Swearing Uttered by the Main Character of Borderlands: the Pre-Sequel!

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SWEARING UTTERED BY THE MAIN CHARACTER OF BORDERLANDS: THE PRE-SEQUEL!

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education

By Gregorius Gyan Puruhito Student Number: 111214144

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2016

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“Keep your mind wide open.” -Leslie Burke-

“Follow your HEART! And STUFF! -Jack Body Double-

This thesis is dedicated to Stephanus Sunaryo, Endang Rijanur Harjanti, my siblings, and myself.

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ABSTRACT

Puruhito, Gregorius Gyan. (2016). Swearing Uttered by the Main Character of Borderlands: The Pre-Sequel!. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Department of Language and Arts, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.

Swearing is considered as a means of communication. Some people use swear words in their utterances to convey certain intentions. However, people would likely to use different swearing expressions when they are possessed by different emotional states. This phenomenon of swearing could happen in many different situations in society. In this research, the researcher intends to analyze the swearing which are uttered by the main character of a video game called “Borderlands: The Pre-Sequel!”. The abundance of swearing uttered by the main character, Jack, throughout the story of the video game triggered the researcher to analyze them in order to find the types of swearing and also the motives behind the swearing expressions. The analysis of swearing expressions is highly contextual so that some expert theories will be employed in this research to support the analysis process. Additionally, concept of taboo, taboo words, and swear words will also be explained in this research since swearing is rooted from those concepts. This research applied content analysis approach in order to ease the researcher to conduct this research. To find the answer, the researcher sorts the transcription of the conversation between characters which occurred in the game. The researcher only focused on analyzing the main character’s utterances which is resulting in the elimination of the conversation which did not contain the main characters’ swearing expressions. The researcher then categorized the types of swearing and motives for swearing based on the related theories. Based on the data of the research, the researcher found that in Jack’s utterances, there are four different types of swearing expressions. Among those types, Abusive Type is mostly uttered by him. He enjoys insulting other people or things by using swearing expressions. The researcher also found three different motives for swearing. Among those motives, Jack is mostly triggered to swear by Psychological Motive. It is because Jack is confronted by a lot of frustrating conditions.

Keywords: Swearing, swear words, taboo words, Borderlands: The Pre-Sequel!

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ABSTRAK

Mengumpat dianggap sebagai salah satu cara untuk berkomunikasi. Beberapa orang akan menggunakan kata-kata umpatan di dalam perkataan mereka untuk menyampaikan maksud-maksud tertentu. Meski demikian, orang- orang cenderung akan menggunakan ungkapan umpatan yang berbeda-beda ketika mereka berada di dalam keadaan emosional yang berbeda pula. Fenomena umpatan dapat terjadi di situasi yang berbeda di dalam masyarakat. Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti bermaksud untuk menanalisis umpatan yang diucapkan oleh karakter utama pada game berjudul “Borderlands: The Pre-Sequel!”. Banyaknya umpatan yang diucapkan oleh karakter utama, Jack, sepanjang cerita dari permainan tersebut memicu peneliti untuk menganalisis umpatan tersebut dengan tujuan untuk dapat menemukan tipe umpatan dan motivasi di balik ungkapan umpatan tersebut. Menganalisis ungkapan umpatan sangatlah kontekstual. Maka teori dari beberapa ahli akan digunakan dalam penelitian ini guna mendukung proses analisa. Sebagai tambahan, konsep tentang tabu, kata-kata tabu, dan kata-kata umpatan juga akan dibahas dalam penelitian ini karena konsep umpatan sendiri berakar dari konsep-konsep tersebut. Penelitian ini menerapkan pendekatan analisis konten yang bertujuan untuk memudahkan peneliti untuk melaksanakan penelitian. Untuk menemukan jawaban, peneliti menyortir transkripi dari percakapan yang terjadi antara para karakter di dalam game. Peneliti hanya akan fokus pada analisis dari perkataan karakter utama. Hal ini mengakibatkan pada penghilangan perkatan-perkataan yang tidak mengandung ungkapan umpatan karakter utama. Kemudian peneliti mengkategorikan tipe-tipe umpatan dan motivasi untuk mengumpat berdasarkan teori-teori yang bersangkutan. Berdasarkan data dari penelitian ini, peneliti menemukan bahwa pada perkataan Jack terdapat empat tipe ungkapan umpatan yang berbeda. Diantara umpatan tersebut, Abusive Type adalah tipe yang paling sering diucapkan. Dia senang menghina orang atau benda lain dengan menggunakan umpatan. Peneliti juga menemukan tiga jenis motif yang berbeda dalam mengumpat. Diantara motif tersebut, Jack lebih banyak terpicu oleh Psychological Motive. Hal ini dikarenakan Jack banyak menghadapi situasi yang membuat dia frustrasi.

Kata Kunci: Swearing, swear words, taboo words, Borderlands: The Pre-Sequel!

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

My first and greatest gratitude goes to Jesus Christ and Mother Mary for their remarkable blessings during the process of completing this thesis. They have given me strength, protection, and motivation so that finally I can finish this thesis.

I would like to thank my advisor, Drs. Concilianus Laos Mbato, M.A.,

Ed.D., for his guidance, time, and suggestion until the final process of writing this thesis. I would like to give many thanks for my academic advisor, Yuseva

Ariyani Iswandari, S.Pd., M.Ed., for being my generous mother started from the first semester until the end. I thank her for being the advisor of my learning progress during my study. I would also like to express my gratitude to all lecturers of the English Language Education Study Program who shared the knowledge and gave me the warm smiles during my learning process in Sanata

Dharma.

This thesis would not have been done without my parents, Stephanus

Sunaryo and Endang Riyanur Harjanti. I thank them for all the great advices, love, prayer, reinforcement and financial support in this long, steep, and winding road. I am also grateful for having Rhymondus Rhisang Galih Gumantyo,

Heronimus Rhyan Hanurraga and Joanita Anting Sasotya in my life. They have given me support and motivation during the completion of my thesis.

I would also take this opportunity to express my gratitude to my friends, brothers, and rivals, Adityo Prawinanto, Muhammad Aditya Setyawan, Gilang

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Panji Sadewo, Yosua Adi Wicaksana, Muhammad Eka Amperawan,

Alexander Pramudya, Fa’adilah Malik Akbar, Leonardus Indramarwan, and

Pascalis Sadewa Setyanta. I thank them for the awesome and ridiculous moments that we had together. These guys have helped me to understand the true meaning of friendship. I would also thank all of my cats at my home. I thank them for their presence and cuteness which can give serenity and peacefulness to me during the completion of my thesis.

Finally, I give my deepest gratitude to Tamara Gita Megani. I thank her for being the most significant part of my life. She has given me her precious time and her wonderful love. Thanks for all the supports, surprises, and the crazy times we shared. Thanks for your willingness so that we could keep writing this life story of us together. Then, I would not forget anyone who had supported the completion of my thesis that I cannot mention. May His blessings always be with them.

Gregorius Gyan Puruhito

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ...... i APPROVAL PAGE ...... ii DEDICATION PAGE ...... iv STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ...... v LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ...... vi ABSTRACT ...... vii ABSTRAK ...... viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... xi LIST OF TABLE ...... xiv LIST OF APPENDIX ...... xv CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Research Background ...... 1 1.2 Research Problems ...... 4 1.3 Problem Limitation ...... 4 1.4 Research Objectives ...... 5 1.5 Research Benefits ...... 5 1.5.1 The Readers ...... 6 1.5.2 English lecturers ...... 6 1.5.3 ELESP USD ...... 6 1.5.4 Future researchers ...... 7 1.6 Definition of Terms ...... 7 1.6.1 Swearing ...... 7 1.6.2 Swear words ...... 7 1.6.3 Taboo words ...... 8 1.6.4 Borderlands: The Pre-Sequel! ...... 8 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ...... 9 2.1 Theoretical Description ...... 9

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2.1.1 Taboo ...... 10 2.1.2 Taboo Words ...... 15 2.1.3 Swear Words and Swearing ...... 16 2.1.4 Types of Swearing ...... 19 2.1.5 Motives of Swearing ...... 21 2.2 Theoretical Framework ...... 23 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...... 25 3.1 Research Method ...... 25 3.2 Research Setting ...... 26 3.3 Data Source ...... 26 3.4 Research Instruments and Data Gathering Techniques ...... 27 3.5 Data Analysis Technique ...... 28 3.6 Research Procedures ...... 28 CHAPTER IV RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ...... 31 4.1 Research Results ...... 31 4.1.1 The Types of Swearing ...... 31 4.1.1.1 Expletive Type ...... 32 4.1.1.2 Abusive Type ...... 34 4.1.1.3 Humorous Type ...... 35 4.1.1.4 Auxiliary Type ...... 38 4.1.2 Motives of Swearing ...... 40 4.1.2.1 Psychological Motives ...... 40 4.1.2.2 Social Motives ...... 42 4.1.2.3 Linguistic Motives ...... 44 4.2 Research Discussion ...... 46 4.2.1 Types of Swearing ...... 47 4.2.1.1 Abusive Swearing ...... 47 4.2.1.2 Expletive Swearing ...... 49 4.2.1.3 Auxiliary Swearing ...... 50 4.2.1.4 Humorous Swearing ...... 52 4.2.2 Motives of Swearing ...... 53 xii

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4.2.2.1 Psychological Motive ...... 53 4.2.2.2 Linguistic Motive ...... 55 4.2.2.3 Social Motive ...... 56 CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 58 5.1 Conclusions ...... 58 5.1.1 Types of Swearing ...... 58 5.1.2 Motives of Swearing ...... 59 5.2 Recommendations ...... 59 REFERENCES ...... 61 APPENDIX ...... 63

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LIST OF TABLE

Table Page

3.1 Format of the Coding Table ...... 27

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LIST OF APPENDIX

Appendix Page APPENDIX 1 The Transcript of Swearing Expressions ...... 56

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter consists of six sections. The first section is the research background. This section gives brief explanations about swearing as the main topic of this research. The second section is the research problem. This section provides the research questions of this research. The third section is problem limitation. The focus of the problems will be explained in this section. The fourth section is research objectives. The purposes of this research will be stated in this section. The fifth section is research benefit which contains the explanations about the benefit of the research. The sixth section is definition of terms.

Particular definitions related to the topic will be stated in this section.

1.1 Research Background

No one in this world has been able to reveal the birth and the origin of human language (Yule, 2010, p. 1). However, based on Charles Darwin’s (1871, p. 56) vision of the origins of language, there was a speculation that the early humans had already developed musical ability to appeal others before there was language. Human then also developed simple words with pronunciations that seem to echo naturally occurring sounds like cuckoo, splash, bang, boom, rattle, buzz, hiss, screech, etc. called onomatopoeia (Yule, 2010, p. 3). As time goes by, human developed and produced more complex words and it keeps developing until this day. However, the main purpose of this language development is to find an effective way of communication with other because human tends to live in

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groups or society. By proper communication, they can interact and work out together (Yule, 2010, p. 3).

According to Goodwin and Heritage (1990, p. 283), social interaction is a means to conduct the business of social world which can affirm or deny participants’ identities, and also transfer, renew, and modify cultures to others.

Shared meaning, mutual understanding, and the coordination of human conduct are obtained in this interaction. Therefore, to make a social contact functioned and transmitted properly, people need to have language as a means of communication.

A successful communication can be determined if the information in the messages can be understood by both the speaker and the hearer. To achieve that goal, people are required to make clear statements and are expected to be good communicator.

Gamble and Gamble (1984, p. 4), states that communicators are people who build relationship with others by communicating. Communicating can help people to build or maintain certain types of contacts, such as interpersonal contacts, small group contacts, and public forum contacts. In addition, people communicate in order to share information, exchange ideas or feelings, solve problems, and make decisions. However, failed communication will become a flaw in society, since communication is significant to satisfy not only individual and social needs, but also practical needs.

Swearing is considered as a means of communication. Swearing is the use of swear words with the purpose of expressing the speaker’s emotional state and conveying that information to listeners (Jay 1992, p. 155).These swear words derived from taboo words which refer to every word which is considered taboo in

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society. Jay and Janschewitz (2008) state that the main purpose of swear words in swearing is to express emotions, especially anger and frustration and this act in public is actually common. However, in some cases, swearing is not highly emotional, confrontational, rude, or aggressive. In other words, swearing may be used with any emotional state (p. 267-268). The swear words in swearing add emphasis to the message the speaker wishes to convey and the meanings of these words are primarily interpreted as connotative (Jay 1992, p. 155). In other words, swearing provides certain functions for people when they are conveying their intention.

In a computer game named “Borderlands: The Pre-Sequel!”, there are a lot of swearing expressions uttered by some characters. The story of this game is about a main character named Jack, who takes a role as the hero and hires some bounty hunters called Vault Hunters. Later, this Vault Hunter, as the other main character, will become Jack’s subordinate who helps him in achieving his goals.

The bottom line is that Jack and the Vault Hunters are trying to prevent the destruction of Elphis, a moon of a planet called Pandora, from the antihero,

Zarpedon. As the story goes by, Jack has a lot of interactions with the other characters in a form of uttered communication. On most of the interactions, employs a lot of expression in conveying his feeling or emotion. The emotions which Jack’s possess are not always in the notion of negative emotion such as anger or frustration but also positive emotion such as joy or surprise. Additionally, compared with the other character, Jack is using more various swear words while he is expressing his feeling. By analyzing Jack’s swearing utterances, it could also

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be found the possible backgrounds and conditions of swearing expressions. That is why I am interested in analyzis Jack’s utterances which can represent the use of swearing expression. The topic of swearing here is focused on the verbal expressions uttered by Jack, which is associated with emotional feeling towards something particular. There are many different types of expression which Jack possessed while he is swearing. There are also certain things which motivate Jack for swearing. These matters will mostly be discussed in this research.

1.2 Research Problems

There are two research problems emerged in this research:

1. What types of swearing are uttered by the main character of “Borderlands:

The Pre-Sequel!”?

2. What motives of swearing are used by the main character in “Borderlands:

The Pre-Sequel!”?

1.3 Problem Limitation

The object of the research here will be on the speech of Jack, one of the main characters of “Borderlands: The Pre-Sequel!” game. The main consideration of the researcher to focus on Jack is because the other main characters rarely have speech throughout the story. Furthermore, Jack mostly swears in the conversation with the other characters. Even though there are other secondary characters which also do a lot of swearing, Jack’s swearing contains more various swear words. By analyzing the phenomenon of human interaction in the form of swearing, the problems will be around the use of swearing itself.

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The first problem arises is the type of Jack’s swearing. The type of swearing becomes the problem because Jack uses many kinds swear words while he is possessed by certain emotion in different situations. Thus the researcher intended to categorize them into several types based on relevant theory. The second one is the motives of Jack for swearing. Indeed, human will do certain action based on a certain motivation whether the factor is internal or external. The problem emerges since there are many possible motives for Jack to do swearing based on certain situation. To solve this problem, I will use relevant theory about the motive of swearing to classify the Jack’s motive of swearing. The utterances which are not considered as swearing will not be analyzed.

1.4 Research Objectives

The purposes of this study are:

1. To find out the types of swearing uttered by the main character in

“Borderlands: The Pre-Sequel!”

2. To find out the motives of swearing used by Jack in “Borderlands: The

Pre-Sequel!”

1.5 Research Benefits

This study is expected to give some contributions for four subjects. They are the readers, the English lecturers, English Language Education Study Program of Sanata Dharma University (ELESP USD), and future researchers.

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1.5.1 The Readers

By reading this research, the reader may have deeper understanding about the concept of swearing and its origin. By understanding its concept, the readers will know the essence of swearing which is rarely taught in an educational institution. Hopefully, this research will help the readers to use them appropriately.

1.5.2 English lecturers

The English lecturers can use the comprehension of swearing to teach the students so that they will have deeper understanding about it. Furthermore, the students are learning English as a second language (ESL) in which they will rarely encounter the occurrence of English swearing in their society. It is English lecturers’ task to introduce them to ESL learners to enrich their understanding in order to make them aware of the concept of swearing. By having the awareness about the swearing expressions, students are expected to understand about the concepts of swearing expression which include the origin, types and motives of swearing itself. This awareness then could also minimalize the misuse of swearing expression when they have interaction in the society where English is its language.

1.5.3 ELESP USD

People need to enrich their knowledge for the sake of having good relation with others. Thus by the information about swearing provided in this research, especially in linguistic aspect, lecturers and students of ELESP USD would be able to understand its concept and could use the understanding in sake of

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maintaining their interaction with others. It can also be a means of discussion in the process of English learning in ELESP USD.

1.5.4 Future researchers

The future researchers, who want to conduct a research around swearing, swear words, and taboo words, can use the information from this research as a reference. Hopefully, this research can provide sufficient information about that topic.

1.6 Definition of Terms

There are several key words which are better to be understood to deal with the content of this research. Those are:

1.6.1 Swearing

Swearing is the employment of taboo words in order to express the speaker’s emotional feeling and to convey information to the listeners in a communication (Jay & Janschewitz, 2008, p. 268). It suggests that the words which are employed in swearing are mainly intended to reflect emotions. In addition, Ljung (2011, p. 4) states that swearing is emotive language, in which its primary function is to express the speaker’s feelings. Thus, swearing is a means to express the speaker’s emotion toward something or someone.

1.6.2 Swear words

Swear words originate from the words which have correlation with taboo word. However, they refer to the connotation meaning based on the context of the occurrence. Ljung (2011, p. 12) claims that if certain taboo word is considered or

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used as swear word, it means that the taboo word no longer has its literal meaning.

Functionally, these words are used in the act of swearing.

1.6.3 Taboo words

Taboo words refer to every word which is considered taboo. Taboo words are considered as taboo based on the notion of their literal meaning related with taboo behavior. Thus prohibition of uttering this kind of words arises. The prohibition usually derived traditionally from certain society. Yet, those kinds of prohibition could arise in the institutional level where authorities have the power to restrict speech (Jay, 2009, p. 153).

1.6.4 Borderlands: The Pre-Sequel!

“Borderlands: The Pre-Sequel!” is a game developed by 2K Australia with cooperation from Gearbox Software, an American video game development company. This game is a role-playing shooter game in a form of First Person

Shooter (FPS) which centered on gun and projectile weapon-based combat through a first-person perspective. “Borderlands: The Pre-Sequel!” is the third game in the Borderlands series. However, in chronological order of the story, the events in this game take place between 2009's “Borderlands” and

2012's “Borderlands 2”. It was released for Microsoft Windows, OS

X, Linux, PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter consists of two parts; theoretical description and theoretical framework. In the theoretical description, relevant theories related to the study will be discussed. In theoretical framework, there will be explanation about the connection between the theories and the research which is conducted.

2.1 Theoretical Description

Swearing is considered as a language style that people prefer to use.

According to Coupland (2007, p. 1-2), style refers to a way of doing something.

Style can be applied in linguistic forms and processes. Thus swearing is considered as language style which stands in the scope of Linguistics. Swearing is also a means of communication which related to the use of language in society.

Standing on this idea, this study then is included into a sociolinguistics study. It is in accordance with Wardaugh’s theory about sociolinguistics. He states that sociolinguistics deals with examining the relationships between language and society in order to have better understanding about language structure and the function of language in communication (Wardaugh, 2006, p. 13). Holmes also adds that the main concerns about sociolinguistic study are describing people’s different way of speaking in different social context and explaining the use of language in social life to deliver social messages (2013, p. 1). Thus, every question emerged in society, which deals with social communication through language, is investigated under sociolinguistic study.

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A study on swearing expressions could also be considered as pragmatics study. Pragmatics is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by speaker and interpreted by a listener. It has more to do with the analysis of what people mean by their utterances than what the words or phrases in those utterances might mean by themselves. In other words, pragmatic is the study of speaker meaning (Yule, 1996, p. 3). The study on swearing would involve the interpretation of what people mean by saying the swearing utterances and how the context influences what is said. It requires a consideration of how speakers organize what they want to say in accordance with who they’re talking to, where, when, and under what circumstances. By this explanation, pragmatic is considered as the study of contextual meaning (Yule, 1996, p. 3).

However, before going into deeper discussion about swearing, it is considered essential to deeply understand about the concept of taboo first since swearing is derived from taboo words. Thus, this chapter will explore the literature review about taboo, taboo words, swear words, and swearing sequentially.

2.1.1 Taboo

There are many versions of the concept of taboo proposed by several linguistic researchers who have interest in digging out about the origin of taboo.

Allan and Burridge (2006, p. 2) state that the word taboo derives from Tongan,

Tahitian language, called “tabu”. This finding is in accordance with Captain

Cook’s experience which is written in his log book when he was sent to Tahiti to observe the transit of planet Venus across the Sun in 1776-1779:

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“When dinner came on table not one of my guests would sit down or eat a bit of any thing that was there. Every one was Tabu, a word of very comprehensive meaning but in general signifies forbidden.”(Cook 1967, p. 129) . . . “In this walk we met with about half a dozen Women in one place at supper, two of the Company were fed by the others, on our asking the reason, they said Tabu Mattee. On further enquiry, found that one of them had, two months before, washed the dead corps of a Chief, on which account she was not to handle Victuals for five Months, the other had done the same thing to another of inferior rank, and was under the same restriction but not for so long a time”. (Cook 1967, p. 135)

In this citation, Cook uses the word “tabu” to describe the behavior of the native inhabitants toward things that were not to be done or touched. Cook also states that anything which is forbidden to be eaten are called Taboo, as when people are forbidden to eat from the flesh of human sacrifices (Tangata Taboo)

(Cook, 1967, p. 176). For the other example related to this kind of prohibition, there are food taboos in most societies and they are mostly religion-based taboo; the vegetarianism of Hindus; the proscription of pork in Islam; the constraints on food preparation in Judaism; fasting among Jews at Passover and Muslims during

Ramadan; the proscription of meat on Fridays among Roman Catholics (Allan &

Burridge, 2006, p. 4).

Freud (2004, p. 3) digs out the origin of taboo by observing the ancient

Aboriginal Australian’s way of life. This tribe upholds totemism as their system of tribal life. Each clan, the smaller division of the tribe, has different symbols of totem. The totem symbolized by the clan functions as a sign to prevent incest

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among the same totemic clan. In other words, marrying or having sexual intercourse with the same member of the clan is prohibited. The totem itself could be animals, plants, or natural phenomena which are believed to have spiritual power which protecting the clans from danger. The member of the clan must not use the totem for his/her own benefit, destroy it, kill it, eat its flesh, in order to avoid the consecutive sanction. By this observation, Freud then claims that taboo is showed in the act of prohibition and restriction.

Continuing Allan and Burridge’s findings, it is stated that there are taboos in which uncleanliness are the motivating factor. Here are some instances for this kind of taboo: many communities regarded physical contact with a menstruating woman as taboo, believing that it will pollute males in particular. Some Orthodox

New York Jews will avoid public transport in order to avoid the seat where a menstruating woman has ever sat before. The Balinese used to prefer one-story buildings in order to avoid unclean feet would pass above their heads. These

Balinese also avoid walking under washing lines where garments that have been in contact with unclean parts of the body might pass over their heads. Many communities regarded contact with a corpse as taboo; whoever has touched the cadaver is prohibited to handle food (2006, p. 5-7). Allan and Burridge (2006) also state that the genital organs of humans are always the subject of taboo. Those parts of women are usually more strongly tabooed than those parts of men. The reason is because those parts are related to the source of new human life (p. 7).

Foucault (1978, p. 3) explains that sex is prohibited and defined as taboo by Victorian regime. At the beginning of the seventeenth century, the theme

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related to sex was more freely discussed or even performed by people. There are indeed regulations for sexual matters but the regulation is not strict enough. Then after the Victorian bourgeoisie took place, the discussion about sex becomes strictly forbidden. The other regulation is that people should perform sex for the procreative purpose only. If it is violated, the offender will be sanctioned. Since then, sexual intercourse should only be done by married couple in closed room. In accordance with this findings, Pinker (2007, p. 297) also states that in Ancient

England, a person could not have sex unless this person had a consent of the King.

When anyone wanted to have baby, they got consent of the King & the King gave them a placard that they hung on their door while they were having sex. (Later, this placard is considered as the original root of the word fuck (Fornification

Under Consent of the King)). However, this kind of limitation has faded away. It is because at that time England is facing a problem about population that was considered important for the development of the country. The government needed many labors to establish their industrial state. Thus the government alleviated the limitation of people in having sexual intercourse (Foucault, 1978, p. 25).

Hughes (2006, p. 462) claims that there are different taboos in different regions of which cultures are also distinct. This claims is in line with the concept of taboo by Pinker (2007, p. 328), who states that the concept of taboo can vary across times and places. However, based on all of these similar cases of taboo, the view is always related to the concept of prohibitions and restrictions. The limitation for somebody to not do such taboo behavior is because they believed that if someone breaks the rule of taboo they will be followed by some kind of

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trouble such as lack of success in hunting, fishing, or even they believed that they will get sick or death. They believed that someone or some physical or spiritual forces (law, the gods, and the society) have the authority or power to give punishment upon them (Allan & Burridge, 2006, p. 9) if they break the rule of taboo. Taboos could arise out of social constraints on the individual’s behavior where it can cause discomfort, harm or injury (Allan & Burridge, 2006, p. 1).

Speaking about the topic of taboo, Allan and Burridge (2006, p. 1) have also classified them into several topics:

a) Bodies and their effluvia

b) The organs and acts of sex

c) Diseases, death, and killing

d) Touching, and viewing persons and sacred beings, objects and places.

e) Food gathering, preparation and consumption

However, on each of these topics, there are different backgrounds about the emergence of how the prohibitions or restrictions are made. Based on the discussion above about the origin of taboo, it can be concluded that prohibition or restrictions, first, can be traditionally received, and the second one, it comes up from authority with a set of law.

The concept of taboo is not limited only on prohibition and restriction of certain act or behavior in certain society. Those kinds of act or behavior could

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also unavoidably lead into prohibitions or restriction of certain utterances. In other words, uttering something particular can also be considered as taboo (Hughes,

2006, p. 462).

2.1.2 Taboo Words

In this realm of prohibition, In accordance with Jay (2009, p. 6), Allan and

Burridge (2006, p. 40) states that taboo words or taboo language refers to a language which violate certain customs because it contains “dirty words”.

However, at the institutional level, taboo words arise from authorities that have the power to restrict harmful speech. For instance, there are courts of law, religious leaders, educators, and mass media managers. Authorities who define taboo speech could punish those who violate the prohibitions (Jay, 2009, p. 153).

In this case, then emerge a question about why a mere saying about taboo is prohibited. Hughes (2006) notes that taboo words are linguistically rooted in word magic in which people believe that certain creatures of forces cannot or must not be named. For example, people are prohibited in naming God, the Devil, death, damnation, disease, copulation (p. 463). Words are believed to have symbolic power and are considered magic. Wajnryb (2006, p. 32) claims that cultural context influences the word’s sense of danger. Ljung (2011, p. 47) adds that some beliefs claim that saying tabooed things, such as evil or misfortune, will wreak that force in front of the offender. Furthermore, Pinker (2007) states that uttering taboo words is believed to be capable of evoking the uttered idea in mind, in this case tabooed things. For example, hearing words related to bodily effluvia will make people to have disgust reaction. The strongest component of the disgust

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reaction is a desire not to eat or touch the offending substance. But it’s also disgusting to think about bodily effluvia, together with the body parts and activities that excrete them, and because of the unwillingness of speech perception, it’s unpleasant to hear the words for them. The effluvia that evoke the strongest disgust reaction are vicious ones: feces, blood, vomit, mucus, pus, sexual fluids, urine (Pinker, 2007, p. 346). In the context of culture, Jay (2009, p.

154) states that in very religious cultures, blasphemy is very likely to be the biggest taboo, therefore the taboo words drawn from this domain are considered to be the most offensive ones. In other cultures, like in America where sex is the biggest taboo, words denoting around this aspect are the least accepted ones.

Interestingly, the taboo words referring to the biggest taboos of a society are usually the ones that are used most often.

In sort, Pinker (2007), Crystal (2007), Ljung (2011), and Alan and

Burridge (2006) have distinguished the topic of taboo words derived from two major areas of taboo which are religious taboo and secular taboo. Religious taboo words relies on profanity and blasphemy, while secular taboo words include the topic of sexual activities, bodily effluvia, intimated part of body, ethnic or racial slurs, family origins, animal names, physical abnormalities, and mental illness.

These concepts of taboo words and their classification lead the words into the term called swear words.

2.1.3 Swear Words and Swearing

Taboo words and swear words are actually similar because both of those kinds of words are rooted in the same notion which is taboo. However, there is

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difference between them. Karjalainen (2002, p. 18) claims that all swear words are considered taboo words, while not all taboo words are swear words. Ljung (2011) supports this concept by claiming that if certain taboo word is considered or used as swear word, it means that the taboo word no longer has its literal meaning.

Reversely, taboo words which is used in their literal meaning cannot be regarded as swear words (p. 12). The acts of uttering swear words are then called as swearing.

As has been stated in previous chapter, Jay (2009) claims that swearing is the use of swear words with the purpose of expressing the speaker’s emotional state and conveying that information to listeners. The emotional state here is not limited in the expression of anger and frustration, but also positive emotion such as joy or surprise (p. 155). Furthermore, Jay and Janschewitz (2008, p. 270) claim that the areas in the brain that are activated when we swear are the same areas that also process emotions. In supporting this idea, Allan and Burridge (2006) also claim that the involvement of emotions when people swear is even manifested in the structures of the brain (p. 237).

Ljung (2011, p. 4) states that taboo words and swear words are two different cases. It can be seen clearly by looking at Ljung’s criteria of swearing:

a) Swearing is the use of utterances containing taboo words

b) The taboo words are used with non-literal meaning.

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c) Many utterances that constitute swearing are subject to severe lexical,

phrasal, and syntactic constraints which suggest that most swearing

qualifies as formulaic.

d) Swearing is emotive language and its main function is to reflect, or

seem to reflect, the speakers’ feeling or attitude.

Similarly, Andersson and Trudgill (1990, p. 53) also give their definition of swearing:

a) Swearing refers to something that is taboo and/or stigmatized in the

culture.

b) Swearing should not be interpreted literally

c) Swearing can be used to express strong emotions and attitudes

The distinctions of the use of taboo words and swear words can be seen in this following example:

1. They are fucking like rabbit

2. Give me that fucking gun!

In the example number one, the word fucking is considered as taboo word.

However, the meaning of that word refers to its literal meaning which is “having sex”. Meanwhile, in example number two, the word fucking is not meant to be considered as its literal meaning but the word fucking there is a swear words which is conveyed in emotional expression and it has the function as an emphasizer of an utterance. Thus, statement number two is considered as swearing.

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There are abundance forms of uttering swear words in an act of swearing.

However, there are some classifications for the types of swearing, together with the motives behind the swearing utterances.

2.1.4 Types of Swearing

Many researchers of swear words have their own classification about the type of swearing. However, among those classifications, Andersson and Trudgill’s

(1990, pp. 36-37) typology of swearing is the most comprehensive:

a) Expletive Swearing

Most swearing are emotive reactions toward frustration, something unexpected, disappointment, or in anger. This is the expletive function of swearing which is the use of a swear word to let off steam. Expletives are kinds of exclamatory interjection, and like any other interjections, they have an expressive function and are conveyed reflexively. These kinds of swearing are usually not directed to the hearer. However, it is not limited in being expressed with the negative emotions, but expletive swearing can also be used in expressing positive emotion. The examples of expletive swearing are:

- Oh dammit! - Oh shit I’m getting lost! - Fuck! - Holy shit! That’s awesome!

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b) Abusive Swearing

Abusive swearing is kind of swearing which is usually directly conveyed to the addressee in order to wound them verbally. It is usually includes name- calling or the use of swear words that can cause insult. However, the speakers may also use this swearing in order to talk about the things that frustrate or annoy them, things that they disapprove of and wish to disparage, humiliate and degrade.

To abuse someone verbally is to abuse them by attack them with swear words that may include an element of bragging. The examples are:

- Fuck you! - He is an asshole, man! - Going to get you, fucker! - Those angry bastards!

c) Humorous Swearing

Humorous swearing does not have to be emotional. It can be found in humorous scenes in which it is directed to others but it is not necessarily insulting.

It takes mostly the form of abusive swearing but has the opposite functions where the playfulness is the key and not the offensiveness. It tends to be idiomatic, playful, humorous, and not serious. The examples are:

- You’re such a badass! - Get your ass in gear! - That hot chick is actually my ex! - You lucky bastard!

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d) Auxiliary swearing

Swearing can be used as an auxiliary. This type of swearing is used to spice up about what is being said. The words that are used here have the function of intensifier or emphasizer toward someone or something. The emotion expressed here are various, not only limited to negative emotions. Auxiliary swearing is also known as ‘lazy swearing’ (Andersson & Trudgill, 1990, p. 37). It means that this kind of swearing represents any vocabulary which the speaker has less preference to use. People are also use this kind of swearing when they have no other words at disposal. The examples are:

- I don’t give a shit. - This is a real good shit. - He has broken the fucking TV. - That was freaking awesome!

2.1.5 Motives of Swearing

In every swearing utterance uttered by someone, there is certain motive behind it. Andersson (1985), as cited in Karjalainen (2002, p. 24), has generalized the category of the motives of swearing into three major aspects:

a) Psychological motives

Many occurrences in human life are not always happened as expected.

People sometimes are left behind by the bus in the station. Someone might have been rejected to come to certain party. A friend can suddenly cancel the plan to eat dinner together. Every day in our lives, people get angry or frustrated when

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unpleasant, unexpected events occur or things in general do not go according to plans. In this situation, people are confronted with emotions such as aggression or anger and they will usually release or express their emotion by swearing.

However, following upon frustration or anger, arising from an unexpected event or shock, most people resort to swearing for an immediate vent of emotion. The swearing are not deliberate, but are uttered as a reflex. In this case, the swearing expression is not limited in a notion of negativity, but it can be used in a certain emotion like happy or joy, and surprised. Thus, swearing is believed to be a means of expressing emotion and releasing stress. By using the swearing that way, it can restore emotional stability (Montagu, 1967, p. 78).

b) Social Motives

When people are swearing based on social motive, it means that their swearing is deliberate in order to achieve social bond with the addressee.

Swearwords can be used not only to shock or evoke someone, but they can also be used in situations that completely or almost completely lack negativity. This motive explains that swear words can be used to strengthen friendship and group identity. Crystal (1995, p. 173) explains that swearing are contagious. A new social group member will have the tendency to utter certain swearing based on the likeliness of swearing within the group. The common example can be seen in

Afro-American society where each of the members would rather say the word

“Nigga” to others as a way of solidarity and friendship. However, if the person is not a member of that group or belong to other race, it will be considered as serious insult.

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c) Linguistic Motives

In speaking, people may have their own linguistic style which usually appears differently if it is compared with another utterance spoken by the others.

People have variety ways of speaking and expressing themselves by using different words and grammatical structures as long as the intents or the goals of the communication with others are well achieved. That case could be applied when people are swearing. People have their own style of swearing that might be different with another. People might feel that swearwords are totally unacceptable and should be banned from language, they might feel that swearwords are acceptable in certain situations, or some might even argue that swearwords are acceptable in all situations. One may say “What a very nice picture!” and he or she may also say “What a fucking nice picture!”. In this case, swear words are just as good and usable words as any others. They seem to appear as pure motives on linguistic subjects or to give emphasize on what people try to communicate.

Indeed, linguistic motives can also show someone’s way of speaking in daily life.

2.2 Theoretical Framework

This section consists of summarization about the main theories which will be the basis for answering the research problems. As has been stated in the previous chapter, there are two research problems arise related in the phenomenon of swearing uttered by the main character, Jack, in “Borderlands: The Pre-

Sequel!”. The first one is about the types of swearing, and the second one is the motives of swearing.

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To help answering the first problem, the researcher uses Andersson and

Trudgill’s (1990, p. 36-37) theory about the type of swearing. They categorize swearing into four types: Expletive Swearing, Abusive Swearing, Humorous

Swearing, Auxiliary Swearing This theory will be used to support the discussion of this research about the preferred types of swearing which are uttered by Jack.

The second problem is about the motives of swearing. In order to find out the motives, the researcher uses the category of swearing theory by Andersson

(1985), as cited in Karjalainen (2002, p. 24): Psychological motive, Social motive,

Linguistic motive. This theory will be used to give further explanation about the things which motivated Jack in swearing. This theory will help the researcher in clarifying detail information about motivation in swearing.

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter consists of six parts. The first one is the description of the research method that is used in this study. The second part is the research setting; it is used to inform when the study is conducted. The third is data source of the research. The fourth provides the description of research instrument and the data gathering techniques. The fifth contains the steps of data analysis technique. The last part is the research procedure which summarizes the steps in conducting the study.

3.1 Research Method

This research is qualitative research. In qualitative research, the focus is on understanding the social phenomena from the perspective of the human participants in the study (Ary, Jacobs & Razavieh, 2002, p. 22). It enables researchers to study human behavior in an indirect way through an analysis of their communication. However, in conducting qualitative research, there are some methods that can be used; case study, content analysis, discourse analysis. In this study, the researcher used content analysis since the researcher employed the transcript as a document or recorded material. Fraenkel and Wallen (2012, p. 478) state that content analysis is a technique that enables the researcher to study human behavior in an indirect way through an analysis of their communication.

Content analysis focuses on analyzing and interpreting recorded material to learn about human behavior. The material may be public records, textbook, essays,

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newspapers, letters, films, tapes, diaries, themes, reports, or other document. To analyze the documents, a researcher needs to organize the material by developing appropriate categories, ratings, or scores that the researcher can use for subsequent comparison in order to illuminate what he or she is investigating. In this study, the applied and analyzed document was the transcript from the speeches of

“Borderlands: The Pre-Sequel!”. The researcher analyzed the transcript of the conversation occurred in the game which is found in the internet. Specifically, the analysis focuses on the transcript of conversation which contains swearing. The transcripts which do not contain swearing will not be analyzed.

3.2 Research Setting

This research was conducted in several places where the researcher could gain access to the literature sources both in the form of printed books or digital files. The books were obtained from library and the digital files could be accessed anywhere as long as there is connection to internet. However, the researcher mostly performed the research at home because the book from the library could be brought home and there always be internet connection there.

3.3 Data Source

The data source of this research is the transcripts of the speeches of the main character, Jack, in “Borderlands: Pre-Sequel!” game. The transcript is obtained from the internet on the website: www.borderlands.wikia.com/wiki/Category:Transcripts.

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3.4 Research Instruments and Data Gathering Techniques

The only instrument used in this content analysis research was the

transcript of the speech of “Borderlands: The Pre-Sequel”. The researcher used

the transcript to gather the swearing utterances occurred in the game. To ease the

data gathering, the researcher then formulated categories that were relevant to the

investigation by coding. Fraenkel and Wallen (2012, p. 436) state that coding is a

technique that is used in content analysis method. Coding is the analytic process

through which data are fractured, conceptualized and integrated to form theory.

The following table presented two objectives which became the main focus of the

study; the types of swearing and the motives of swearing. The format of the

coding table shows how the researcher answers the first and the second research

problem of this study.

Table 3.1. Format of the Coding Table of the Types of Swearing and Motives

of Swearing by the Main Character of Borderlands: The Pre-Sequel!

Data Types Motives A A No Code Swearing E H P S L Dialogue b u S S M M M Expression S S 1. The Soldier I surrender! I give up! What a Jack Off course he does! dumbass, Beginning Now kill him! ahaha! Jack Hahahha! He really of The thought we were gonna let him go. He √ End 8 was like “daaah, I’m √ gonna turn my life around and eat better and finish my novel and stuff”, then BOOOOM! What a dumbass, ahaha!

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Legends: ES: Expletive Swearing PM: Psychological Motive AbS: Abusive Swearing SM: Social Motive HS: Humorous Swearing LM: Linguistic Motive AuS: Auxiliary Swearing

3.5 Data Analysis Technique

There were several steps taken in order to analyze the data. First, the researcher played the Borderlands: The Pre-Sequel! game to check the occurrence of swearing expression throughout the story. Then the researcher downloaded the transcript of the speeches of the game from internet on www.borderlands.wikia.com/wiki/Category:Transcripts. Next, the researcher eliminated the transcript which was not relevant with the study because the main focus was only on the conversation which contains the main character’s swearing expression. After that, the researcher classified that expression based on the swearing occurred in the game.

In order to answer the research questions, the researcher found out some theories which were related to the topics discussed and then matched each classification of the utterances of swearwords to those theories. After that, the researcher analyzed the data and made a conclusion to answer the research questions.

3.6 Research Procedures

To answer the research questions, the researcher had to undertake the systematic research procedure. In order to finalize this research, there were six steps necessary. Those were; deciding a problem, reviewing related literature,

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deciding the approach, deciding data source and identifying the data, interpreting the data, and reporting result.

1. Deciding Problem

Deciding the problem of the research is the essential part of every research since the researcher conducted the research in order to find out the answer of the problems. In deciding the research problem, the researcher came from his personal interest in investigating swearing phenomenon in society that was represented in a game called “Borderlands: The Pre-Sequel!”. In this game, there could be found different varieties of swearing occurred throughout the game.

2. Reviewing Related Literature

After specifying the research problems, the researcher then reviewed the relevant literature to gain more insight and knowledge about the topic. The researcher read several journals and books which mainly discussed about taboo, taboo words, swear words and swearing. Hence, the researcher could decide the relevant theories related to the research problems.

3. Collecting the Data

The form of the data of this research was in the form of transcription. The transcript contained the speeches of the characters of “Borderlands: The Pre-

Sequel!” which is obtained from the internet.

4. Deciding the Approach

After reviewing some relevant literatures and collecting the data, the researcher then designed the research. The approach which the researcher used was the qualitative approach. In supporting the approach, the method used was

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content analysis. Content analysis study was assumed to be the most appropriate method in analyzing the data since the main data are in form of written transcription.

5. Analyzing the Data

After the data was collected, the researcher then analyzed the data. The transcript was analyzed using the theories from different linguists and experts. In analyzing the type of swearing, the researcher employed the theory of Andersson and Trudgill’s (1990), while for the motive of swearing, Andersson’s theory

(1985) would be the basis.

6. Interpreting the Findings

After analyzing the data, the next step the researcher conducted was interpreting the findings. The researcher presented the interpretation and explanation in narrative form. While interpreting the findings, the researcher also stated some conclusions about what the researcher had analyzed.

7. Reporting the Result

Having analyzed the findings, the researcher then reported the result. Since the researcher conducted a qualitative study, the data presented is in form of narrative explanation.

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CHAPTER IV

RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the findings and discussion of the study. In this chapter, the researcher provides some analysis and discussion to answer two research problems of the study. There will be two major parts in this chapter. The first part is the research results and the second part is the research discussion.

4.1 Research Results

This section showed the findings that I obtained from the data gathering which was conducted previously. Based on the research questions, there were two major findings; the types of swearing and the motives of swearing. Those findings were limited only on the conversation which contained the swearing expression of

Jack, the main character of “Borderlands: The Pre-Sequel!”. The other swearing expressions of the other characters will not be analyzed. As the main character,

Jack had important roles from the beginning until the end of the story. I found that

Jack was always having conversation in every major event on the game.

Furthermore, he mostly used swearing expressions in his conversation with the other characters. Overall, there were 134 swearing expressions which were uttered by Jack throughout the story of the game

4.1.1 The Types of Swearing

I found that Jack was the only character who mostly expressed his feeling by using swearing utterances in the game “Borderlands: The Pre-Sequel!”.

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Among those swearing expressions, Jack had several types of swearing used throughout the game. Those types were expletive, abusive, humorous, and auxiliary.

4.1.1.1 Expletive Type

Expletive swearing was swearing expression which was uttered by Jack in a form of exclamatory. It was like the expression of ouch!, oh!, or wow! but in a form of swearing which functioned as an act of letting off steam. This kind of swearing was uttered by Jack reflexively which means that Jack uttered the swearing spontaneously without thinking. Based on the data, it was found that this kind of swearing was uttered by Jack in a lot of situation like when he felt angry, threatened, shocked, astonished, or even happy.

Below is the example of Jack’s swearing utterance which he expressed when he felt happy.

Code: Welcome to Helios 2

Jack Holy crap! You saved my life! Thank you! Heh -- sorry, heart’s pounding. Never been shot at before. Kinda fun, actually. Look, these crazy bastards attacked Helios Station right after I sent for you guys. If we can drive them off, we’ll be free to go after that Vault on the moon’s surface.

Hey, just let me activate the defense controls. Few seconds, we’ll have turrets, force fields, laser wires -- these assholes won’t know what hit ‘em.

That conversation happened after Jack was being shot by unknown soldiers that suddenly broke into his space station and it seemed that he would

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likely be dead. Luckily, before that event happened, Jack had a bounty hunter called Vault Hunter hired as his body guard. When Jack was cornered by the unknown army, the Vault Hunter could come in time and saved his life by killing the soldiers. In that situation Jack then was swearing “Holy crap!”. This swearing utterance was an exclamatory interjection which was directed neither toward the army nor the Vault Hunter. It was directed toward nobody and functioned as an act of letting off steam in an extremely happy emotion.

The other example was about the expletive swearing utterance which was expressed by Jack when he felt disappointed:

Code: Lost Legion Invasion 15

Jack We can get in the moonshot up there. Let me get the elevator. Dammit, something’s jamming the elevator. Gotta figure something out... Alright, weird idea, uh -- let me work the loading terminal. Alright, you get into the moonshot cylinder and ride it up. Ooh, watch your step, that’ll be a hell of a fall.

In that conversation above, Jack was trying to operate the elevator.

However, it turned out that the elevator was jammed because something was stuck on it. In that situation, Jack was using the swearword “Dammit”. This was considered as exclamatory interjection since it was not directed toward others and it was just a swearing which functioned as an act of expressing disappointment.

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4.1.1.2 Abusive Type

Abusive type of swearing was the type of swearing expression which was uttered by Jack when he wanted to abuse someone or something. It meant that this kind of swearing was directed toward others. This included name-calling and cursing expression which were offensive and could causing insult. It was also conveyed by Jack when he wanted to wound the addressee.

The example of abusive type of swearing could be found in the situation when Jack wanted to abuse someone which he uttered directly to the addressee:

Code: A New Direction 10

CU5TM-TP Aaaaand here we go! To the Meriff!

Jack Seriously? You idiot machine? The offices are UP.

CU5TM-TP Right! I’m such a kidder! Up we go!

Office Warning. Trespassing of government property will result in your immediate death. Thank you.

Jack These aren’t going to stop us, Huxter!

This conversation occurred between Jack and a CU5TM-TP which was a law robot. They had this conversation in an elevator while they were heading to

Huxter’s office. Jack ordered the CU5TM-TP to operate the elevator and expected it to take him upward toward the Huxter’s office above. However, the CU5TM-TP took them downward instead. In this situation, Jack uttered the swearing “You idiot machine?” in which functioned as an act of abusing someone. It was directly conveyed toward the CU5TM-TP which Jack thought that the CU5TM-TP was not capable enough to do simple task and this fact drove Jack to be angry.

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The other example of abusive swearing could be found in the conversation where Jack was not conveyed the insult directly to the addressee:

Code: Welcome to Helios 1

Jack Help! Lots of help! I got no idea who these asshole troops are or why they’ve got a murder-on for this space station, but they’ve got me pinned!

Zarpedon Attention, Hyperion: your Helios Space Station now belongs to the Lost Legion. Surrender before it is too late.

This conversation happened in Jack’s space station. In that situation, Jack was suddenly being shot by unknown soldiers and Jack was trying to ask the

Vault Hunter for some help. He then uttered the swearing “asshole” which referred to the soldiers or troops who were shooting him. This kind of swearing is considered as abusive swearing because it was a name-calling and it functioned as an insulting term. However, this name-calling is not uttered directly to the addressee.

4.1.1.3 Humorous Type

Humorous swearing was the type of swearing which Jack uttered toward others. However, it was not meant to be abusive. Jack uttered this kind of swearing in order to make humorous situation with the person he was talking with. This also often contained name-calling but it has lack of negativity so its function was not to wound the addressee.

The first example of humorous swearing was about the use of swearing expression to make joke and to construct humorous situation:

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Code: Lost Legion Invasion 6

Jack Hey, kid, are you sure this place actually HAS a combat AI? These pirate dickbags just sound nuts. Get it? Dickbags? Nuts? Heh-heh.

Pickle Word is, before The Bosun went native, ‘e was some kinda AI tech whizz. Not that you’d think it now ‘e’s gone all mum-and-dad mad. But do you care? Didn’t you just get fired?

Jack And when I march up to Helios with an army of badass robots, I’ll be un-fired so quickly it’ll make Tassiter’s pedo-mustache spin off his big gross ugly face. Just get the AI core.

Pickle Uh, okay.

In that conversation above, Jack made a joke while he was talking with his partner, Pickle. Jack was mentioning the swear words “dickbags” and “nuts” in order to explicitly make sexual joke. That swear words both had denotation meaning of testicle. However, Jack conveyed them connotatively where he was using those term to abuse the pirate by name-calling them as “dickbags” and

“nuts”. Even though “dickbags” and “nuts” have their own connotative meaning,

Jack found this utterance funny because those swear words have the same reference which was testicle. In this situation, Jack was trying to construct a humorous situation with the person he was talking with.

The second example of humorous swearing was when the swearing which

Jack uttered contained insulting swear words. However, that swearing utterances did not used as an expression to insult. Instead, it lacked of negativity and tended to be playful:

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Code: Lost Legion Invasion 17

V.Hunter Uh, this might be a problem? Cause I got a thing with height, and, uh -- oh god. This -- this is a... pretty big bullet.

Jack Hold on -- I’m gonna spin the cylinder. Did you make it up there? Free up the elevator so I can join you. Hey man is everything okay down there.

Jack Yessh, he got wedged in tight. Eh, no big deal, though, they can’t feel pain. Ugh, these loaders bum me out -- no wonder Dahl took us over so easily. I need more soldiers. Badasses. Like you.

The conversation happened between Jack and the Vault Hunter. They were planning to escape the space station which was still in a chaotic situation due to the sudden attack of the soldiers. In that scene, the Vault Hunter was taking out the obstacle which made the elevator stuck. It turned out that the obstacle was

Jack’s dead robot employee which is called as loader. Jack then complained that he and his company was easily taken over by the soldier because of the weak loaders they had, just like the one which was stuck in the elevator. Jack then told the Vault Hunter that he wished on having some more soldiers, especially like the

Vault Hunter himself. In this situation, Jack uses swear word “Badasses” in his utterance which was directed toward the Vault Hunter. Even though the swear word “Badasses” contained the word “ass”, it was not meant to wound the Vault

Hunter. Instead Jack wanted to praise the good work of the Vault Hunter. Then, it was considered as a humorous type of swearing.

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4.1.1.4 Auxiliary Type

Auxiliary type of swearing was considered as an expression of swearing which was uttered by Jack in order to emphasize or spice up his intention. The function of this type of swearing for Jack was that this swearing can reflect his preference in conveying his expression which was by using swearing expression.

The first example about auxiliary swearing showed that Jack would likely to use swearing expression to convey certain meaning:

Code: Let’s Build a Robot Army 2

Gladstone Ha! Look at them go! Maybe you scared them off with your, uh, extremely scary Vault Hunter-ness!

Gladstone Uhhh, apparently not. Uh they’ve got a Dahl powersuit, Sorry, bruv.

Jack Our combat loaders are gonna be WAY more kickass. Speaking of which, how’s that goin’?

In that conversation above, Jack was talking with Gladstone, one of the researchers in his company. Gladstone was in charge in helping Jack making a robot army, or Jack preferred to say it as combat loader. In this scene, the Vault

Hunter was confronting with the bandit scavengers. It then turned out that the bandit scavengers got Dahl powersuits which were seemed to be so powerful. In that kind of situation, Jack was replying that his future combat loader would be a lot more “kickass” than the Dahl powersuits. This swearing expression was considered as an auxiliary swearing. It was because it contained the swear word

“kickass” in which Jack used this to emphasize or spice up the greatness of his

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future combat loader. This auxiliary swearing was also considered as Jack’s habit in mentioning something great.

The second example of auxiliary swearing could be seen below:

Code: Let’s Build a Robot Army 5

Jack Gladstone, gimme a full memory reboot! I want that thing SANE and I want it BADASS!

Wow, that was tough. Well, at least it looked tough. Whatever, good work. Now, let’s see what this puppy can pump out. Gladstone, make me some friggin’ robots!

Gladstone Ready for construction.

In this scene, Jack had just finished capturing a giant chaotic robot which was rebelling against him. In order to turn the robot to side with him again, Jack asked Gladstone to wipe its memory by rebooting it using computer. In this situation, Jack ordered Gladstone to make the robot sane and “Badass”. This swearing expression indicated that it was an auxiliary swearing where the word

“Badass” was used by Jack to emphasize or spice up the meaning Jack wanted to convey. He could have said it with other vocabulary such as “great” or

“awesome”, but Jack preferred to use “Badass”. It showed that this swearing was the form of Jack’s habit in mentioning something awesome. In addition, after Jack and Gladstone had tamed the giant chaotic robot, he wanted that robot to produce smaller robot armies. In referring the robot, Jack used the term “fuckin’” before the term robot. It was meant that Jack wanted to give emphasis in the word robot.

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So, it was also considered that it was just Jack’s habit in using swearing expression.

4.1.2 Motives of Swearing

Throughout the game, Jack had several reasons that motivate him to make swearing expressions. I found that the factors which motivated Jack to do swearing emerged from psychological, social, and linguistic aspect. The psychological motive was related to something which affected his psychological condition so that he was motivated to do swearing. The social motive was related with the Jack’s social condition. He was motivated to do swearing because he wanted to have certain goal in his social life. The other motive was about linguistic reason where Jack was motivated to do swearing because he wanted to do that. It means that swearing was his style to express his emotions.

4.1.2.1 Psychological Motives

I found that Jack would likely to swear when something went wrong.

When Jack planned something and the thing did not go as planned, he would likely to express his disappointment, frustration or anger with swearing utterance.

He would also do swearing when he was confronted by some unexpected events or when he was shocked by something. In that condition, Jack was motivated to do swearing because he need to immediately vent his emotion and he wanted to immediately restore his emotion using verbal action which was swearing.

However, it was also possible for Jack to do swearing when Jack was having a very good feeling. To express his feeling and to immediately vent his happy

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feeling, he would likely to do swearing. This motive was about something that affected his psychological condition that triggered him to do swearing.

In the first example, Jack was motivated to express his feeling by swearing when something made him frustrated or angry:

Code: Lost Legion Invasion 18

Jack Woo! We made it! Alright, we just gotta get into a moonshot container.

Soldier The greed of Hyperion shall not --

Jack -- After we kill THIS asshole!

In the conversation above, Jack was motivated to express his feeling using swearing utterance because he was frustrated and angry toward the soldier. At first, Jack was trying to go to the moonshot container. He wanted to do this because he and the Vault Hunter wanted to escape from the chaotic space station.

When he wanted to head toward the moonshot container, suddenly the soldier appeared and he wanted to kill Jack and the Vault Hunter. Driven by the frustration, Jack was motivated to use swear word in his utterance. In this case, he was frustrated because he did not want to be disturbed by the soldier. Thus, Jack used the name calling “asshole” to mention the soldier.

In the second example, Jack was motivated to do swearing because something made him happy:

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Code: A New Direction 14

Jack Where was I -- oh, right, my awesome master plan. Taking the fight to Helios is gonna need an army, so -- we make one! Head down to Spings’, I’ll explain on the way, I’m gonna stay here, gonna go through the Meriff’s stuff. We’re making a freakin’ robot army, baby! Hell yeah! Shopping list’s simple: some combat chassis and top-of -the-line military AI to run them. Word is, Springs is the lady for the AI. Hey Mox, you know where I can build me some kick ass robot bodies?

Moxxi Since that giant laser’s gonna kill, well, everyone, I know who might be willing to scout around for hardware, Lemme talk to them and get back to you.

Jack Sounds good -- let’s hustle, people! We’ve got a moon to save!

In the conversation above, he was making a plan to take back his space station, Helios. He thought that if he wanted to do that, he would need an army.

Thus, Jack was then planning to create robot army. In this case, he was very excited so that he was motivated to do swearing “Hell yeah!” in order to vent his happy feeling. He was psychologically affected by the excitement, and he needed to vent that emotion by swearing.

4.1.2.2 Social Motives

The other reason which motivated Jack to do swearing was social condition. Jack was swearing because he was trying to indicate friendship within his social group. The aim of this swearing expression was not intended to abuse or wound the addressee, but as the opposite, it would likely strengthen the bond between Jack and the person he talked with. There were no necessarily

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frustrations or anger present. In this case, usually Jack’s swearing expression would contain name-calling to tease the hearer. However, Jack could also use the swearing expression as rhetoric tools so that he could build a playful condition in a conversation.

In the first example, Jack was motivated to do swearing because he wanted to achieve social goal which was strengthening his social bond by teasing each other:

Code: Intelligence of the Artificial Persuasive 48

Jack What?! The hot chick’s actually an ex-military AI

reprogrammed to be some geek’s fake girlfriend?!

Sold! Grab the lovely lady and get going! We’ve

got some friggin’ robots to build.

In the expression above, Jack was shocked by the fact that the woman who so far accompanied him accomplishing his goal was actually an Artificial

Intelligence program. Thus, in order to tease the woman, or now the Artificial

Intelligence, he used the term “chick”. This term was usually used to degrade a woman’s dignity, but in this case, Jack did not have any intention to do that.

Instead, he wanted to tease her in order to strengthen their friendship bond.

In the second example, Jack was motivated to do swearing because he wanted to strengthen his social bond by using the swearing expression rhetorically so that he could make a playful condition:

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Code: Science & Violence 3

Jack Gladstone, why does Zarpedon still have control over Helios’s defenses? We shut down the jamming signal on Elpis -- the Vault Hunters shouldn’t even have to be saving your asses right now just so you can lower the shields. No offense.

Gladstone Uh, Zarpeon mught have a weaker signal jammer on her person. She could have another mole on Helios, like the Meriff. OR she probably just manually rewired the security system--

Jack --Waitwaitwait. There might be another traitor on Helios?

Gladstone That’s only one possibility, I -- Jack, you there?

The conversation above happened between Jack and his subordinate,

Gladstone. In that case, Jack was confused about why did Zarpedon, his enemy, still had control over the defense system of space station. He then mentioned that

Gladstone and his other partners had once ever been saved by the Vault Hunter from the danger. In this situation, Jack was trying to use playful term “asses” which referred to the Gladstone and his partner’s life. He did that because he wanted to lower the tense in that conversation by playfully using the swearing utterance. Furthermore, he was also stated that he did not plan to offense them.

4.1.2.3 Linguistic Motives

In some condition, Jack would likely to express his feeling or emotion by using swearing expression was because he just wanted to do that. In other words,

Jack was motivated to do swearing because it was basically his habit and it was his preference action in verbally expressing his feeling.

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The first example was about the situation where Jack was using certain swearing expression because it was his way of speaking in referring something he did not like.

Code: Wiping the Slate 6

Jack The old movin’ bookcase, huh? The guy was a

walking frickin’ cliché. Nobody puts stuff behind

bookcase anymore -- who even has books? Let’s

have some fun and see what else our bull-shoveling

pal had to say for himself -- play it!

The conversation above occurred between Jack and the Vault Hunter. The

Vault Hunter was previously asked by Jack to find hidden recordings in the

Meriff’s office. They then found out that one of the recordings was stored behind a moving bookcase. In this case, Jack claimed that the Merrif was a walking cliché. However, he decided to use swear word “frickin’” because he wanted to add that. He was motivated to do that because it was his habit to add some swear word before the other word in order to spice up something that he did not like.

In the second example, Jack was motivated to do swearing because he wanted to do that in order to mention something he liked:

Code: Science and Violence 2

Jack Doc Grayson’s working on some cloaking tech I

wanna start using on Hyperion snipers when it’s

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done. Just imagine it -- they take position, turn

invisible, and then pfftbtbh! Bad guys literally have

NO idea what hit them! I mean, y’know, they’re

probably gonna assume it was a bullet because

there’ll be a bullet hole in them, but whatever, it’s

frickin’ awesome!

This conversation happened when Jack was explaining Doctor Grayson’s project to the Vault Hunter. He explained that Doctor Grayson would make him a cloaking device which could make him went invisible. Furthermore, Jack explained that he could shoot somebody while he was invisible. In this condition, he was then motivated to do swearing in order to indicate something he liked, which was the cloaking device. In his swearing “it’s frickin’ awesome”, it contained the swear word “frickin’” because he wanted to add that. He was motivated to do that because it was his habit to add some swear word before the other word in order to spice up something that he liked.

4.2 Research Discussion

In this part, I would provide some discussions to answer the two research questions based on the findings. The discussions were divided into two parts. The first discussion was talking about the types of swearing that were used by Jack.

The next discussion covers the motives of Jack to do swearing in his conversation with the other character throughout the game. There would be some expert theories that could support the discussions.

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4.2.1 Types of Swearing

The first objective in this research was dealing with the types of swearing which were used by Jack. Based on the findings, there were four types of swearing which were used by Jack in his swearing expressions throughout the story of the game. Those were expletive, abusive, humorous, and auxiliary. This findings was matched with Andersson and Trudgill’s (1990, p. 36-37) theory about types of swearing. There were four types of swearing proposed by them; expletive swearing (ES), abusive swearing (AbS), humorous swearing (HS), and auxiliary swearing (AuS). However, among those four types of swearing, I found that Jack has a certain type of swearing which he would likely use in his swearing expression. That type was abusive swearing. Following it, Jack had used expletive and auxiliary type with the same frequency. The least used type of swearing was the humorous swearing. Below, there would be discussions about these tendencies and there will be example provided.

4.2.1.1 Abusive Swearing

Abusive swearing was the most used swearing type by Jack in the game.

77 out of 134 swearing utterances were abusive swearings. Abusive swearing is kind of swearing which is usually conveyed to the addressee in order to wound them verbally. According to Andersson and Trudgill (1990, p. 36), abusive swearing can be derogatory or insulting, and is causing offense. This type of swearing includes name-calling and other cursing expressions. It can also be used to degrade something that frustrate or annoy the user. Based on the findings, there were two kinds of conditions in which Jack used this type of swearing. The first

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condition which made Jack to use abusive swearing was when he wanted to abuse or insult directly toward the addressee. The second condition was when Jack used abusive swearing in order to mention someone by using abusive term but in the condition where he was not directly talked to the addressee. The findings then indicated that Jack would likely to use abusive swearing in the second condition.

The following conversation will be the example of abusive swearing.

Code: A New Direction 13

Jack So Hux was crawling around, searching for some kinda redemption huh? Well I’ll give him redemption! In fact, let’s immortalize him in song! Don’t destroy that last ECHO -- grab it! Take it to Moxxi’s and give it to those DJ assholes, Boom and Rang. They owe me a favor -- I got them the gig.

In this conversation, Jack was talking to the Vault Hunter. Jack wanted him to immortalize the memory of the Meriff’s memory by giving the Meriff’s recording to the DJs who later were expected to make a song based on the

Meriff’s recording. In mentioning the DJs, Jack used the term “assholes” in order to degrade them. It was in line with Andersson and Trudgill (1990, p. 36) who stated that someone could utter abusive swearing in order to disparage, humiliate or degrade the addressee. However, Jack conveyed the swearing when the addressees were not present. So, his abusive swearing was indirectly conveyed toward the addressee.

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4.2.1.2 Expletive Swearing

From the total 134 swearing expressions, 25 expressions were expletive expressions. Referring to Chapter II, Andersson and Trudgill’s (1990, p. 36) stated that expletives are kinds of exclamatory interjection, and like any other interjections, they have an expressive function. These kinds of swearing are usually not directed to the hearer. It is employed to express personal emotion and feeling such as anger, surprise, shock, disappointment and also joy. However, based on the findings, I found that Jack mostly used expletive swearing when he was confronted with disappointment. The following conversation is the example of this type of swearing.

Code: Eye to Eye 5

Roland Jack... I’m sorry.

Lilith I’m not!

Hyperion Warning: singularity detected.

Jack Woah! What the hell?!

Moxxi Good job, everybody.

Jack What’s Moxxi -- w-what the hell are you doing?!

Moxxi Betraying you. Trying to kill you. Two things I should done a long time ago, you power-hungry psychopath.

Jack No no no NO NOOOO! Dammit. I TRUSTED you, Moxxi! Do you know what you’ve done?! You just killed us all!

Moxxi Bye-bye. sugar.

This conversation happened in the climax of the story. In the condition where Jack almost achieved his final goal, his partners, Roland, Lilith, and Moxxi,

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were revealing themselves that they betrayed him. It was indicated by the

Hyperion saying that there was singularity detected. This singularity was an action that had been set up by Roland, Lilith, and Moxxi in order to destroy Jack’s space station. In this situation, Jack shouted “What the hell?” as his reaction toward sudden singularity effect. Furthermore, Moxxi explained that she was betraying him because she thought that Jack was a psychopath and needed to be stopped. By this fact, Jack was feeling extremely disappointed. Thus, Jack shouted “Dammit” as a reaction of his disappointment. According to Andersson and Trudgill’s (1990, p. 36), it was the true that function of swearing in which swearing was functioned to let off steam. In this case, Jack was confronted with extreme disappointment and he needed to let the steam off by swearing.

4.2.1.3 Auxiliary Swearing

The same with expletive swearing, there were 25 expressions which contained auxiliary swearing. Auxiliary swearing is utilized as a way of speaking or is known as ‘lazy swearing’ (Andersson & Trudgill, 1990, p. 37). It means that this kind of swearing represents any regular vocabulary which the speaker has less preference to use. This type of swearing can also be used to spice up about what is being said. The word which is used has the function of intensifier or emphasizer toward someone or something. In accordance with the theory, the findings showed that there are two kinds of conditions where Jack tended to use auxiliary swearing.

The first one was when Jack used the auxiliary swearing in order to replace regular vocabulary. It meant that Jack preferred to use expression which contained swear words. The second one was when Jack used the swearing expression to

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spice up or emphasize the meaning of his expression by adding swear words on the utterance. Based on the findings, Jack preferred to use auxiliary swearing when he was in the second condition. The examples are presented below.

Code: A New Direction 1

Zarpedon I’m sorry, people of Elpis. This is the only way.

Jack Whoa! How did they know about... yeah ,uh, I’ll get back to ya.

Janey What just happened? The whole ruddy moon shook!

Jack Yeah, so uh, not good! Zarpedon’s troops have taken control of the Eye of Helios! It’s a big frickin’ laser in the heart of the space station. She’s targeting the moon’s core. Try not to panic but, uh, she’s trying to blow up Elpis.

In this conversation, it could be indicated that Jack was shocked of something. It turned out that Zarpedon had known about the ultimate weapon in a form of giant laser which Zarpedon had just used it to shoot the Moon’s surface.

In Jack’s reaction, he added the swear word ”frickin’” before the word laser in order to emphasize the danger of the giant laser. It was in accordance with

Andersson and Trudgill’s (1990, p. 37) theory about auxiliary swearing which is functioned as an expression of intensifier or emphasizer toward someone or something.

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4.2.1.4 Humorous Swearing

Humorous swearing was the least swearing type used by Jack. There were only 7 swearing expression uttered by Jack throughout the game. According to

Andersson and Trudgills (1990, p. 37), humorous swearing occurs when swearing expression is uttered in a playful and humorous way. It can be found in humorous scenes in which it is directed to others but it is not necessarily insulting. Based on the findings, there are two kinds of humorous swearing which Jack would like to use. The first one was when the humorous swearing tended to be a tool for Jack to make joke in order to have a playful condition in a conversation. The second one was when the humorous swearing contained name-calling swear word that was functioned to tease the addressee, but with lack of negativity. However, it turned out that the humorous swearing which functioned as a teasing tool has more frequency. The example could be seen below.

Code: Intelligence of the Artificial Persuasive 3

Jack What?! The hot chick’s actually an ex-military AI reprogrammed to be some geek’s fake girlfriend?! Sold! Grab the lovely lady and get going! We’ve got some friggin’ robots to build.

In this conversation, Jack was surprised by the truth that the women who guided him all this time was actually an Artificial Intelligence program. He then expressed his astonishment by name-calling the women as “chick”. This swearing expression was not functioned to wound the women, but it functioned by Jack to tease the women. In accordance with Andersson and Trudgills (1990, p. 37), this swearing expression was not necessarily offensive or insulting.

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4.2.2 Motives of Swearing

The second objective in this research is dealing with the motive for Jack to use swearing in expressing his emotion. Based on the findings, there are three kinds of motives found in Jack’s utterances. Those are psychological, social, and linguistic motives. However, among those motives, psychological motives take the greatest role in influencing Jack to do swearing. There are 87 swearing expressions which were motivated by psychological motive. The second one was linguistic motive. There were 41 swearing expressions which were influenced by linguistic motive. The least motive which did not affect Jack much was social motive. There were only 5 swearing expression which was motivated by social motive. In this discussion, the theory of motive of swearing by Andersson (1985, p. 110-122) would be used to support the explanation.

4.2.2.1 Psychological Motive

Psychological motives of swearing emphasize that swearing is used to release stress and express someone’s feeling or emotion. It covers the urge of emotive feelings such as anger, shock, surprise, frustration, happiness, and joy. It also usually happens in reflex in order to restore emotional stability. Based on the findings, there are two conditions which would influence Jack psychologically to do swearing. The first condition, Jack was motivated or triggered to express his feeling by swearing when something made him frustrated or angry. In the second condition, Jack was motivated to do swearing when he was triggered by something that made him happy. However, the most influencing psychological

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motive was when something made Jack angry. The example of the swearing expression could be seen below.

Code: Paint Job 2

Jack Alright, who the hell’s been defacing my station? Show yourself!

Nakayama It’s me, sir! Professor Nakayama. I’m the gene--

Jack -- Yeahyeah, Don’t care. You’re pissing me off with your weird hijinx, Nakytama. Cut it out I’ll have you forcefed into a weapon frinder. Friggin’ jackass.

This conversation happened between Jack and his subordinate, Professor

Nakayama. In this scene, Nakayama was trying to take Jack’s attention so that his admiration to Jack could be noticed. He was trying to take Jack’s attention by decorating the front door of Jack’s office. He put some flowers there, but the defense system of the office did not allow it. In result, Jack was getting a report from his computer that something or someone was defacing his station. This condition was frustrating for Jack and this condition triggered Jack to do swearing by uttering “who the hell”. Furthermore, after he found out the person who was defacing his station, he was getting more frustrated. In result, he was triggered to abuse Professor Nakayama by claiming that he was “pissing” Jack off, and by name-calling him “friggin’ jackass”. It was in accordance with Andersson’s

(1985, p. 110) theory about psychological motive. He stated that someone would like to do swearing because that person was triggered by unpleasant thing that is occurred in his or her life.

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4.2.2.2 Linguistic Motive

Swearing could be triggered by linguistic motives. It means that somebody was triggered to do swearing because that person simply wanted to do the swearing. The swearing expression was triggered by the habit of that person where this person often includes swear words in his utterances. Based on the findings, there are two conditions where Jack would likely to be triggered by linguistic motive. The first one was when he wanted to indicate something bad.

The second one was when he wanted to indicate something good. However, Jack tended to be triggered by linguistic motive when he was trying to indicate something bad. The example could be seen below.

Code: System Jammed 1

Jack Alright, welcome to Concordia, a craphole if ever I

saw one. Find a guy named Huxter -- he’s ex-

Hyperion, runs the town.

This conversation happened between Jack and the Vault Hunter when the

Vault Hunter arrived in the city named Concordia for the first time. In this occasion, Jack mentioned the city by using the swear word ”craphole”. He was motivated to use that swearing expression because he had a disgust feeling toward the city. He used the term ”craphole” because he just simply wanted to use that. It was his preference vocabulary which he used when he wanted to indicate something unpleasant and in this case was the Concordia. This explanation was supported by Andersson’s (1985, p. 111) theory about linguistic motive. He stated

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that people have variety ways of speaking and expressing themselves by using different words and grammatical structures as long as the intents or the goals of the communication with others are well achieved.

4.2.2.3 Social Motive

Social Motive was the least motive that could trigger Jack to do swearing.

Related to Jack’s social life, he was triggered to do swearing because he wanted to show social intimacy, friendliness, or in group identity. However, these expressions are not prompted by frustration or aggression. In other words, Jack are motivated to swear in order to make a strong bond between individual in certain community. Based on the findings, the condition where Jack was triggered to do swearing was because he always want to strengthen his social bond. The example of swearing which is motivated by social motive could be seen below.

Code: Eye to Eye 2

Moxxi Alright -- do EXACTLY as I say and everything will be fine. Switch three of the flow sequencers to their prime position and reverse the power differential.

V. Hunter Ummm...

Moxxi Press the thingy until you see purple, then press the thingy again.

Jack Welp, blew my chances with her. Great. Way to go, moron.

The swearing expression happened when Jack was commenting the conversation between Moxxi and Vault Hunter. At first, Vault Hunter was guided by Moxxi to do certain task in order to shut down the laser. However, Moxxi’s

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explanation was actaully too difficult to be understood by the Vault Hunter. Thus,

Jack was triggered to strengthen hi social bond with the Vault Hunter by teasing him with the swear word “moron”. There was no negative feeling occurred in that conversation. Jack was deliberately said that swearing utterance in order to indicate his friendliness with the Vault Hunter. It is in line with Andersson’s

(1985, p. 111) theory about social motive. He stated that people are triggered to do swearing in order to achieve social bond with the addressee.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter contains of two major sections. The first section is conclusions and the second section is recommendations. In the first section, there will be the summary of the findings of the research. The second section contains the recommendation for future research and study.

5.1 Conclusions

This study aims to answer two research problems. The answer can be drawn based on the findings and discussion which have been done previously by using content analysis method. There are two major kinds of conclusions based on the two research problems. The first one is the conclusion about the types of swearing and the second conclusion is about the motives of swearing.

5.1.1 Types of Swearing

Based on the swearing expressions which are uttered by the main character of “Borderlands: The Pre-Sequel!”, Jack, there are four different types of swearing found. Those are expletive swearing, abusive swearing, humorous swearing, and auxiliary swearing. Each of them has their own characteristic and is used in many different situations. Specifically, the type of swearing which is mostly used by

Jack is the abusive swearing. By this fact, it is known that Jack had a lot of situation where he insulted other people or things by using swearing utterances.

By the excessive amount of Jack’s abusive swearing, Jack would like to show that

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he was enjoy in insulting someone or something and he preferred in conveying his intentions by insulting others. It could also be said that insulting others was Jack’s habit in conversations.

5.1.2 Motives of Swearing

In the game “Borderlands: The Pre-Sequel!”, Jack as the main character has three kinds of motive behind his swearing utterances in the conversation which is occurred throughout the game. Those are psychological motive, social motive, and linguistic motive. Specifically, the motive that mostly triggers Jack to swear is psychological motive. It is then concluded that there were a lot of situations which affected Jack’s psychological condition. Those situations motivated Jack to express his emotion by uttering swearing words. Jack was easily motivated to swear by frustrating condition and swearing itself helped Jack relieving the emotional pressure he had. In other words, swearing helped Jack to achieve good feeling.

5.2 Recommendations

After conducting this study, I would like to make some recommendations.

The recommendations are addressed to English Language Education Study

Program lecturers, English Language Education Study Program students, and future researchers.

Lecturers are expected to have broad knowledge about the subject they are going to teach. In this case, English Language Education Study Program lecturers should have deeper understanding about linguistic aspect, specifically in swearing

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expressions. Generally, swearing expressions are not taught in the formal institution. Thus, by understanding the concept of swearing, lecturers could teach the student about the concepts of swearing which include the origin, the types, and the motives of swearing expression.

This research could motivate English Language Education Study Program students to learn about the concept of swearing. I suggest that the students learn about swearing in order for them to have broader knowledge about this subject so that they could see swearing in a different perspective. The students should also learn about how to use certain swear words in certain situations so that they could avoid unnecessary misunderstanding situation.

This research is only about the types and motives of swearing expressions in a certain video game. I suggest that the future researchers conduct a wider or deeper research about swearing using different subject of research and with the different objective such as the meaning of swear words or the offensiveness of swearing utterances. Hopefully, all of the research about swearing which have been done could complete each other.

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REFERENCES

Allan, K., & Burridge, K. (2006). Forbidden words: Taboo and the censoring of language. New York: Cambridge University Press. Andersson, L. G. & Trudgill, P. (1990). Bad language. London: Oxford University Press. Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C., & Razavieh, A. (2002). Introduction to research in education (6th ed.). Belmont: Wadsworth. Cook, J. (1967). The journals of captain James Cook, vol. 3: The voyage of the resolution and discovery 1776–1780. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Crystal, D. (1995). Encyclopedia of the English language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Coupland, N. (2007) Style: Language variation and identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Darwin, C. R. (1871). The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. London: John Murray. Foucault, M. (1978). The history of sexuality. New York: Pantheon Book. Fraenkel, J. R., & Wallen, N. E. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education (8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Freud, S. (2004). Totem and taboo. London: Routledge. Goodwin, C. & Heritage, J. (1990). Conversation analysis. Annual Review of Anthropology, 19, 283-307. Gamble, T. K. & Gamble, M. (1984). Communication works. New York: Random House. Holmes, J. (2013). An introduction to Sociolinguistics (4th ed.). London: Routledge. Hughes, G. (2006). An encyclopedia of swearing: The social history of oath, profanity, foul language, and ethnic slurs in the English-speaking world. London: M. E. Sharpe. Jay, T. (1992). Cursing in America. Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Jay, T. (2009). The utility and ubiquity of taboo words. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4, 153-161.

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Jay, T., & Janschewitz, K. (2008). The pragmatics of swearing. Journal of Politeness Research, 4, 267-288. Karjailanen, M. (2002). Where have all the swearwords gone? An analysis of the loss of swearwords in two Swedish translation of J. D. Salinger’s Catcher in the Rye. Post graduate thesis, University of Helsinki. Ljung, M. (2011). Swearing: A cross-cultural linguistic study. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. Montagu, A. (1967). The anatomy of swearing. New York: Macmillan Pinker, S. (2007). The stuff of thought: Language as a window into human nature. New York: Penguin. Wajnryb, R. (2006). Expletive deleted: A good look at bad language. New York: Free Press. Wardhaugh, R. (2006). An introduction to sociolinguistics (5th ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Yule, G. (1996). Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Yule, G. (2010). The study of language (4th ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press.

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APPENDIX

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The Transcript of Swearing Expression

Appendix

Data Type Motive A A No. Code E H P S L Dialogue Swearing Expression b u S S M M M S S 1. Welcome to Jack Help! Lots of help! I got no idea I got no idea who these √ √ Helios 1 who these asshole troops are or asshole troops are or why why they’ve got a murder-on for they’ve got a murder-on for this space station, but they’ve got this space station, but they’ve me pinned! got me pinned! Zarpedon Attention, Hyperion: your Helios Space Station now belongs to the Lost Legion. Surrender before it is too late.

2. Welcome to Jack Holy crap! You saved my life! Holy crap! √ √ Helios 2 Thank you! Heh -- sorry, heart’s 3. Welcome to pounding. Never been shot at Look, these crazy bastards √ √ Helios 3 before. attacked Helios Station right Kinda fun, actually. Look, these after I sent for you guys. 4. Welcome to crazy bastards attacked Helios Few seconds, we’ll have √ √ Helios 4 Station right after I sent for you turrets, force fields, laser guys. If we can drive them off, wires -- these assholes won’t we’ll be free to go after that Vault know what hit ‘em. on the moon’s surface. Hey, just let me activate the

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Data Type Motive A A No. Code E H P S L Dialogue Swearing Expression b u S S M M M S S defense controls. Few seconds, we’ll have turrets, force fields, laser wires -- these assholes won’t know what hit ‘em.

5. Lost Legion Computer Critical failure. Helios defense Oh crap. √ √ Invasion 1 system is being jammed. Jack What?! How?! Computer Jamming signal originates from Elpis, Pandora’s moon. Jack Oh crap. Kill the turrets! KILL THE TURRETS! Agghhh. This day gets better and better! Alright, plan B! If we can’t take Helios back, we need to evacuate! Escape ships are this way!

6. Lost Legion Zarpedon We MUST take this ground! I, uh -- she leads these √ √ Invasion 2 V. Hunter Hey, other Jack! Who was that jackasses, I think? woman? Jack I, uh -- she leads these jackasses, I think? I dunno. But the first person to shoot her in the head gets a high five and a turbomansion.

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Data Type Motive A A No. Code E H P S L Dialogue Swearing Expression b u S S M M M S S Alright, let me get this door -- the escape ships are nearby.

7. Lost Legion Jack Ohhhh, son of a taint. Hey, it’s Ohhhh, son of a taint. √ √ Invasion 3 that Colonel! Execute plan shoot- 8. Lost Legion that chick-in-the-head! Execute plan shoot-that √ √ Invasion 4 Zarpedon Hello, Jack. chick-in-the-head! Alien Naughty. Jack Okay, that’s unnerving. RUN!

9. Lost Legion Tassiter Jack, what the hell is going on? Asshole. √ √ Invasion 5 I’m getting reports of alarms all 10. Lost Legion across Helios. I called you an asshole cause √ √ Invasion 6 Jack Uh, nothing, sir! Nothing, I thought I’d hung up? everything’s fine. Just, uh -- one of CL4P-TP units tried to French kiss a light socket. Sir. Tassiter Need I remind you that you are there to observe Pandora, nothing more! If you incur any damages to the Helios Space Station, I will personally-- (Jack is pretending to have a bad connection) Jack --Ahhhh, (kzzt) sorry sir, we’re (kzzzt) losing connection. I can’t...

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Data Type Motive A A No. Code E H P S L Dialogue Swearing Expression b u S S M M M S S sor... Asshole. Tassiter What?! Jack I called you an asshole cause I thought I’d hung up? Tassiter We will speak again, John.

11. Lost Legion Jack There’s Elpis. That friggin’ That friggin’ jamming signal √ √ Invasion 7 jamming signal is somewhere is somewhere down on that down on that cracked rock, cracked rock, messing up all messing up all the cool security the cool security stuff up stuff up here. here. 12. Lost Legion Jack Son of a taint! Hey, why the hell Son of a taint! √ √ Invasion 8 are you attacking us, you dicks? 13. Lost Legion Zarpedon I want this station, and I want to Hey, why the hell are you √ √ Invasion 9 save the universe. attacking us, you dicks? 14. Lost Legion Jack The hell’s that supposed to mean? The hell’s that supposed to √ √ Invasion 10 We just wanna leave, you mean? 15. Lost Legion jerkasses! We just wanna leave, you √ √ Invasion 11 Chill out, you frickin’ lunatics! jerkasses! 16. Lost Legion How’s that shield holding up? Chill out, you frickin’ √ √ Invasion 12 Okay, well, I’ve got a stupid idea - lunatics! 17. Lost Legion - we’re gonna head to that Okay, well, I’ve got a stupid √ √ Invasion 13 Moonshot Cannon. Follow me! idea

18. Lost Legion F.K Be cleansed with heat! SON OF A TAINT! √ √

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Data Type Motive A A No. Code E H P S L Dialogue Swearing Expression b u S S M M M S S Invasion 14 Jack Uh... kill that guy, I guest? SON OF A TAINT! Kill the burny guy! Kill the burny guy! Elevator’s over there. Let’s go.

19. Lost Legion Jack We can get in the moonshot up Dammit, something’s √ √ Invasion 15 there. Let me get the elevator. jamming the elevator. 20. Lost Legion Dammit, something’s jamming the Ooh, watch your step, that’ll √ √ Invasion 16 elevator. Gotta figure something be a hell of a fall. out... Alright, weird idea, uh -- let me work the loading terminal. Alright, you get into the moonshot cylinder and ride it up. Ooh, watch your step, that’ll be a hell of a fall. 21. Lost Legion V.Hunter Uh, this might be a problem? Badasses. Like you. √ √ Invasion 17 Cause I got a thing with height, and, uh -- oh god. This -- this is a... pretty big bullet. Jack Hold on -- I’m gonna spin the cylinder. Did you make it up there? Free up the elevator so I can join you. Hey man is everything okay down there?

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Data Type Motive A A No. Code E H P S L Dialogue Swearing Expression b u S S M M M S S Jack Yessh, he got wedged in tight. Eh, no big deal, though, they can’t feel pain. Ugh, these loaders bum me out -- no wonder Dahl took us over so easily. I need more soldiers. Badasses. Like you. 22. Lost Legion Jack Woo! We made it! Alright, we just After we kill THIS asshole! √ √ Invasion 18 gotta get into a moonshot container. Soldier The greed of Hyperion shall not -- Jack -- After we kill THIS asshole!

23. Lost Legion Soldier There he is! Open fire! Oh, crap. √ √ Invasion 19 Jack Oh, crap.

24. System Jack Alright, welcome to Concordia, a Alright, welcome to √ √ Jammed 1 craphole if ever I saw one. Find a Concordia, a craphole if ever guy named Huxter -- he’s ex- I saw one. Hyperion, runs the town.

25. System Jack So Huxter, the guy you need to Like, mayor mixed with √ √ Jammed 2 find, calls himself “Meriff”. Like, sheri--it’s stupid, whatever. 26. System mayor mixed with sheri--it’s you stupid-named son of a √ √ Jammed 3 stupid, whatever. But he might bastard! know how to track down the

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Data Type Motive A A No. Code E H P S L Dialogue Swearing Expression b u S S M M M S S signal. This guy’s still pulling down a phat retirement plan from Hyperion, from my division. I’m basically his boss. He’s pretty much on the team already. Meriff Visitors from Helios... Ah. So, here’s the thing. Uh -- no visitors today. Jack You were one of us -- you stupid- named son of a bastard! CPA Thank you for visiting the offices of the Meriff. We hope you enjoyed your bureaucratic interactions.

27. System Jack I guess... there is one other person Where the hell’s Mox? √ √ Jammed 4 who can help us. Unfortunately. 28. System Get to the Up Over Bar. Lady Luck flips a friggin’ √ √ Jammed 5 Jack Where the hell’s Mox? Oh, face card. waitwaitwait -- hey, you see those two on the dance floor? The tattooed chick and the guy allergic to smiling? Ahh, they’re ex-Vault Hunters, go see if they’ll help. Haha, finally! Lady Luck flips a

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Data Type Motive A A No. Code E H P S L Dialogue Swearing Expression b u S S M M M S S friggin’ face card.

29. System V. Hunter Hey there, kiddos. Hyperion are Dammit! √ √ Jammed 6 losing Helios to Dahl -- we need to stop the signal that’s jamming its system! Bitches. Roland Hyperion, Dahl, is there a difference? Lilith We’re on vacation. Together. Roland Yeah. Sorry, but we’re out of the Vault Hunting Game. Lilith Too many tentacles. Jack Go talk to Moxxi. Dammit!

30. System Meriff Attention, citizen of Concordia: Oh, what the hell is wrong √ √ Jammed 7 until further notice, for your own with this guy?! protection the town is in lockdown. No one in, or out. That is all. ...Okay? Jack Oh, what the hell is wrong with this guy?! This is so frustrating! Get back to Moxxi, she’s got secrets exits everywhere. Heh-heh. Classic.

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Data Type Motive A A No. Code E H P S L Dialogue Swearing Expression b u S S M M M S S 31. A New Zarpedon I’m sorry, people of Elpis. This is It’s a big frickin’ laser in the √ √ Direction 1 the only way. heart of the space station. Jack Whoa! How did they know about... yeah ,uh, I’ll get back to ya. Janey What just happened? The whole ruddy moon shook! Jack Yeah, so uh, not good! Zarpedon’s troops have taken control of the Eye of Helios! It’s a big frickin’ laser in the heart of the space station. She’s targeting the moon’s core. Try not to panic but, uh, she’s trying to blow up Elpis.

32. A New Jack Zarpedon! Cut it the hell out! You Cut it the hell out! √ √ Direction 2 got a problem with Hyperion, 33. A New that’s one thing, but there are You got a problem with √ √ Direction 3 innocent people on Elpis, You Hyperion, that’s one thing, asshole! but there are innocent people Zarpedon Yes. There are. on Elpis, You asshole! 34. A New Jack Okay, this chick’s a nutbag. You Okay, this chick’s a nutbag. √ √ Direction 4 gotta hurry -- we gotta get to Helios and take back control of the Eye. but we can’t do that until you find out where in Crisis Scar that

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Data Type Motive A A No. Code E H P S L Dialogue Swearing Expression b u S S M M M S S signal originates and shut ‘er down!

35. A New Red Finally! A proper bloody fight! Who the hell were those √ √ Direction 5 Belly Well, I just ate... buuuuut let’s weirdos? 36. A New BOOGIE! Oh whatever, I’m friggin’ √ √ Direction 6 Jack Who the hell were those weirdos? over it -- just turn off the Oh whatever, I’m friggin’ over it - signal! - just turn off the signal! Oh, great! It’s busted! Head up to the roof, there should be a maintenance console there. Activate it!

37. A New Jack Zarpedon stop pounding the moon Zarpedon, stop pounding the √ √ Direction 7 with a giant feakin’ laser! Are you moon with a giant feakin’ totally, totally insane? laser!

38. A New Jack Awesome! Destroy each of the that’ll shut down the friggin’ √ √ Direction 8 relays -- that’ll shut down the signal! 39. A New friggin’ signal! Who the hell is that? √ √ Direction 9 Jack BOOYA! We got lights up in Helios! We got security, we got fast travel... Meriff Red? Belly? What the flamin’

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Data Type Motive A A No. Code E H P S L Dialogue Swearing Expression b u S S M M M S S heck’s going on over there?! The override signal just went down! Jack Who the hell is that? V.Hunter That’s the Meriff speaking!

40. A New CU5TM-TP Aaaaand here we go! To the You idiot machine? √ √ Direction 10 Meriff! Jack Seriously? You idiot machine? The offices are UP. CU5TM-TP Right! I’m such a kidder! Up we go! Office Warning. Trespassing of government property will result in your immediate death. Thank you. Jack These aren’t going to stop us, Huxter!

41. A New Meriff Jack, Jackie! Haha, you should Get the hell outta here. √ √ Direction 11 have said you were in town! You 42. A New shoulda said so! RRGRGGHHH, I was gonna √ √ Direction 12 Jack I traced the signal that took down let you live, you DUMB our systems on Helios. Guess BASTARD! what? It came from here -- your office. Meriff Signal? Jack Sig-nal.

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Data Type Motive A A No. Code E H P S L Dialogue Swearing Expression b u S S M M M S S Meriff She made me do it! Jack Where did she come from? And please, lie to me. I really want you to lie to me. Meriff I don’t know! W-what are you gonna do with me? Jack Pfff, heh nothing! I was just messing with you. Get the hell outta here. I’ve been thinking... there’s a way back to Helios. Jack RRGRGGHHH, I was gonna let you live, you DUMB BASTARD! What is WRONG with you?! Whoooooooah! That was... invigorating! Okay, yeah.

43. A New Jack Where was I -- oh, right, my We’re making a freakin’ √ √ Direction 13 awesome master plan. Taking the robot army, baby! 44. A New fight to Helios is gonna need an Hell yeah! √ √ Direction 14 army, so -- we make one! Head 45. A New down to Spings’, I’ll explain on Hey Mox, you know where I √ √ Direction 15 the way, I’m gonna stay here, can build me some kick ass gonna go through the Meriff’s robot bodies? stuff. We’re making a freakin’ robot

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Data Type Motive A A No. Code E H P S L Dialogue Swearing Expression b u S S M M M S S army, baby! Hell yeah! Shopping list’s simple: some combat chassis and top-of -the-line military AI to run them. Word is, Springs is the lady for the AI. Hey Mox, you know where I can build me some kick ass robot bodies? Moxxi Since that giant laser’s gonna kill, well, everyone, I know who might be willing to scout around for hardware, Lemme talk to them and get back to you. Jack Sounds good -- let’s hustle, people! We’ve got a moon to save!

46 Intelligence Jack Hey, kid, are you sure this place These pirate dickbags just √ √ of the actually HAS a combat AI? These sound nuts. Get it? Dickbags? Artificial pirate dickbags just sound nuts. Nuts? Heh-heh. Persuasive 1 Get it? Dickbags? Nuts? Heh-heh. Pickle Word is, before The Bosun went native, ‘e was some kinda AI tech whizz. Not that you’d think it now ‘e’s gone all mum-and-dad mad. 47. Intelligence But do you care? Didn’t you just And when I march up to √ √ of the get fired? Helios with an army of

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Data Type Motive A A No. Code E H P S L Dialogue Swearing Expression b u S S M M M S S Artificial Jack And when I march up to Helios badass robots, I’ll be un-fired Persuasive 2 with an army of badass robots, I’ll so quickly it’ll make be un-fired so quickly it’ll make Tassiter’s pedo-mustache spin Tassiter’s pedo-mustache spin off off his big gross ugly face. his big gross ugly face. Just get the AI core. Pickle Uh, okay.

48. Intelligence Jack What?! The hot chick’s actually an The hot chick’s actually an √ √ of the ex-military AI reprogrammed to ex-military AI reprogrammed Artificial be some geek’s fake girlfriend?! to be some geek’s fake Persuasive 3 Sold! Grab the lovely lady and get girlfriend?! 49. Intelligence going! We’ve got some friggin’ We’ve got some friggin’ √ √ of the robots to build. robots to build. Artificial Persuasive 4 50. Let’s Build a Jack I don’t recognize him. Yo, what’s Well, Gladstone Katoa, I need √ √ Robot Army your name? to get back to Helios and 1 Gladstone Ah, sorry bruv. Gladstone Katoa, retake the big-ass laser on it D Division. What brings you here? from a buncha freaky-looking Jack Oh, D Division? That’s where Dahl military types -- and if they hide all the brainiacs who we don’t, the moon’s going to work on all the super-secret go boom and take half of awesome stuff. Why are you here? Pandora with it. Gladstone Uh, I work on experimental tech -- the Division greenlit me using the

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Data Type Motive A A No. Code E H P S L Dialogue Swearing Expression b u S S M M M S S resources here. Why are YOU here? Jack Well, Gladstone Katoa, I need to get back to Helios and retake the big-ass laser on it from a buncha freaky-looking Dahl military types -- and if we don’t, the moon’s going to go boom and take half of Pandora with it. You know. The usual.

51. Let’s Build a Gladstone Ha! Look at them go! Maybe you Our combat loaders are gonna √ √ Robot Army scared them off with your, uh, be WAY more kickass. 2 extremely scary Vault Hunter- ness! Gladstone Uhhh, apparently not. Uh they’ve got a Dahl powersuit, Sorry, bruv. Jack Our combat loaders are gonna be WAY more kickass. Speaking of which, how’s that goin’?

52. Let’s Build a Jack Finally here! So, this is the birth Are you sure we can build √ √ Robot Army canal of my new robot army, huh? something badass up in here? 3 Gladstone Yeah, this is where I was doing most of my work before the scavs

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Data Type Motive A A No. Code E H P S L Dialogue Swearing Expression b u S S M M M S S come and forced me to be their medic. We’ll need to clear the area of them before getting to work. Jack Yeah, I don’t know about this place. Kinda looks like a junkyard. Are you sure we can build something badass up in here? 53. Let’s Build a Gladstone Next up, head to the Oculus Lab. Why in the hell would they √ √ Robot Army I’ll walk you through the process. make an eye converter? 4 It should already be set up. Gladstone Ok, just place the pieces in that converter over there. It’ll melt down the raw materials and form the prototype eye. Jack An “eye converter”? That’s the dumbest thing I’ve ever heard of? Why in the hell would they make an eye converter? Gladstone THEY didn’t make it, I did! I was here for a long time preparing this lab for my prototype. This is highly sensitive, experimental technology! Jack Really? Because it looks like a toaster.

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Data Type Motive A A No. Code E H P S L Dialogue Swearing Expression b u S S M M M S S 54. Let’s Build a Jack Gladstone, gimme a full memory I want that thing SANE and I √ √ Robot Army reboot! I want that thing SANE want it BADASS! 5 and I want it BADASS! 55. Let’s Build a Wow, that was tough. Well, at Gladstone, make me some √ √ Robot Army least it looked tough. Whatever, friggin’ robots! 6 good work. Now, let’s see what this puppy can pump out. Gladstone, make me some friggin’ robots! Gladstone Ready for construction.

56. Wiping the Jack That stinking traitor the Meriff That stinking traitor the √ √ Slate 1 might be dead, but I hate leaving a Meriff might be dead, but I job unfinished. Sure, I can’t kill hate leaving a job unfinished 57. Wiping the him again -- much as I’d love to, A freaking space station. √ √ Slate 2 believe me -- but I can make sure no one remembers he ever existed. Hear ol’Huxter kept a kind of diary about his exploits, hit three juicy ECHOs in his office. I want ‘em gone. Find ‘em, destroy them. Let’s wipe his grubby slate clean. V.Hunter Ah, you’re -- you’re serious. Jack Between you and me, the guy had an ego the size of a space station.

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Data Type Motive A A No. Code E H P S L Dialogue Swearing Expression b u S S M M M S S A freaking space station. V.Hunter Those’re -- those’re pretty big.

58. Wiping the Jack Ugh, seriously, in the fish tank? What a prick! √ √ Slate 3 What a prick! C’mon, let’s hear the old goat one last time. 59. Wiping the Jack Wow. How much crap can one How much crap can one guy √ √ Slate 4 guy shovel? Man, I did the shovel? 60. Wiping the universe a favor wiping out his Man, I did the universe a √ √ Slate 5 back-shooting, traitorous ass! favor wiping out his back- You know what to do. shooting, traitorous ass! Ahhh, that was therapeutic! OK, keep snooping around for another one. 61. Wiping the Jack The old movin’ bookcase, huh? The guy was a walking √ √ Slate 6 The guy was a walking frickin’ frickin’ cliché. cliché. Nobody puts stuff behind bookcase anymore -- who even has books? Let’s have some fun and see what else our bull- shoveling pal had to say for himself -- play it!

62. Wiping the Jack Nah, guy like that doesn’t grow a Sure, it’s a tough universe, √ √ Slate 7 conscience overnight. He said it but there’s no excuse for himself, he was happy to steal the being an asshole.

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Data Type Motive A A No. Code E H P S L Dialogue Swearing Expression b u S S M M M S S food out of peoples’ mouths! Sure, it’s a tough universe, but there’s no excuse for being an asshole. Unless you’re funny with it, then it’s kinda totally fine. But he wasn’t even funny! V.Hunter Meriff was an SOB.

63. Wiping the Jack A slot machine in his own office? Still, guy’s an asshole. √ √ Slate 8 Ok, I actually kind of respect that. 64. Wiping the Still, guy’s an asshole. WAS an WAS an asshole, I should √ √ Slate 9 asshole, I should say. say. Why listen to this? Just destroy the thing, will ya? V.Hunter Are you sure? I kinda wanna hear it. Jack Pff, fine! Man, who’s the boss here?

65. Wiping the Jack So Hux was crawling around, Take it to Moxxi’s and give it √ √ Slate 10 searching for some kinda to those DJ assholes, Boom redemption huh? Well I’ll give and Rang. him redemption! In fact, let’s immortalize him in song! Don’t destroy that last ECHO -- grab it! Take it to Moxxi’s and give it to

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Data Type Motive A A No. Code E H P S L Dialogue Swearing Expression b u S S M M M S S those DJ assholes, Boom and Rang. They owe me a favor -- I got them the gig.

66. Wiping the1 Jack Not even close, helmet-head. You know that terrible, ugly √ √ Slate 11 Good. While they work on that I ass statue of our Meriff? want you to do something else. You know that terrible, ugly ass statue of our Meriff? Get me its head. I’m cooking something up and I think you’re gonna like it. Man, even his statue is ugly. Let’s improve it and remove the head. Shoot it or whatever. This is going to be fantastic. V.Hunter Ah, you’re -- you’re serious.

67. Wiping the Jack HA! Perfect! His smug face’ll His smug face’ll smash into √ √ Slate 12 smash into whatever crap hole we whatever crap hole we fire it fire it at. Speaking of which, put in at. 68. Wiping the some coordinates for this ship to Does the planet have a √ √ Slate 13 fly to... I don’t know, how about butthole you can send it to? 69. Wiping the Pandora. Does the planet have a Hey DJ assholes, let’s hear √ √ Slate 14 butthole you can send it to? Other that remix! that this one, of course. Okey-dokey, looks like we’re

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Data Type Motive A A No. Code E H P S L Dialogue Swearing Expression b u S S M M M S S ready, people! Should really have a bottle of bubbly to smash against the side, but whatever! Launch it! Also, let’s get some party music going. Hey DJ assholes, let’s hear that remix!

70. Home Sweet Lilith Crap, I think we’re on the other Crap √ √ Home 1 side of Helios. Jack Crap. Looks like the fast travel split us all up. Doesn’t change the plan, though: get to the Eye of Helios command center, shut the laser down WITHOUT damaging it, save the moon, and be hailed as a hero forever. Sound good? Course it does.

71. Home Sweet Zarpedon Jamming signal or no, this station God,...... √ √ Home 2 is MINE, Vault Hunter. 72. Home Sweet Jack Gaah -- she’s locked the path! We ...... I hate this chick! √ √ Home 3 can’t get to the Eye of Helios! But we shut down the jamming signal, I don’t -- alright, whatever, just get back to my office. Maybe we can lower the defenses from there.

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Data Type Motive A A No. Code E H P S L Dialogue Swearing Expression b u S S M M M S S God, I hate this chick!

73. Home Sweet Zarpedon They’ve breached Helios -- Oh, hell √ √ Home 4 intensify firepower! Jack Oh, hell -- she’s focusing the laser!

74. Home Sweet Jack For now I need you to take that I swear to god, if I ever √ √ Home 5 claptrap you found and plug him become CEO I am going to into the security terminal. He can destroy every last one of lower the defenses leading to the those friggin’ things. Eye of Helios laser. V.Hunter The claptrap died, sir. Me. I mean... whatever. Dead, sir. Jack Are you KIDDING me?! I swear to god, if I ever become CEO I am going to destroy every last one of those friggin’ things.

75. Home Sweet Jack Hey, here’s a thought, Zarpederp - My GOD,...... √ √ Home 6 - why don’t you just NOT destroy 76. Home Sweet the moon and kill hundreds of ...... your parents were √ √ Home 7 people. assholes! Zarpedon Hundreds now to save millions later. And my name is Zarpedon. Tugsteena Zarpedon.

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Data Type Motive A A No. Code E H P S L Dialogue Swearing Expression b u S S M M M S S Jack Paaahahahahah! Tugsteena Zarpedon -- you must have been SUPER popular in high school! My GOD, your parents were assholes!

77. Science and Jack Mister Tassiter , we’ve retaken a Pleasure to be working with √ √ Violence 1 section of Helios. We’re only you again, ASSHOLE. steps away from taking back the laser and saving Pandora. Because I’m awesome. Tassiter Ugh, yeah. Great. I’m calling to tell you that... the board has decided to reverse your termination. You -- ugh... have their support. Jack Ha-HA! Alright! Pleasure to be working with you again, ASSHOLE. Now why don’t you go pour yourself a big tall glass of I- told-you-so and SUCK IT!

78. Science and Jack Doc Grayson’s working on some I mean, y’know, they’re √ √ Violence 2 cloaking tech I wanna start using probably gonna assume it was on Hyperion snipers when it’s a bullet because there’ll be a done. Just imagine it -- they take bullet hole in them, but

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Data Type Motive A A No. Code E H P S L Dialogue Swearing Expression b u S S M M M S S position, turn invisible, and then whatever, it’s frickin’ pfftbtbh! Bad guys literally have awesome! NO idea what hit them! I mean, y’know, they’re probably gonna assume it was a bullet because there’ll be a bullet hole in them, but whatever, it’s frickin’ awesome!

79. Science and Jack Gladstone, why does Zarpedon The Vault Hunters shouldn’t √ √ Violence 3 still have control over Helios’s even have to be saving your defenses? We shut down the asses right now just so you jamming signal on Elpis -- the can lower the shields. Vault Hunters shouldn’t even have to be saving your asses right now just so you can lower the shields. No offense. Gladstone Uh, Zarpeon mught have a weaker signal jammer on her person. She could have another mole on Helios, like the Meriff. OR she probably just manually rewired the security system-- Jack --Waitwaitwait. There might be another traitor on Helios? Gladstone That’s only one possibility, I --

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Data Type Motive A A No. Code E H P S L Dialogue Swearing Expression b u S S M M M S S Jack, you there?

80. Science and Jack Cloaking device, huh? Thanks, You guys disabled the √ √ Violence 4 Doc. defenses leading to big-ass Dr. Grayson Still alive, thanks to you. Much laser. 81. Science and obliged. Uh, we’re gonna head off and √ √ Violence 5 Jack No, YOU are great. YOU’RE shut it down, but I’m gonna great. You guys disabled the summon my personal escape defenses leading to big-ass laser. ship to get you guys the hell Uh, we’re gonna head off and shut outta here. it down, but I’m gonna summon my personal escape ship to get you guys the hell outta here. Vault Hunter, hit that button over there. Where is -- ah, here we go. Hyperion Airlock sealed. Preparing to vent contents of airlock

82. Hot Head 1 Jack There’s an employee up here I’d bet the moon douchebags √ √ named Dean -- dude’s got some aren’t improving that. 83. Hot Head 2 anger problems and I’d bet the I locked his ass in a closet √ √ moon douchebags aren’t somewhere around here. improving that. I locked his ass in a closet somewhere around here. Find him, calm him down, will ya, before he decides to join the Lost

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Data Type Motive A A No. Code E H P S L Dialogue Swearing Expression b u S S M M M S S Legion or something.

84. Paint Job 1 Jack What the hell is claptrap painting? What the hell is claptrap √ √ It looks like a skag dry-humping a painting? vending machine! Nice color though, I’ll get it washed off later.

85. Paint Job 2 Jack Alright, who the hell’s been Alright, who the hell’s been √ √ defacing my station? Show defacing my station? 86. Paint Job 3 yourself! You’re pissing me off with √ √ Nakayama It’s me, sir! Professor Nakayama. your weird hijinx, Nakytama. 87. Paint Job 4 I’m the gene-- Friggin’ jackass. √ √ Jack -- Yeahyeah, Don’t care. You’re pissing me off with your weird hijinx, Nakytama. Cut it out I’ll have you forcefed into a weapon frinder. Friggin’ jackass.

88. Handsome Computer “How would we like to die?” Somewhere warm, with a √ √ AI Jack I dunno. Somewhere warm, with a sexy chick nearby, maybe. sexy chick nearby, maybe -- wait a second, aren’t I supposed to NOT die? Cause this thing’s gonna make me, y’know, immortal?

89. Voice Over Hyperion Ahh, finally. Ahem. Hey, voice lady, you’re √ √

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Data Type Motive A A No. Code E H P S L Dialogue Swearing Expression b u S S M M M S S O, reason not the need! Our basest boring the hell out of me. beggars are in the poorest thing superfluo-- Jack --Hey, voice lady, you’re boring the hell out of me. Go back saying the stuff about booty salads.

90. Watch Your Jack See you’ve met the infected. The Angry bastards, really dig √ √ Step 1 other workers call them “boils” -- eating people. Keep your whatever. Angry bastards, really distance. dig eating people. Keep your distance.

91. Watch Your Hyperion User: “Jack” has been locked out Stupid as that name is, it’s √ √ Step 2 of worker control. still pretty fun to yell. Jack Zarpedoooooooon! Stupid as that name is, it’s still pretty fun to yell. Anyway. I guess you’re on your own -- just work your way through the hull, I guess.

92. Watch Your Moxxi Hey sugar. I hear you’re trying to Dammit, how did I not see √ √ Step 3 shut down that laser. that coming? 93. Watch Your Jack Yeah, that’s the plan. Knock it off God, you’re hot when you’re √ √ Step 4 with “sugar” thing. will ya? technical. Moxxi Look, whatever you’re about to try

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Data Type Motive A A No. Code E H P S L Dialogue Swearing Expression b u S S M M M S S isn’t gonna work. A laser of that size, using that much power? There’s no way the Colonel hasn’t rigged it to blow the entire station if you try to disarm it. Jack She -- yeah! Of course she did! Dammit, how did I not see that coming? Moxxi Good thing you’ve got a tech whiz on your side, sugar. I’ll help you get that laser down, no muss, no fuss, no explosions. Jack Thanks, Mox. I appreciate it. I’ll send you the blueprints now. Moxxi Alright, I’ve got a plan. Roland and Lilith -- head to the station’s reactor. Jack, I need you and your Vault Hunters at the Eye of Helios itself. Once everyone’s in place, we should be able to shut the laser down and save the moon. Jack God, you’re hot when you’re technical.

94. Watch Your Jack What’s up. Follow me, we got a Friggin’ dark in here. √ √ Step 5 world to save.

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Data Type Motive A A No. Code E H P S L Dialogue Swearing Expression b u S S M M M S S Friggin’ dark in here. I can fix that. Jack There she is -- the Eye of Helios. The weapon of weapons.

95. To the Moon Jack So, YOU survived your little trip That’d be freakin’ sweet, √ √ 1 in the Moonshot Canon, which got right? me thinking -- what if we just used that thing to send everybody everywhere? That’d be freakin’ sweet, right? I am gonna need more test data, though. One of Zarpedon’s soldiers wants to defect to our side, so... why don’t you convince HIM to go for a ride in the Moonshot Cannon?

96. To the Moon V. Hunter Hey, uh -- d’you wanna jump into I guess when you put it that √ √ 2 a Moonshot Cannon and be fired way it does sound like a at a planet? stupid-ass idea. Defector Uhh... no? Jack Alright, fair enough. I guess when you put it that way it does sound like a stupid-ass idea. Just... find a way to get him into the moonshot shell. I don’t care how you do it.

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Data Type Motive A A No. Code E H P S L Dialogue Swearing Expression b u S S M M M S S 97. To the Moon Defector This is Private Ferro, requesting Ah, crap. √ √ 3 extraction at the moonshot 98. To the Moon facility! I have been captured by The little dork asked for help. √ √ 4 Jack’s Vault Hunters! Soldier Vault Hunters?! All units, coverage on that location! Jack Ah, crap. The little dork asked for help. Just protect the guidance system while the container gets loaded into the moonshot.

99. Lock and Jack If these loaders survive the God, can you imagine it? √ √ Load 1 moonshot, they’ll fight alongside YOU on the moon’s surface! God, can you imagine it? Armies of robot soldiers just killing bandits left and right? It’s gonna be sweet.

100. Lock and Jack They’re doing somethin’ with the Just get ‘em to the Moonshot √ √ Load 2 loaders! Blow them apart! Cannon and make sure they Same deal as last time -- just get don’t get blown to hell. ‘em to the Moonshot Cannon and make sure they don’t get blown to hell.

101. Lock and Jack They’re loaded up -- fire the GOD, that is so cool! √ √

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Data Type Motive A A No. Code E H P S L Dialogue Swearing Expression b u S S M M M S S Load 3 moonshot! Ohhh, that’s just beautiful! Y’know, I need to wire a sound system up to that thing so it plays opera every rime it fires or something. GOD, that is so cool!

102. Eye to Eye 1 Jack Son of a... Aw, it -- of COURSE Son of a... √ √ it’s locked from the other side! THANKS, ZARPEDON! We’re gonna have to take the long way around -- let’s hit the elevator and go topside. 103. Eye to Eye 2 Moxxi Alright -- do EXACTLY as I say Way to go, moron. √ √ and everything will be fine. Switch three of the flow sequencers to their prime position and reverse the power differential. V. Hunter Ummm... Moxxi Press the thingy until you see purple, then press the thingy again. Jack Welp, blew my chances with her. Great. Way to go, moron.

104. Eye to Eye 3 Jack Alright, let’s get back to the With Zarpe-nuts dead, we can √ √

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Data Type Motive A A No. Code E H P S L Dialogue Swearing Expression b u S S M M M S S command center. With Zarpe- reboot the laser remotely nuts dead, we can reboot the from there. laser remotely from there.

105. Eye to Eye 4 Jack Alrighty -- the bad guy’s dead, Alrighty -- the bad guy’s √ √ we’re about to save the moon and dead, we’re about to save the the Vault full of cool-ass alien moon and the Vault full of stuff is, apparently, already open. cool-ass alien stuff is, Just shut down the laser and we apparently, already open. can get to the fun part -- finding that Vault. 106. Eye to Eye 5 Roland Jack... I’m sorry. Woah! What the hell?! √ √ 107. Eye to Eye 6 Lilith I’m not! W-what the hell are you √ √ Hyperion Warning: singularity detected. doing?! 108. Eye to Eye 7 Jack Woah! What the hell?! Dammit. √ √ Moxxi Good job, everybody. Jack What’s Moxxi -- w-what the hell are you doing?! Moxxi Betraying you. Trying to kill you. Two things I should done a long time ago, you power-hungry psychopath. Jack No no no NO NOOOO! Dammit. I TRUSTED you, Moxxi! Do you know what

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Data Type Motive A A No. Code E H P S L Dialogue Swearing Expression b u S S M M M S S you’ve done?! You just killed us all! Moxxi Bye-bye. sugar. 109. Eye to Eye 8 Jack Dammit. DAMMIT! The EYE! Dammit. √ √ 110. Eye to Eye 9 That was ONE OF A KIND! The DAMMIT! √ √ 111. Eye to Eye things I could have DONE! Friggin’ liars √ √ 10 Friggin’ liars -- friggin’ 112. Eye to Eye COWARDS! They’re no better Friggin’ COWARDS! √ √ 11 that BANDITS! 113. Picking Up Jack Nonono, w-we can... we can fix JUST FRICKING DO IT! √ √ the Pieces 1 this. The Destroyer’s eye hasn’t been completely destroyed, just... go get the rest of the chunks of the iris and we can... we can rebuilt it! Go. GO! V. Hunter The iris is toast, sir -- this is a waste of time. Jack Thank you for your OPINION. No keep. Going. Jack Alright, that should be enough. Now get to R&D and reconstruct the iris. V. Hunter Ehhh, it just SEEMS like we’re-- Jack JUST DO IT! Don’t think, don’t doubt. JUST FRICKING DO IT!

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Data Type Motive A A No. Code E H P S L Dialogue Swearing Expression b u S S M M M S S

114. Picking Up Jack Alright. Alright. Looking good. DAMMIT! √ √ the Pieces 2 Now solder them together with an 115. Picking Up energy suture. FRIGGIN’... √ √ the Pieces 3 Okay, it’s sutured. Get it onto the 116. Picking Up mount so we can shoot it down the Sorry I was a dick. √ √ the Pieces 4 testing range! 117. Picking Up Almost there -- now shoot it with The things I could have done √ √ the Pieces 5 a laser gun! with what friggin’eye... IF you need a laser-gun, there should be one nearby. The scientists have to kill their own creations a lot more than you’d think. Jack UUUUUURRRRGGGHHHHHH! DAMMIT! FRIGGIN’... Gonna KILL THEM! GAAAAAGH! HGGH! Sorry that I... ugggh... Sorry I was a dick. Just... come back whenever. Jack I will never forgive them for this. Never. The things I could have done with what friggin’eye...

118. The Jack In time. We’ll deal with ‘em Dumb bastards probably √ √

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Data Type Motive A A No. Code E H P S L Dialogue Swearing Expression b u S S M M M S S Beginning of ALLL in time. wanna destroy what’s in The End 1 But for now, we just need to get to there. that Vault before they do... dumb bastards probably wanna destroy what’s in there. Zarpedon said a “tangle of chemical filth” -- did she mean Dahl’s old Bakkaberd refinery site? Get back to the moon’s surface and chech it out. There’s gotta be something there that’ll lead us to the Vault. 119. The Tassiter What’s going on up there, John? SHUT THE HELL UP, √ √ Beginning of The readings we’ve-- Tassiter! The End 2 Jack --SHUT THE HELL UP, Tassiter! 120. The SHUT. THE HELL. UP. My ex- SHUT. THE HELL. UP. √ √ Beginning of girlfriend and her two BFFs just The End 3 tried to kill me, and the LAST 121. The thing I need right now is your The LAST thing I need right √ √ Beginning of senile ass WHINING IN MY now is your senile ass The End 4 EAR! If I get ONE more message WHINING IN MY EAR! from you that isn’t “addaboy, Jack!” or “I’m sending you a big bag of money!” then I am gonna reach through my ECHO communicator and GOUGE

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Data Type Motive A A No. Code E H P S L Dialogue Swearing Expression b u S S M M M S S YOUR EYES OUT WITH MY PINKIES! ARE WE CLEAR?! Tassiter I... Goodbye, John. Jack GOOBYE! THANK YOU FOR CALLING!

122. The Jack Soooo, since Zarpe-chick is dead, Soooo, since Zarpe-chick is √ √ Beginning of I’m gonna go ahead and throw dead, I’m gonna go ahead and The End 5 some loaders your way! throw some loaders your Moonshot’s pinpointing you right way! 123. The now. Try not to be standing under Why are these assholes still √ √ Beginning of the supply fire -- you don’t wanna fighting? The End 6 do that. Jack Why are these assholes still fighting? Their leader’s history. Why not kick back, take a break, go see the sights? Eh, nevermind, we’ll wipe ’em out soon enough. That’ll be a sight.

124. The Jack Yup, you’re heading in the right Basically towards the huge √ √ Beginning of direction -- basically towards the freakin’ purple hole. The End 7 huge freakin’ purple hole. Keep going.

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100

Data Type Motive A A No. Code E H P S L Dialogue Swearing Expression b u S S M M M S S 125. The Soldier I surrender! I give up! What a dumbass, ahaha! √ √ Beginning of Jack Off course he does! Now kill him! The End 8 Jack Hahahha! He really thought we were gonna let him go. He was like “daaah, I’m gonna turn my life around and eat better and finish my novel and stuff”, then BOOOOM! What a dumbass, ahaha! That’s a good stuff. 126. The RK5 Pilot Vault Hunters sighted! OPEN We’ve come too damn far! √ √ Beginning of FIRE! The End 9 Jack No way -- we’ve come too damn 127. The far! You shoot that bastard out of You shoot that bastard out of √ √ Beginning of sky and you play around in his sky and you play around in The End 10 friggin’ GUTS! his friggin’ GUTS! RK5 Pilot We fight until the last of us falls! Jack Sorry, tuned out there. Just kill this guy, will you? Get back on schedule.

128. The V. Hunter Jack, the path to the Vault is open You blow that ship to hell, √ √ Beginning of -- I could avoid the gunship and you do it NOW! The End 11 altogether. Jack No! You let your enemies live, they soot you in the back! I don’t

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101

Data Type Motive A A No. Code E H P S L Dialogue Swearing Expression b u S S M M M S S want any surprises! I don’t want any SURVIVORS! You blow that ship to hell, and you do it NOW! 129. The Jack This is it everybody! Kill this Oh, THAT was fricking √ √ Beginning of Guardian and the Vault’s ours! awesome! The End 12 Jack Oh, THAT was fricking awesome! 130. The So -- who’s game?! Let’s go! Big bastard, wasn’t he? √ √ Beginning of Jack Big bastard, wasn’t he? Nicely The End 13 done. 131. The Keep an eye out for that creepy The hell did... √ √ Beginning of red one -- I don’t wanna get The End 14 interrupted. Jack Wait... what? That’s it? That... little thing. The hell did... Ohh... what kinda weapon... 132. The Lilith Heya, handsome. Son of a... √ √ Beginning of Jack AAAARRRGHGH! The End 15 Rrrrrhrgh! Son of a... 133. The I’m gonna KILL her! I’m gonna Then we’re gonna wipe those √ √ Beginning of kill them ALL! bandit bastards off face of The End 16 First, you’re gonna find me a Pandora. 134. The doctor. We’re gonna scorch the √ √ Beginning of Then we’re gonna wipe those freakin’ planet in fire. The End 17 bandit bastards off face of Pandora. and then... Then we’re gonna

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102

Data Type Motive A A No. Code E H P S L Dialogue Swearing Expression b u S S M M M S S wake The Warrior. V. Hunter -- The what? Jack It’s gonna be so good. WE’re gonna scorch the freakin’ planet in fire. There’s gonna be screaming... bandits are gonna die left and right... I can’t wait! Hahahahahah!

Legends: ES: Expletive Swearing PM: Psychological Motive AbS: Abusive Swearing SM: Social Motive HS: Humorous Swearing LM: Linguistic Motive AuS: Auxiliary Swearing