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Universidad De Jaén El Estrecho De Gibraltar UNIVERSIDAD DE JAÉN ESCUELA DE DOCTORADO DERECHO PÚBLICO Y COMÚN EUROPEO TESIS DOCTORAL • EL ESTRECHO DE GIBRALTAR: PROTECCIÓN INTERNACIONAL Y NACIONAL DE SU MEDIO AMBIENTE MARINO PRESENTADA POR: RABÍA MRABET TEMSAMANI DIRIGIDA POR: Prof. Dr. VICTOR LUIS GUTIERREZ CASTILLO JAÉN, FECHA ISBN EL ESTRECHO DE GIBRALTAR: PROTECCIÓN INTERNACIONAL Y NACIONAL DE SU MEDIO AMBIENTE MARINO Al gran ausente presente en mi vida. A la memoria de mi padre que dejó este mundo de repente el 8 de junio del 2011. Agradecimiento Agradecer, es una palabra muy corta ante los reconocimientos que puede expresar cualquier doctorando/a para aquéllas personas que fueron su luz en la oscuridad, su esperanza en la desesperación y su carburante en el impotencia. Mis agradecimientos familiares son para mi madre, mi hermana y hermano; Ouafaa y Sidi Mohammed por lo que hicieron, hacen y están haciendo Mis agradecimientos académicos son para: Prof. Dr. Juan Luis SUAREZ DE VIVERO por su disponibilidad, generosidad y amabilidad desveladas desde el primer encuentro; Dr. Tarik ATMANE por su simpatía, por todo el material que me ha pasado y por su libro que me ha regalado. Mis agradecimientos son para mis amigos/as, que siempre estaban conmigo a lo largo de mis aventuras académicas. Sobre todo para aquellas personas, que ni el paso del tiempo ni la distancia han afectado nuestra amistad que se ha visto cada vez más fortalecida. Mis últimos agradecimientos deben ser los que preceden la presentación de este trabajo, por ser a la persona que confió en mí y ha estado donde tuvo que estar en su tiempo, por todo su apoyo, ayuda, consejos y respecto. Al director de esta tesis, el Prof. Dr. Víctor Luis GUTIERREZ CASTILLO. i Es siempre posible utilizar las trabas y obstáculos como energía que te llevan a tu meta. ii iii Índice Tabla de contenido Agradecimiento ............................................................................................................... vii Índice de abreviaturas utilizadas. ..................................................................................... 1 Introducción ...................................................................................................................... 5 Parte I ............................................................................................................................. 11 CAPÍTULO I: LA PROTECCION DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE EN LOS ESTRECHOS DE NAVEGACIÓN INTERNACIONAL ................................................................................ 13 1.1. EL MEDIO AMBIENTE EN EL DERECHO INTERNACIONAL .................................. 15 1.1.1. Perspectiva, características y fuentes ................................................................................... 15 1.1.1.1. Perspectiva histórica ................................................................................................................... 15 1.1.1.2. Características. ............................................................................................................................ 26 1.1.1.3. Fuentes del Derecho Internacional del Medio Ambiente. .......................................................... 28 1.1.2. Principios fundamentales del Derecho Internacional del Medio Ambiente. ....................... 38 1.1.2.1. Principio de soberanía sobre los recursos naturales y la responsabilidad de no causar daño al ambiente de otros Estados o en áreas fuera de la jurisdicción nacional. ................................................ 38 1.1.2.2. Principio de prevención ............................................................................................................... 39 1.1.2.3. Principio de buena vecindad y cooperación internacional ......................................................... 40 1.1.2.4. Principio de desarrollo sostenible ............................................................................................... 41 1.1.2.5. Principio de precaución. ............................................................................................................. 42 1.1.2.6. Principio del que contamina paga ............................................................................................... 43 1.1.2.7. Principio de la responsabilidad común, pero diferenciada. ........................................................ 45 1.2. EL MEDIO AMBIENTE MARINO EN EL DERECHO INTERNACIONAL ................. 47 1.2.1. El medio ambiente marino: delimitación y fuentes de contaminación. ............................... 48 1.2.1.1. El medio ambiente marino. ......................................................................................................... 48 1.2.1.2. Las fuentes de contaminación. .................................................................................................... 51 1.2.2. La normativa internacional sobre la contaminación medioambiental marina. .................... 54 1.2.3. El marco jurídico del medio ambiente marino en el Derecho regional: el caso del Mar Mediterráneo. ................................................................................................................................. 78 1.2.3.1. El Mediterráneo: Diversidad, conflictos y riqueza natural. ......................................................... 79 1.2.3.2. El marco jurídico que rige la protección del medio ambiente marino mediterráneo. ................ 82 1.3. EL CONVENIO DE NACIONES UNIDAS DEL DERECHO DEL MAR Y LOS ESTRECHOS DE LA NAVEGACIÓN INTERNACIONAL REGIDOS POR LOS ARTÍCULOS 37 Y 38. ............................................................................................................ 100 1.3.1. CNUDM: su historia y sus largas conferencias. ............................................................... 102 1.3.2. Los estrechos de navegación internacional regidos por los artículos 37 y 38 del CNUDM. ..................................................................................................................................................... 109 1.3.3. Los principales estrechos regidos por los artículos 37 y 38 de la CNUDM. .................... 115 1.3.3.1. El estrecho de Bab-El-Mandeb. ................................................................................................. 116 1.3.3.2. El estrecho de Ormuz. ............................................................................................................... 119 1.3.3.3. El estrecho de Malacca. ............................................................................................................. 121 1.3.3.4. El estrecho de Dover. ................................................................................................................. 123 Résumé .......................................................................................................................... 126 CAPITULO II: LOS ESTADOS RIBEREÑOS Y OTROS ACTORES DEL ESTRECHO DE GIBRALTAR: LA CUESTION EL MEDIO AMBIENTE. ............................................... 130 2.1. EL ESTRECHO DE GIBRALTAR: SU VALOR ESTRATEGICO Y LA POTENCIAL DEPAUPERACIÓN DE SU MEDIO AMBIENTE. ............................................................... 131 iv 2.1.1. Características geográficas: un don de la naturaleza. ........................................................ 131 2.1.2. Características geoestratégicas. ......................................................................................... 135 2.1.3. Un medio ambiente marino perjudicado ............................................................................ 141 2.2. LOS PRINCIPALES SUJETOS Y ACTORES JURÍDICOS DEL ESTRECHO DE GIBRALTAR EN EL MARCO DE LA PROTECCION DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE MARINO. ............................................................................................................................... 150 2.2.1. Estados ribereños: España y Marruecos ............................................................................ 150 2.2.1.1. El Reino de España. ................................................................................................................... 151 2.2.1.1.1. Compromisos al nivel internacional. .................................................................................. 151 2.2.1.1.2. Compromisos firmados a nivel regional: caso de la región mediterránea. ........................ 155 2.2.1.2. El Reino de Marruecos .............................................................................................................. 156 2.2.1.2.1. Compromisos al nivel internacional. .................................................................................. 157 2.2.1.2.2. Compromisos al nivel regional: caso de la región mediterránea. ...................................... 160 2.2.2. Otros actores. ..................................................................................................................... 162 2.2.2.1. La colonia británica de Gibraltar. .............................................................................................. 162 2.2.2.2. La Unión Europea ...................................................................................................................... 164 2.2.2.3. La OMI. ...................................................................................................................................... 166 2.3. LA COEXISTENCIA EN EL ESTRECHO DE GIBRALTAR ENTRE EL CONFLICTO TERRITORIAL Y SU MEDIO AMBIENTE MARINO PERJUDICADO. .......................... 170 2.3.1. Un estrecho flanqueado por conflictos territoriales. .......................................................... 170
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