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Biophysically Special, Unique Marine Areas of FIJI © Stuart Chape BIOPHYSICALLY SPECIAL, UNIQUE MARINE AREAS OF FIJI © Stuart Chape BIOPHYSICALLY SPECIAL, UNIQUE MARINE AREAS OF FIJI EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT Marine and coastal ecosystems of the Pacific Ocean provide benefits for all people in and beyond the region. To better understand and improve the effective management of these values on the ground, Pacific Island Countries are increasingly building institutional and personal capacities for Blue Planning. But there is no need to reinvent the wheel, when learning from experiences of centuries of traditional management in Pacific Island Countries. Coupled with scientific approaches these experiences can strengthen effective management of the region’s rich natural capital, if lessons learnt are shared. The MACBIO project collaborates with national and regional stakeholders towards documenting effective approaches to sustainable marine resource management and conservation. The project encourages and supports stakeholders to share tried and tested concepts and instruments more widely throughout partner countries and the Oceania region. This report outlines the process undertaken to define and describe the special, unique marine areas of Fiji. These special, unique marine areas provide an important input to decisions about, for example, permits, licences, EIAs and where to place different types of marine protected areas, Locally-Managed Marine Area and tabu sites in Fiji. For a copy of all reports and communication material please visit www.macbio-pacific.info. MARINE ECOSYSTEM MARINE SPATIAL PLANNING EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT SERVICE VALUATION BIOPHYSICALLY SPECIAL, UNIQUE MARINE AREAS OF FIJI AUTHORS: Helen Sykes1, Jimaima Le Grand2, Kate Davey3, Sahar Noor Kirmani4, Sangeeta Mangubhai5, Naushad Yakub3, Hans Wendt3, Marian Gauna3, Leanne Fernandes3 2018 SUGGESTED CITATION: Sykes H, Le Grand J, Davey K, Kirmani SN, Mangubhai S, Yakub N, Wendt H, Gauna M, Fernandes L (2018) Biophysically special, unique marine areas of Fiji. MACBIO (GIZ, IUCN, SPREP), Wildlife Conservation Society and Fiji’s Protected Area Committee (PAC); Suva. AUTHOR AFFILIATIONS 1 Marine Ecology Consulting Limited (Fiji) 4 Wildlife Conservation Society (previously IUCN-ORO) 2 Legacy Property and Investment Group (previously IUCN-ORO) 5 Wildlife Conservation Society, Fiji Country Program 3 International Union for the Conservation of Nature – Oceania Regional Office (IUCN-ORO) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project was supported and embraced by the country partners of the MACBIO project and Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS). We would like to thank the Government of Fiji, particularly the Ministries of Environment and Fisheries, for their ongoing support for the work of the MACBIO and WCS. We would also like to thank the Marine Working Group of the Protected Areas Committee (PAC), an advisory body embedded within Fiji’s Environment Management Act 2005 that reports to National Environment Council (NEC), as well as the Fisheries Marine Protected Area (MPA) Technical Advisory Committee under the Offshore Fisheries Management Decree (2012), for their ongoing guidance and feedback. We would further like to thank Semisi Meo and and Mark Erdmann from Conservation International for their additional work in reviewing Lau sites. Finally, a very big thank you to all workshop participants (Appendix A) and the many other scientific experts in Fiji who provided their time at the national workshop and beyond, to review and finalise the biophysically special, unique marine areas of Fiji. We acknowledge following sources of data: AquaMaps, Auckland War Memorial Museum, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Conservation International (CI), Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Earth & Space Research (ESR), Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO), Government of Fiji, GRID- Arendal, Institute for Marine Remote Sensing-University of South Florida (IMaRSUSF), Institute of Zoology (ZSL), InterRidge Vents Database, International Cooperation in Ridge-Crest Studies (INTER RIDGE), Sea Around Us, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Oregon State University, Pacific Community (SPC), South Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC), WCS, World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and the United States Geological Survey (USGS). This document has been produced with funds provided by the International Climate Initiative (IKI) of the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) through the MACBIO project. It is being implemented by the German Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ) and the Government of Fiji in close collaboration with the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) and with technical support from the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). This document has also benfitted from support from the Waitt Foundation to support the WCS Vatu-i-Ra Seascape Project, WCS, the Oceans 5 and the PAC, an advisory body embedded within Fiji’s Environment Management Act 2005 that reports to the government of Fiji’s National Environment Council (NEC). © 2018 MACBIO, Wildlife Conservation Society and the Government of Fiji’s National Protected Areas Committee All MACBIO Project partners including the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP), the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) are the inherent copyright owners of this publication. Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial uses is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder(s) provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder(s). The designation of geographical entities in this publication, and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of SPREP, IUCN, GIZ or the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of SPREP/IUCN/GIZ/BMU/Fiji Government. MACBIO holds the copyright of all photographs, unless otherwise indicated. This report is printed on recycled paper. CONTENTS Acknowledgements iv Acronynms vi Executive Summary 1 1. Introduction 3 1.1 Background 3 1.2 Report Structure 4 1.3 Previous work 4 2. Methodology 7 2.1 Marine prioritisation expert workshop 2016 7 2.2 Assessment and priority rating of sites 8 3. Summary results – Fiji’s Special, Unique Marine Areas (SUMAs) 11 4. Detailed results and site descriptions 21 4.1 Yasawa Islands 21 4.2 Mamanuca Islands 28 4.3 South Viti Levu 39 4.4 North Viti Levu 49 4.5 West Viti Levu 61 4.6 East Viti Levu 73 4.7 Vatu-i-Ra Passage 86 4.8 Lomaiviti 92 4.9 North Vanua Levu 105 4.10 South Vanua Levu 110 4.11 Taveuni and the Ringgold Islands 118 4.12 Lau 126 4.13 Remote Offshore Islands 150 4.14 Deep Water (Open Ocean) 154 5. Discussion 191 5.1 Summary of sites by geographic cluster 192 5.2 Prioritisation by geographic cluster 193 6. References 195 7. Appendices 205 ACRONYNMS CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CMS Convention on Migratory Species EBSA Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Area EPS Endangered and Protected Species Act FIME Fiji Islands Marine Ecoregion FLMMA Fiji Locally-Managed Marine Area network GIS Geographic Information Systems IBA Important Bird Areas IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature KBA Key Biodiversity Area LMMA Locally-Managed Marine Area MACBIO Marine and Coastal Biodiversity Management in Pacific Island Countries MES Mamanuca Environment Society MMA Marine Managed Area MoE Ministry of Environment (previously Department of Environment) MoF Ministry of Fisheries (previously Department of Fisheries) MPA Marine Protected Area NES National Environment Strategy NGO Non-Government Organisation NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration SCBD Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity USP University of the South Pacific WCS Wildlife Conservation Society WWF World Wide Fund for Nature vi BIOPHYSICALLY SPECIAL, UNIQUE MARINE AREAS • FIJI EXECUTIVE Summary Fiji is committed to, and is embarking upon, a process to significantly increase the number and coverage of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) within the country. To help deliver on this commitment, the Marine Working Group of the Fiji national Protected Area Committee (PAC), established under the Environmental Management Act 2005, requested a review of previous efforts to describe marine priority sites for Fiji. To this end, the then Department of Environment (now Ministry of Environment) and the then Ministry of Fisheries and Forests (now Ministry of Fisheries) convened an expert workshop on the 19th and 20th July 2016. The Marine and Coastal Biodiversity Management in Pacific Island Countries (MACBIO) Project1 and the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) supported the workshop. The objectives of the workshop were to review previous efforts to identify marine priority sites
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