A. GLOBAL 'REPRESENTATIVEE'SYSTE.M. OFE MARI-NE-- .PROTECTED AREAS:*- Public Disclosure Authorized Wider14Carbbean, West-Afnca and SdtWh Atl :.. : ' - - 1: Volume2 Public Disclosure Authorized , ... .. _ _ . .3 ~~~~~~~~~~-------- .. _. Public Disclosure Authorized -I-~~~~~~~~~~y Public Disclosure Authorized t ;c , ~- - ----..- ---- --- - -- -------------- - ------- ;-fst-~~~~~~~~~- - .s ~h ort-Bn -¢q- .--; i ,Z<, -, ; - |rl~E <;{_ *,r,.,- S , T x r' K~~~~Grea-f Barrier Re6f#Abkr-jnse Park Aut lority ~Z~Q~ -. u - ~~ ~~T; te World Conscrvltidt Union (IUtN);- s A Global Representative System of Marine Protected Areas Principal Editors Graeme Kelleher, Chris Bleakley, and Sue Wells Volume II The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority The World Bank The World Conservation Union (IUCN) The Intemational Bank for Reconstruction and DevelopmentTIhE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. Manufactured in the United States of America First printing May 1995 The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. This publication was printed with the generous financial support of the Government of The Netherlands. Copies of this publication may be requested by writing to: Environment Department The World Bank Room S 5-143 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. WORLD CNPPA MARINE REGIONS 0 CNPPAMARINE REGION NUMBERS - CNPPAMARINE REGION BOUNDARIES ~~~~~~0 < ) Arc~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~tic <_~ NorthoflEs Wes\ 2<< /Northr East g NorhWest / ~~~Pacific {, <AtlanticAtaicPc / \ %, < ^ e\ /: J ~~~~~~~~~~Med iter=nean South Pacific \ J ''West )( - SouthEas \ Pacific 1 5tt.V 1r I=1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~LI A \ N J 0 1 ^-- u / Atrain@ /~ALmt- \\ \ (\ g - ASttasthv h . | 1- / *4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Nu,tellian / Izj Th.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Afia / \- \ \ B - \ ~~~~~~~~~~~~Antarctic ol t^_-~~iz Xw a"; 0f_ _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 g* Contents Introduction 1 Objective 2 Methodology 2 Selection of Priority Areas 3 Priorities for Conservation 3 Summary of Results 5 Priorities for Marine Biodiversity Conservation 8 General Recommendations 8 The Way Forward 11 7. Wider Caribbean 13 Biogeography and Marine Biodiversity 13 Assessment of Existing MPAs 17 Appendix 7.1 Ecological Features and Resource Problems of Caribbean Countries 35 Appendix 7.2 Distribution and Status of Threatened Caribbean Coastal and Marine Species 37 Appendix 7.3 Participation of Wider Caribbean Region in Major Intemational Conventions and Programs 38 Appendix 7.4 Institutions Providing Regional Support Services 39 Bibliography 40 8. West Africa 43 Biogeography and Marine Biodiversity 43 Assessment of Existing MPAs 48 Priority Areas and Recommendations 56 Bibliography 68 9. South Atlantic 71 Biogeography and Marine Biodiversity 71 Assessment of Existing MPAs 76 Priority Areas and Recommendations 81 Bibliography 85 Contributors 87 Index 89 Map Supplement Acronyms AIMS MAB Australian Institute of Marine Science Man and the Biosphere Programme CITES MARPOL Convention on International Trade in Endan- Intemational Convention for the Prevention gered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora of Pollution from Ships CNPPA NGO Commission on National Parks and Pro- Nongovemmental Organization -tected Areas (IUCN). PADU GBRMPA Protected Areas Data Unit Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority SSC GEF Species Survival Commission Global Environment Facility TNC GIS The Nature Conservancy Geographic Information.System UNDP HDU United Nations Development Programme Habitats Data Unit UNCED ICLARM United Nations Conference on Environment International Center for Living Aquatic Re- and Development source Management UNEP IMO United Nations Environment Programme Intemational Maritime Organization UNESCO IUCN United Nations Educational, Scientific, and The World Conservation Union Cultural Organization LME WCMC Large Marine Ecosystems World Conservation Monitoring Centre MPA WWF Marine Protected Area World Wildlife Fu11, Data-Note Billion is a thousand million; trillion is a million million. iv Introduction .~~~~ . This introduction is a summary of the com- conflicting uses of resources, damage and prehensive introductory chapter in Volume destruction of habitat, and other harmful con- I. It provides a summary of the background, sequences of human development. Biodiver- methodology, results, major conclusions and sity is especially at risk. Conserving marine recommendations of the four volumes of biodiversity is therefore a priority. this publication. An abbreviated summary of Since 1986 the IUCN Commission on Na- the major results of the 18 regional reports is tional Parks and Protected Areas (CNPPA) also included. The full descriptions and full has been promoting the establishment and summaries of the results are included in the management of a global representative sys- introductory chapter in Volume I. tem of marine protected areas (MPAs). The The marine environment is critical to the four volumes of this publication represent natural and cultural heritage of the world. the conclusion of the latest phase of Not only do many marine areas support a CNPPA's program and have been prepared great diversity of plants, animals, and natural through the collaboration of IUCN-CNPPA, habitats, but the oceans play an essential the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority role in climatic cycles and other global proc- (GBRMPA), the World Bank, and many esses. Marine ecosystems and resources are other organizations and individuals (acknow- fundamental to the sustainable development ledged in the contributors' section of each of coastal countries, providing food, miner- volume). This publication documents the als, pharmaceuticals, construction materials, biogeographic and ecological characteristics and a vast range of other products. in each of 18 Marine Regions of the world They often support growing tourism and and summarizes the range of marine biodi- recreation industries and play a vital role in versity within each region and the major transport and in the culture and lifestyle of threats to its conservation. Based on a com- coastal people. However, marine ecosystems prehensive set of selection criteria, including throughout the world face increasingly seri- ecological, social and economic factors, ma- ous threats from pollution, overexploitation, rine protected area sites of national and re- 1 2 A Global Representative System of Marine Protected Areas gional priority for the conservation of ma- Supporting information will be provided rine biodiversity are proposed in each re- for each of the regions, including: gion. These sites include existing MPAs in . An overview of the marine biodiversity need of improved management as well as and biogeography in each region, particu- new areas proposed to fill in the gaps in.bio- larly as they relate to MPAs geographic representation within the exist- * Available data on existing MPAs in each ing marine protected area system. region, including assessments of their rep- The following definition has been resentativeness and management effective- adopted by IUCN for the term "marine pro- ness tected area" (IUCN 1988): . Justification for the selection of priority Any area of intertidal or subtidal terrain, areas together with its overlying water and associ- * Identification of further information re- ated flora, fauna, historical and cultural fea- quired for completing a network of MPAs tures, which has been reserved by law or to cover each region's marine biological other effective means to protect part or all of and geographic diversity. the enclosed environment. MEMHODOLOGY OBJECnWE The CNPPA has divided the marine areas of The aim of the report is to identify priority the world into 18 marine regions, largely on areas for the establishment and management the basis of biogeographic criteria, but for of a global representative system of MPAs. It practical reasons also considering political provides strategic guidance to governments, boundaries. In 1990, working groups were aid agencies, and others working to conserve established in each region, consisting wher- marine biodiversity conservation and achieve ever possible of both marine resource man- sustainable use of the marine environment. agers and marine scientists. The aims of the The report also offers recommendations that working groups have been to: address priority issues for the establishment . Summarize the main physical and biologi- and effective management of MPAs. cal characteristics of the marine environ- One of the prime objectives of this report ment was to produce maps of the 18 bio- a Divide each marine region into its con- geographic regions into which the CNPPA stituent biogeographic zones has divided the world, showing the loca- . Make an inventory of existing MPAs tions of: . Identify gaps in the representation of the * Existing MPAs biogeographic zones in MPAs * Existing MPAs characterized as to national . Identify areas of national or regional prior- and regional priority for management ity for the establishment of new MPAs or strengthening for management strengthening and sup- * Proposed new MPAs of national priority port to existing MPAs or regional priority. * Determine other recommendations for es- tablishing or improving the management Both existing and proposed MPAs are de- of MPAs in each marine