on the subject of Crus- the end is sealed up with a calcareous tacea, which provide more than one lining. In fact the entire burrow has half the sea food for both man and been beautifully glazed after its exca- fish. vation. The mollusk now stops bur- The following, therefore, from the rowing, and busies itself with feeding Washington Herald will prove inter- and reproducing, and it has been stated esting information to those who have that a single species can give rise to to do with ships and shippings in the anywhere from 500,000 to 2,000,000 off- Pacific: spring. "American shipworms were discussed The food of these animals consists, not and exhibited by Dr. Paul Bartsch, of of wood, as is generally supposed, but the United States National Museum, at of the free swimming microscopic or- the meeting of the Biological Society ganisms that live in the sea, collectively Saturday night. called Plankton, which are strained First of all Dr. Bartsch disproved from the water that is constantly forced that they were worms at all., and said through the gills by means of the cilia, that they were really mollusks, related and by means of cilia carried to the to our oyster and clam. He gave an mouth and digestive tract. account of the structure of these ani- Shipworms are very destructive. The mals and their life history, utilizing as most conspicuous loss suffered in any his example Gould's shipworm, the life American harbor was at San Francisco history of which was almost completely Bay, or more properly San Pablo and worked out by Prof. Sigerfoos in 1908 Suisun Bay, of the San Francisco Bay, at the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries Sta- where no less than $20,000,000 worth of tion at Beaufort, N. C. destruction was produced by Meach's He stated that there are two types Teredo in 1919-1920. An equal loss is of shipworms in America, one which probably sustained annually along our gives birth to living young, while the various coasts. Dr. Bartsch called at- other type is egg laying. Gould's ship- tention to the collapse of a long wharf worm is of the latter type, he explained. in the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay After the eggs hatch, a little free swim- at Smith Island within a period of ming larva ensues, which after leading three months after it had been erected. a pelagic existence for a time, the More recently attention has been called length of which has not definitely been to the ravages of shipworms in the determined, settles down on some piece canal region, where on the Atlantic end of wood and begins digging a home we have a huge borer known as Reyne's 8 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

shipworm, which freely attacks green- might be a concerted effort on the part heart timber, a wood that was sup- of all maritime nations to pool energies posed to be immune, while a closely re- to the working out of the life histories lated shipworm affects the fresh waters of these pests. of the Miraflores Lake on the opposite He stated that there are four distinct side. This is the first fresh water ship- problems presented : worm reported for American waters. Zetek's shipworm is another destruc- A systematic study which must form tive element of the Canal Zone. the foundation for all other inquiries. Twenty-eight species were listed for This, he said, had been attempted for American waters, and Dr. Bartsch the American species in a monograph stated that at least five additional ones prepared by him, now going through are known from fragments, but are too press. fragmentary to permit of naming at A study of the range in distribution the present time. of the various species and the relative Dr. Bartsch gave pictures of these abundance. various boring mollusks, and a simple An explanation of the physical key by means of which the groups oceanographic conditions that determine might be distinguished. He also showed this distribution. actual specimens, and wood drilled by A study of the life histories of the them. He expressed a hope that there various forms. Proceedings of the New Zealand Press Association February 22, 1922 By STANLEY SMITH, Chairman, Del egate to the Pan-Pacific Press Congress, Honolulu, Oct ober, 1922. It has been suggested that I should Zealand, Spain, China, Greece, the say something about the World's Press Philippines, Latin America, England, Conference recently held at Honolulu, and Japan. and, with your permission, I shall men- During the first day's sitting a num- tion a few details before dealing with ber of papers were read. Several of the business of the Association. the speakers from the Orient dealt with Owing to the eleventh-hour altera- international relations, and one of the tion of the dates originally fixed, the Japanese delegates frankly discussed delegates from New Zealand and Aus- the Japanese-American situation in a tralia arrived a fortnight before the paper entitled "Will It Be War ?" opening of the Congress. The Ameri- A tour of the Islands had been ar- can delegates arrived on October 10, ranged, and the steamer Matsonia, and on the evening of that day Gover- specially engaged for the trip, left for nor Farrington presided at a banquet, Hawaii next morning. We were wel- where welcoming speeches and re- comed and entertained at Hilo, the sponses were made. It was a most inter- principal town of the Island, and then esting gathering. The delegates came motored to the volcano of Kilauea. from the four corners of the earth. Night and day visits were made to the crater, and a lecture on its history The first speaker was a Norwegian, was given on the spot by a scientist then followed representatives from New from the Observatory. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 9 .

A detailed program had been drawn On landing we found that wireless up, and we were hurried from one func- could not be used, and 75 cents per tion to another. We were motored word was demanded for messages round the Island of Maui and enter- which travelled by cable to 'Frisco, by tained at sports meetings, races, and telegraph to Victoria in Canada, and native gatherings. Whenever oppor- thence by Pacific cable to New Zealand. tunity offered delegates were addressed The naval wireless officer offered to on the Labor needs of the Island. The send Congress messages to New Zealand sugar industry has fallen on bad times, at 18 cents per word, but, of course, and laborers, no longer in receipt of our Government will not accept these large wage bonuses, are deserting the messages for delivery here. The Amer- plantations. We heard a good deal of ican delegates characterized our means the Japanese problem during the tour. of communication as "slow and ineffi- and the case, from the Japanese stand- cient and expensive." point, was aptly put by a Japanese Besides the naval radio service, which speaker at a performance in one of can handle 27,000 words a day, there their theatres in Hawaii. is, some distance from the city of There are twelve Japanese daily and Honolulu, a plant, said to be the larg- weekly newspapers established in the est in the world, owned by the Radio Islands, of which four dailies are pub- Corporation of America. This station lished in Honolulu. is in daily operation on commercial One of the remaining days of the work. Congress was given up to a confer- There is now some talk of cable ence of delegates from the Pacific duplication, but it seems to me that, countries. It was held under the before such a costly undertaking is auspices of the Pan-Pacific Union. Mr. decided on, serious consideration should Alexander Hume Ford, a prominent be given to the future of radio com- journalist of Honolulu, is the main- munication and the desirability of link- spring of this organization. He de- ing up in the wireless chain. votes all his energies towards promot- ing a better understanding between the Everything possible was done to countries of the Pacific. make the visit of the delegates en- One of the principal matters dealt joyable, and I should like to take this with was inter-communication between opportunity of expressing the thanks countries bordering on the Pacific, of the New Zealand delegates for the with special reference to wireless tel- lavish hospitality shown them by the egraphy. Very general use of wireless citizens of Honolulu and the residents is made in the Islands, and the masts of the other Islands visited. and aerials are quite a feature of the It seems difficult to say what direct landscape. The United States naval benefit is to be derived from gatherings authorities transmit regularly the press of representatives of so many different messages from San Francisco to Ha- nations. The resolutions carried must waii and Manila. With the present necessarily be of a very general char- equipment messages could reach Japan acter, but the intimate association with and New Zealand. On the voyage to prominent journalists of foreign coun- Honolulu wireless messages could be tries must tend to broaden the views sent to New Zealand for 4Y2d per of those privileged to take part in word, and when nearing port for 9d. these Congresses. 10 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN Free Radio Press Service for the Pacific The United States Government from sixty cents a word, press rate, to get its Army Naval Radio Stations sets news to Japan, China or Australasia, free daily wonderful musical compo- and this was practically a deferred sitions that anyone, amateur or profes- rate, subject to a delay of twenty-four sional, may receive and listen to if he hours or more. It cost triple commer- but has a wireless outfit or access to cial rates, or from one to three dol- a receiver connected with one. lars a word to get quick cable ser- This is excellent. The Pan-Pacific vice to the Orient or Australasia. Union is distinctly on record with a re- At Guam when six cents a word quest and hope that each and every press messages were received, these government of a Pacific land or state might be relayed by Government radio will set free daily waves wafting to the to Manila, but the messages destined world the latest news events. The U. for Japan had to be taken by auto S. Government does serve the press of across the island to the Japanese cable the American Pacific with news sent office to go over a congested cable. out through its Naval Radio Stations It was hoped that during the Wash- at a minimum cost. Should the other ington Conference all this would be Governments of the Pacific be willing adjusted, and at one time there seemed to reciprocate, a six cent a word press to be every hope that it would be. rate could and would be established Now it is necessary for the Japanese between any two countries of the Pa- and American Ambassadors to get to- cific. That is the press of China, Japan, gether and suggest an amendment to Australia, of America could send or re- our treaties that will permit Japan to ceive dispatches to or from any part receive and send press messages to of the Pacific at a rate of six cents a and from her Government Radio Sta- word. Such a press rate now exists tions. between San Francisco, Honolulu, Ha- It is because of these unfortunate waii, Tonga, Samoa, Unalaska, Alaska, restrictions on the free and unhampered Guam and Manila. The result was distribution of news between Pacific that Honolulu on the most isolated lands that the Pan-Pacific Union is group of islands in the world, received urging that each government send a and published daily the full proceedings delegate to the Conference who is well of the Great Conference in Washing- posted on communications. As it is now ton. There was no misunderstanding. only sensational items are sent at the Japan, China and Australasia refused present high and all but prohibitive to receive the radio press messages dis- press rates that exist because of the tributed by America, with the result lack of understanding and cooperation. that often dispatches during the Con- The Pan-Pacific Union believes that ference were days late in transmission the Governments of the Pacific can and on several occasions so garbled as safely be trusted to set free daily au- to almost bring about international mis- thentic news of the happenings in understanding. their respective countries. At any rate From Washington it cost six cents this subject might well come up for ex- a word or less to get news to Hono- pert discussion at the Pan-Pacific Com- lulu or Manila. It cost from thirty to mercial Conference next October. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 11 •The Pan-Pacific Co mmercial Conference

The Pan-Pacific Union is cooperating 7. Fisheries of the Pacific and laws with the leading commercial and finan- for their protection. cial men of Pacific lands to secure a 8. Also some authority on Comnier- gathering of the most representative cial colleges conducted by Uni- character, a body of carefully selected versities. leaders who will meet together and We trust that your country will be organize for permanent and continued adequately reprgsented by such dele- work along the lines of bringing the gates at this Conference, both official peoples of the Pacific into a better and commercial and financial organiza- commercial and friendly knowledge of tions. each other. It is our hope that for the guidance It is planned, with the cooperation of of the actual delegates we may secure the San Francisco Chamber of Com- a number of advance papers on the merce, to bring all of the American, topics to be discussed. We ask your Latin American and Canadian dele- cooperation in securing these from gates to the Conference on a steamer your country. reserved for this purpose and leaving San Francisco on Wednesday, October We wish first a paper on the Com- the 18th. The delegates from Oriental mercial History of your land, with per- lands also anticipate approaching the haps an outline of the commercial Conference in a body, as do the Aus- problems that confront you at present, tralians. or threaten the future. The following is a copy of one of Following this we should like an the letters sent out by the Director to advance paper from recognized author- those who will, have a guiding hand in ities on your country on each of the selecting the delegates to the Commer- several topics to be discussed. We cial Conference : hope to publish these papers prior to "Dear Sir : the Conference gathering, that they From the enclosed agenda of the may be of service to the delegates in Pan-Pacific Commercial Conference to their discussions, conclusions, and rec- be held in Honolulu in October, you ommendations. will see that among the delegates who We expect that, following precedent, will attend there should be one or more the invitation from the Pan-Pacific leading authorities in their own coun- Union, for participation of the Pacific tries on : governments, will be forwarded through 1. Communication, electric and other. the U. S. Department of State. The 2. Transportation ; railway, ocean. agenda was prepared by leading offi- etc., including fuel supplies. cials in the Department of Commerce, 3. Banking, exchange, finance, etc. leading chambers of commerce of Pa- 4. Commerce and commercial rela- cific lands, and by delegates at the tions, and problems of Pacific Washington Conference. lands. Respectfully yours, 5. The world rice and sugar crises. Pan-Pacific Union, 6. Arbitration—commercial. A. H. Ford, Director." 12 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN The Junior Pan-Pacific Handicrafts Exhibition

When the boys of Washington, D. C., In the Royal School of more than a decided to hold an exhibition of their thousand pupils there is not a single hand-work, President Harding received Anglo-Saxon, but these youngsters, at their delegation most cordially and the opening of the Commercial Confer- cheerfully promised to be present to ence, will receive the messages from the open the exhibition. Not only that, but heads of every Pacific country, who are Secretary of Agriculture Wallace and all Honorary Presidents of the Pan- Secretary of Commerce Hoover each Pacific Union. They will be able to made stirring addresses to the boys at receive them in the several Pacific lan- this exhibition. guages and to translate them into Eng- In Hawaii the boys of all races are lish. The pupils of this school look organizing their forces to show the dele- forward to making an office chair from gates to the First Pan-Pacific Commer- native mahogany to be presented to Sec- cial Conference how the rising genera- retary of Commerce Hoover. tion is working together in unity without From the Chinese pupils of a Chi- racial or other prejudice. They will give nese school will come a desk from a an exhibition of their work that will log of koa for the President of China. surprise the visitors. Already the young Ex-President Wilson, an honorary vice- folks in all the schools of Hawaii, both president of the Union, will receive an public and private, have begun to organ- office set of woven fibre furniture from ize while boys and girls not connected one of the Industrial Schools, while Sec- with particular schools have indicated retary of State Hughes, also an honor- ary vice-president, will be presented with their intention of being at the exhibition a memento of the handicraft of a num- to demonstrate some handicraft peculiar ber of American boys. to the people of their particular race. The Japanese children are planning The Filipino youngsters will show that a souvenir of their work at the what may be done in weaving split bam- exhibition will find its way to Prince boo, while certain Anglo-Saxon boys Tokugawa, and the King of Siam is will demonstrate that the needed bam- to be the recipient of a reminder from boo can be grown in Hawaii. The Fili- the Pan Pacific Junior Workers in pino girls under the direction of their Hawaii, as will the Premiers of Canada, mothers will show that they can become Australia and New Zealand, who are deft weavers of lacework. A sample of officers of the Union. The Portuguese their work will go to General Leonard youth in Hawaii will probably send a Wood, an honorary vice-president of the ukulele made by their hands, to the Pan-Pacific Union. Governor of Macao, the last of the From the Normal School the Hawaii- Portuguese possessions in the Pacific. an boys and girls will present several The different Governments of the possible industries in actual preparation. Pacific have been asked to send ex- During the exhibition they will weave amples of the work of their manual from the native lauhala or pandanus leaf, training schools to be exhibited and to a desk set that will be sent to President act as an industrial incentive to the Harding, Honorary President of the boys and girls of all Pacific races in Pan-Pacific Union. Hawaii. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETI N 13 International Goodwill Through Education DR. FRANK F. BUNKER, Executive Secretary, Pan-Pacific Union

First in order of potential import- The Development of Mutual ance among the agencies having it in Understanding their power to assist in a forceful way If the nations of the world are to live in the development of the international together in an atmosphere of mutual mind, is the institution of the school. respect and consideration, it will be be- The Prussians have long had a saying cause in each there develops a group of that "whatever you would have appear citizens, powerful enough in influence in the life of a nation, you must put in- to direct the policies of State, who rise to its schools." And for all time Ger- above all selfish considerations and view many will stand as a sinister example the problems affecting relations in the of what can be achieved when all the light of the universal good. This agencies at the command of the State means, first of all, that the people must are directed to the accomplishment of a know the truth about one another. It single purpose. means that they must know the condi- Very early in her governmental life tions under which each has developed Germany accepted that theory of social in order that one another's needs, aspir- organization which declares that the ations and character may be under- State is supreme. It is now to be seen stood and accurately evaluated. It clearly, that this conception conditioned means maintaining an intimate ac- her every action ; and that in her effort quaintanceship with the tides of signifi- to make the State completely dominant cant social movements in each country and to preserve and perpetuate for the as these ebb and flow. State arbitrary and autocratic power, Action of the Pan-Pacific Educational Germany perverted not only her schools but her diplomats, her scholars, her jour- Conference nalists, her captains of finance, and At the Pan-Pacific Educational Con- even her ministers of the gospel. The ference, held in Honolulu last August solid front with which the German and attended by representative educators people carried forward their activities from the United States and Pacific coun- in the World War, the tremendous ef- tries, action was taken asking the Pan- fort which they made in response to the Pacific Union, under whose auspices the driving effect of "the will to win" slo- Conference was called, to carry forward gan, the fact that they were able to in the interim before a second interna- turn the whole world from its course tional conference is held, the work out- and for four years force it to mobilize lined by the Conference. Among other all of its resources in order to frustrate proposals of a noteworthy character the design, to impOse their will upon the which the delegates included in a far- nations of the earth, show, by way of reaching program which the Pan-Pacific contrast, how great are the possibilities Union has undertaken to advance, it was for good of the established agencies of recommended that such steps as are nec- society if their activities are coordinated essary be taken to secure a larger place and directed toward the attainment of in the school curricula of Pacific coun- high and noble ends. tries for matters having to do with the 14 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

Pacific area. This recommendation gestions compiled by members of his came as a result of the recognition of staff : the fact that the center of the world's "1. Since there is such a great activities is shifting to the Pacific region need for authentic information on and that the future peace of the world much of this area, the Pan-Pacific turns upon whether or not the boys and Union might appoint a Commission girls now in the schools of the nations to compile data concerning the in and about the Pacific, as they grow to geography including trade, history, maturity, develop that sympathy and ethnology of these regions in such form that it will be useful to good-will which follow only upon mu- teachers and children of our ele- tual understanding. mentary and high schools. In carrying forward this recommenda- "The Union might prefer in the tion, the Pan-Pacific Union, as a pre- first place to work up such a bib- liminary step, has written to all the dele- liography on the whole Pacific sit- gates who attended the Conference, call- uation as will be useful for teach- ing their attention to the need that more ers of those schools. Such lists time be given in school programs to the which should cover the geoo-raphi- study of Pacific interrelations and asking cal, historical, economic and polit- ical phases, could then be distribu- them to suggest the best way of securing ted through the Federal Bureau of this result in the schools of their respect- Education, State Departments of ive countries. A number of replies were Education, and other agencies. received conveying interesting and val- There is great need for such bib- uable suggestions. Space will permit liographies properly adapted to quoting only two at this time. school use under the classification of `teachers' use' and 'children's use.' I Statement by Dr. David Starr Jordan have taken up this matter with Mr. Dr. Jordan, who presided at the Edu- Rule, who believes that the Junior . cational Conference in a distinguished Red Cross might publish in its mag- manner, has written as follows : azine such bibliography for chil- "I fully agree with you that the dren's use. growing importance of our rela- "Then the Commission might also tions with Asia and the Pacific publish bulletins perhaps similar to nations and islands demand that those issued by the Pan-American our people should have a much Union on their Latin American better understanding of their con- countries. In connection with any ditions and problems than is now bulletins dealing with the geogra- the case. Our schools and col- phy of their region may I urge that leges should give more extended the Pan-Pacific bulletins be not instruction in these matters and merely a collection of facts, but every effort should be made to se- also a study of the relationships cure definite and accurate infor- between the life there and the geo- mation in regard to their affairs. graphical or physical factors of the I am in full accord with the reso- environment such as (I) the sur- lutions of the recent Pan-Pacific face, (2) climate,- including defi- Educational Conference in regard nite mention of both the tempera- to this matter." ture conditions and the amount and Suggestions by Dr. Thomas M. Finegan distribution of rainfall as well as the prevailing wind direction and Dr. Finegan, State Superintendent of velocity, (3) soil, (4) mineral de- Public Instruction of Pennsylvania, has posits, (5) position relative to de- forwarded the following excellent sug- veloped regions of the world. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 15

"Then, when accurate information might be established. These units is at hand, definite co-ordinated should comprise (a) specimens and units on the Pan-Pacific region can pictures illustrating the work and be introduced into the courses of other phases of human life, plants study especially of geography, his- and animals,—namely, life in gen- tory, and economics. In the case of eral, of the section in which the geography I believe this can, and in children live ; (b) descriptive and our own course it is being done in interpretive reading matter; (c) the junior high school (8th grade). maps and graphs showing amount A preliminary pulling together of of production, etc. the various regions is also suggested "In our own Department we have in the 6th grade course. already begun such an exchange "2. Collections of pictures (post between children in different parts card size and larger) should be of our own state and country, and selected on the basis of countries, in fact with a few foreign coun- groups of islands, individual is- tries. lands, and made available for our "The Pan-Pacific Union might schools. Words alone cannot give take up this matter with the Junior our people, be they children or Red Cross which has already set up adults, accurate ideas. Pictures are an organization whereby children vital and absolutely necessary and from Czechoslovakia and other Eu- at the present time are not easily ropean countries are sending such available. The Union might co- units of work to the United States. operate in this matter with large Mr. Rule tells me that there are Red firms such as the National Geo- Cross organizations in Honolulu, graphic Society, Washington, D. C. ; the Philippines, China, Australia, Detroit Publishing Company, De- and that Japan is contemplating troit, Michigan; Perry Picture such an organization. With the Company, Malden, Mass. extension of the exchange policy, the "3. A policy of exchanging units development of interchange between of work assembled by classes or schools will no doubt become a def- groups of children in the various inite phase of the work of the Na- sections of the Pan-Pacific area tional Red Cross Society." Pacific Coast Chambers of Commerce to be Represented Wallace Alexander, as president of Pacific Coast cities in sending a selected the San Francisco Chamber of Com- delegation of 35 financial and commer- merce, has appointed a committee to cial delegates who are recognized au- select the delegates from Central Cali- thorities on the topics that will be dis- fornia who will attend the Pan-Pacific cussed at the Conference. Efforts will Commercial Conference in Honolulu be made to secure such men as Wm. next October. McAdoo, Will Hayes and Ed Doheney In Los Angeles, Sylvester L. Weaver, from Southern California, and Herbert who has been working with Alexander Fleishhacker and Robert Dollar from the Hume Ford for some time on the Con- San Francisco region. ference, is placing the matter before the All of the space on the Maui, leav- Los Angeles Chamber, of which Wea- ing San Francisco on October 18th has ver is director and an ex-president. been engaged for the delegates. Efforts Plans are in process for the co-opera- are being made in Los Angeles to have tion of the Chambers of. Commerce in one of the Shipping Board boats bring 16 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN the American delegation back to Cali- 2. Paper on wireless and cable com- fornia via the port of Los Angeles. munications (on the Pacific.) The following proposition put up to 3. Papers on Pacific Trade Routes. the San Francisco Chamber has been 4. Paper on Free Ports, and Free accepted by that body, and it is expect- Zones. ed that the Los Angeles Chamber and 5. Paper on Fisheries of the Pacific those of Seattle and Portland will fall Coast. into line : 6. Paper on Fuel Resources. How the Pacific Chambers Can Help 7. Paper on Rice and Sugar. the Pan-Pacific Commercial Conference 8. Paper on Exchange Difficulties. 1. By helping to select and get to- 9. Paper on Commercial Documents. gether the 35 delegates from the Pacific 10. Paper on Trade Certificates. Coast to be invited from that region. 11. Paper on Commercial Arbitration. 2. By aiding in securing from the 12. Paper on Pan-Pacific Commercial best authorities on the Pacific Coast, Problems. advance papers on the topics to be dis- 13. Paper on Terms of Credit. cussed. 14. Paper on Pan-Pacific Co6peration. 3. By assisting in securing the co- 15. Paper on Discussion for future operation of the representative busi- Pan-Pacific Commercial conferences and ness men of British Columbia in send- general follow-up work. ing delegates to the Conference, to meet Class of delegates desired from Pa- and travel with those from the Pacific cific Coast to meet men who are author- Coast, and to assist in securing a repre- ities along kindred lines from other sentative Latin American delegation. Pacific lands. 4. By entering into the spirit of 1. Communications. having all the American, Latin Ameri- 2. Transportation. can and Canadian delegates meet in 3. Commercial Fisheries. Seattle, proceed to San Francisco for a "Get together" gathering there, before 4. Fuel Resources. sailing, and at Los Angeles for a fare- 5. The Sugar and Rice Industries. well friendly dinner before separating. 6. Commerce. 5. By co-operating with the Matson 7. Finance. company in booking the delegates on 8. International Law. the Maui, sailing for Honolulu on Oc- In San Francisco, Alexander Hume tober 18th, and in securing return ac- Ford, Director of the Union, met Wal- commodations via Los Angeles. lace Alexander, president of the San 6. By arranging a program on the Francisco Chamber, and a number of boat from San Francisco that will get the directors. A committee was ap- the delegates together in better acquain- pointed, Dwight K. Grady, secretary, to tanceship. cooperate with the Union in securing delegates. Mr. Ford left for Los An- Help Secure Advance Papars geles at once to confer with officials 1. A brief history of the commerce there, going thence to Washington, and of the commercial problems of D. C. He reports that strong delega- Seattle, Tacoma, Portland, San Fran- tions will be sent from the Pacific cisco, Los Angeles, San Diego. Coast. Advertising Section

Haleiwa,"The House Beautiful," at Waialua, 30 miles by auto from Honolulu and on a line of the Oahu Railway. The most ideal hotel in Hawaii.

The Moana Hotel, Waikiki. The Alexander Young Hotel, Honolulu. The Seaside Hotel, Waikiki, under one management. 2 THE MID-PACIFIC

Commonweedtb gag of,a4tralia HEAD OFFICE SYDNEY The Commonwealth Bank of Aus- mittances, and the thousand and one tralia has now established 52 branches things that go to make up the general and 3194 agencies throughout Austra- banking work are equally well han- lasia, as well as two branches in Lon- dled, and the various departments have don and one at Rabaul, New Britain, ever increasing facilities for the care- and in the successful working of these ful conduct of the Bank's affairs. 1673 Australians are employed. The The Savings Bank Dept. of the Com- Bank's staff suffered many losses monwealth Bank is now a huge busi- through the war, but the return of the ness as is indicated by the fact that large number of officers who were for- 3194 agencies have been established, tunate enough to survive the dangers and that depositors' balances total of that splendid service has materially £34,298,824, the number of accounts increased the Bank's efficiency and being 817,843. greatly widened its scope. In Decem- The Commonwealth Bank carried the ber last the Bank took over the Savings burden of the flotation of Australian Bank business of the Queensland Gov- War Loans and the War Savings Cer- ernment Savings Bank, and this amal- tificate Campaign. gamation meant an increase of £15,- War and Peace Loans amounted to 000,000 in depositors' balances and the £239,857,230, and War Savings Certifi- absorption of 200 of the Government cates, £7,353,630, giving in all a total Savings Bank Staff, and resulted in of £247,204,860. the opening of 23 new branches. It is Although the growth of the Com- noteworthy that the staff at Brisbane monwealth Bank has been phenomenal (the capital of Queensland), which and the activities of this institution are numbered five when the Bank first already more extensive than those of opened for business there, and 117 just any other Australian Bank, its expan- prior to the amalgamation, now num- sion has by no means reached its limit. bers 240, and as this is only one of 6 Under the Commonwealth Bank Act, capital branches, it is good evidence 1920, the management of the Austra- of the Bank's progress. lian Note Issue passes to the Common- In the trading section of the Bank wealth Bank. Up to the present it has at the head office and all branches, been conducted by the Commonwealth banking and exchange business of every Treasury, but under the new regime description is transacted within the the whole of the business will be cared Commonwealth, the United Kingdom for by a special new section of the and abroad. Bank called the Note Issue Dept., Cable remittances are made to and which operates under the direction of drafts may be drawn on foreign places a Board of Control, of which the Gov- direct. Letters of credit are issued to ernor of the Bank, Sir Denison Miller, any part of the world. Bills are nego- K. C. M. G., is Chairman. On the date tiated or ' forwarded for collection, cur- upon which this most important trans- rent accounts are opened and interest fer was made the total of notes out- paid on fixed deposits. standing was 55,012,564, including the Departments for the conduct of ordi- holdings of all Banks. The Common- nary general banking business, such as wealth Bank also holds a portion of the the handling of foreign exchanges, re- gold reserve held in this connection.

THE MID-PACIFIC 3 The Island of Kauai

TO SAN FRANCISCO AND JAPAN. The Matson Navigation Company, maintaining the premier ferry service between Honolulu and San Francisco, and the Toyo Kisen Kaisha, main- taining palatial ocean greyhound service between San Francisco and the Far East via Honolulu, have their Hawaiian agen- HAWAIIAN cies with Castle & Cooke, Ltd. OS o,„,cmoN0,49644 This, one of the oldest firms in Hono- lulu, occupies a spacious building at the PH/Z/PA 45;I" corner of Fort and Merchants streets, -14Of Honolulu. The ground floor is used as local passenger and freight offices of the Matson Navigation Company. The ad- joining offices are used by the firm for their business as sugar factors and in- surance agents ; Phone 1251. Castle & Cooke, Ltd., act as agents for many of the plantations throughout Ha- or 4.1ore of waii, and here may be secured much awairatz :islands varied information. Here also the tour- ist may secure in the folder racks, book- lets and pamphlets descriptive of almost Maps by courtesy of Castle & Cooke, Ltd. every part of the great ocean.

KAUA I Stor4t .o .le, 547 V¢ 0 Fret from ol Mtlo r3Lan' over o PC6piti 1000(4. fen 4 THE MID-PACIFIC

Exterior.

Interior. The Home Building in Honolulu of the American Factors, Ltd., Plantation Agents and Wholesale Merchants. THE MID-PACIFIC 5 The Island of Maui

MAUI in Statute Sleare Mike 728 length 4R (,Iles areadt 3a Highest Elevation ion3Xi Feet Lardest Extinct Crater in the \dr: Po 'ut(Ition over 15.oeo _istan P Me from _one, 7t. Miles Eleiten Suffnr{a-dntia rig, tSutwr crop Err 19o1 a

Map by courtesy of Alexander d Baldwin, Ltd.

The firm of Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd., ance Co., The Honic insurance Co. of (known by everyone as "A. & B."), is New York, The New Zealand Insurance looked upon as one of the most progres- Co., General A. F. & L. Assurance Cor- sive American corporations in Hawaii. poration, Switzerland Marine Insurance Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd., are agents Co., Ltd. for the largest sugar plantation of the The officers of this large and progres- Hawaiian Islands and second largest in sive firm, all of whom are staunch sup- the world, namely, the Hawaiian Com- porters of the Pan-Pacific and other mercial & Sugar Company at Puunene, movements which are for the good of Ha- Maui. They are also agents for many waii, are as follows : other plantations and concerns of the W. M. Alexander, President ; H. A. Islands, among which are the Haiku Baldwin, First Vice-President .; J. Water- Sugar Company, Paia Plantation, Maui Agricultural Company, Hawaiian Sugar house, Second Vice-President and Man- Company, McBryde Sugar Company ager; W. 0. Smith, Third Vice-Pres- Ltd., Kahului Railroad Company, Kauai ident ; John Guild, Secretary ; C. R. Hem- Railroad Company, Ltd., and Honolua enway, Treasurer ; F. F. Baldwin, Direc- Ranch. tor ; J. R. Galt, Director ; A. L. Castle,

This firm ships a larger proportion of Director. the total sugar crop of the Hawaiian Besides the home office in the Stangen- Islands than any other agency. wald Building, Honolulu, Alexander & In addition to their extensive sugar Baldwin, Ltd., maintain extensive offices plantations, they are also agents for the in Seattle, in the Melhorn Building ; in following well-known and strong insur- New York at 82 Wall Street, and in the ance companies : Springfield Fire & Ma- Alaska Commercial Building, San Fran- rine Ins. Co., American Central Insur- cisco. 6 THE MID-PACIFIC The Trust Company in Hawaii I

In Hawaii the functions of a Trust with foreign markets and world condi- Company embrace a business of a very tions. wide scope. The Waterhouse Trust It has been slower to arrive in Hawaii, Company has made a specialty of real perhaps, than elsewhere in the United estate and has developed some of the States, but, it is a noticeable fact that the most prominent sections of Honolulu, day of the individual as Executor and many of which it still manages, so that Trustee is fast waning, and thinking the Tourist finds it of great assistance, men, men of brains and ability, are nam- when arriving in Honolulu, to get in ing Trust Companies in their wills to touch with its real estate department, handle their estates. This is due to the where he will receive expert, prompt and perpetual character of a Trust Company, courteous advice and service. its experience in every line of business, Another prominent qualification of this and the practical assurance that the company is its stock and bond depart- estate will not be wasted or dissipated. ment. It is not only particularly qualified The Waterhouse Trust Company handles to advise its clients as to local securities, some of the largest estates in the Terri- but, by means of correspondents in the tory and it particularly qualifies for these principal mainland cities is in close touch duties.

zation includes the trust department, stocks and bonds, investments, real estate, rentals, general insurance and safe deposit.

According to the latest report filed, the Trent Trust Co., Ltd., shows a capitalization of $100,000; undivided profits and surplus $253,300.72, and gross assets $953,004.10.

The Trent Trust Company, Limited, 1- 4 OCATED in Fort Street, 916-920, the principal business through- uses the banyan tree as its symbol, with fare of Honolulu, the Trent Trust Com- the inscription, Serving—Protecting- pany, Ltd., has recently doubled its of- Enduring. fice space by taking over the adjoining premises. During its fourteen years of existence, it has won to a remarkably high place in the confidence of the com- munity. Its success in handling estates has been especially notable. Its organi- THE MID-PACIFIC 7 Banking in Honolulu

The Bank of Bishop & Co., Ltd., the oldest bank in the Hawaiian Islands, was established in 1858. and until its incorp- oration in 1919, was known as The Banking House of Bishop & Co. The Bank has a Capital, fully paid, of $1,000,000.00, and a Surplus Fund of $661,478.77. The Deposits on December 31, 1921, were $13,237,681.05. The operations of the Bank began with the encouragement of the whaling business, at that The Yokohama Specie Bank, Limited, time one of the leading indus- a branch of the famous Japanese insti- tries of the Islands, and has ever been a tution, with a subscribed capital of power for Commercial and Industrial yen 100,000,000, or about $50,000,000, Progress. and a reserve fund of yen 50,000,000, The institution conducts a general occupies its magnificent building at the oanking business and through its corre- corner of Merchant and Bethel streets, spondents located in all of the principal opposite the postof fice and Bishop & cities of the world can handle any for- Co. It is the most up-to-date fire-proof eign or domestic business entrusted to it. The Bank pays special attention to the building ir: Hawaii, the interior being needs of visitors. finished in bronze marble.

The Liberty House, Hawaii's pioneer dry goods store, established in 1850; it has grown apace with the times until today it is an institution of service rivaling the most progressive mainland establishments in tha matter of its merchandising policies and business efficiency. 8 THE MID-PACIFIC

The Catton, Neill Building, Honolulu. Also the home of the General Electric Company in Hawaii. Honolulu is known around the world Stevedoring in Honolulu is attended for the manufacture of sugar mill ma- to by the firm of McCabe, Hamilton and chinery. Much of this is made by Cat- Renny Co., Ltd., 20 South Queen Street. ton, Neill & Co., Ltd., Engineers, who Men of almost every Pacific race are build and erect sugar mill machinery. employed by this firm, and the men of The works are on South street, Hono- each race seem fitted for some particular lulu, while the offices and salesrooms part of the work, so that quick and effi- are located in a new concrete building cient is the loading and unloading of on Alakea and Queen streets, erected vessels in Honolulu. recently for this purpose. Here are seen the displays of the General Electric Co., A monument to the pluck and energy of which Catton, Neill & Co., Ltd., are of Mr. C. K. Ai and his associates is the Hawaiian agents, as well as for the City Mill Company, of which he is leading gas engines, water wheels, treasurer and manager. This plant at steam plows, pumps, condensers and tools manufactured in the United States. Queen and Kekaulike streets is one of This is one of the oldest engineering Honolulu's leading enterprises, doing a firms in Hawaii. flourishing lumber and mill business.

The Honolulu Construction & Draying Co., Ltd., owns more than one hundred and fifty vehicles ranging from Ford trucks and small wagons to five cubic yards dump trucks and drays, and trucks capable of hauling up to twenty-five tons. The company does a large percentage of the freight hauling, baggage, furniture and piano moving and storage business. Its quarries supply most of the crushed rock used in the construc- tion of roads and large buildings on the Island of Oahu. It also manufactures con- crete brick and pipe. The offices of the company are at 65 to 71 South Queen Street. THE MID-PACIFIC 9 SHOE STORE ADOPTS POLICY THE HAWAIIAN NEWS CO. AND UNUSUAL IN THAT BUSINESS THRUM'S LTD. Sometime in your life you've bought a pair of shoes that seemed to fit all The largest of the very fashionable right in the shop, but made you miser- shops in the Alexander Young Building, able after you had worn them awhile. occupying the very central portion, is that The dealer offered you no relief ; the of the Hawaiian News Company and shoes had been worn, so they couldn't Thrum's Ltd. Here the ultra-fashionable be returned or exchanged. stationery of the latest designis kept in But the Regal Shoe Store, 1031 stock. Every kind of paper, wholesale Fort Street, Honolulu, does things dif- or retail, is supplied, as well as printers' ferently. George A. Brown, manager and binders' supplies. There are musical of the Regal, has always felt that the chief function of a store is to satisfy instruments of every kind in stock, even its customers. A customer can't be to organs and pianos, and the Angelus satisfied if his shoes hurt. Very well, Player Piano, and this concern is con- take 'em back and get a comfortable pair. stantly adding new features and new If there are none on hand to fit you, stock. The business man will find his you get your money back. Makes no every need in the office supplied by the difference whether you've worn the Hawaiian News Company merely on a shoes a day or a week. No extra charge, no embarrassing questions, just shoes call over the phone, and this is true also or money. of the fashionable society leader, whether her needs are for a bridge Which seems to us about as far as party, a dance, or just plain stationery. one can go with a guarantee. Our The exhibit rooms of the Hawaiian News greatest asset is satisfied customers. Company are interesting Honolulu from the Trolley Car

The Trolley Car at the Judiciary Building and Statue of lictemehameha "the Great." lU THE MID - PACIFIC

FERTILIZING THE SOIL. Millions of dollars are spent in Hawaii fertilizing the cane and pineapple fields. The Pacific Guano and Fertilizer Com- pany, with large works and warehouses in Honolulu, imports from every part of the Globe the many ship loads of ammonia, nitrates, potash, sulphur and guano that go to make the special fertilizers needed for the varied soils and conditions of the is- lands. Its chemists test the soils and then give the recipe for the particular blend of fertilizer that is needed. This great industry is one of the results of successful sugar planting in Hawaii, and without fertilizing, sugar growing in the Hawaiian Islands could not be successful. This company began operations in Mid- way Islands years ago, finally exhausting its guano beds, but securing others.

That Delicious Hawaiian Pineapple

Perhaps you've tried it sliced, as shown This is the real Hawaiian fruit, below ; you know, then, its incompar- grown and ripened on the sunny up- able flavor and lusciousness. But have lands of the Paradise Isles and prepared you tried it in crushed or grated form, in the fourteen canneries of the Asso- for pies, cakes, tarts, for fixing salads, ciation of Hawaiian Pineapple Packers. sherbets and countless other dainty des- serts ? Try it and see how good it really is ; serve it as a dessert just as it comes from the container. It is a most de- licious dish, excellent for growing chil- dren. THE MID-PACIFIC 11

THE BUILDERS OF HONOLULU. hama Specie Bank Building, Honolulu, are engineers and constructors of build- Honolulu still relies for building ma- ings of every kind, from the smallest pri- terial on the mainland. For many years vate residences to the large and imposing the firm of Lewers & Cooke 'maintained business blocks. Being made up of some its own line of clipper schooners that brought down lumber from Puget Sound of the most prominent men in the Islands with which to "build Hawaii." Today it is not surprising that it secures some the firm occupies its own spacious block of the large and important contracts. on King Street, where every necessity The Y. M. C. A. building in Honolulu needed for building the home is supplied. was the work of this firm. In fact, often it is this firm that guaran- tees the contractor, and also assures the With the wood that is used for building owner that his house will be well built and in Hawaii, Allen & Robinson on Queen completed on time. Things are done on Street, Phone 2105, have for generations a large scale in Hawaii ; so it is that one supplied the people of Honolulu and those firm undertakes to supply material from on the other islands ; also their buildings the breaking of ground until the last coat and paints. Their office is on Queen of paint is put on the completed building. Street, near the Inter-Island S. N. Com- A spacious and splendidly equipped hard- pany Building, and their lumber yards ware department is one of the features extend right back to the harbor front, of Lewers & Cooke's establishment. where every kind of hard and soft wood The Von Hamm-Young Co., Importers, grown on the coast is landed by the Machinery Merchants, and leading auto- schooners that ply from Puget Sound. mobile dealers, have their offices and store in the Alexander Young Building, at the The city's great furniture store, that of corner of King and Bishop streets, and J. Hopp & Co., occupies a large por- their magnificent automobile salesroom tion of the Lewers & Cook& Block on and garage just in the rear, facing on King Street. Here the latest styles in Alakea Street. Here one may find almost home and office furniture arriving con- anything. Phone No. 6141. stantly from San Francisco are displayed The Pacific Engineering Company, on several spacious floors. Phone No. Ltd., with spacious quarters in the Yoko- 2111. 12 THE MID - PACIFIC Dairy, its ice cream, eggs and milks are pure and fresh almost hourly. For the shopper there is no more enticing cafe in Honolulu than the Quality Inn.

The leading music store in Hawaii is on King and Fort Streets—the Berg- strom Music Company. No home is com- plete in Honolulu without an ukulele, a piano and a Victor talking machine. The The Land of the Lanai. Bergstrom Music Company, with its big store on Fort Street, will provide you with these—a Mason & Hamlin, a The Halekulani, Hotel and Bunga- Chickering, a Weber for your mansion, or a tiny upright Boudoir for your cot- lows, 2199 Kalia Road, "on the Beach tage ; and if you are a transient it will at Waikiki." Famous hau tree lanai rent you a piano. The Bergstrom Music along the ocean front. Rates, from $3.00 Company, phone 2321. per day to $75.00 per month and up, American plan. Clifford Kimball. Love's Bakery at 1134 Nuuanu Street, Phone 1431, is the bakery of Honolulu. Its auto wagons deliver each morning Child's Blaisdell Hotel and Restaurant, fresh from the oven, the delicious baker's Fort Street and Chaplain Lane, Hono- bread and rolls consumed in Honolulu, lulu, occupies a modern concrete build- while all the grocery stores carry Love's ing, the cleanest, coolest hotel in Hono- Bakery crisp, fresh crackers and lulu—within two blocks of the center biscuits that come from the oven daily. of the shopping, business and amuse- Love's Bakery has the most complete and up to ment district. In the restaurant, clean- date machinery and equipment in the liness, service and reasonable prices are Territory. the main endeavor in this department. We strive to give the maximum in food and service at a minimum cost, and that The Sweet Shop, on Hotel Street, op- --e are doing so is attested to by our posite the Alexander Young, is the one constantly increasing patronage. reasonably priced tourist restaurant. Here there is a quartette of Hawaiian The Pan-Pacific Gardens, on Kuakini singers and players, and here at every street, near Nuuanu Avenue, constitute hour may be enjoyed at very reasonable one of the finest Japanese Tea Gardens prices the delicacies of the season. immaginable. Here some wonderful Japanese dinners are served, and visitors are welcomed to the gardens at all times. Honolulu is so healthy that people Adjoining these gardens arP the wonder- don't usually die there, but when they do ful Liliuokalani garde? and the series they phone in advance to Henry H. Wil- of waterfalls. Phone 5611. liams, 1374 Nuuanu St., phone number 1408, and he arranges the after details. The Quality Inn on Hotel Street, If you are a tourist and wish to be inter- red in your own plot on the mainland, near Fort, is aptly named, not quite a Williams will embalm you; or he will ar- restaurant, it serves dainty lunches and range all details for interment in Hono- afternoon teas as well as light breakfasts. lulu. Don't leave the Paradise of the Its candies and soft drinks are the best, Pacific for any other, but if you must, let and dealing directly with Rawley's your friends talk it over with Williams. THE MID-PACIFIC 13

South Manchuria Railway Company

Operating All Lines in South Manchuria and Chosen (Korea) East of Mukden.

A street scene in quaint old Seoul, the Korean Capital, now being modernized.

it is a wonderful railway ride from Mukden and Seoul. There are six Japan to Peking by the South Man- trains daily each way on the Man- churia Railway Company trains, or vice churia branch lines to Port Arthur versa. There is a ferry service between (including non-stop express) Yingkou the Japanese Railway service and that (Newchwang) and Fushun (the col- of Korea, Manchuria and China. A liery town), and several trains daily night on the ferry boat and then the each way on the Chosen branch lines. ride through Chosen or Korea to the There is a Dairen-Tsingtao-Shanghai capital Seoul, and on through Northern Steamer Service two trips each way per Korea into and across Manchuria, visit- nine days. ing the quaint capital Mukden and into There are modern hotels at all im- China. portant centers and cheap Overland and There are dining and sleeping cars on Circular tours over the entire system, these trains and all the comforts of and from the cities of Japan to the modern railway travel. cities on railway lines in China. From Dairen, the great commercial The head office of the South Man- port, at the top of the Liao-Tung Pen- churia Railway Company is at Dairen. insula, there are three trains a day to The cable address is "Mantetsu" or Changohun via Mukden, and two trains "SMRCo," the codes used being A.B.C. a day from Changohun to Fusan, via. 5th, 6th, Ed., Al., Liebers & Bentley's. 14 THE MID-PACIFIC South Australia and Tasmania

SOUTH AUSTRALIA. TASMANIA. From San Francisco, Vancouver and Tasmania is one of the finest tourist from Honolulu there are two lines of fast resorts in the southern hemisphere, only steamships to Sydney, Australia. ten hours' run from the Australian main- From Sydney to Adelaide, South Aus- land. Between Launceston and Melbourne tralia, there is a direct railway line on the fastest turbine steamer in Australia which concession fares are granted tour- runs thrice weekly and there is a regular ists arriving from overseas, and no service from Sydney to Hobart. visitor to the Australian Common- The island is a prolific orchard country and has some of the finest fruit growing wealth can afford to neglect visit- tracts in the world. The climate is cooler ing the southern central state of than the rest of Australia. Australia ; for South Australia is The lakes and rivers are nearly all the state of superb climate and unrivalled stocked with imported trout, which grow resources. Adelaide, the "Garden City to weights not reached in other parts of the South," is the Capital, and there is of Australia. a Government Intelligence and Tourist The Tasmanian Government deals Bureau, where the tourist, investor, or directly with the tourist. Hobart, the settler is given accurate information, capital—one of the most beautiful cities guaranteed by the government, and free in the world—is the headquarters of the to all. From Adelaide this Bureau con- Tasmanian Government Tourist Depart- ducts rail, river and motor excursions to ment; and the bureau will arrange for almost every part of the state. Tourists transport of the visitor to any part of are sent or conducted through the mag- the island. A shilling trip to a local nificent mountain and pastoral scenery of resort is not too small for the Govern- South Australia. The government makes ment Bureau to handle, neither is a tour travel easy by a system of coupon tickets of the whole island too big. There is a and facilities for caring for the comfort branch office in Launceston performing of the tourist. Excursions are arranged the same functions. to the holiday resorts ; individuals or The Tasmanian Government has an parties are made familiar with the in- up-to-date office in Melbourne, at 59 dustrial resources, and the American as William Street, next door to the New well as the Britisher is made welcome if Zealand Government office, where guide- he cares to make South Australia his books, tickets, and information can be home. procured. The address of the Sydney The South Australian Intelligence and Tourist Bureau has its headquarters on office is 56 Pitt Street, and Tasmania also has its own offices in Adelaide, King William Street, Adelaide, and the government has printed many illustrated Brisbane and Perth. books and pamphlets describing the scenic For detailed information regarding and industrial resources of the state. A Tasmania, either as to travel or settle- postal card or letter to the Intelligence ment, enquirers should write to Mr. and Tourist Bureau in Adelaide will se- E. T. Emmett, the Director of the Tas- cure the books and information you may manian Government Tourist Dept., desire. Hobart, Tasmania.

THE MID-PACIFIC 15 Wonderful New Zealand 1

Native New Zealanders at Rotorua.

Scenically New Zealand is the world's throughout the Dominion for the benefit wonderland. There is no other place in of the tourist, for whom she has also the world that offers such an aggrega- built splendid roads and wonderful moun- tion of stupendous scenic wonders. The tain tracks. New Zealand is splendidly West Coast Sounds of New Zealand are served by the Government Railways, in every way more magnificent and awe- which sell the tourist for a very low inspiring than are the fjords of Norway. rate, a ticket that entitles him to travel Its chief river, the Wanganui, is a scenic on any of the railways for from one to panorama of unrivalled beauty from end two months. In the lifetime of a single to end. Its hot springs and geysers in man (Sir James Mills of Dunedin, New the Rotorua district on the North Island Zealand) a New Zealand steamship com- have no equal anywhere. In this district pany has been built up that is today the the native Maoris still keep up their fourth largest steamship company under ancient dances or haka haka, and here the British flag, and larger than any may be seen the wonderfully carved steamship company owned in America, houses of the aboriginal New Zealanders. with her ioo,000,000 population, or in There are no more beautiful lakes any- Japan with her 5o,000,000 population. where in the world than are the Cold New Zealand is a land of wonders, and Lakes of the South Island, nestling as may be reached from America by the they do among mountains that rise sheer Union Steamship Company boats from ten thousand feet. Among these moun- Vancouver, San Francisco or Honolulu. tains are some of the largest and most The Oceanic Steamship Company also scenic glaciers in the world. In these transfers passengers from Sydney. The Southern Alps is Mt. Cook, more than Government Tourist Bureau has commo- twelve thousand feet high. On its slopes dious offices in Auckland and Wellington the Government has built a hotel to which as well as the other larger cities of New there is a motor car service. Zealand. Direct information and pam- New Zealand was the first country to phlets may be secured by writing to the perfect the government tourist bureau. New Zealand Government Tourist Bu- She has built hotels and rest houses reau, Wellington, New Zealand . 16 THE MID-PACIFIC

The Attractions of Canada from the Atlantic. to the Pacific

Canada is rich in attractions to tourists Mountain Goat, Big Horn Sheep and of all sorts and conditions. Among the Bear are to be found. countries of the world, none are richer The total railway mileage in operation either in variety or extent. is about 39,000 miles—of this 22,354 are The natural resources of the Do- operated by the Canadian National—the minion are remarkable. Largest Railway System in the World. The Continental Limited operated from To the manufacturer and agriculturist the Atlantic to the Pacific by the Ca- no country offers greater opportunities. nadian National is one of the finest Some conception of the attraction trains in Canada, which means one of Canada affords the Sporting Hunter the finest in the world. may be realized from the fact that with- Further information gladly furnished in her borders are still over half a mil- by Osborne Scott, General Passenger lion acres of forest lands in which such Agent, Canadian National Railways, game as Moose, Elk, Caribou, Deer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Si `1 Illchisti