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Forzamiento De Flujos Ageostróficos. Mar De FORZAMIENTO DE FLUJOS AGEOSTRÓFICOS. MAR DE ALBORÁN Y PLATAFORMA DE MALLORCA-CABRERA Memoria para la obtención del título de doctor en Ciencias Físicas de: s Alvaro Viudez Lomba VOLUMEN I: TEXTO Universitat de les liles Balears Junio de 1994 Forzamiento de flujos ageostróficos. Mar de Alborán y plataforma de Mallorca-Cabrera. Memoria para la obtención del título de Doctor en Ciencias Físicas de: Alvaro Viudez Lomba Director: Dr. Joaquín Tintoré Subirana VOLUMEN I: TEXTO Universitat de les Ules Balears Junio de 1994 A mis padres, por su generosidad. Prólogo El contenido básico de la presente memoria de tesis doctoral, dirigida por el Dr. Joaquín Tintoré, está formado por un conjunto de artículos de Oceano­ grafía Física elaborados desde 1991 en colaboración con otros investigadores. El primer capítulo sitúa e introduce, desde la perspectiva general de la Oceanografía Física, los diversos trabajos que forman esta tesis. El segundo capítulo, cuyo principal autor es el Dr. Francisco E. Werner, es básicamente un estudio numérico de la circulación en la plataforma insular de Mallorca-Cabrera en el que se considera la topografía real y la influencia de diversos tipos de forzamiento. El tercer capítulo es la descripción, basada en datos experimentales prove­ nientes de una campaña oceanográfica realizada en 1991, de un nuevo estado de la circulación en la cuenca Este del Mar de Alborán. El siguiente artículo es el análisis dinámico de la estructura tridimensional de la circulación en el Mar de Alborán realizado a partir de los datos experi­ mentales obtenidos en una campaña oceanográfica llevada a cabo por la UIB y el Instituí de Ciéncies del Mar de Barcelona (CSIC) en 1992, bajo la dirección del Dr. Jordi Font. En este trabajo se obtuvo, por primera vez a partir de datos experimentales hidrográficos, la velocidad vertical quasigeostrófica aso­ ciada a un campo de densidad tridimensional mediante la resolución numérica de la ecuación Omega quasigeostrófica. Constituye el quinto capítulo la asimilación de los anteriores datos en un modelo numérico que resuelve las ecuaciones primitivas de Navier-Stokes con el propósito de diagnosticar los campos de densidad y de velocidad mutua­ mente equilibrados. Este trabajo fue realizado en estrecha colaboración con el Dr. Robert L. Haney, profesor en el Naval Postgraduate School y autor del modelo numérico. Representa la primera vez que se aplica con éxito un modelo de ecuaciones primitivas para calcular velocidades verticales a partir de datos hidrográficos experimentales. El siguiente y último artículo es un estudio analítico sobre la naturaleza de la ecuación Omega generalizada. En este trabajo se introduce una inter­ pretación nueva y compacta de esta ecuación. Finalmente, en el último capítulo, presentamos las conclusiones princi­ pales de esta tesis doctoral. i .111 Agradecimientos Quisiera agradecer al director de esta tesis doctoral Joaquín Tintoré de la Universitat de les liles Balears (UIB) por todas las ideas fructíferas, co­ mentarios acertados, ayuda, interés y constante dedicación que han llevado a término la realización de este trabajo. Estoy profundamente agradecido a Robert L. Haney del Naval Post- graduaie School (NFS) por haberme acogido y tratado con una enorme hos­ pitalidad durante mis visitas al NPS. Sus brillantes ideas y acertados comen­ tarios han contribuido a la realización de gran parte de esta tesis. A Francisco E. Werner (University of North Carolina) por todas sus enseñanzas sobre aspectos numéricos relacionados con el Método de los Ele­ mentos Finitos. Existe también una serie de personas que han intervenido de una forma u otra en la elaboración de este trabajo, y aunque muchas de sus contribuciones han sido escuetamente agradecidas en la brevedad de los acknowledegments de cada artículo, creo poder diponer aquí de un mayor espacio para agradecerles su ayuda de una forma más específica. Jordi Font, del Instituí de Ciéncies del Mar de Barcelona (ICMB, CSIC), fue una persona imprescindible en la organización y realización de las cam­ pañas oceanográficas realizadas en el Mar de Alborán en 1990 (AL90) y 1992 (AL92). Mario Manríquez (ICMB) realizó gran parte de la adquisición y tratamiento de los datos de CTD a bordo del B.O. García del Cid du­ rante AL90, AL92, y en la campaña oceanográfica llevada a cabo en la plaforma de Mallorca-Cabrera en 1992 (MA92); fue un profesional compe­ tente derrochando siempre simpatía y buen humor. Jordi Salat (ICMB) realizó también una gran parte del tratamiento de los datos en AL90 y AL92; estuvo siempre disponible para solucionar cualquier problema por grande y difícil que fuera. Arturo Castellón y Elisa G. Górriz (ICMB) trabajaron intensamente sobre todo en la adquisición de datos del complicado perfilador acústico Doppler en AL90 y AL92. Maribel Lloret y Josep Sánchez (ICMB) por su trabajo realizado en AL92 a bordo del B.O. García del Cid. Ramiro Varela (Instituto de Estudios Avanzados de Blanes) y Mercedes Masó (ICMB) proporcionaron los datos de las concentraciones de nutrientes y clorofila tomados en AL90. Damiá Gomis (UIB) aportó ideas y comentarios muy útiles relacionados con la interpolación de datos. Aportó asimismo las subrutinas para el cálculo de interpolaciones según el método de las correcciones sucesivas. Gracias a Alberto Alvarez (UIB), que desinteresadamente se prestó voluntario para transportar un nuevo CTD al B.O. García del Cid, pudimos llevar a feliz término la campaña AL92. Le estoy profundamente agradecido por ésta, y por todas las innumerables ayudas prestadas, pequeñas y grandes, que du­ rante los últimos tres años han favorecido de una forma u otra este trabajo. IV. A Jean-Michel Pinot (UIB) por su colaboración también desinteresada en la campaña AL92. Le estoy agradecido por sus detallados comentarios rela­ cionados con el análisis de datos, y especialmente por haber encontrado un error en el código de uno de mis programas. Climent Ramis (UIB) aportó útiles comentarios acerca del régimen de brisas en la isla de Mallorca. Le estoy también agradecido por haber corregido y comentado el artículo sobre la ecuación Omega generalizada. Sergio Alonso (UIB) clarificó también ciertos aspectos del régimen atmosférico en Mallorca. Cristina Reus (UIB) trabajó de forma incansable para proporcionarnos los innumerables medios informáticos necesarios para poder realizar este trabajo en el incipiente La­ boratorio de Visualización (VISLAB). Maria Garcies (UIB) realizó un con­ siderable número de gráficas útiles para la elaboración de uno de los artículos (Viúdez et al. 1994a). La espléndida figura de la distribución de estaciones (Fig. 1) de este artículo es obra suya. Bob Hale (NPS) ayudó en la implementación del modelo de ecuaciones primitivas en el CRAY-YMP. Russ Schwanz, Donna Burych, Mike- MCann y Matthew Koebbe (todos en el NPS) fueron una imprescindible ayuda en el uso con los ordenadores. Wayne Wright (NASA) fue un cola­ borador esencial en la adquisición de los datos AXBT. Paul E. La Violette (MSURC) fue también esencial en la adquisición de los datos AXBT y en el procesamiento de las imágenes de satélite de la campaña AL90. Sus co­ mentarios fueron muy útiles para la elaboración del artículo sobre AL90. Agradezco también especialmente a Bob Arnone por el procesamiento de imágenes de satélite y por sus comentarios al artículo sobre AL90. A Dong- Ping Wang ( University of New York at Stony Brook) también por revisar y comentar sabiamente este trabajo. Andrew Folkard y Peter Davies ( The University of Dundee) aportaron interesantes ideas sobre la variabilidad tem­ poral de la temperatura de la superficie del mar a partir de las imágenes de satélite correspondientes a la campaña AL90. Estoy profundamente agradecido al Servicio Aéreo de Rescate (SAR), Escuadrón 801, con base en Palma de Mallorca por cumplir brillantísimamen- te con la misión de lanzar las sondas AXBT en AL90. José Luis López- Jurado (Centro Oceanográfico de Palma, IEO) compartió generosamente el CTD del IEO en AL92; él y Francisco Arredondo (INCIMA S.A.) nos proporcionaron también de forma desinteresada los datos de correntímetros y de viento empleados en el artículo sobre la circulación en la plataforma de Mallorca-Cabrera; sus comentarios fueron muy útiles para la elaboración de este artículo. Le estoy también agradecido por haber sido el responsable de la campaña MA92. José Luis Casanovas (Universidad de Valladolid) nos proporcionó las imágenes de satélite utilizadas en AL92. A Julio Gil (Centro Oceanográfico de Santander, IEO) por haberme proporcionado datos y valiosa información sobre el Mar de Alborán. Nuestros colegas Joan J. Fornós, Lluis Pomar y Mauricio Ruíz (Departament de Ciéncies de la V Agradecimientos Terra, UIB) nos ayudaron con su experiencia y equipo en la digitalización de la batimetría de la plataforma de Mallorca-Cabrera. Roy Walters y Peggy Sullivan (USGS, Tacoma, WA) nos proporcionaron el programa de interpolación y generación de mallas de elementos finitos TRIGRID. Esta tesis es parte de la contribución de la UIB al proyecto Euromodel, financiado por el programa de la C.E. MAST (MAS2-CT93-0066) y por la Comisión Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnología, CICYT, MAR91- 1492-CE y AMB93-1046-CE. Esté trabajo ha sido realizado gracias a una beca de cuatro años —desde 1991 hasta 1994— del Plan de Formación del Personal Investigador (PFPI) del Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia de España. v índice 1 Introducción 1 1.1 El océano: sistema físico................................................................ 2 1.2 Escalas y órdenes
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